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Appendix: Lakes of the East African Rift System

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Appendix: Lakes of the East African Rift System Alkalinity Country Lake Latitude Longitude Type Salinity [‰]pH [meq LÀ1] Djibouti Assal 11.658961 42.406998 Hypersaline 158–277a,d NA NA Ethiopia Abaja/Abaya 6.311204 37.847671 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–0.9j,t 8.65–9.01j,t 8.8–9.4j,t Ethiopia A¯ bay Ha¯yk’ 7.940916 38.357706 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Abbe/Abhe Bad 11.187832 41.784325 Hypersaline 160a 8f NA Ethiopia Abijata/Abiyata 7.612998 38.597603 Hypo-mesosaline 4.41–43.84f,j,t 9.3–10.0f,t 102.3–33.0f,j Ethiopia Afambo 11.416091 41.682701 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Afrera (Giulietti)/ 13.255318 40.899925 Hypersaline 169.49g 6.55g NA Afdera Ethiopia Ara Shatan 8.044060 38.351119 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Arenguade/Arenguadi 8.695324 38.976388 Sub-hyposaline 1.58–5.81r,t 9.75–10.30r,t 34.8–46.0t Ethiopia Awassa/Awasa 7.049786 38.437614 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–0.8f,j,t 8.70–8.92f,t 3.8–8.4f,t Ethiopia Basaka/Beseka/ 8.876931 39.869957 Sub-hyposaline 0.89–5.3c,j,t 9.40–9.45j,t 27.5–46.5j,t Metahara Ethiopia Bischoftu/Bishoftu 8.741815 38.982053 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–0.6t 9.49–9.53t 14.6t Ethiopia Budamada 7.096464 38.090773 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Caddabassa 10.208165 40.477524 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Chamo 5.840081 37.560654 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–1.0j,t 8.90–9.20j,t 12.0–13.2j,t Ethiopia Chelekleka 8.769979 38.972268 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Chitu/Chiltu/Chittu 7.404516 38.420191 Meso-hypersaline 19.01–64.16 10.10–10.50 22.6–715.0f,t f,j,t f,j,t Ethiopia Gemeri/Gummare/ 11.532507 41.664848 Fresh-subsaline <0.10–0.70a,f 8f NA Gamari Ethiopia Guda/Babogaya/ 8.787114 38.993297 Freshwater <0.1–0.2t 9.08–9.36t 8.6t Babogay/Pawlo Ethiopia Hora/Biete Mengist/ 8.762769 38.991666 Fresh-subsaline 0.06–1.00f,t 8.80–9.02f,t 21.0–26.8f,t Mengest Ethiopia Kilotes/Kilole 8.802975 39.083319 Fresh-hyposaline <0.1–6.9f,r,t 8.75–9.60f,t 2.8–63.4f,t Ethiopia Koftu/Kuftu 8.834188 39.048815 Fresh <0.1t 7.93t 1.8t Ethiopia Koka 8.410564 39.091301 Fresh <0.1–0.2j,t 7.73–9.00t 2.3–2.6j,t Ethiopia Kuriftu 8.779183 39.000428 Fresh <0.1t 7.76–8.40t 2.6t Ethiopia Langano/Langeno 7.594621 38.754845 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–2.4f,j,t 8.95–9.46f,j,t 12.0–14.6f,t Ethiopia Mechelera 7.040416 38.086138 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia No name 1 7.887698 38.386545 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia No name 2 7.785068 38.360982 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia No name 3 7.779455 38.394885 NA NA NA NA Ethiopia Shalla/Shala 7.470730 38.522758 Hyposaline 9.96–18.10f,j,t 9.65–10.10f,j 162.2–218.0f,j (continued) # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 375 M. Schagerl (ed.), Soda Lakes of East Africa, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28622-8 376 Appendix: Lakes of the East African Rift System Alkalinity Country Lake Latitude Longitude Type Salinity [‰]pH [meq LÀ1] Ethiopia Tilo 7.063586 38.094892 Hyposaline 8.83w NA 178.9–186.5l Ethiopia Ziqualla 8.542149 38.855073 Fresh 0.24e 7.91e 1.5e Ethiopia Ziway/Zway/Zwai 7.980358 38.826942 Fresh <0.1–0.4f,j,t 8.23–8.70f,j,t 3.8–4.0j,t Kenya Baringo 0.652385 36.065111 Fresh-subsaline <0.1–0.7f,o,t 8.14–9.10f,o,t 4.4–5.5f,t Kenya Bogoria/Hannington 0.252084 36.101317 Mesosaline 29.96–35.99 10.3–10.5 54.6–992.8s,t b,f,s,t f,o,s,t Kenya Elmentaita À0.440135 36.242466 Hypo-mesosaline 3.11–28.42 9.4–10.9f,h,n,t 4.8–352.1n,t f,n,p,t Kenya Lake 92 0.479144 36.095624 NA NA NA NA Kenya Logipi 2.229319 36.554432 NA NA NA NA Kenya Magadi À1.923105 36.263266 Hypersaline 69.63–140.10 9.8t NA i,t Kenya Naivasha À0.770393 36.353703 Fresh <0.1f,t 9.51–7.80f,t 3.2t Kenya Nakuru À0.359113 36.092434 Hypo-hypersaline 5.34–62.10 9.8–10.9f,h,n,t 16.5–540.3n,s,t f,n,q,t Kenya Oloidien À0.813648 36.276455 Fresh-hyposaline <0.10–4.11f,t 9.10–10.01f,t 6.7–73.0h,t Kenya Solai 0.058794 36.148782 Fresh-subsaline <0.10–2.29f,u 8.6u 885.7u Kenya Sonachi À0.782666 36.261992 Sub-mesosaline 1.98–21.75 9.90–10.17f,t 27.5–437.4t f,m,t Kenya Turkana 3.709412 36.031036 Fresh-subsaline 0.45–2.89a,f,t 9.3–9.7f,t 19.5–24.5f,v Tansania Babati À4.294375 35.721245 NA NA NA NA Tansania Balangida À4.351204 35.349770 Hypersaline 63.74h 9.7h 925.6h Tansania Balangida Lehu À4.683192 35.230293 NA NA NA NA Tansania Basodesh À4.297004 35.128136 NA NA NA 4.2k Tansania Basotu À4.385083 35.079490 Fresh <0.1f 6.60–8.58f,k 4.5k Tansania Big Momela À3.223280 36.909454 Hyposaline 8.75–10.52h,n 10.4h 168.2–239.0h,n Tansania Burunge À3.884807 35.880661 Fresh 0.26t 9.37t 1.1t Tansania El Kekhotoito À3.233605 36.877993 Subsaline 1.52h 9.7h 42.1h Tansania Empakaai/Embagai À2.913039 35.840807 Hyposaline 7.73h 10.1h 183.3h Tansania Eyasi À3.599772 35.122490 Subsaline 2.39t 9.5h 116.4h Tansania Gawali À4.490318 35.058711 NA NA NA NA Tansania Ghama À4.434263 35.085287 Hyposaline 6.56f 9.37–10.50f,k 163.0–163.3h,k Tansania Gidabuid À4.303892 35.125905 Hyposaline 4.01f 8.48–8.50f,k 27.4k Tansania Gidaburk À4.394862 35.090193 Hyposaline 6.10f 9.00–10.35f,k 87.4h,k Tansania Gidamuniud À4.412473 35.067441 Hyposaline NA 9.0–9.5k 42.8–323.0k Tansania Gidamur À4.322480 35.104181 Saline 3.91f 9.36–10.30f,h 70.0h,k Tansania Kindai À4.843996 34.733849 Subsaline 1.77h 8.3h 2.6h Tansania Kitangiri À4.048522 34.347954 NA NA NA NA Tansania Kusare À3.225866 36.880826 Subsaline 0.78h 9.3h 38.7h Tansania Laja À4.336721 35.090968 Fresh <0.1k 9.4k 85.2k Tansania Lekandiri/Lekandiro À3.210823 36.895440 Subsaline 1.80h 10.1h 50.6h Tansania Lgarya À2.990502 35.033441 Mesosaline 28.79h 9.8h 554.0h Tansania Magad À3.194250 35.538440 Hyposaline 5.02h,n 10.2h,n 84.1h,n Tansania Manyara À3.601142 35.805588 Fresh-hyposaline 0.17–4.38n,t 9.20–10.13n,t 3.5–78.0n,t Tansania Mikuyu À4.562222 34.944906 Hyposaline 5.33f 8.54f NA Tansania Nadnakid À4.309418 35.113286 Hyposaline 3.23h 8.9–10.5h,k 30.2h,k Tansania Natron À2.386090 36.011753 Hyposaline 12.27t 9.46t 13.1t Tansania Ndobot À4.317556 35.107573 NA NA 9.5k 144k Tansania Reshitani/Rishateni À3.231811 36.907589 Hyposaline 7.73–10.05h,n 10.1h,n 164–233h,n (continued) Appendix: Lakes of the East African Rift System 377 Alkalinity Country Lake Latitude Longitude Type Salinity [‰]pH [meq LÀ1] Tansania Silver Sea À3.230232 36.867149 Fresh <0.1h 9.1h 14h Tansania Singida À4.785837 34.756508 Subsaline 2.42h 8.6h 5.7h Tansania Small Momela À3.226931 36.896157 Subsaline 1.72h 9.8h 46.7h Tansania Tulusia À3.210952 36.906877 Hyposaline 8.33h 10.4h 188.8h Data compiled from various sources (see below). Classification according to: <0.5 freshwater; 0.5 < 3.0 subsaline (transition zone between freshwater and saline); 3 < 20 hyposaline; 20 < ¼50 mesosaline; and >50 hypersaline. For some lakes, only conductivity data were available. These were converted via: Salinity [‰] ¼ Conductivity [mS cmÀ1]– 1.509 (n ¼ 695, r ¼ 0.975, unpublished data from various soda lakes). Fresh ¼ freshwater, NA ¼ no data available Sources aBaxter RM (2002) Lake morphology and chemistry. In: Tudorancea C, Taylor WD (eds) Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: 45–60 bBeadle LC (1932) Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African lakes, 1930–31. 4. The waters of some East African lakes in relation to their fauna and flora. J Linn Soc Zool 38:157–211 cBelay EA (2009) Growing lake with growing problems: integrated hydrogeological investigation on Lake Beseka, Ethiopia. Dissertation, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn dBoutaiba S, Hacene H, Bidle KA, Maupin-Furlow JA (2011) Microbial Diversity of the Hypersaline Sidi Ameur and Himalatt Salt Lakes of the Algerian Sahara. J Arid Environ 75(10):909–916. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.010 eDegefu F, Herzig A, Jirsa F, Schagerl M (2014) First limnological records of highly threatened tropical high-mountain crater lakes in Ethiopia. Trp Conserv Sci 7(3):365–381 fGasse F, Talling JF, KIlham P (1983) Diatom assemblages in East Africa: classification, distribution and ecology.
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    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Eastern Ethiopia Why Go? Debre Zeyit ....................174 Most of Eastern Ethiopia is a stark landscape of dust-stained Awash National Park .....176 acacia scrub and forgettable towns. But scattered around Awash to Asaita .............178 this cloak of the commonplace are gems of genuine ad- Asaita ............................ 180 venture. Undoubtedly, the east’s pièce de résistance is the walled city of Harar. There’s still a patina of myth about this Dire Dawa ......................181 ancient town, handed down from the days when its markets Around Dire Dawa ........ 184 served as the Horn’s commercial hub and attracted powerful Harar ............................. 184 merchants, artisans and Islamic scholars. The colonial-rural Around Harar.................193 melange that is the modern city of Dire Dawa delights in its Jijiga ............................. 194 own odd way, while nature lovers can get their kicks at Ba- bille Elephant Sanctuary and Awash National Park, where the volcanic landscape takes top billing over the wildlife. The truly intrepid can follow the seemingly endless ribbon Best of Culture of asphalt north to the desolate southern Danakil Desert; » Harar’s old walled city the territory remains virtually unexplored since legendary (p 185 ) adventurer Wilfred Thesiger first thrilled the world with » Harar’s cultural guest- tales of the proud Afar. houses (p 190 ) » Koremi (p 193 ) When to Go » Dire Dawa’s markets (p 189 ) Harar °C/°F Te m p Rainfall inches/mm 30/86 6/150 Best of Nature 20/68 » Babille Elephant 4/100 Sanctuary (p 193 ) 10/50 2/50 » Hyena Feeding (p 189 ) 0/32 » Fantale Crater (p 176 ) -10/14 0 » Valley of Marvels (p 194 ) J FDAJJMAM OS N May-Sep Rainy Sep The seem- Nov-Jan Driest and hot season ingly barren months; best to sends lowland Asaita road is see elephants at temperatures up painted yellow by Babille and the to 45°C.
  • Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914

    Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914

    Delineating Dominion: Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert H. Clemm Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Alan Beyerchen Ousman Kobo Copyright by Robert H Clemm 2012 Abstract This dissertation documents the ways in which cartography was used during the Scramble for Africa to conceptualize, conquer and administer newly-won European colonies. By comparing the actions of two colonial powers, Germany and Britain, this study exposes how cartography was a constant in the colonial process. Using a three-tiered model of “gazes” (Discoverer, Despot, and Developer) maps are analyzed to show both the different purposes they were used for as well as the common appropriative power of the map. In doing so this study traces how cartography facilitated the colonial process of empire building from the beginnings of exploration to the administration of the colonies of German and British East Africa. During the period of exploration maps served to make the territory of Africa, previously unknown, legible to European audiences. Under the gaze of the Despot the map was used to legitimize the conquest of territory and add a permanence to the European colonies. Lastly, maps aided the capitalist development of the colonies as they were harnessed to make the land, and people, “useful.” Of special highlight is the ways in which maps were used in a similar manner by both private and state entities, suggesting a common understanding of the power of the map.
  • Integrated Water Resources Management a Systems Perspective of Water Governance and Hydrological Conditions

    Integrated Water Resources Management a Systems Perspective of Water Governance and Hydrological Conditions

    Integrated water resources management A systems perspective of water governance and hydrological conditions Adey Nigatu Mersha INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE OF WATER GOVERNANCE AND HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS Adey Nigatu Mersha Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr C.M.S. de Fraiture Professor of Hydraulic Engineering for Land and Water Development IHE Delft Institute for Water Education & Wageningen University & Research Co-promotor Dr I. Masih Senior Lecturer in Water Resources Planning IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Other members Prof. Dr F. Ludwig, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr J. Barron, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden Prof.Dr W. Bewket, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Dr J.S. Kemerink – Seyoum, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School for Socio- Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE OF WATER GOVERNANCE AND HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Academic Board of Wageningen University and the Academic Board of the IHE Delft Institute for Water Education for the degree of doctor to be defended in public on Thursday, 26 August at 11 a.m. in Delft, the Netherlands by Adey Nigatu Mersha Born in Debre Birhan, Ethiopia CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021, Adey Nigatu Mersha Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers, the author nor IHE Delft for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.