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Vol 11, Issue 3, MARCH/ 2020 ISSN NO: 0377-9254

CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS IN ANTI FUNGAL AGENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS

K.Priyanka ,S.Udhayalaxmi,K.Ravi Kiran Departmentof Chemistry, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500001 [email protected] Fungal infections are common Abstract - Oropharyngeal Histoplasmosi in human beings and animals. The recent s Tinea development of novel agents as and Tinea unguium significantly contributed to the successful capitis treatment of fungal dieases.Most of these agents are fungistatic and do not kill the Anti fungal agents used for fungal cell. Thus facilitating the emergency of resistance species, which further treatment of some Paediatric complicate therapy.Alternatively, some of infections the most effective anti fungal agents are too toxic after continuous use or can only be Candida diaper dermatitis (CDD) administered intravenously. The ideal antifungal drug would be non toxic, Candida Diaper Candidiasis is general term fungicidal, and amenable to self describing any of a number of inflammatory administration. Anti fungal agents have skin conditions that can occur in the diaper wider range of applications. area. CDD is common during the second to Keywords: Antifungal agents, fungicidal, fourth months of life in healthy infants. One candidiasis, Topical medications, hundred present of the newborn infants and Seborrhotic dermatitis. 88% of the older children who suffered from candidal diaper rashes harbored Candida Introduction albicans in the intestine. is present in the feces of 90% of such An antifungal agent is a drug which infants. selectively kills fungal pathogen with minimal toxicity to the host. This chapter Topical antifungal therapy is also necessary. summarizes the general applications of ointment with zinc oxide antifungal agents. Novel antifungal drug petroleum base was safe and effective, anti (NB-002) developed recently for topical fungal drug. Ointments, creams and powders applications in humans. The incidence of of , miconazole and are fungal infections increases with increase in available. It is still not clear whether antibiotic usage and increase in immune concomitant oral and topical antifungal suppressed populations. should be recommended. Some anti- inflammatory preparations are used to Paediatric Animal Topical treatment of CDD. infections infections infections Candida Pityriasis Cryptococcosi Mucocutaneous candidiasis diaper versicolo s dermatitis r Mucocutaneous candidiasis is common and Tinea is an immune disorder of T cell it is Mucocutaneou pedis Aspergillisis persistant super ficial infections of the skin, s candidiasis mucous membrane, and nails.

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Vol 11, Issue 3, MARCH/ 2020 ISSN NO: 0377-9254

Mucocutaneous candidiasis is caused by Second-generation , such as Candida organism usually Candida albicans. and or other new oral anti fungal agents Nystain oral Anti fungal agents such as clotrimazole, suspensions. , itraconazole, and fluconazole are dramatic improvement in the treatment SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS of all forms of CMCs. However, following the use of these drugs. albicans strains Seborrhea dermatitis is the most common resistant to antifungal drugs have been paediatric superficial dermatophyte subsequently isolated requiring novel infection. Seborrhea dermatitis is also therapeutic agents. These include called as tinea capitis. tinea capitis does not , , the newest respond well to topical therapy alone, oral and, more recently, . therapy is required Seborrhea dermatitis and pityriasis capitis (cradle cap) are common, Thrush but usually mild, scalp infections caused by Malassezia species (eg, Malassezia furfur). Candidiasis of the mouth and throat, also known as thrush or oropharyngeal The condition often resolves with mild soap candidiasis.Oropharyngeal candidiasis application. Shampoos containing selenium (thrush) is one of the paediatric infections. sulfide are useful in severe forms. antifungal This is mainly effect the infants. medications, such as ketoconazole, Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) may itraconazole, , and fluconazole, have been reported as effective alternative start as early as seven days after birth. therapeutic agents for tinea capitis. Of these agents, itraconazole and terbinafine are used Prescription treatment such as oral most commonly. fluconazole, clotrimazole troches or nystain suspension usually provides effective Anti fungal agents used for treatment for oropharyngeal candidiasis. treatment of some animal infections

Generally some oldest therapeutic agents Cryptococcosis and some anti fungal agents are used for treatment of Oropharyngeal candidiasis. The Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease that oldest therapeutic agent, is Topical gentian affects the respiratory tract, eyes, skin, and violet, it is moderately effective against central nervous system of dogs. thrush but it is prolonged use can cause irritation and .Nystain, Fluconazole, The drug of choice for initial therapy in Clotrimazole, , and ketoconazole CNS cryptococcosis is amphotericin B. It are anti fungal agents. Latest anti fungal may be used alone or in combination with agent imidazole is divided in two types First flucytosine.Ketoconazole, itraconazole or generation of imidazole and second fluconazole have also been successful as generation of imidazole. treatment. Other drugs also used that are amphotericinB include amphotericine B The first-generation imidazoles, such as lipid complex, amphotericine B choleseryl miconazole and clotrimazole, are effective complex and, amphotericine B colloidal drugs. However, miconazole gel and oral dispersion. preparation of clotrimazole are not licensed in Canada. Chronic oral candidiasis can respond to clotrimazole troches. Aspergillosis is a fungal infection seen in mostly young dogs that affects the long www.jespublication.com Page No:982

Vol 11, Issue 3, MARCH/ 2020 ISSN NO: 0377-9254

nose. Aspergillosis is the name given to a Topical anti fungal agents are used to treat wide variety of diseases caused by infection active Pityriasis versicolor. They are by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The most include, 1)Propylene glycol 2)sodium thio common cause is Aspergillus fumigatus. sulphate solutions 3)selenium sulfide 4)Terbinafine gel 5) 6)topical Anti fungal drugs such as and azoles including clotrimazole liposomal amphotericin B are used for treat miconazole,ketoconazole.Antifungal aspergillosis diseases. Other drugs used, preparations can be effective, but such as amphotericin recurrences are common Topical B, caspofungin ,flucytosine , ketoconazole, selenium sulfide and itraconazole, are used to treat this fungal clotrimazole are the most common infection. However, a growing proportion of treatments. infections are resistant to the triconazoles drugs are resistance to growth of Aspergillus fumigates. TINEA PEDIS Histoplasmosis Athlete’s foot is a common superficial Histoplasmosis is an infection that occurs fungal infection of the foot. The medical term from breathing in the spores of the fungus is tinea pedis. Causes include T rubrum, T Histoplasma capsulatum. It is primarily mentagro-phytes and E floccosum. This is affect the lungs. Bird, chicken and bat uncommon in young children. manure provide a rich environment for the fungus, but other origins have recently been Antifungal powders or creams can help reported. Antifungal agents usage, control the infection. These generally depending on the form or stage of disease contain miconazole, clotrimazole, or .Sometimes, long-term treatment with . Keep using the medicine for 1 - 2 antifungal drugs may be needed. weeks after the infection has cleared to prevent the infection from returning. Antifungal medications are used to treat severe cases of acute histoplasmosis and all If athlete's foot does not get better in 2-4 cases of chronic conditions. Typical weeks with self-care, or frequently returns, treatment of severe disease first involves see your health care provider. The health treatment with amphotericin B, followed by care provider may prescribe stronger oral itraconazole.Treatment with antifungal medications, such as itraconazole will need to continue for at ketoconazole or terbinafine. least a year in milder cases, and also oral itraconazole or ketoconazole is sufficient. Tinea unguium Tinea unguium is also called as fungal nail Anti fungal agents used for infection or Onychomycosis. .This nail treatment of Topical infections infection caused by fungi. such as various fungi species of Trichophyton and PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR occasionally by candida albicans.Generally ointments and creams are used to treat tinea Pityriasis versicolor is a common infection unguium.In last stage of this infection of healthy people caused by a fungus that is creams and ointments generally do not help commonly found on normal human skin. cure the infection. Pityriasis versicolor is caused by Yeast of Latest anti fungal drugs such as the genus Malassezia, which may also be Fluconazole , terbinafine, found on normal skin. www.jespublication.com Page No:983

Vol 11, Issue 3, MARCH/ 2020 ISSN NO: 0377-9254

and itraconazole are used to treat this Infect Dis J. 1988; 7:303. condition. 9.Patterson TF. Aspergillus species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, CONCLUSION eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Previous studies have been revealed the uses Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 258. of some of the anti fungal agents. Number of 10. Habif TP. Superficial fungal infections. anti fungal agents has been isolated for the In: Habif TP, ed. Clinical Dermatology. 5th treatment of advanced fungal infections. This ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2009: chapter concentrates mainly on fungal infections chap 13. and general applications of anti fungal agens. 11. Habif TP, ed. Clinical Dermatology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby REFERENCES Elsevier;2009:pp 491-523. 340.5. Grossman ER. Treatment of thrush. Pediatr Infect Dis 1.Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious J. 1988;7:30312. 12. Bolognia, Diseases and Immunization Committee Jean; Jorizzo, Joseph L.; Rapini, Ronald P. [Principal Author: B. Bortolussi]. Antifungal (2007). Dermatology (2nd ed.). St. Louis, agents for common paediatric infections. Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. Paediatr Child Health 2007: (10)875-83. 13. "Fungus Infections: 2. Kirkpatrick CH, Alling DW. Treatment of Tinea". Dermatologic Disease Database. chronic oral candidiasis with clotrimazole American Osteopathic College of troches A controlled . N Engl J Dermataology. Retrieved 2011-07-19. Med. 1978;299:1201 1 4. Munz D, Powell KR, Pai CH. Treatment 3.. Howard RM, Frieden HJ. Dermatophyte of candidal diaper dermatitis: A double- infections in children. In: Aronoff SC, blind placebo-controlled comparison of Hughes WT, Kohl HS, Prince A, editors. topical nystatin with topical plus oral Advances in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. nystatin. J Pediatr. 1982;101:1022–5. Vol. 14. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1999. 15 Gupta AK, Batra R, Bluhm R, pp. 73–108. Faerge mann J. Pityriasis versicolor. 4."Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis: Dermatol Clin. 2003;3:413–29. Immunodeficiency Disorders: Merck 16. Ginsberg CM. Dermatophytes and other Manual Home Edition".lsevier. ISBN 0- superficial fungi. In: Long SS, Pickering 7216-2921-0C. LK, Prober CG, editors. Principles and 5. Long, S. Diseases, 2nd ed., Churchill Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Livingstone: New York, 2003 S.; New York: Churchill Livingston; 1997. pp. Pickering, L. K.; Prober, C. G. Principles 1359–62. and Practices of pediatric infectious 1 7. Solomon BA, Collins R, Sharma R, et al. 6. H. Kirkpatrick and H. R. Hill, “Chronic Fluconazole for the treatment of tinea capitis mucocutaneous candidiasis,” Pediatric in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997; Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, 37:274–5. pp. 197–206, 2001. 1 8. Legendre R, Esola - Mac re J. Itraconazole 7· Kauffman CA. Cryptococcosis. In: in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Dermatol. 1990; 23:559–60. Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: 19.Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Ryder JE, Nicol Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 3 · KA, Chow M, Chaudhry MM. Optimal 8.Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis. In: management of fungal infections of the skin, Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil hair, and nails. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004; Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: 5:225-37. 20.Linder N, Levit O, Saunders Elsevier; 2011: chap 340.5. Klinger G, et al. Risk factors associated with Grossman ER. Treatment of thrush. Pediatr candidaemia in the neonatal intensive care www.jespublication.com Page No:984

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unit: A case-control study. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:321-4. 31. 21.Gatti S, Marinaro C, Bianchi L, Nini G. Treatment of kerion with fluconazole. Lancet. 1991; 338:1156. 22. Howard RM, Frieden HJ. Dermatophyte infections in children. In: Aronoff SC, Hughes WT, Kohl HS, Prince A, editors. Advances in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Vol. 14. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1999. pp. 73–108. 23.James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders.

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