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A Proposta Macrobiótica De Experiência Do Mundo

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A Proposta Macrobiótica De Experiência Do Mundo Universidade de Lisboa Instituto de Ciências Sociais «À Mesa com o Universo» A Proposta Macrobiótica de Experiência do Mundo Virgínia Maria dos Santos Henriques Calado Orientação: Professora Doutora Cristiana Bastos Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais Especialidade: Antropologia Social e Cultural 2012 Bolsa de Doutoramento da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia SFRH/BD/2926 /2006, financiada no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio, comparticipado pelo Fundo Social Europeu e por Fundos Nacionais do MCTES Agradecimentos A conclusão de um projecto tão envolvente, denso e absorvente, como o é uma dissertação de doutoramento, não apaga, antes torna mais evidente, a certeza de que tal percurso envolveu e implicou muitas pessoas. Se o seu autor é um só, o caminho que fez, fê-lo acompanhado, e a nota de agradecimento que aqui se deixa é apenas uma forma menor de expressar a gratidão por uma companhia e amparo sem os quais não teria sido possível chegar ao final do caminho. Um agradecimento especial é devido a Cristiana Bastos, que aceitou orientar este trabalho e que, com a sabedoria de quem já acompanhou muitos processos semelhantes, sempre teve uma palavra de estímulo para que ele se realizasse. Agradeço-lhe a liberdade com que me deixou escolher e traçar rumos, um bem precioso nos tempos que correm. Ainda que fosse sinalizando caminhos possíveis e sempre se dispusesse a debater aspectos desta investigação, sempre me permitiu autonomia na pesquisa. Agradeço-lhe a leitura atenta dos meus textos, a orientação, o encorajamento e a rapidez com que, nos momentos finais, analisou aspectos deste trabalho. Agradeço a Goretti Matias as palavras de estímulo e alento, o apoio institucional e os conselhos sábios de quem já assistiu ao processo de conclusão de muitas teses de doutoramento. Estou grata, também, a João Guerra, que no âmbito do seminário de estudos pós-graduados do ICS fez uma leitura crítica de parte deste trabalho, contributo de que esta dissertação veio a beneficiar Para a realização deste trabalho, contribuiu, sem dúvida, o apoio da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, através da atribuição de uma bolsa de doutoramento. Sem este apoio dificilmente teria sido possível uma dedicação exclusiva à realização desta pesquisa. Agradeço também ao Instituto Piaget a libertação de tarefas lectivas para que pudesse dedicar-me à investigação. Agradeço, igualmente, ao Instituto de Ciências Sociais o acolhimento deste projecto, a supervisão, subsídio atribuído, e demais apoio institucional para que ele se realizasse, quer através dos Serviços de documentação, quer através da Comissão de Estudos Pós-Graduados. Agradeço a Francisco Varatojo e Eugénia Varatojo que, enquanto responsáveis pelo Instituto Macrobiótico de Portugal (IMP), nunca colocaram quaisquer obstáculos à realização deste trabalho, facilitando o acesso aos arquivos relativos a registos de III alunos dos diferentes cursos do IMP. Agradeço-lhes os ensinamentos e a abertura para a realização desta ou de qualquer outra investigação. Agradeço a toda a equipa que trabalha no IMP, guardando deles a memória de todo o apoio e da simpatia e boa disposição com que trabalham todos os dias. Agradeço ainda a todos os professores e formadores que aí trabalham, trabalharam e que tive oportunidade de conhecer, Bill Tara, Carlos Campos Ventura, Denny Waxman, Bill Spears e muitos outros. Uma palavra de agradecimento a José Oliveira, que foi, e continua sendo, um dos principais impulsionadores da macrobiótica em Braga. Fá-lo de forma discreta mas eficaz, pois através das suas aulas de yoga tem levado muitos dos seus alunos a reequacionar opções alimentares. Estou-lhe grata pelo estímulo e pelos ensinamentos. À Alda Pereira, que me abriu as portas para o universo da cozinha macrobiótica, e que foi pioneira no ensino da macrobiótica em Braga, devo também um agradecimento especial. Estou igualmente grata aos muitos colegas e amigos que conheci no âmbito desta longa aprendizagem sobre a macrobiótica. Também eles foram companheiros de percurso, comigo partilhando preocupações e angústias, mas sobretudo bons momentos. Aos meus amigos mais próximos, eles sabem quem são, por todo o apoio, paciência, e encorajamento na realização deste projecto. Espero poder agora dedicar- lhes mais do meu tempo. A Luís Cunha, pelo muito que partilhamos, pela leitura atenta deste trabalho, pelas sugestões, pelo encorajamento e todo o apoio. Este trabalho beneficiou imenso da sua ajuda. À Lúcia e ao Jaime, que também se dispuseram para essa leitura, e que contribuíram para que este trabalho se concretizasse. Ao Miguel, pelo apoio técnico, e por me estar sempre a lembrar que a tese tem ponto final. Para a minha família dirijo as últimas palavras de agradecimento. Por aceitar a minha indisponibilidade, por ficar sobrecarregada com tarefas em que eu também deveria participar, por ser o meu porto seguro. IV Resumo Este trabalho procura contribuir para a identificação dos processos através dos quais um produto social, a macrobiótica, se transformou numa proposta significativa de orientação no mundo. Centrando-se na génese e no desenvolvimento deste produto social, esta investigação presta atenção aos principais agentes envolvidos nesse processo social e às circunstâncias pessoais, sociais e históricas que levaram à sua difusão. Assim, centrando-se no fundador da macrobiótica moderna, Georges Ohsawa, e seguindo a sua trajectória de vida, esta dissertação procurará evidenciar de que forma uma visão do mundo germinada no Japão e com forte inspiração na tradição filosófica e religiosa oriental, circula pela Europa e pela América, sendo acolhida e apropriada como prática e discurso de orientação no mundo. Para evidenciar este processo, far-se-á referência a circunstâncias históricas e sociais específicas, designadamente as do pós-II Grande Guerra, procurando-se perceber o ambiente social que permitiu a expansão da macrobiótica. Aspectos significativos desse ambiente social são aqueles que se prendem com a crítica da modernidade, onde se inclui a crítica à ciência e às muitas realizações que dela decorrem: industrialismo, tecnocracia, materialismo, mas também o florescer de uma consciência ecológica, a que se juntou a atracção por novas formas de espiritualidade. Face ao desencantamento do mundo, a macrobiótica surgiu, para muitos dos que a seguiram, como proposta de reencantamento em torno da qual se desenvolveram sentimentos de pertença e de afinidade, suportados por redes de conhecimentos. Dado o espaço de identificação que a macrobiótica proporciona, é usada a noção de comunidade para pensar os indivíduos que a ela aderem. Comunidade desterritorializada, transnacional, instável e aberta, mas, ainda assim, espaço de identificação. Tendo sempre em conta a especificidade do espaço português, a macrobiótica será aqui perspectivada como cosmovisão que incorpora um sistema alimentar e um sistema terapêutico. Sistemas que se entrecruzam, e que nessa articulação são pensados como alternativa a sistemas alimentares e terapêuticos convencionais. Palavras-chave: Macrobiótica, Alimentação, Saúde, Doença, Sistemas Terapêuticos não Convencionais V Abstract This study intends to identify the processes through which a social product, macrobiotics, was transformed into a significant leadership proposal in the world. Starting from the genesis and the development of this social product, this work describes the main agents involved in this social process, as well as the personal, social and history circumstances that lead to its spread. Therefore, focusing on the founder of modern macrobiotics, Georges Ohsawa, and following his trajectory of life, this thesis intend to explain how a vision of the world seeded in Japan, and with a strong oriental tradition, in philosophical and religious terms, now circulates through Europe and America, where it is used and regarded as a practice and an orientation discourse in the world. To highlight this process, we will refer to specific historical and social circumstances, particularly those following the II World War, trying to perceive the social environment that enabled the expansion of macrobiotics. The significant aspects of this social environment are those related with the critique of modernity, where the critique of science and of its multiple achievements takes place: industrialism, technocracy, materialism, but also the growing of an ecological conscience, joined by an attraction for new forms of spiritualism. Facing the disenchantment of the world, macrobiotics was regarded, for many following it, as a scheme of re-enchantment within which feelings of belonging and affinity were developed, mostly supported by knowledge networks. Given the sphere of identification that macrobiotics provides, it is used a notion of community to think the individuals that adhere to it. It is a deterritorialized, transnacional, unstable and open community, but, nevertheless, a space for identification. Keeping in mind the specificity of the Portuguese society, macrobiotics will be advocated here as a cosmological vision, incorporating a food system and a healing system. These two systems interact, and from such interaction they are thought of as an alternative to orthodox food and healing systems. Keywords: Macrobiotics, Food, Health, Illness, Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) VII I NDICE Agradecimentos Resumo Abstract Introdução 1 1. A Escrita que Desenha as Margens 19 1.1 Escrever sobre as margens 19 1.2 Ideologia, Ideologias Alimentares 21 1.3 Macrobiótica e Nutricionismo 25 1.4 Singularidades da Macrobiótica
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