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Bambusa Sp.) SEBAGAI SENYAWA ANTIMALARIA BIOEDUKASI Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi e ISSN 2442-9805 Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro p ISSN 2086-4701 IDENTIFIKASI JENIS DAN POTENSI BAMBU (Bambusa sp.) SEBAGAI SENYAWA ANTIMALARIA Agus Sujarwanta1 Suharno Zen2 1, Pascasarjana Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro 2, Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia caused by the protozoan genus Plasmodium through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. One of the plants that can also be used to treat fever caused by parasitic diseases is bamboo (Bambusa sp.). The purpose of this research is to identify the type and potential of bamboo as an antimalarial compound in Lampung Province. This research be able to provide an overview of the diversity of bamboo species and their potential as an antimalaria compound in Lampung Province in May-July 2020. Primary data collection methods were obtained directly in the field including bamboo stands, both growing wild and cultivating, and describing them. Morphological observations for identification such as rhizome root types; bamboo shoots; branching; culm; leaf; stem; and segments refer to the criteria used by Widjaja (1997). The data is analyzed descriptively and tabulated. The results obtained 14 species of bamboo consisting of 5 genera with 14 species: Gigantochloa robusta, Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz), Schizostachyum blumei, Gigantochloa atroviolacea, Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.), Bambusa vulgaris var. striata (Lodd.ex Lindl.), Gigantochloa apus (Kurz), Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa maculate (Widjaja), Bambusa glaucophylla (Widjaja), Dendrocalamus asper (Backer ex K. Heyne), Dinochloa scandens (Blume ex Nees Kuntze), Bambusa glaucophylla (Widjaja), Dendrocalamus asper (Backer ex K. Heey), Dinochloa scandens (Blume ex Nees Kuntze), Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. Ex Schult and Bambusa blumeana (Schult.f). Bamboo has the potential for crafts, construction, food, medicine (bamboo shoots from Bambusa vulgaris var. Striata, Gigantochloa apus leaves and water from Dinochloa scandens bamboo stems). Kata kunci: antimalarial, bamboo PENDAHULUAN Maluku (Kemenkes, 2013). Menurut Penyakit malaria merupakan Annual Parasite Incidence (API) tahun penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh 2015 Provinsi Papua menempati posisi protozoa genus Plasmodium melalui teratas berdasarkan sebaran kasus gigitan nyamuk Anopheles. Jenis malarianya, yaitu sebesar 31,93%, protozoa Plasmodium yang paling disusul Papua Barat sebesar 31,29%, dan berbahaya dan paling sering menginfeksi NTT sebesar 7,04% (Kementrian penduduk di Indonesia adalah spesies Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2016). Plasmodium falciparum (Elyzaar dkk, Tingginya insiden malaria 2011). Berdasarkan data hasil riset menimbulkan permasalahan antara lain kesehatan dasar tahun 2013, provinsi ketersediaan obat anti malaria dan dengan insiden dan prevalensi tertinggi peningkatan resistensi obat anti malaria. adalah Papua, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Obat antimalaria di pasaran yang masih Papua Barat, Sulawesi Tengah dan paling baik adalah klorokuin, tetapi 131 SUJARWANTA, A. & ZEN, S., IDENTIFIKASI …..... masalah resistensi Plasmodium menjadi Daun Cocor Bebek Kalanchoe kendala penggunaan klorokuin dan blossfeldiana Poelln (Hermanto, 2014), merupakan masalah serius karena dapat Ketumpang Tridax procumbens L, mengakibatkan kegagalan dalam (Hermanto, 2016), Akar Pasak Bumi pengobatan bahkan kematian, sedangkan Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Kahtan dkk, alternatif pengganti klorokuin sangat 2018), Batang Talikuning dan Artemisin terbatas. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa (Muti’ah, 2010), Daun Johar Cassia penyakit malaria yang terjadi di siamea Lamk (Raharjo dkk, 2014), kulit Indonesia merupakan masalah kesehatan batang mundu Garcinia dulcis Kurz yang serius dan masih sulit untuk dapat (Widodo dkk, 2010), Sambiloto dikendalikan. Beberapa obat pengganti Andrographis paniculata Nees klorokuin seperti mefkloin, halofantrin, (Widyawati, 2015), Calophyllum sp. artesunat sebagian besar memiliki efek (Jamilah, 2019). samping yang tidak menguntungkan Salah satu tumbuhan yang juga sehingga penggunaannya menjadi dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi terbatas (Mustofa, 2009). Di dunia demam yang ditimbulkan oleh penyakit internasional, penggunaan obat herbal akibat parasit yaitu bambu (Bambusa telah banyak diterima secara luas baik di sp). Bambu dipercaya untuk Negara berkembang maupun Negara menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah, obat maju (Jumiarni & Komalasari, 2017). sakit kuning/lever (sirosis hati), obat Salah satu upaya untuk bengkak, batuk berdahak dan demam menemukan dan mengembangkan obat (Wong, 2004). Bambu mudah diperoleh antimalaria baru yang relatif lebih aman dan banyak dimanfaatkan oleh dan murah adalah melalui kegiatan masyarakat untuk berbagai kebutuhan, eksplorasi senyawa aktif dari bahan seperti alat rumah tangga, juga alam. Indonesia yang memiliki bermanfaat secara, ekologi, sosial dan keanekaragaman hayati terbesar di dunia budaya (Widjaja, 2014). Secara ekologi dengan lebih dari 30 ribu spesies bambu mampu menjaga keseimbangan tumbuhan memiliki khasiat sebagai obat, lingkungan karena mempunyai sistem menjadikan alasan masyarakat untuk perakaran yang dapat mencegah mengobati berbagai penyakit secara terjadinya erosi (Wong, 2004), menjaga tradisional dengan pemanfaatan tanaman sistem hidrologis karena memiliki obat tersebut termasuk pengobatan kemampuan sebagai pengikat air, malaria terutama untuk mengatasi sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai demam yang ditimbulkannya. Beberapa tumbuhan pengkonservasi tanah dan air riset telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan (Widjaja dkk, 1997). Saat ini, Pulau senyawa kimia yang terkandung di Sumatra adalah sentral keanekaragaman dalam tanaman tertentu dan berpotensi hayati bambu Indonesia dengan jumlah sebagai antimalaria. Tanaman tersebut jenis endemik yang terbanyak yaitu daun Cassia siamea (Ekasari dkk, dibandingkan dengan pulau lain yang 2001), Tanaman Anting-Anting ada di Indonesia yakni dengan 80 jenis (Acalypha indica L.) (Hayati dkk, 2012), dengan 32 jenis merupakan jenis BIOEDUKASI VOL 11. NO 2 NOV 2020 132 SUJARWANTA, A. & ZEN, S., IDENTIFIKASI …..... endemik (Widjaja, 2014). Jumlah ini Pembuatan herbarium dimulai dengan diperkirakan masih dapat bertambah bila mengumpulkan spesimen rebung, ekplorasi dilakukan lebih intensif, percabangan, batang dan daun. terutama di daerah pulau-pulau kecil di Spesimen yang diperoleh disemprot Indonesia (Widjaja, 2001). Indonesia menggunakan alkohol 70% lalu merupakan negara penghasil bambu diletakkan diantara lembaran koran dan terbesar ketiga dunia, setelah Cina dan dimasukkan ke dalam sasak kemudian Thailand (Widnyana, 2012). Salah satu dikering anginkan di bawah kipas angin. provinsi di Pulau Sumatra yang belum Setelah kering spesimen ditempel atau banyak mengeksplor jenis-jenis bambu dijahit menggunakan benang kasur pada adalah Provinsi Lampung. Identifikasi kertas gambar (A3), diberi etiket bambu di Provinsi Lampung belum gantung dan diidentifikasi dengan banyak dilakukan, oleh karena itu menggunakan kunci identifikasi penelitian ini sangat penting untuk (Rugayah dkk, 2004). Pembuatan dilakukan. spesimen herbarium mengikuti prosedur standar oleh Bean (2013) dan METODE Wondafrash (2008) dengan pengepresan Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dan pengeringan serta pencatatan eksploratif yaitu penelitian yang kelengkapan data herbarium mengacu menggambarkan apa adanya suatu pada kriteria yang digunakan Widjaja keadaan atau variabel. Metode yang (1997). Keseluruhan data selanjutnya digunakan adalah metode jelajah; teknik ditabulasikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan samplingnya purposive sampling, yaitu sebelum dilakukan analisis data. Data menjelajahi desa/pekon di Kecamatan primer selanjutnya dianalisis secara Semaka yang telah diidentifikasikan deskriptif. terdapat jenis bambu. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu HASIL pengumpulan data primer dilapangan Berdasarkan hasil Identifikasi dengan mencatat morfologi bambu yaitu Jenis Dan Potensi Bambu (Bambusa sp) mulai dari rebung, batang, percabangan, sebagai Senyawa Antimalaria diperoleh buluh pelepah dan daun. Bambu yang 14 spesies tanaman bambu yang tersebar ditemukan diidentifikasi genus dan di Pekon Bangunrejo, Waypanas, dan spesiesnya. Faktor lingkungan yang Betung Kecamatan Semaka Kabupaten dicatat meliputi lokasi keberadaan Tanggamus Hasil Identifikasi Jenis Dan bambu, suhu udara, kelembaban, pH, Potensi Bambu (Bambusa sp) sebagai dan intensitas cahaya. dan data sekunder Senyawa Antimalaria dapat dilihat pada wawancara serta pembuatan herbarium. tabel 1 berikut di bawah ini BIOEDUKASI VOL 11. NO 2 NOV 2020 133 SUJARWANTA, A. & ZEN, S., IDENTIFIKASI …..... NO SPESIES NAMA POTENSI LOKASI UMUM/ PEMANFAATAN DITEMU LOKAL KAN 1 Gigantochloa Bambu Batang bambu dijadikan Pekon robusta mayan, bambu konstruksi bangunan. Bangunrej legi Masyarakat sekitar o mengenal rebung bambu mayan memiliki rasa yang manis dan disukai dibandingkan rebung bambu lain, sehingga sering disebut bambu legi. 2 Schizostachyum Bambu batang bambu digunakan Pekon brachycladum lemang, buluh untuk memasak lemang Bangunrej (Kurz) henik (makanan dari beras ketan) o 3 Schizostachyum Bambu suling, dapat dimanfaatkan untuk Pekon blumei buluh membuat kerajinan suling, Waypanas tamiang, dan pancing. selepah 4 Gigantochloa Bambu hitam, dapat dimanfaatkan untuk Pekon atroviolacea buluh membuat kerajinan meja Waypanas kumbang dan kursi. 5 Gigantochloa Bambu digunakan sebagai bahan Pekon pseudoarundina
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