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Optimizing the Mechanical Characteristics of Bamboo to Improve The OPTIMIZING THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO TO IMPROVE THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR FOR BIOCOMPOSITE STRUCTURAL APPLICATION A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering By Jay M. Lopez November 2012 © 2012 Jay M. Lopez ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii | P a g e TITLE: Optimizing the Mechanical Characteristics of Bamboo to Improve the Flexural Behavior for Biocomposite Structural Application AUTHOR: Jay M. Lopez DATE SUBMITTED: November 2012 COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE CHAIR: Faysal Kolkailah, Ph.D, P.E. COMMITTEE MEMBER: Eltahry Elghandour, Ph.D COMMITTEE MEMBER: Bing Qu, Ph.D, P.E. COMMITTEE MEMBER: Susan Opava, Ph.D iii | P a g e Abstract Optimizing the Mechanical Characteristics of Bamboo to Improve the Flexural Behavior for Biocomposite Structural Application Jay M. Lopez Global awareness and preservation have spurred increasing interest in utilizing environmentally friendly materials for high-performance structural applications. Biocomposites pose an appealing solution to this issue and are characterized by their sustainable lifecycles, biodegradable qualities, light weight, remarkable strength, and exceptional stiffness. Many of these structural qualities are found in applications that exhibit flexural loading conditions, and this study focuses on improving the bending performance of engineered biocomposite structures. The current application of biocomposites is increasing rapidly, so this expanding research explores other natural constituent materials for biocomposite structures under flexural loading. The renewable material investigated in this study was experimentally and numerically validated by optimizing the mechanical characteristics of bamboo fibers in biocomposite structures under flexural loading conditions through various thermal and organic chemical treatment methods. Therefore, bending performance of a biocomposite truss and I-beam are analyzed to demonstrate the benefits of utilizing optimally treated bamboos in their design. To accomplish this goal, the first task consisted of treating bamboos by thermal and chemical means to determine the resulting effects on the compressive and tensile mechanical properties through experimental testing. Results indicated a significant improvement in strength, stiffness, and weight reduction. An extensive analysis determined the optimal treatment method that was utilized for flexural loading conditions. The second task entailed studying the flexural behavior of the optimally treated bamboo in two geometric configurations, a hollow cylinder and veneer strip, to determine the resultant properties for the truss and I-beam structure. The effect of node location on flexural performance was also studied to establish design guidelines for the applied structures. Bending tests indicated that node location affects the strength and stiffness of the hollow cylindrical configuration but has minimal effects on the veneer strip. Observations discovered by this study were employed into the designs of the applied structures that yielded excellent mechanical performance through flexural testing. The final task required conducting a finite element analysis in Abaqus/CAE on the performance of each structural application to validate experimental results. A conclusive analysis revealed good agreement between the numerical method and experimental result. iv | P a g e Acknowledgements I would first like to show my immense gratitude to my thesis advisers, Dr. Faysal Kolkailah and Dr. Eltahry Elghandour, for the opportunity to pursue my academic career on the graduate student level. Their interest in a proposal developed by the Maersk Co. inevitably drew my attention toward completing research in biocomposite structures. These gentlemen have encouraged me in all the right ways to reach for excellence in all matters regarding the work performed throughout the course of this research. The patience of these men and their unwavering support toward their students is truly humbling. My appreciation goes out to Dr. Kolkailah for all the times he has helped me proceed through my scholastic endeavors. I also send my warmest gratitude to Dr. Elghandour for always guiding me in the right direction when I needed him most and for being my rock-solid support through and through. His insight in this research and all things non-academic was immensely helpful; I certainly credit him for all his efforts in assisting me in any way he could. It is truly an honor and pleasure to have worked with Dr. Kolkailah and Dr. Elghandour on this research. Their support, generosity, and uplifting kindness will never be forgotten. I also thank my thesis committee members, Dr. Susan Opava and Dr. Bing Qu, for taking the time to acknowledge the culmination of this work and providing me with the necessary advice to improve this thesis to its best potential. Many thanks are also due to the Cal Poly Aerospace Engineering department and all its staff for their assistance in obtaining my degree. A special thank you is also in order for Becky Powell and Debbie Hart for all their efforts and guidance throughout the closing days of my graduate career. My appreciation also reaches far out to my friend and colleague, Cameron Chan, for his company and insight in venturing into the workings of this research with me. I certainly could not have finished this work as gracefully as I did without all his support through the seemingly never-ending hours in the lab. I would like also to thank Miles Murphy for assisting me throughout much of the I-beam assembly. His contagious enthusiasm was always a pleasure to work with in the lab. Gratitude is also given to Cody Thompson for his assistance in machining test equipment parts for me and for his advice/company through the working days. I also thank Ray Ward for letting me test the bamboo truss with the Riehle testing apparatus in the Architecture Department’s lab at Cal Poly SLO. An honorable mention also goes out to my friends and peers in the lab that are also in the aerospace graduate program: Dennis Boettcher, Kyle Johnson, Albert Liu, Alma Melendez, Kodi Rider, Gabriel Sanchez, and Vanessa Wood. Their company was always refreshing. I give a special thanks to Albert, Etuate Varea, and Kodi for keeping Cameron and me entertained with laughs throughout those moments we were working. Lastly and most of all, I hold a deep gratitude to my entire family for their overwhelming support throughout my entire academic career. I thank my mom, dad, and sisters for always believing in me and the person I’d like to be; I am forever indebted to them for their relentless support and patience. I also send my appreciation to all my aunts, uncles, cousins, and friends from home that also believed in me throughout my college days and always welcomed me with open arms during those short trips back home. I dedicate this work and any of its success to all of the above. v | P a g e Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... xv Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................. xvi Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................1 1.1 Composites and Biocomposites ....................................................................................... 2 1.2 Promising Benefits of Biocomposites .............................................................................. 3 1.3 Practical Implementation of Biocomposite Structures .................................................... 6 1.4 A New Biocomposite Fiber Constituent: Bamboo ........................................................... 8 1.4.1 Understanding the Plant Bambusoideae ................................................................. 8 1.4.2 Cultivating Bamboo and Harvesting Operations.................................................... 13 1.4.3 Previous Bamboo Applications .............................................................................. 18 1.5 Prior Investigations of Similar Nature ............................................................................ 19 1.6 Research Objectives ....................................................................................................... 23 1.7 Extent of Research ......................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2. Inquiring Bamboo Treatment Methods ....................................................................... 27 2.1 Incentives for Treating Bamboos ................................................................................... 27 2.1.1 Investigating Thermal Treatments ........................................................................
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