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Effect of Magnetopriming on Photosynthetic Performance of Plants

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Effect of Magnetopriming on Photosynthetic Performance of Plants International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Effect of Magnetopriming on Photosynthetic Performance of Plants Mohammad Sarraf 1,† , Kricelle Mosquera Deamici 2, Houda Taimourya 3, Monirul Islam 4 , Sunita Kataria 5,*,† , Ritesh Kumar Raipuria 6, Gholamreza Abdi 7 and Marian Brestic 8,9,* 1 Department of Horticulture Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz 71987-74731, Iran; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Department of Horticulture, Horticol Complex of Agadir (CHA), Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Agadir 80000, Morocco; [email protected] 4 Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; [email protected] 5 School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India 6 ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; [email protected] 7 Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913817, Iran; [email protected] 8 Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia 9 Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (M.B.) † These authors have contributed equally to the work. Abstract: Magnetopriming has emerged as a promising seed-priming method, improving seed vigor, Citation: Sarraf, M.; Deamici, K.M.; plant performance and productivity under both normal and stressed conditions. Various recent Taimourya, H.; Islam, M.; Kataria, S.; reports have demonstrated that improved photosynthesis can lead to higher biomass accumulation Raipuria, R.K.; Abdi, G.; Brestic, M. and overall crop yield. The major focus of the present review is magnetopriming-based, improved Effect of Magnetopriming on growth parameters, which ultimately favor increased photosynthetic performance. The plants Photosynthetic Performance of Plants. originating from magnetoprimed seeds showed increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, thick Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9353. midrib and minor veins. Similarly, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, efficiency of PSII, quantum https://doi.org/10.3390/ yield of electron transport, stomatal conductance, and activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), Rubisco ijms22179353 and PEP-carboxylase enzymes are enhanced with magnetopriming of the seeds. In addition, a higher fluorescence yield at the J-I-P phase in polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transient Academic Editor: Lars Matthias Voll curves was observed in plants originating from magnetoprimed seeds. Here, we have presented Received: 10 July 2021 an overview of available studies supporting the magnetopriming-based improvement of various Accepted: 25 August 2021 parameters determining the photosynthetic performance of crop plants, which consequently increases Published: 28 August 2021 crop yield. Additionally, we suggest the need for more in-depth molecular analysis in the future to shed light upon hidden regulatory mechanisms involved in magnetopriming-based, improved Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral photosynthetic performance. with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- Keywords: biomass; leaf growth; magnetopriming; photosynthetic performance; photosynthetic iations. enzymes; PSII efficiency Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. 1. Introduction Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Photosynthesis is the process that makes plants diverse organisms on Earth. The This article is an open access article primary function of photosynthesis is to convert light energy into chemical energy, which distributed under the terms and is the key function in plant life and the food chain for animals, but this can be influenced by conditions of the Creative Commons many environmental factors. Several studies have shown that the photosynthetic process Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// can be affected by high or low light intensity, high or low temperature, heat, salinity, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ drought, UV-B stress, electrical signals, and geomagnetic field intensity [1–8]. The main 4.0/). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179353 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 can be affected by high or low light intensity, high or low temperature, heat, salinity, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9353 drought, UV-B stress, electrical signals, and geomagnetic field intensity [1–8]. The2 of 14main characteristics of photosynthetic damage indicate lower activity of photosynthetic en- zymes, decreased assimilation of carbon dioxide (CO2), quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) [6,7,9–11]. However, photo- characteristics of photosynthetic damage indicate lower activity of photosynthetic enzymes, synthetic light reactions are actively related to the transport of electrons through the chlo- decreased assimilation of carbon dioxide (CO2), quantum yield of photosystem II (FPSII) roplastand increased electron nonphotochemical transport chain to quenching ion fluxes (NPQ) of thylakoid [6,7,9–11 membranes,]. However, which photosynthetic are particu- larlylight charge reactions transferred are actively [12–14]. related to the transport of electrons through the chloroplast electronAmong transport the natural chain tocomponents ion fluxes of thylakoidour planet membranes,, such as water, which temperature, are particularly climate andcharge electric transferred charges, [12 Earth’s–14]. magnetic field or geomagnetic field (GMF) is a component that influencesAmong the many natural biological components processes of our planet,in plants such [15–18]. as water, As temperature, a sessile organism, climate and plants showelectric different charges, levels Earth’s of magneticmorphophysiological field or geomagnetic and molecular field (GMF) responses is a component under different that magneticinfluences field many (MF) biological intensities, processes such in as plants shoot, [15 root–18]. and As astem sessile elongation, organism, plantsphotosynthetic show performance,different levels plant of morphophysiological nutrient uptake and and the molecular expression responses of several under genes different associated magnetic with photoreceptorsfield (MF) intensities, [8,18–20]. such Accordingly, as shoot, root andmany stem researchers elongation, have photosynthetic used a static performance, magnetic field (SMF)plant nutrientto influence uptake plant and growth the expression and development of several and genes to reduce associated cellular with oxidative photorecep- stress undertors [8 unfavorable,18–20]. Accordingly, environmental many researchers conditions. have At the used present a static state, magnetic for sustainable field (SMF) agricul- to influence plant growth and development and to reduce cellular oxidative stress under ture, researchers are looking for new environmentally friendly approaches that can con- unfavorable environmental conditions. At the present state, for sustainable agriculture, tribute to increasing crop yield, but at the same time, they must have a low ecological researchers are looking for new environmentally friendly approaches that can contribute to impact. increasing crop yield, but at the same time, they must have a low ecological impact. InIn this sense,sense, magnetopriming magnetopriming (exposure (exposure of seeds of seeds to a MF) to is a a MF) simple, is efficienta simple, method efficient methodhaving significanthaving significant worth because worth itbecause can mitigate it can abioticmitigate or bioticabiotic stress. or biotic Various stress. reports Various reportshave proven have thatproven magnetopriming that magnetopriming improves seed improves germination, seed germination, plant growth, physiology,plant growth, physiology,antioxidant activity,antioxidant photosynthetic activity, photosynth performanceetic and performance yield under differentand yield abiotic under stresses, different abioticsuch as stresses, drought, such salt, as UV-B, drought, and arsenic salt, UV-B, stress and [21– 24arsenic]. stress [21–24]. FigureFigure 11 illustrates a seed seed treatment treatment with with a a magnetic magnetic field field and and various various effects effects of of mag- netoprimingmagnetopriming persisting persisting from from seed seed germination germination to to plant plant maturity. maturity. The The combined effecteffect of theseof these improved improved parameters parameters enhances enhances plant growth,growth, biomass, biomass, photosynthesis, photosynthesis, and and yield yield underunder nonstress nonstress and stressfulstressful conditions. conditions. Figure 1. (A) Steps of magnetopriming from seed to plant maturity; (B) various effects of magnetopriming from seed Figure 1. (A) Steps of magnetopriming from seed to plant maturity; (B) various effects of magnetopriming from seed germination to plant maturity contribute to enhance photosynthetic performance under nonstress and stressed conditions. germination to plant maturity contribute to enhance photosynthetic performance under nonstress and stressed conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9353 3 of 14 However, many other studies
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