Alloy Steel Safety Data Sheet According to Federal Register / Vol
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Chemical Analyses of Standard Sizes
SECTION P CPHEMICAL ANALYSES OF STANDARD SIZES STANDARD METALS AND DESIGNATION SYSTEMS . 2 EFFECTS OF COMMON ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEEL . 3-4 DESIGNATION OF CARBON STEELS . 5-7 DESIGNATION OF ALLOY STEELS .......................... 8-12 STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS .................. 13-17 HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH STRENGTH ALLOYS . 18 DESIGNATION OF ALLUMINUM ALLOYS . 19-20 OIL TOOL MATERIALS . 21 API SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS ....................... 22 Sec. P Page 1 STANDARD METALS AND DESIGNATION SYSTEMS UNS Studies have been made in the metals industry for the purpose of establishing certain “standard” metals and eliminating as much as possible the manufacture of other metals which vary only slightly in composition from the standard metals. These standard metals are selected on the basis of serving the significant metal- lurgical and engineering needs of fabricators and users of metal products. UNIFIED NUMBERING SYSTEM: UNS is a system of designations established in accordance with ASTM E 527 and SAE J1086, Recommended Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys. Its purpose is to provide a means of correlat- ing systems in use by such organizations as American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), and Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), as well as individual users and producers. UNS designa- tion assignments are processed by the SAE, the ASTM, or other relevant trade associations. Each of these assignors has the responsibility for administering a specific UNS series of designations. Each considers requests for the assignment of new UNS designations, and informs the applicants of the action taken. UNS designation assignors report immediately to the office of the Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys the details of each new assignment for inclusion into the system. -
Phase Transitions in Multicomponent Systems
Physics 127b: Statistical Mechanics Phase Transitions in Multicomponent Systems The Gibbs Phase Rule Consider a system with n components (different types of molecules) with r phases in equilibrium. The state of each phase is defined by P,T and then (n − 1) concentration variables in each phase. The phase equilibrium at given P,T is defined by the equality of n chemical potentials between the r phases. Thus there are n(r − 1) constraints on (n − 1)r + 2 variables. This gives the Gibbs phase rule for the number of degrees of freedom f f = 2 + n − r A Simple Model of a Binary Mixture Consider a condensed phase (liquid or solid). As an estimate of the coordination number (number of nearest neighbors) think of a cubic arrangement in d dimensions giving a coordination number 2d. Suppose there are a total of N molecules, with fraction xB of type B and xA = 1 − xB of type A. In the mixture we assume a completely random arrangement of A and B. We just consider “bond” contributions to the internal energy U, given by εAA for A − A nearest neighbors, εBB for B − B nearest neighbors, and εAB for A − B nearest neighbors. We neglect other contributions to the internal energy (or suppose them unchanged between phases, etc.). Simple counting gives the internal energy of the mixture 2 2 U = Nd(xAεAA + 2xAxBεAB + xBεBB) = Nd{εAA(1 − xB) + εBBxB + [εAB − (εAA + εBB)/2]2xB(1 − xB)} The first two terms in the second expression are just the internal energy of the unmixed A and B, and so the second term, depending on εmix = εAB − (εAA + εBB)/2 can be though of as the energy of mixing. -
Grade 6 Science Mechanical Mixtures Suspensions
Grade 6 Science Week of November 16 – November 20 Heterogeneous Mixtures Mechanical Mixtures Mechanical mixtures have two or more particle types that are not mixed evenly and can be seen as different kinds of matter in the mixture. Obvious examples of mechanical mixtures are chocolate chip cookies, granola and pepperoni pizza. Less obvious examples might be beach sand (various minerals, shells, bacteria, plankton, seaweed and much more) or concrete (sand gravel, cement, water). Mechanical mixtures are all around you all the time. Can you identify any more right now? Suspensions Suspensions are mixtures that have solid or liquid particles scattered around in a liquid or gas. Common examples of suspensions are raw milk, salad dressing, fresh squeezed orange juice and muddy water. If left undisturbed the solids or liquids that are in the suspension may settle out and form layers. You may have seen this layering in salad dressing that you need to shake up before using them. After a rain fall the more dense particles in a mud puddle may settle to the bottom. Milk that is fresh from the cow will naturally separate with the cream rising to the top. Homogenization breaks up the fat molecules of the cream into particles small enough to stay suspended and this stable mixture is now a colloid. We will look at colloids next. Solution, Suspension, and Colloid: https://youtu.be/XEAiLm2zuvc Colloids Colloids: https://youtu.be/MPortFIqgbo Colloids are two phase mixtures. Having two phases means colloids have particles of a solid, liquid or gas dispersed in a continuous phase of another solid, liquid, or gas. -
Copper Alloys
THE COPPER ADVANTAGE A Guide to Working With Copper and Copper Alloys www.antimicrobialcopper.com CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................. 3 PREFACE Conductivity .....................................4 Strength ..........................................4 The information in this guide includes an overview of the well- Formability ......................................4 known physical, mechanical and chemical properties of copper, Joining ...........................................4 as well as more recent scientific findings that show copper has Corrosion ........................................4 an intrinsic antimicrobial property. Working and finishing Copper is Antimicrobial ....................... 4 techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so Color ..............................................5 adaptable that they can be used in a multitude of applications Copper Alloy Families .......................... 5 in almost every industry, from door handles to electrical circuitry to heat exchangers. II. Physical Properties ..................... 8 Copper’s malleability, machinability and conductivity have Properties ....................................... 8 made it a longtime favorite metal of manufacturers and Electrical & Thermal Conductivity ........... 8 engineers, but it is its antimicrobial property that will extend that popularity into the future. This guide describes that property and illustrates how it can benefit everything from III. Mechanical -
Introduction to Phase Diagrams*
ASM Handbook, Volume 3, Alloy Phase Diagrams Copyright # 2016 ASM InternationalW H. Okamoto, M.E. Schlesinger and E.M. Mueller, editors All rights reserved asminternational.org Introduction to Phase Diagrams* IN MATERIALS SCIENCE, a phase is a a system with varying composition of two com- Nevertheless, phase diagrams are instrumental physically homogeneous state of matter with a ponents. While other extensive and intensive in predicting phase transformations and their given chemical composition and arrangement properties influence the phase structure, materi- resulting microstructures. True equilibrium is, of atoms. The simplest examples are the three als scientists typically hold these properties con- of course, rarely attained by metals and alloys states of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) of a pure stant for practical ease of use and interpretation. in the course of ordinary manufacture and appli- element. The solid, liquid, and gas states of a Phase diagrams are usually constructed with a cation. Rates of heating and cooling are usually pure element obviously have the same chemical constant pressure of one atmosphere. too fast, times of heat treatment too short, and composition, but each phase is obviously distinct Phase diagrams are useful graphical representa- phase changes too sluggish for the ultimate equi- physically due to differences in the bonding and tions that show the phases in equilibrium present librium state to be reached. However, any change arrangement of atoms. in the system at various specified compositions, that does occur must constitute an adjustment Some pure elements (such as iron and tita- temperatures, and pressures. It should be recog- toward equilibrium. Hence, the direction of nium) are also allotropic, which means that the nized that phase diagrams represent equilibrium change can be ascertained from the phase dia- crystal structure of the solid phase changes with conditions for an alloy, which means that very gram, and a wealth of experience is available to temperature and pressure. -
Alloys: Making an Alloy
Inspirational chemistry 21 Alloys: making an alloy Index 2.3.1 2 sheets In this experiment, students make an alloy (solder) from tin and lead and compare its properties to those of pure lead. Equipment required Per pair or group of students: ■ About 2 g lead ■ About 2 g tin ■ Crucible ■ Pipe clay triangle ■ Bunsen, tripod and heatproof mat ■ Spatula ■ Carbon powder – 1 spatula per student ■ Tongs ■ 2 sand trays or sturdy metal lids ■ Sand ■ Access to a balance ■ Eye protection. Health and safety The most likely incident in this experiment is a student burning themselves so warn them that the equipment will be hot. Pouring molten metal can be hazardous if you are not sure how to use tongs correctly – it would be worth demonstrating how to use them safely. Some tongs in schools do not grip well. Every pair must be checked before the start of the experiment. Eye protection should be worn. Lead is a toxic metal. If it is heated for too long or too high above its melting point it could start to give off fumes. Ensure that the laboratory is well ventilated, warn students against breathing in the fumes given off by their sample during the experiment and tell them to heat the metals no longer than is necessary to get them to melt. 22 Inspirational chemistry Results Hardness testing should show clearly that the alloy is harder than the pure lead. The alloy can be used to scratch the lead convincingly. The lead does not leave a mark on the alloy. (Students may need to be reminded how to do this simple test – just try to scratch one metal with the other.) The density of the alloy should be less than that of the lead, but this test is fairly subjective. -
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
metals Editorial High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels Ricardo Branco 1,* and Filippo Berto 2 1 CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-78 Coimbra, Portugal 2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] 1. Introduction Modern industry, driven by the recent environmental policies, faces an urgent need for the production of lighter and more environmentally friendly components. High-strength low-alloy steels are key materials in this challenging scenario because they provide a balanced combination of properties, such as strength, toughness, formability, weldability, and corrosion resistance. These features make them ideal for a myriad of engineering applications which experience complex loading conditions and aggressive media, such as aeronautical and automotive components, railway parts, offshore structures, oil and gas pipelines, power transmission towers, construction machinery, among others. The goal of this Special Issue is to foster the dissemination of the latest research devoted to high- strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels from different perspectives. 2. Contributions The understanding of the microstructure features and their dependence on the me- chanical behaviour is of essential importance for the development of safe and durable components as well as to extend the scope of application of the high-strength low-alloy steels. This may justify the intense research conducted on the triangular relationship be- tween the microstructure, the processing techniques, and the final mechanical properties. Citation: Branco, R.; Berto, F. Solis-Bravo et al. [1] addressed the relationship between the precipitate morphology and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels. -
Gp-Cpc-01 Units – Composition – Basic Ideas
GP-CPC-01 UNITS – BASIC IDEAS – COMPOSITION 11-06-2020 Prof.G.Prabhakar Chem Engg, SVU GP-CPC-01 UNITS – CONVERSION (1) ➢ A two term system is followed. A base unit is chosen and the number of base units that represent the quantity is added ahead of the base unit. Number Base unit Eg : 2 kg, 4 meters , 60 seconds ➢ Manipulations Possible : • If the nature & base unit are the same, direct addition / subtraction is permitted 2 m + 4 m = 6m ; 5 kg – 2.5 kg = 2.5 kg • If the nature is the same but the base unit is different , say, 1 m + 10 c m both m and the cm are length units but do not represent identical quantity, Equivalence considered 2 options are available. 1 m is equivalent to 100 cm So, 100 cm + 10 cm = 110 cm 0.01 m is equivalent to 1 cm 1 m + 10 (0.01) m = 1. 1 m • If the nature of the quantity is different, addition / subtraction is NOT possible. Factors used to check equivalence are known as Conversion Factors. GP-CPC-01 UNITS – CONVERSION (2) • For multiplication / division, there are no such restrictions. They give rise to a set called derived units Even if there is divergence in the nature, multiplication / division can be carried out. Eg : Velocity ( length divided by time ) Mass flow rate (Mass divided by time) Mass Flux ( Mass divided by area (Length 2) – time). Force (Mass * Acceleration = Mass * Length / time 2) In derived units, each unit is to be individually converted to suit the requirement Density = 500 kg / m3 . -
Mechanical Properties of HSLA Steel Buried Gas Tungsten Arc Weldments
Mechanical Properties of HSLA Steel Buried Gas Tungsten Arc Weldments Thick-section A 710 steel was successfully welded without edge preparation or the use of filler metal BY VV. E. LUKENS ABSTRACT. The possibility of welding Introduction cation of this process to steel welding. ASTM A710 Grade A Class 3 high- Shtrikman (Ref. 5) investigated the possi strength low-alloy steel (HSLA-80) up to The welding processes extensively bility of welding Types VNS2 and 19 mm (0.75 in.) thick by the buried gas used for joining thick-walled components 30KhGSA steels up to 22.1 mm (0.87 in.) tungsten arc process has been investi such as forgings, pressed or spun-end in thickness by the buried GTAW pro gated. This process eliminates edge prep closures, shapes, castings, and plate nec cess. The 30KhGSA is a medium-alloy aration, reduces the number of passes essitate edge preparation with a large steel, and the VNS2 is a heat-resistant required, eliminates the need for filler included angle (45 to 60 deg) (Ref. 1). stainless steel containing age-hardenable metal wire, and reduces the total heat Research and development work aimed martensite (Ref. 6). Acceptable weld input per unit length of finished weld at eliminating edge preparation is current fusion zone and heat-affected zone ment, when compared to standard indus ly under way in the area of narrow (HAZ) properties were obtained in the try processes, such as submerged arc groove joints (Ref. 2). Another method to 30KhGSA steel and the VNS2 steel after a welding. eliminate edge preparation is to weld postweld heat treatment. -
Definition of Design Allowables for Aerospace Metallic Materials
Definition of Design Allowables for Aerospace Metallic Materials AeroMat Presentation 2007 Jana Jackson Design Allowables for Aerospace Industry • Design for aerospace metallic structures must be approved by FAA certifier • FAA accepts "A-Basis" and "B-Basis" values published in MIL-HDBK-5, and now MMPDS (Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization) as meeting the regulations of FAR 25.613. OR • The designer must have sufficient data to verify the design allowables used. Design Allowables for Aerospace Industry • The FAA views the MMPDS handbook as a vital tool for aircraft certification and continued airworthiness activities. • Without the handbook, FAA review and approval of applicant submittals becomes more difficult, more costly and less consistent. • There could be multiple data submission for the same material that are conflicting or other instances that would require time consuming analysis and adjudication by the FAA. What is meant by A-Basis, B-Basis ? S = Specification Minimum • B-Basis: At least 90% of population A = T equals or exceeds value with 95% 99 confidence. B = T90 • A-Basis: At least 99% of population equals or exceeds value with 95% confidence or the specification minimum when it is lower. Æ Mechanical Property (i.e., FTY, et al) What is the MMPDS Handbook? • Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization • Origination: ANC-5 in 1937 (prepared by Army- Navy-Commerce Committee on Aircraft Requirements) • In 1946 the United States Air Force sanctioned the creation of a database to include physical and mechanical properties of aerospace materials. • This database was created in 1958 and dubbed Military Handbook-5 (or MIL-HDBK-5 for short). -
Partition Coefficients in Mixed Surfactant Systems
Partition coefficients in mixed surfactant systems Application of multicomponent surfactant solutions in separation processes Vom Promotionsausschuss der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur genehmigte Dissertation von Tanja Mehling aus Lohr am Main 2013 Gutachter 1. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Irina Smirnova 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Sadowski Prüfungsausschussvorsitzender Prof. Dr. Raimund Horn Tag der mündlichen Prüfung 20. Dezember 2013 ISBN 978-3-86247-433-2 URN urn:nbn:de:gbv:830-tubdok-12592 Danksagung Diese Arbeit entstand im Rahmen meiner Tätigkeit als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Thermische Verfahrenstechnik an der TU Hamburg-Harburg. Diese Zeit wird mir immer in guter Erinnerung bleiben. Deshalb möchte ich ganz besonders Frau Professor Dr. Irina Smirnova für die unermüdliche Unterstützung danken. Vielen Dank für das entgegengebrachte Vertrauen, die stets offene Tür, die gute Atmosphäre und die angenehme Zusammenarbeit in Erlangen und in Hamburg. Frau Professor Dr. Gabriele Sadowski danke ich für das Interesse an der Arbeit und die Begutachtung der Dissertation, Herrn Professor Horn für die freundliche Übernahme des Prüfungsvorsitzes. Weiterhin geht mein Dank an das Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, im Besonderen an Herrn Dr. Ulrich Bobe für die ausgezeichnete Zusammenarbeit und der Bereitstellung von LPC. Den Studenten, die im Rahmen ihrer Abschlussarbeit einen wertvollen Beitrag zu dieser Arbeit geleistet haben, möchte ich herzlichst danken. Für den außergewöhnlichen Einsatz und die angenehme Zusammenarbeit bedanke ich mich besonders bei Linda Kloß, Annette Zewuhn, Dierk Claus, Pierre Bräuer, Heike Mushardt, Zaineb Doggaz und Vanya Omaynikova. Für die freundliche Arbeitsatmosphäre, erfrischenden Kaffeepausen und hilfreichen Gespräche am Institut danke ich meinen Kollegen Carlos, Carsten, Christian, Mohammad, Krishan, Pavel, Raman, René und Sucre. -
Section 1 Introduction to Alloy Phase Diagrams
Copyright © 1992 ASM International® ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams All rights reserved. Hugh Baker, editor, p 1.1-1.29 www.asminternational.org Section 1 Introduction to Alloy Phase Diagrams Hugh Baker, Editor ALLOY PHASE DIAGRAMS are useful to exhaust system). Phase diagrams also are con- terms "phase" and "phase field" is seldom made, metallurgists, materials engineers, and materials sulted when attacking service problems such as and all materials having the same phase name are scientists in four major areas: (1) development of pitting and intergranular corrosion, hydrogen referred to as the same phase. new alloys for specific applications, (2) fabrica- damage, and hot corrosion. Equilibrium. There are three types of equili- tion of these alloys into useful configurations, (3) In a majority of the more widely used commer- bria: stable, metastable, and unstable. These three design and control of heat treatment procedures cial alloys, the allowable composition range en- conditions are illustrated in a mechanical sense in for specific alloys that will produce the required compasses only a small portion of the relevant Fig. l. Stable equilibrium exists when the object mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, phase diagram. The nonequilibrium conditions is in its lowest energy condition; metastable equi- and (4) solving problems that arise with specific that are usually encountered inpractice, however, librium exists when additional energy must be alloys in their performance in commercial appli- necessitate the knowledge of a much greater por- introduced before the object can reach true stabil- cations, thus improving product predictability. In tion of the diagram. Therefore, a thorough under- ity; unstable equilibrium exists when no addi- all these areas, the use of phase diagrams allows standing of alloy phase diagrams in general and tional energy is needed before reaching meta- research, development, and production to be done their practical use will prove to be of great help stability or stability.