Chemical Analyses of Standard Sizes
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High-Carbon Steels: Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Applications
© 2005 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance (#05140G) CHAPTER 15 High-Carbon Steels: Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Applications Introduction THE TRANSFORMATION OF AUSTENITE to pearlite has been de- scribed in Chapter 4, “Pearlite, Ferrite, and Cementite,” and Chapter 13, “Normalizing, Annealing, and Spheroidizing Treatments; Ferrite/Pearlite Microstructures in Medium-Carbon Steels,” which have shown that as microstructure becomes fully pearlitic as steel carbon content approaches the eutectiod composition, around 0.80% carbon, strength increases, but resistance to cleavage fracture decreases. This chapter describes the me- chanical properties and demanding applications for which steels with fully pearlitic microstructures are well suited. With increasing cooling rates in the pearlite continuous cooling trans- formation range, or with isothermal transformation temperatures ap- proaching the pearlite nose of isothermal transformation diagrams, Fig. 4.3 in Chapter 4, the interlamellar spacing of pearlitic ferrite and cementite becomes very fine. As a result, for most ferrite/pearlite microstructures, the interlamellar spacing is too fine to be resolved in the light microscope, and the pearlite appears uniformly dark. Therefore, to resolve the inter- lamellar spacing of pearlite, scanning electron microscopy, and for the finest spacings, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are necessary to resolve the two-phase structure of pearlite. Figure 15.1 is a TEM mi- crograph showing very fine interlamellar structure in a colony of pearlite from a high-carbon steel rail. This remarkable composite structure of duc- © 2005 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance (#05140G) 282 / Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance tile ferrite and high-strength cementite is the base microstructure for rail and the starting microstructure for high-strength wire applications. -
Carbon Steel
EN380 12-wk Exam Solution Fall 2019 Carbon Steel. 1. [19 pts] Three compositions of plain carbon steel are cooled very slowly in a turned-off furnace from ≈ 830◦C (see phase diagram below). For each composition, the FCC grains of γ−austenite (prior to transformation) are shown in an optical micrograph of the material surface. Sketch and label the phases making up the microstructures present in the right hand micrograph just after the austenite has completed transformation (note: the gray outlines of the prior γ grains may prove helpful). (a) [4 pts] C0 = 0:42% C (by wt). 830◦C 726◦C EN380 12-wk Exam Solution Page 1 Fall 2019 EN380 12-wk Exam Solution Fall 2019 (b) [4 pts] C0 = 0:80% C (by wt). 830◦C 726◦C (c) [4 pts] C0 = 1:05% C (by wt). 830◦C 726◦C (d) [7 pts] For the composition of part (c), C0 = 1:05% C (by wt), calculate the fraction of the solid that is pearlite at 726◦C. CF e3C − C0 6:67% − 1:05% Wpearlite = Wγ at 728◦C = = = 95:74% Pearlite CF e3C − Cγ 6:67% − 0:8% EN380 12-wk Exam Solution Page 2 Fall 2019 EN380 12-wk Exam Solution Fall 2019 2. [11 pts] Write in the correct term for each of the following related to carbon steels[1 pt each] (terms will be used exactly once): This material features carbon content in excess of Cast Iron 2:0% and is known for its excellent hardness, wear resistance, machinability and castability. -
Preparation and Mechanical Behavior of Ultra-High Strength Low-Carbon Steel
materials Article Preparation and Mechanical Behavior of Ultra-High Strength Low-Carbon Steel Zhiqing Lv 1,2,*, Lihua Qian 1, Shuai Liu 1, Le Zhan 1 and Siji Qin 1 1 Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging & Stamping Technology and Science, Ministry of Education of China Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; [email protected] (L.Q.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (S.Q.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Metastable Material Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 14 January 2020; Published: 18 January 2020 Abstract: The low-carbon steel (~0.12 wt%) with complete martensite structure, obtained by quenching, was cold rolled to get the high-strength steel sheets. Then, the mechanical properties of the sheets were measured at different angles to the rolling direction, and the microstructural evolution of low-carbon martensite with cold rolling reduction was observed. The results show that the hardness and the strength gradually increase with increasing rolling reduction, while the elongation and impact toughness obviously decrease. The strength of the sheets with the same rolling reduction are different at the angles of 0◦, 45◦, and 90◦ to the rolling direction. The tensile strength (elongation) along the rolling direction is higher than that in the other two directions, but the differences between them are not obvious. When the aging was performed at a low temperature, the strength of the initial martensite and deformed martensite increased with increasing aging time during the early stages of aging, followed by a gradual decrease with further aging. -
Structure/Property Relationships in Irons and Steels Bruce L
Copyright © 1998 ASM International® Metals Handbook Desk Edition, Second Edition All rights reserved. J.R. Davis, Editor, p 153-173 www.asminternational.org Structure/Property Relationships in Irons and Steels Bruce L. Bramfitt, Homer Research Laboratories, Bethlehem Steel Corporation Basis of Material Selection ............................................... 153 Role of Microstructure .................................................. 155 Ferrite ............................................................. 156 Pearlite ............................................................ 158 Ferrite-Pearl ite ....................................................... 160 Bainite ............................................................ 162 Martensite .................................... ...................... 164 Austenite ........................................................... 169 Ferrite-Cementite ..................................................... 170 Ferrite-Martensite .................................................... 171 Ferrite-Austenite ..................................................... 171 Graphite ........................................................... 172 Cementite .......................................................... 172 This Section was adapted from Materials 5election and Design, Volume 20, ASM Handbook, 1997, pages 357-382. Additional information can also be found in the Sections on cast irons and steels which immediately follow in this Handbook and by consulting the index. THE PROPERTIES of irons and steels -
Hardening Characteristics of Plain Carbon Steel and Ductile Cast Iron Using Neem Oil As Quenchant
Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 10, No.2, pp.161-172, 2011 jmmce.org Printed in the USA. All rights reserved Hardening Characteristics of Plain Carbon Steel and Ductile Cast Iron Using Neem Oil as Quenchant 1Hassan, S. B, 2Agboola. J.B, 1Aigbodion, V.S. and 1Williams, E.J. 1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. E-mail, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The hardening characteristics of medium carbon steel and ductile cast iron using neem oil as quenching medium has been investigated. The samples were quenched to room temperature in Neem oil. To compare the effectiveness of the neem oil samples were also quenched in water and SAE engine oil the commercial quenchants. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the quenched samples were used to determine the quench severity of the neem oil. The result shows that hardness value of the medium carbon steel increased from 18.30HVN in the as-cast condition to 21.60, 20.30and 20.70HVN while that of ductile cast iron samples increased from 18.90HVN in the as-cast condition to 22.65, 20.30 and 21.30HVN for water, neem oil and SAE40 engine oil respectively. The as-received steel sample gave the highest impact strength value and water quenched sample gave the least impact strength. The impact strength of the medium carbon steel samples is 50.84, 41.35, 30.50 and 45.15 Joule and that of ductile iron is 2.71, 1.02, 0.68 and 1.70 Joule for as-cast condition, neem oil, water and SAE 40 engine oil quenched respectively. -
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
metals Editorial High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels Ricardo Branco 1,* and Filippo Berto 2 1 CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-78 Coimbra, Portugal 2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] 1. Introduction Modern industry, driven by the recent environmental policies, faces an urgent need for the production of lighter and more environmentally friendly components. High-strength low-alloy steels are key materials in this challenging scenario because they provide a balanced combination of properties, such as strength, toughness, formability, weldability, and corrosion resistance. These features make them ideal for a myriad of engineering applications which experience complex loading conditions and aggressive media, such as aeronautical and automotive components, railway parts, offshore structures, oil and gas pipelines, power transmission towers, construction machinery, among others. The goal of this Special Issue is to foster the dissemination of the latest research devoted to high- strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels from different perspectives. 2. Contributions The understanding of the microstructure features and their dependence on the me- chanical behaviour is of essential importance for the development of safe and durable components as well as to extend the scope of application of the high-strength low-alloy steels. This may justify the intense research conducted on the triangular relationship be- tween the microstructure, the processing techniques, and the final mechanical properties. Citation: Branco, R.; Berto, F. Solis-Bravo et al. [1] addressed the relationship between the precipitate morphology and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels. -
Carbon and Alloy Steels
Carbon and Alloy Steels • All of these steels are alloys of Fe and C – Plain carbon steels (less than 2% carbon and negligible amounts of other residual elements) • Low Carbon (less than 0.3% carbon) • Med Carbon (0.3% to 0.6%) • High Carbon (0.6% to 0.95%) – Low Alloy Steel – High Alloy Steel – Stainless Steels (Corrosion-Resistant Steels) – contain at least 10.5% Chromium AISI - SAE Classification System AISI XXXX American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) • classifies alloys by chemistry • 4 digit number – 1st number is the major alloying element – 2nd number designates the subgroup alloying element OR the relative percent of primary alloying element. – last two numbers approximate amount of carbon (expresses in 0.01%) Plain Carbon Steel Plain Carbon Steel • Lowest cost • Should be considered first in most application • 3 Classifications • Low Carbon (less than 0.3% carbon) • Med Carbon (0.3% to 0.6%) • High Carbon (0.6% to 0.95%) Plain Carbon Steel • Again, alloy of iron and carbon with carbon the major strengthening element via solid solution strengthening. • If carbon level high enough (greater than 0.6%) can be quench hardened (aka: dispersion hardening, through hardened, heat treated, austenized and quenched, etc..). • Can come in HRS and CRS options • The most common CRS are 1006 through 1050 and 1112, 1117 and other free machining steels Plain Carbon Steel 1. Low Carbon (less than 0.3% carbon) • Low strength, good formability • If wear is a potential problem, can be carburized (diffusion hardening) • Most stampings made from these steels • AISI 1008, 1010, 1015, 1018, 1020, 1022, 1025 2. -
Mechanical Properties of HSLA Steel Buried Gas Tungsten Arc Weldments
Mechanical Properties of HSLA Steel Buried Gas Tungsten Arc Weldments Thick-section A 710 steel was successfully welded without edge preparation or the use of filler metal BY VV. E. LUKENS ABSTRACT. The possibility of welding Introduction cation of this process to steel welding. ASTM A710 Grade A Class 3 high- Shtrikman (Ref. 5) investigated the possi strength low-alloy steel (HSLA-80) up to The welding processes extensively bility of welding Types VNS2 and 19 mm (0.75 in.) thick by the buried gas used for joining thick-walled components 30KhGSA steels up to 22.1 mm (0.87 in.) tungsten arc process has been investi such as forgings, pressed or spun-end in thickness by the buried GTAW pro gated. This process eliminates edge prep closures, shapes, castings, and plate nec cess. The 30KhGSA is a medium-alloy aration, reduces the number of passes essitate edge preparation with a large steel, and the VNS2 is a heat-resistant required, eliminates the need for filler included angle (45 to 60 deg) (Ref. 1). stainless steel containing age-hardenable metal wire, and reduces the total heat Research and development work aimed martensite (Ref. 6). Acceptable weld input per unit length of finished weld at eliminating edge preparation is current fusion zone and heat-affected zone ment, when compared to standard indus ly under way in the area of narrow (HAZ) properties were obtained in the try processes, such as submerged arc groove joints (Ref. 2). Another method to 30KhGSA steel and the VNS2 steel after a welding. eliminate edge preparation is to weld postweld heat treatment. -
AP-42 12.13 Final Background Document for Steel Foundries
BACKGROUND REPORT AP-42 SECTION 12.13 STEEL FOUNDRIES Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency OAQPS/TSD/EIB Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 1-103 Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. P.O. Box 12077 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 919/941-0333 1-103 AP-42 Background Report TECHNICAL SUPPORT DIVISION U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 ii This report has been reviewed by the Technical Support Division of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Copies of this report are available through the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1 2.0 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION ......................................... 2 2.1 GENERAL ................................................... 2 2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION1 ..................................... 2 2.3 EMISSIONS AND CONTROLS1,19 ................................ 8 2.4 REVIEW OF REFERENCES ..................................... 9 2.5 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 ............................... 11 3.0 GENERAL EMISSION DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES ... 13 3.1 LITERATURE SEARCH AND SCREENING ....................... 13 3.2 EMISSION DATA QUALITY RATING SYSTEM ................... 14 3.3 EMISSION FACTOR QUALITY RATING SYSTEM ................. 16 3.4 -
Metallurgy Lane: the History of Alloy Steels
aug amp features_am&p master template new QX6.qxt 7/23/2014 9:48 AM Page 28 The History of Alloy Steels: Part II Throughout metal making history, nothing has exceeded the technical importance, scientific complexity, and human curiosity involved in the hardening of steel. Metallurgy Lane, fter the bustling 1890s, with its exciting and searchers, they were of immediate interest to Zay authored by productive discoveries around steel metal- Jeffries, Marcus Grossman, and Edgar Bain. ASM life member Alography in England, France, Germany, Rus- Charles R. Simcoe, sia, Japan, and the United States, a period of quiet Austenite, martensite, bainite is a yearlong series consolidation occurred in the early 20th century. Edgar Bain was among the earliest Americans dedicated to the early By then, most metals pioneers had either joined or to apply x-ray diffraction to the study of metals. He history of the U.S. metals established metallurgy departments or metallo- showed that steel heated to the hardening temper- and materials industries graphic sections within existing mining or chemi- ature—austenite, named after Sir William Chan- along with key cal engineering departments at universities dler Roberts-Austen—had a face centered cubic milestones and throughout the industrial world. Henry Marion (fcc) crystal structure, whereas ferrite and quench- developments. Howe, America’s earliest metals researcher, joined hardened steel—martensite, named after Adolf Columbia University, New York, in 1897 to become Martens—were body centered cubic (bcc). The its first fulltime professor of metallurgy. By 1905, next major scientific advancement in hardened he had a new laboratory and staff of five, including steel was the discovery through precision x-ray dif- William Campbell of Great Britain, who had come fraction by William Fink and Edward Campbell to America to study under Howe and then re- that martensite was not a simple bcc structure like mained to serve a lifetime career teaching metal- iron, but a distorted tetragonal crystal structure. -
Enghandbook.Pdf
785.392.3017 FAX 785.392.2845 Box 232, Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expy Minneapolis, KS 67467 ENGINEERING HANDBOOK TECHNICAL INFORMATION STEELMAKING Basic descriptions of making carbon, alloy, stainless, and tool steel p. 4. METALS & ALLOYS Carbon grades, types, and numbering systems; glossary p. 13. Identification factors and composition standards p. 27. CHEMICAL CONTENT This document and the information contained herein is not Quenching, hardening, and other thermal modifications p. 30. HEAT TREATMENT a design standard, design guide or otherwise, but is here TESTING THE HARDNESS OF METALS Types and comparisons; glossary p. 34. solely for the convenience of our customers. For more Comparisons of ductility, stresses; glossary p.41. design assistance MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL contact our plant or consult the Machinery G.L. Huyett’s distinct capabilities; glossary p. 53. Handbook, published MANUFACTURING PROCESSES by Industrial Press Inc., New York. COATING, PLATING & THE COLORING OF METALS Finishes p. 81. CONVERSION CHARTS Imperial and metric p. 84. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Steelmaking 4 Metals and Alloys 13 Designations for Chemical Content 27 Designations for Heat Treatment 30 Testing the Hardness of Metals 34 Mechanical Properties of Metal 41 Manufacturing Processes 53 Manufacturing Glossary 57 Conversion Coating, Plating, and the Coloring of Metals 81 Conversion Charts 84 Links and Related Sites 89 Index 90 Box 232 • Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expressway • Minneapolis, Kansas 67467 785-392-3017 • Fax 785-392-2845 • [email protected] • www.huyett.com INTRODUCTION & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was created based on research and experience of Huyett staff. Invaluable technical information, including statistical data contained in the tables, is from the 26th Edition Machinery Handbook, copyrighted and published in 2000 by Industrial Press, Inc. -
Low Temperature Austenite Decomposition in Carbon Steels
Low Temperature Austenite Decomposition in Carbon Steels Albin Stormvinter Doctoral Thesis KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management Department of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Physical Metallurgy SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm 2012 i Albin Stormvinter Low Temperature Austenite Decomposition in Carbon Steels KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Physical Metallurgy, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden ISRN KTH/MSE--12/19--SE+METO/AVH ISBN 978-91-7501-449-4 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungliga Tekniska högskolan i Stockholm framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen 27 september 2012, kl. 10.00 i sal F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm. © Albin Stormvinter, August 2012 Printed by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm, Sweden ii To Emma iii iv Abstract Martensitic steels have become very important engineering materials in modern society. Crucial parts of everyday products are made of martensitic steels, from surgical needles and razor blades to car components and large-scale excavators. Martensite, which results from a rapid diffusionless phase transformation, has a complex nature that is challenging to characterize and to classify. Moreover the possibilities for modeling of this phase transformation have been limited, since its thermodynamics and kinetics are only reasonably well understood. However, the recent development of characterization capabilities and computational techniques, such as CALPHAD, and its applicability to ferrous martensite has not been fully explored yet. In the present work, a thermodynamic method for predicting the martensite start temperature (Ms) of commercial steels is developed.