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Scottish Geographical Magazine

ISSN: 0036-9225 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsgj19

Dirk Hartogs' landing in

W. Siebenhaar

To cite this article: W. Siebenhaar (1918) Dirk Hartogs' landing in Australia, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 34:1, 20-28, DOI: 10.1080/14702541808554750

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702541808554750

Published online: 30 Jan 2008.

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Download by: [University of California, San Diego] Date: 29 June 2016, At: 13:31 20 SCOTTISH GEOGI:~APHICALMAGAZINE.

Turkish-ff, ngIish Lexicon (Constantinople, 1890, page 335): " ~)~lk:, 5alyoos, (Ital. baglis), t. Title of the Venetian Ambassador at the Otto- man Court in olden times. 2. Title, sometimes vulgarly given to all consuls."

DIRK HARTOGS' LANDING IN AUSTRALIA. By W. SI~,~ENHAAR, Deputy Registrar-General of .

PART I.--TttE D~RK HARTOGS TERCENTAR¥.~ BE~WEE~ the discovery of America and that of Australia there is, as regards almost every feature of the two events, the greatest dissimilarity. Yet the~e is one remarkable point of resemblance, viz., that in both cases human intelligence, having sufficient reason to be convinced of the existence of vast in the direction where they were ultimately found, made deliberate and strenuous efi0rts to reach these unexplored lauds, in the discovery of America the penetration and will-power of one man, Columbus, achieved success. In that of Australia, the shrewdest and most. enterprising commercial leaders of a whole nationality, the Dutc'n, saw their deliberate efforts rewarded after many attempts. Strange to say, although Columbus was probably far more imbued with the scientific than the commercial spirit, the result of his discovery was of the highest immediate commercial value. The discovery of Australia, on the other hand, although achieved no doubt principally for com- mercial ends, brought its authors the impersonal scientific reward. In speaking of the Dutch as the discoverers of Australia, I am not overlookii~g the probability that other nationalities may have sighted her coasts before ;. but as no records of real value have been left, such visits can have no more significance than the indications that vikings and other bold sailors probably reached America long before Columbus. To examine the claims put forward on behalf of other nationalities is to prove their indefiniteness. Cornelis Wytfliet's book, published in 1597, has been adduced as conclusive proof that Australia was known prior to what may be termed authenticated accounts. Now when it is Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 pointed out that this book gives Teq'.ra ,4ush'alis as beginning at 2 ° or 3 ° from the Equator, it surely is evident that was indicated, and tha~, as regards Australia, ~Vytfliet merely reproduced the vague conjectures found on other charts of the period. Old manuscripts have been found bearing in some features a slight resemblance to parts of the Australian coast, but no latitudes appear to be shown. One point alone

Part [. of this article was read before the RoyM Society of Pm'th~ Western Australia, on Oct. f~5, 1916 ; Part IL was written for this 3lagazine. It should be noted that while English writers use geuerally the form Hartog, Dutch authors employ that of Fiartogs~ which is used iu Professor Heeres' boek.--Ed. S.G.M. DIRK ]:IARTOGS' LANDING IN AUSTRALIA. 21

is distinctly in favour of a Portuguese claim to discovery, the fact that the name "Abrolhos'' is given on one of these maps. On the other hand, it has been argued that this name, meaning "Look out," was used by the Portuguese for shoals and other places dangerous to navigation, and was therefore applied by then] to more than one such spot, in the same way as the Dutch gave the name '~Keerweer" repeatedly when coming to a cape which compelled them to turn about. If the Portuguese or Spanish had any real knowledge of the Australian coast, they certainly never showed any perseverance in turning that knowledge to further account. Nor, in modern times, do they appear to be seriously concerned about their claim to priority. Repeated eflbrts, on the part of Mr. Malcolm A. C. Fraser, when Registrar-General of Western Australia, to obtain information on the point from the authorities at Lisbon and Madrid, remained unsuccessful, no answer even having been vouchsafed in either case. Both and Holland, on the contrary, have most readily responded to similar inquiries, and it does not augur well for the possibility of any records of value being ever found in the two Iberian countries, that from them no reply whatever was received. That the Dutch searched for the Unknown Southland with great deter- mination and considerable scientific acumen is amply evidenced by the instructions issued to the navigators whowere speciallysent from early in the seventeenth century. Further, although the subsequent discovery of Australia's west coast was due to what may be termed accident, their of the was carried out in so splendidly purposeful and informative a manner, that no doubt can be entertained as to the virtual certainty that, quite apart from accident, they would have ultimately succeeded in any case in making Australia known to the world. Nor is what is said to have been stated by Sir William Temple likely to be true--that they forbade their mariners to make the know- ]edge of their discoveries public property. For in 1647 was published at .~msterdam~ for all the world to buy, the circumstantial account of the voyage and wreck of the ]~atctvia, giving complete geographical detail as to laf~itudes, nature of the land, etc. Under these circumstances it can cause but little wonder that the first thoroughly reliable historian of the discovery of Australia is a Datehman, Professor Dr. J. E. Heeres of Leiden. The inaccuracies committed by other writers, as regards facts, names, and inferences, would fill a large volume. It is strange that even compilers who had

Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 apparently seen Professor Heeres' book, The part borne by the .Dutch i% the .Discovery of .4~s[ra[ia, should have committed such egregious errors, and reproduced, for instance, the utterly garbled spelling of Dutch names from carelessly printed publications. But in Heeres ~ book we have at last a compilation that bears the stamp of scientific investigation and conscientious deduction, and are consequently now on the terra fi~'q~a of true historical knowledge. This I will at once prove more particularly as regards the treatment of perhaps the principal claim contained in the book, that of the evidence that the ship Duifken, in 1605, actually explored part of the shores washed by the Gulf of Carpentaria. On the 28th November 1605, the .Du~ifken, commanded by Willem Jansz, put to 22 SOOTTISH GEOGRAPHIOAL MAGAZINE.

sea from Bantam with New Guinea for destination. She returned to Banda before June. Unfortunately the log of her voyage has not come down to us, although referred to in official documents of 1618, so that the results achieved are only known indirectly from other records. But these records are sufficiently frequent and definite. In the instructions received by Tasman in 1644, the following passage occurs :- "The first voyage was undertaken in the year 1606 with the yacht Duyff/:en, by order of President Jan Willemsz Verschoor . . . and the unknown south and west coasts of Nova Guinea were discovered over a length of 220 miles from 5 to 13~ degrees southern latitude, it being only ascertained that vast regions were for the greater part uncultivated, and certain parts inhabited by savage, cruel, black barbarians, who slew some of our sailors, so that no information was obtained touching the exact situation of the country, and regarding the commodities obtainable and in demand there; our men were, through want of provisions and other necessaries, compelled to return and give up the discovery they had begun, only registering on their charts, with the name Cape Keerweer, the extreme point of the discovered land, in 133 degrees southern latitude." It is .evident that they had unconsciously entered the Gulf of Carpentaria, and it is incomprehensible to me how Mr. Collingridge can have looked for a Cape Keerweer in 13~ def/ress of southern latitude on ths coast of ~Vew G~dnea ; the definiteness of the D~dfke~'s record seems to have ]eft no room for any reasonable doubt. This, one is glad to acknowledge, has apparently been recognised by the Government, which has perpetuated the name "Keerweer" on the coast, and also named one cape "Duifhen Point," although with an unfortunate corruption of the "k" into an "h," which I trust will one of these days be corrected. ~t must, of course, all the time be clearly borne in mind that the captain of the D~iflcen did not realise, any more than his countrymen for many years afterwards, that New Guinea was separated from Australia by the Torres Straits, through which its Spanish discoverer sailed, a few months after ~Villem Jansz had passed its western entrance while probably mistaking it for a gulf. As conclusive as Tasman's instructions are the references in the log book of Jan Carstensz, the captain of the 2era in 1623, who extended the coastal of the D~tifke~ in the Gulf of Carpentaria. For

Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 instance :--" \Ve sailed past a largo river (which the men of the Duifken went up with a boat in 1606, and where one of them was killed by "throws" of the blacks); to this river, which is in 11 ° ~8'lat., we have on the new chart given the name of 'roofer de Carpentier.'" This river was subsequently re-baptized "Batavia," which name it still bears. And again, "In our landings between 13 ° and 11 ° we have but twice seen black men or savages, who received us much more hostilely than ~hose more to the southward; they are also acquainted w~th muskets, of which ~hey would seem to have experienced the fatal effect when in 1606 the men of the Duifken made a landing here." ~n the absence of the D.uifl~en's own log, I am not prepared to say DIRK ItAP~TOGS' LANDING IN AUSTRALIA, 23

whether the words "made a landing" in the passage quoted above, can be taken in the literal sense, or whether they are only meant vaguely to refer to an intention to explore the hanks of the Batavia river, which was at once frustrated by a hostile attack of the natives. How the knowledge resulting from the voyage of the J)~df~'en was followed up by the efforts of later celebrated Dutch explorers, ~ho gaYe Dutch names to a very considerable portion of , is probably too well known to need detailed mention here. ~hat concerI~s us at present is the next event in Australian exploration, vim, the landing of Dirk Hartogs on the island named after him on the west coast. This event has been described in an article supplied by Mr. Malcolm A. C. Fraser in the West ~l~estralian of 4th September 1916, which I may here be permitted to quote :-- "On the 25th of October next it will be exactly three hundred years since the first white men who left a definite record of their visit landed in Australia. The following quotation from the Western Australian Year Book for 1905 shows that Dirk Hartogs arrived at the island named after him on October 25th, 1616. "In October 1616 Dirk ttartogs (Hartoehsz), in command of the Dutch vessel ~e~&'agt or Ee~d.racht (Concord), supercargo Cornelis Buysero, outward bound from Holland to the Indies, entered Sl~ark Bay, and gave his name to the island upon the western side of the Bay. The name 'Dor Eylandt' or 'Dorre Eylandt' (Barren ]sland), was then, or subsequently, given to the largest island at the entrance of the Bay. A tin plate nailed to a post erected at the north end of Dirk Eurtogs' island remained for many years as a memento of his visit. His eountryrnan, V(illiam De Vlaming, who visited the island in 1697, relates that he found the plate on the 4=th of February of that year, and, taking it away with him, entrusted it to the Governor-General at Batavia, who forwarded it to the Board of Seventeen Directois of the Dutch in Holland, the president of which was, at that time, Burgomaster Nicolaas "Witsen. V]aming gave a rendering of the inscription, which, translated from the Dutch, runs as follows :- "'Anne 1616, the 25th of October.--Arrived here the ship Ee~dra&t, of ; the first merchant Gillis Miebais of Liege. Dirk Hartogs of Amsterdam, captain. "' 27th Do.--Sailed for Bantam.' "On the lower part, cut with a knife, were to be read in Dutch

Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 the words :~ "'The under Merchant Jan Steyn, Upper Steersman, Pieter Ledoecker of Bil, Anne 1616/ "Such, at least, was the wording of the duplicate plate which he caused to be substituted for the one removed. The original plate of Dirk Hartogs was discovered in t902 by Mr. J. F. L. De Balbian Verster, in the 'Rijks-Museum' (State Museum) at Amsterdam, and it was then seen that the latter part of the inscription thereon reads as follows :-- "' The under merchant Jan Sgins, Upper Steersman, Pieter Doekes of Bih Anne 1616.' 24 SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE.

"Vlaming's inscription was seen by Captain Hamelin, of the French exploring vessel ~rat~'aliste, 1801; but the plate had disappeared in January 1822, when King caused careful search to be made for it. This disappearance can be accounted for by a statement made by De Freyeinet to the effect Chat he had removed it and deposited it for safe keeping in the museum of the French Institute, which fact is referred to in the minutes of the society, dated March 23, 1821. In spite, however, of this statement, a careful search very recently made by the secretary of the Institute has failed to discover its present whereabouts. "Dirk Hartogs examined the coastline between south latitude 26 ° 30' and 23 °, and called ihe intervening country ''s Land.'" The event is also referred to in the following words in T/~e 2a.;'l bor.~e by the ~D~tch in the Discovery of Australia, by Professor J. E. Heeres of Leiden, already referred to :- "In the year 16t6 the Dutch ship Ee~dra&¢, commanded by Dirk Hartogs, on her voyage from the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia, un- expectedly touched at 'divers islands, but uninhabited,' and thus for the first time surveyed part of the west coast of Australia. As early as 1619 this coast, thus accidentally discovered, was known by the name of 'Eendraehtsland.' The vagueness of the knowledge respecting the coastline then discovered, and its extent,, is not inaptly illustrated in a small map of the world found in Gerardi Mercatoris sive Cosmo- graphieae Meditationes de Fabrics mundi et fabrieata figura. De nero ° . . auctus studio Judoci Hondij (Amsterodami; Sumptibns Johannis Cloppenburgij. Anne 1632. If, however, we compare this map of the world with Keppler's map of 1630, we become aware that LIondius has not recorded all that was then known in respecting the light which since 1616 European explorers had thrown on the question of the western . In Keppler's map, namely, besides the English discovery of the Trial Rocks (1622), and the name ~T Landt van Eendracht' in fat characters, passing from the north to ~he south, we meet with the following names, which the smaller letters show to have been intended to indicate subordinate parts of Eendrachts]and: 'Jae Rommer Revier,' 'Dirk Hartogs ree,' F. Houtmans aebrooleus,' and 'Dedells lant.' What is more, Keppler's map also exhibits the south-west coast of Australia. "Whence all those names'! The answer to ~his question, and at

Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 the same time various other new features, are furnished by the chart of of lg27, and by the one dated 1618, in which corrections have been introduced after date. The 1627 chart is specially interesting. Gerritsz, at the time cartographer in ordinary to the East India Company, 'put together this chart of the Landt van d'Eendracht from the journals and drawings of the steersmen,' which means that he availed himself of authentic data. He acquitted himself of the task to admiration, and has given a very lucid survey of the (aecidengal) discoveries made by the Dutch on the west coast of Australia. In this chart of 1627 the Land of d'Eendraeht takes up a good deal of space. To the north it is found bounded by the DIRK ttARTOGS ~ LANDING IN AUSTRALIA. 25

Willemsrivier,'discovered in July 1618 by the ship Mce~riti~es,commanded by . According to the chart this river is in about 2i ° 45' S. let., but there are no reliable data concerning this point.. If we compare Hessel Gerritsz's chart with those on which (about 1700) the results of Willem Do Vlaming's expedition o~ 1696-7 were recorded, we readily come to the conclusion that the ship Ma,~ritius must have been in the vicinity of Vlaming Head (N.W. Cape) on the Exmouth Gulf. From Willem Janszoon's statements it also appears that on this occasion in 22 ° 'an island was discovered and a landing effected.' The island extended N.N.E. and S.S.W. on the west side. The land-spit west of Exmouth Gulf may very possibly have boon mistaken for an island. From this point then the Eondrachtsland of the old Dutch navigators begins to extend southward. To the question, how far it was held to extend, I answer that in the widest sense of the term (Land van Eendraeht, or the Southland) it reached as far as the south coast, at all events past the Perth of our day. In a more restricted sense it extended to about 25 ° S. let. In the latter sense it included the entrance to , afterwards entered by Dumpier, and Dirk Har~ogs Island, likewise discovered by Dirk Hartogs." Here, then,.in the voyage of the Duifken and the landing of Dirk Hartogs, we have the two events that ushered in the famous series of explorations subsequently made by the Dutch on the Australasian coas~s. But before briefly summing up the principal results of the latter, I wish to draw attention to the cause of the numerous accidental visits paid by the Dutch sailors to the west coast of Australia. In their outward passage from the Cape of Good Hope to the Indian Archi- pelago they contented themselves for years with the course usually adopted by their predecessors, the Portuguese, which lay close to Madagascar in a north-easterly direction. The unfavourable winds, the in~ense heat, the great number of shallows, and other grave objections to this course, induced them in 1611 to take another route: from the Cape they now ran due east for a considerable number of days, in about 36 ° S. Iak, after which they adopted a northerly course towards Java. The innovation proved so successful that the majority of Dutch vessels from that time onward adopted the new "fairway." But one result, which they had not foreseen, was that the strong trade winds constantly created the danger of their being driven on the western coast of the Unknown Southland. This danger manifested itself to them in Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 due course. As a set-off to the danger, however, there was also the equally unforeseen chance of their sighting that coast, and gradually adding to ~he civilised world's geographical knowledge. The first sailor who had the good fortune to be made aware of this was Dirk Hartogs, and we have seen what excellent use he made of his luck. After him followed in succession the Zeewo~f, which in May 1618 sighted land in 21 ° 20'; the Ma~ri~i~s, two months later, which discovered the ~' Willems givier" in let. 21 ° 45' (possibly the Ashburton); the fleet of , which in 1619 discovered and named the Abrolhos and "d'Edelslandt," the latter after the supercargo, Jacob d'Ede! ; the Lee~wi%, which in 1622 sighted the coast named after her : 26 SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL ~AGAZINE.

the English ship T~'~al, which came to grief on the rocks named after her due west of Cossack (N.W.) ; the 't I~t2e~ .~an Hoers4 which about the same time was in extreme peril near Eendraehtsland ; the Yortelduyff (Turtledove), which in 1624 would seem to have discovered and named the Turtledove Shoal; further, in January 1627, the Gulde Zeeyae¢'d (Golden Sea Horse), having on board Pieter Nuyts, which sighted the south coast near Leeuwin, and explored that coast for " 1000 miles," as far as Nuyts' Reef; in 1628 the Batavia, wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands, in consequence of which her commander, Francis Pelsart, making the voyage to ]~atavia in an open boat to obtain assistance for the crew and passengers left behind, had unusual opportunities for observing the repellent aspect of the coast between the present site of Geraldton and the North-West~ and finally, in the same year, the homeward bound rGanen, Captain Gerrit Fredericsz De Wit, which grounded off the Kimberley portion of the coast, and subsequently sailed along the shore for some fifty miles, that part of the being in consequence named "De Wit's" land. In connection with Pelsart it may still be mentioned that he refers to an already discovered "Jacob Remessens" (or "Returners') river, about the latitude of 20 ° 17', which Mr. Tom Carter, formerly a resident at in 5North- Western Australia, no doubt quite correctly identified with what is now known as Yardie Creek. The northern part of the continent, after the voyage of the Peru and the X~'nhem, was further explored in 1636, by Gerrit Thomaszoon Pool and Piefer Pieterszoon. But the great event in the actual explorations of these coasts by the Dutch was the arrival in Australian waters of Abel Janszoon Tasman, with the yachts Limme~, Zeemeeuw, and De.Brak (The Hound). In 1642 he had explored and Tasmania, without, however, discover- ing the east coast of the Australian continent. In 1644 he examined the Australian coast in the Gulf of Carpentaria, and completed our geographical knowledge of that coast, although even he did not become aware of the fact that separated New Guinea from the great Southland. It was he who first applied the name "" to the western portion of the continent. The West Coast was again explored in 1648 by the ship Leeuwrik (Lark). Eight years later the loss of 1)e r~rgulde Draed: (The Gilt Dragon)~ in latitude 30 ° 40', gave rise to repeated unsuccessful searches, Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 which, however, brought further knowledge of the coast. In 1658 the Elburg anchored in 33 ° 14 ~, on the coast of the "Land of the Leeuwin," probably in Geographe Bay. After this the English explorer Dumpier comes on the scene, and the Dutch visits become more and more infrequent. The directors of the had begun to slacken in their former zeal, finding that to them Australian exploration was an expensive enterprise without commercial returns. But towards the end of the seventeenth century Burgomaster Nicolaas Witsen, of Amsterdam, was the General Director of the Company. He, being possessed of the true student's love of geographical knowledge, was chiefly instrumental in DIRK HARTOGS' LANDING IN AUSTRALIA. 0,7

fitting out De Vlaming's expedition. De Vlaming set out ~n 1696 in the geelvi~ck (Yellow Bunting) with two other vessels, partly to examine the country on the west coast, and partly to look for traces of the ~idderscha2 ~an Holland (Knighthood of Holland), which had sailed two years earlier, but had not been heard of since. He explored and named the Swan river and Rottnest Island, but reported unfavourab]y on the country, which he coasted as far as the North-West Cape. His exploration~ Burgomaster Witsen complained, was not so thorough as he had been instructed to make it. Further visits of the Dutch were of minor importance. In March 1705 the Fossenbosch (Foxwood), De Wayer (The Fan), and the Nieme ffol[and explored the North-West Coast, and an improved chart of Tasman's explorations was the result. In 1756 the east and west coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria were visited first by Gonzal and next by Van Assehens, who came into more frequent contact with the natives than any of their predecessors. Beyond this, however, the efforts of Dutch exploration did not extend. As Professor Heeres says: " The times of Van Diemen had failed to return; the spirit with which he was imbued no longer pre- sided over the debates on colonial matters." The reason why the Dutch did not eolonise Australia is quite obvious. The earlier instructions given to their navigators were, un- doubtedly, to take possession of such lands as they might discover, unless, of course, already occupied by too strong a power. But in Australia they found no prospects of trade, not a vestige of even so rudimentary a civilisation as might have yielded scope for lucrative barter. They had no surplus population in search of lands on which to settle for the purpose of wresting from nature the results of hard agricultural labour. They already had numerous rich colonies to satisfy their commercial needs. The incentive, then, for colonisation was wanting, and the wonder is that in spite of this their curiosity made them continue their exploratory efforts so long and with such tenacity. As to their methods, they were an immeasurable improvement on the extreme cruelties perpetrated by the Spanish in America. Yet at the outset unscrupulous instructions were not wanting, which led to the kidnapping of defenceless savages, and to the consequent wanton provocation of hostilities. The more humane, and at the same time more diplomatic orders of Governor Van Diemen may have partly Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 stopped this cruel and foolish policy, but even so late as the 1756 expedition the record shows that the .regrettable procedure of kid- napping was again resorted to with the old results. But I am not, in this summary of Dutch explorations, vofeillg either an indictmen~ of, or an apology for, the now historical precedings of any nationality. What mainly concerns us at present is the fact that the Dutch contributed one of the most remarkable and useful pages to modern history by their persistent voyages to these coasts, and by the scientific manner in which they conducted their geographical investigations. It may be safely claimed that they prepared the foundation of Australian 28 SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE.

colonisation by the knowledge they gave the world about this continent, about Tasmania, and about New Zealand ;. and the date of ])irk Hartogs' landing on the Australian coast, the 25th October, is therefore a day which fully deserves to be remembered by all the civilised population living in ~hese parts under the Southern Cross. (lb 5e co~..~in~led.)

Erratam.--In the December issue, owing to a typographical error, the word Karakoram was mis-spelt in the title of Mr. Muir's article (p. 544), and throughout its text. It should be as given above.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

LECTURES 1N JANUARY. THE ~ev° Dr. Kelman will lecture in Edinburgh on January 3t, in Glasgow on February 1, in Dundee on January 30, and in Aberdeen on January 29. His subject will be "America in Arms," and his address will be illustrated by lantern slides. The first of the series of special afternoon lectures was delivered in ~he Society's Council Room on December 13, by Lieutenant G. B. Mackie, Black Watch, the title of whose lecture was "At the Somme." In view of the large audience which assembled to hear Lieutenant Mackie, and the limited accommodation which can be provided in the Council Room, it has been decided that the remaining lectures of the series shall be held in the Halt of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, which has been kindly placed at the disposal of the Society for this purpose. The next lecture will be that by Mr. E. P. Stebbing on "Some Aspects of Russia in 1914," on January 17.

GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES.

EUROPE.

Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:31 29 June 2016 The Ethnology of Scotland.--Professor Arthur Keith publishes in Natu~'s for October ~ a usehfl article summarising recent researches on the question of the racial origin of the inhabitants of Scotland, the article containing numerous references. Points of interest which emerge from the smnmary are that between three thousand and four thousand years ago--that is, during an early stage of the Bronze Age--the east of Scotland was invaded by short, round-headed people of the Alpine stock. Of this stock, very definite traces remain in Aberdeenshire, Fife, and the Lothians, and generally on the eastern coastal belt of Scotland, while its members seem never to have penetrated to the west in any numbers. Several modern East Coast cemeteries give a percentage as