Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus Date: 1492–93 Author: Columbus, Christopher Genre: Diary
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Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus Date: 1492–93 Author: Columbus, Christopher Genre: diary “He desired that many other prudent and credible witnesses might see it, and he was sure that they would be as unable to exaggerate the scene as he was.” Summary Overview threatened to take his proposal to the French king did On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his Ferdinand and Isabella agree to commission the ships. three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María, Columbus and his crews onboard the three ships set departed from Spain for in search of a new route to sail in August 1491. As the expected deadline for the the East Indies. Instead of that subcontinent, he came ships to make landfall came and went, the crew grew across the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (now Haiti impatient with the journey, with calls for a turnaround and the Dominican Republic), Cuba, and the Baha- and return to Spain. Columbus became aware of the mas. Columbus kept two logs, the more accurate one discontent and, in addition to his own log, kept a false of which was lost but recreated thanks to historian Bar- journal that had shorter distances traveled—this latter tolomé de las Casas about forty years later. When he journal initially mollified the crew, who were deceived returned, Columbus’s accounts of his trip fascinated into thinking that they had not traveled very far. Over the Spanish monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen time, the deception generated more doubt, and the Isabella, as well as the rest of Europe. He was quickly crew all threatened suicide. Columbus addressed this called upon to return to the western Atlantic Ocean issue by telling his crew that if no land was sighted and continue his exploration of the region. within three days, the group would turn around. The very next day, the flotilla made landfall in what is now Defining Moment known as the Bahamas. During the late fifteenth century, there was increasing Columbus and his three ships spent the next few dissatisfaction with the fact that travel to and from East weeks exploring the Bahamas before heading southwest Asia and India took a great deal of time. Christopher to Cuba. He traveled up and down Cuba’s eastern side Columbus, who had spent much of his career sailing before continuing southeast toward Hispaniola. During up and down the eastern Atlantic Ocean, heard stories his travels, he searched for gold and other treasures that from his fellow sailors of a body of land only a few thou- he believed to be located in the region, although he was sand miles west of the Iberian peninsula. Columbus, unable to locate any such items. When the Santa María after conducting a great deal of research, surmised that ran aground and sank on the northern coast of Hispan- the region in question must have been East Asia and iola, Columbus consolidated as many of his crew as pos- that, by sailing west instead of east, he might find a sible (leaving thirty-nine on the island) onto the Niña, as much quicker route to trade zones in China and India. the captain of the Pinta had sailed off to another area. Columbus spent several years attempting to con- Columbus came across the Pinta shortly thereafter (the vince the monarchs of Portugal and Italy to give him Pinta, captained by Martín Alonso Pinzón, had discov- the money for ships and crew. Only when Columbus ered the sought-for gold nuggets in a river during his 3 DDCOL_VOL1.indb 3 11/16/2012 4:02:20 PM 4 • JOURNALS ON EXPLORATION travels), and the two ships returned to Spain. Isabella and Ferdinand were excited at Columbus’s successes. They immediately called upon Columbus to return to the region for more exploration. Throughout his travels (and until his death), Colum- bus believed that he had reached islands near China and India. Others agreed with his views—although he had not discovered America (other parties had achieved that accomplishment many years prior), Columbus was credited with discovering a considerably quicker route to East Asia. Author Biography Christopher Columbus was born Christoforo Colombo in Genoa, Italy, in 1451 to weavers Domenico Colom- bo and Susanna Fontanarossa. As one of five surviving children in a poor family, he did not obtain a strong education. Very little is known about his early child- hood, although at the age of fourteen, young Columbus went to sea, sailing throughout the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic region along trade routes and even to northern Europe and Iceland. Among the jobs he held at sea was that of privateer, attacking ships belonging Christopher Columbus. (Library of Congress) to the Moors. In the mid-1470s, Columbus found himself in Lis- Columbus spent many years attempting to gain sup- bon, Portugal, where met up with his brother Bartolo- port from various European governments for expedi- meo, who was a cartographer. The two carefully studied tions to China via this western route. The monarchs of trade routes and developed charts for other mariners. Portugal, England, France, and Spain all initially turned In 1479, Columbus married Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, him down. Over time, however, Spain developed a ri- who bore him a son and heir, Diego, a year later. Co- valry with Portugal, an international competition that lumbus and his family moved to Madeira for a brief Columbus sought to exploit. Enticed by the prospect time, then back to Lisbon, and then on to Spain. of riches and besting their rivals, King Ferdinand and Columbus was greatly inspired by the example set Queen Isabella of Spain reconsidered, granting Co- by the Italian merchant Marco Polo (1254–1324), who lumbus’s application and helping him develop his ex- had first traveled as far as China in the thirteenth cen- pedition. In total, Columbus would voyage to the New tury. During the centuries that followed, trade between World four times, traveling throughout the Caribbean Europe and East Asia was hampered significantly by and even coastal South and Central America. During the enormous amount of time it took to travel between this time, he conquered Hispaniola, setting up a colony points. Facilitating the trade in spices and precious there while he continued to explore what he believed metals from East Asia therefore had the potential to be to be East Asia. highly lucrative. Shortly after Columbus’s wife died in Columbus would not avoid controversy, as accusa- 1485, he developed an interest in exploring alternate, tions that he mistreated natives living in these areas shorter routes to this region. During his time at sea, persisted during his visits. When he returned to His- he had heard tales from other sailors about lands that paniola for the last time in 1502, he was denied entry lay far to the west. No one knew that, heading west, to the colony in light of his unpopularity. He returned to the North American and South American continents Spain in 1504 (shortly before Queen Isabella died) and lay between Europe and East Asia. Columbus became settled there with his son. He petitioned the king to re- convinced that these legendary lands must be those of turn but was largely ignored. Columbus took ill shortly China. thereafter, dying in 1506. DDCOL_VOL1.indb 4 11/16/2012 4:02:21 PM Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus • 5 HISTORICAL DOCUMENT Monday, 15th of October. everything. So I sent for the man, gave him a red cap, some small beads of green glass, which I put on his arms, “I had laid by during the night, with the fear of reaching and small bells, which I put in his ears, and ordered his the land to anchor before daylight, not knowing whether canoe, which was also on board, to be returned to him. the coast was clear of rocks, and at dawn I made sail. As I sent him on shore, and presently made sail to go to the the island was more than 5 leagues distant and nearer other large island which was in sight to the westward. 7, and the tide checked my way, it was noon when we I also ordered the other large canoe, which the caravel arrived at the said island. I found that side facing towards Niña was towing astern, to be cast adrift; and I soon saw the island of San Salvador trended north and south with that it reached the land at the same time as the man to a length of 5 leagues, and the other which I followed whom I had given the above things. I had not wished to ran east and west for more than 10 leagues. As from this take the skein of cotton that he offered me. All the others island I saw another larger one to the west, I clued up the came round him and seemed astonished, for it appeared sails, after having run all that day until night, otherwise clear to them that we were good people. The other man I could not have reached the western cape. I gave the who had fled might do us some harm, because we had name of Santa Maria de la Concepcion to the island, and carried him off, and for that reason I ordered this man to almost as the sun set I anchored near the said cape to be set free and gave him the above things, that he might ascertain if it contained gold. For the people I had taken think well of us, otherwise, when your Highnesses again from the island of San Salvador told me that here they send an expedition, they might not be friendly.