DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Hawai'i Library

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Hawai'i Library UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I LIBRARY "FOR GOD, HOME, AND COUNTRY": THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION AND REFORM EFFORTS IN MEllI JAPAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'IIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY MAY 2003 By Elizabeth A. Dom Dissertation Committee: Sharon A. Minichiello, Chairperson Cedric B. Cowing Albert Craig Harry J. Lamley Patricia G. Steinhoff Paul Varley © Copyright by Elizabeth A. Dom 2003 iii To my parents, Jacob and Carole Dom, and my husband, Keith Lublin, for their love, support, and beliefin my abilities as a historian IV ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on the organizational development ofthe Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in Meiji Japan and on the activities its middle-class members undertook to achieve moral and social reform. It argues that the women who joined the society felt a great sense of duty as Japanese to promote national progress and that they considered widespread acceptance oftheir reform agenda and the Christian faith essential to Japan's advancement. These mutually reinforcing motivations informed their activism and led them to assume a dynamic role in trying to define social problems and guide public and private behavior. In developing this argument, this dissertation reveals that the members of the WCTU did not compromise their beliefs and principles to accommodate the govern­ ment's imperialistic ambitions and program to mold a loyal and patriotic citizenry. Instead, they attempted to harness the power ofthe state and the imperial institution to further their alms. This dissertation makes extensive use ofWCTU publications and writings by members to support this argument. It first proceeds chronologically with a three-chapter history of the WCTU's establishment and growth during the Meiji period. Particular foci in this over­ view include the impact ofWorld WCTU missionaries onthe formation ofan organizational structure, conflicts among Japanese women over the agenda to be pursued, and activities members undertook to expand the union and arouse interest in their reform principles. The remaining three chapters follow topical lines ofanalysis. Chapters four and five provide, v respectively, detailed discussions ofselect components ofthe WCTU's anti-prostitution and temperance campaigns. Chapter six addresses the nature of members' reverence for the imperial institution and outreach during the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. Blending description of specific activities with analysis, these chapters illustrate how intertwined members' patriotism and sense of national duty were with their religious and reform fervor. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract. v Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Founding ofthe WCTU in Japan .15 The Early Decades ofProtestant Christianity in Japan .15 American Women's Temperance Activism and the Origins ofthe WWCTU 19 Mary Clement Leavitt and the Introduction ofthe WCTU to Japan 27 Iwamoto Yoshiharu and the Organization ofthe Tokyo WCTU .35 Chapter 2: The Tumultuous Early Years ofthe Tokyo WCTU: 1886-1892 .46 WomenReformers 46 The Initial Flourish ofActivity .51 The Fight for Ideological Control Between Yajima Kajiko and Sasaki Toyoju 60 Escalating Tensions and Rising Criticism 74 The Tokyo WCTU: Divided and Weakened 79 Chapter 3: The Organization and Development ofthe JWCTU: 1892-1912 89 Mary Allen West and the Establishment ofthe JWCTU 89 The Rise and Then Ebb ofthe JWCTU inthe Mid-1890s 99 Efforts to Strengthen the JWCTU with the Help ofResident Missionary Women 110 Clara Parrish andthe Rejuvenation ofthe WCTU inJapan 115 The JWCTUinthe Last Decade ofthe Meiji Period 125 Chapter4: The FightAgainstProstitution 129 An Overview ofLicensed Prostitution in Japan and "ModermzatlOn . ".IIIEarly MeIJI... .. 129 Calls for the Regulation ofJapanese Prostitutes Overseas 135 Oppositionto the LicensedQuarters 141 Rescuing the Poorandthe Fallen 152 Chapter 5: Agitating for a Sober Society 165 A BriefHistoryofAlcohol Productionand ConsumptioninJapan 165 The Origins ofthe Temperance Movement 172 Arguments in FavorofTemperance 177 Outreachto Youth 179 Temperance Workatthe FifthNational Industrial Exposition 188 vii Chapter 6: Imperial Loyalty and Patriotic Service JWCTU-Style 197 Reform and Reverence for the Imperial Family Combined 197 The Promotion ofPeaceandJust War 202 The Sino-Japanese War andJWCTUOutreach 208 Providing Comfort and Promoting Reform during the Russo-Japanese War 211 The ControversyOverSending Bibles to Those in Uniform 218 Epilogue .225 Bibliography 232 viii INTRODUCTION In early 1902, the Japan Woman's Christian Temperance Union (JWCTU) initiated a petition campaign to abolish the age-old custom ofrewarding meritorious deeds with gold, silver, or wooden sake cups.' The petition was sent to members ofthe House ofPeers along with a chart that showed a direct correlation in Japan between increases in sake production and a greater incidence ofbankruptcy, child abandonment, suicide, and roadside starvation. The petition's author referred to this empirical evidence as proofthat drinking "[dissipated] the energy ofthe people and [squandered] national resources.'" She continued that it is human nature to be sure to use an imperial gift as is the intent behind the emperor's giving ofa present. With a sake cup, the recipient will accept it and, in order to publicize the gift, will certainly invite friends and family, throw a grand banquet, and express thanks with the cup itself. 3 'With this petition, the JWCTU followed the example ofthe male Tokyo Temperance Society, which had submitted a far lengthier appeal four years earlier. Japan Evangelist 6, no. 3 (March 1899): 84-86. '''Shohai haishi no seigan" [The petition to ban prize cups], Fujin shimpo[Woman's herald], no. 58 (25 February 1902): 4. The JWCTU often relied on Christian politicians in the Meiji Diet to submit its petitions. Who interceded with the appeal regarding ceremonial cups is unclear. So is the reason why the union chose the House ofPeers. Its greater power vis-a-vis the House ofRepresentatives may have influenced that decision. ~Ibid., 5. The entire petition is reprinted in Nihon Kirisutokyo Fujin Kyofiikai, ed., Nihon Kirisutokyo Fujin KyiifiJlwi hyakunenshi [A one hundred-year history ofthe Japan Woman's Christian Temperance Union] (Tokyo: Domesu Shuppan, 1986), 193-95. Here­ after referred to as the Hyakunenshi. 1 That drunkenness and harm to individuals and, by extension, society should result from a gift, ostensibly bestowed to recognize service performed for the sake ofpublic welfare and the nation, struck the authoras "absurd." She urged the petition's readers to arrange for more "appropriate" awards, although she stopped short ofidentifYing what she deemed suitable. This 1902 campaign was merely one component ofthe JWCTU's wide-ranging program to reform public and private behavior during the Meiji period. The organization's statement ofpurpose in 1899 alludes to just how broad the objectives ofthat program were. It reads: "This society aims to expand work to end drinking and smoking, to reform social customs, morals, education, health, and general evils, and to promote the welfare and happiness ofall ofsociety.'>4 In pursuit ofthese multifarious goals, members urged church leaders to use only unfermented wine for Holy Communion, supported a bill to ban underage smoking, opposed the participation of geisha in state ceremonies and public festivals, and operated several homes where former prostitutes and destitute women could learn an "honorable" means of self-support. They also distributed flowers and Scripture cards to hospitals, offered mothers childcare instruction, and annually submitted a petition to the Diet calling for revision of specific clauses in the civil and criminal codes that discriminated against women and contravened the principle ofmonogamy. Focusing on the WCTU in Japan, this dissertation examines the activities ofthe society's middle-class members as agents for moral and social reform during the Meiji period. The above-mentioned appeal to the House ofPeers typified this reform activism and serves as a good stepping stone for introducing one ofthe central questions thatguides this examination. 4Pujin shimpo, no. 25 (20 May 1899): 29. 2 Namely, what motivated the JWCTU's members to advocate a ban on the giving of ceremonial sake cups? Or, to rephrase this question more broadly, why did Japanese women become involved inthe WCTU in the Meiji period, why did they pursue the reforms they did, and what did they hope to accomplish? The petition's reference to drink as depleting people's energies and wasting the nation's resources provides a clue to the answers. JWCTU members felt a keen sense ofduty as Japanese to further the country's progress, as did most oftheir countrymen and women, Christian or otherwise. Japan's 1853 opening by Commodore Matthew Perry and the country's subsequent subjugation by unequal treaties with the United States, Holland, Russia, England, and France had awakened Japan to the tremendous military and economic superiority ofthe West. The desire to achieve a position ofequality with these powers engendered national projects epitomized in the 1870s by the slogans "fukoku kyOhei" ["rich country and strong army"] and "bunmei kaika" ["civilization and enlightenment"]. At the heart ofthese catch phrases lay the beliefthat the West stood atthe apex ofcivilization and thatonly by modernizing, i.e., Westernizing, couldJapanattain the economic prosperity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Immigration History
    CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) By HOSOK O Bachelor of Arts in History Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2000 Master of Arts in History University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2010 © 2010, Hosok O ii CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) Dissertation Approved: Dr. Ronald A. Petrin Dissertation Adviser Dr. Michael F. Logan Dr. Yonglin Jiang Dr. R. Michael Bracy Dr. Jean Van Delinder Dr. Mark E. Payton Dean of the Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of my dissertation, I would like to express my earnest appreciation to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Ronald A. Petrin for his dedicated supervision, encouragement, and great friendship. I would have been next to impossible to write this dissertation without Dr. Petrin’s continuous support and intellectual guidance. My sincere appreciation extends to my other committee members Dr. Michael Bracy, Dr. Michael F. Logan, and Dr. Yonglin Jiang, whose intelligent guidance, wholehearted encouragement, and friendship are invaluable. I also would like to make a special reference to Dr. Jean Van Delinder from the Department of Sociology who gave me inspiration for the immigration study. Furthermore, I would like to give my sincere appreciation to Dr. Xiaobing Li for his thorough assistance, encouragement, and friendship since the day I started working on my MA degree to the completion of my doctoral dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sakura, Chiba
    Coordinates: 35°43′N 140°13′E Sakura, Chiba 佐 倉 市 Sakura ( Sakura-shi) is a city located in Sakura Chiba Prefecture, Japan. 佐倉市 As of December 2014, the city has an estimated City population of 17 7 ,601, and a population density of 17 14 persons per km². The total area is 103.59 km². Contents Geography Neighboring municipalities History Economy Yuukarigaoka district of Sakura Education Transportation Railway Highway Local attractions Flag Noted people from Sakura Seal References External links Geography Sakura is located in northeastern Chiba Prefecture on the Shimōsa Plateau.[1] It is situated 40 kilometers northeast of the Tokyo and 15 kilometers from Narita International Airport. Chiba City, the prefectural capital, lies 15 kilometers southwest of Sakura. Lake Inba and the Inba Marsh form the northern city limits.[2][3] Neighboring municipalities Chiba, Chiba Location of Sakura in Chiba Prefecture Narita, Chiba Yotsukaido, Chiba Yachiyo, Chiba Inzai, Chiba Yachimata, Chiba Shisui, Chiba History The area around Sakura has been inhabited since prehistory, and archaeologists have found numerous Kofun period burial tumuli in the area, along with the remains of a Hakuho period Buddhist temple. During the Kamakura and Muromachi Sakura periods, the area was controlled by the Chiba clan. During the Sengoku period, the Chiba clan fought the Satomi clan to the south, and the Later Hōjō clan to the west. After the defeat of the Chiba clan, the area came within the control of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who assigned one of his chief generals, Doi Coordinates: 35°43′N 140°13′E Toshikatsu to rebuild Chiba Castle and to rule over Country Japan Sakura Domain as a daimyō.[2] Doi rebuilt the area Region Kantō as a jōkamachi, or castle town, which became the Prefecture Chiba Prefecture largest castle town in the Bōsō region.[1][3] Under Government the Tokugawa shogunate, Sakura Domain came to • Mayor Kazuo Warabi be ruled for most of the Edo period under the Hotta Area clan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jomon Clay Figurines of the Kaminabe Site, Kyushu, Japan By
    The Jomon Clay Figurines of the Kaminabe Site, Kyushu, Japan by Minako Togawa Department of Anthropology McGill University, Montreal June 2003 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts © Minako Togawa 2003 InoGi!' Ur-v Bi \ * / ^f V ABSTRACT This study considers the phenomenon of the sudden and brief appearance of clay figurines in west-central Kyushu towards the end of the Jomon Period (13,000-2,300 C years BP). The baked clay figurines representing humans were made throughout the Jomon Period, but mostly in central and northern Honshu. Following a review of previous interpretations of the Jomon clay figurines in general, the study focuses on the case of the numerous figurines recovered at the Kaminabe (ca. 2,800 14C years BP) site in Kyushu. Data on lithic assemblages and plant remains at Kaminabe and the sites in the surrounding area during the period under consideration indicate that small-scale cultivation was being practiced in the region. It is suggested here that the Kaminabe figurines represent the females who played important role in production of plant resources. 11 RESUME Cette etude examine le phenomene de la soudaine et breve apparition de figurines d'argile dans le centre sud de Kyushu vers la fin de l'epoque Jomon (13,000-2,300 l4C annees BP). Des figurines de terre cuite representant des humains ont ete fabriquees tout au long de la periode Jomon, mais essentiellement dans le centre et le nord de Honshu. Apres avoir passe en revue les interpretations precedentes concernant ces figurines, cette etude se penche sur le cas des nombreuses figurines trouvees a Kaminabe (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan: Yayoi Period (About 300 BC - AD 300)
    Japan: Yayoi period (about 300 BC - AD 300) The Yayoi period takes its name from the Yayoi district of Tokyo where simple pottery differing significantly in style from earlier Jōmon wares, was first discovered in 1884. The Yayoi period was a time of significant change, from hunting and gathering to a settled, agricultural way of life. Wet-rice agriculture and bronze and iron were introduced from the continent (Korea and China), probably by individual peaceful settlement, rather than hostile invasion. With the establishment of small kuni (farming settlements) came the beginnings of complex regional politics and a simple class system. There was a systemization of animist religious beliefs. Armed conflict over territory dates from about the third century AD. Most of our knowledge of this period comes through archaeology, but written Chinese documents also give valuable insights. The Han shu (late first century AD) describes Japan as a land of about 100 small kuni which sent tribute to the Han court. A gold seal found in Japan in 1784 was probably the one presented to a local ruler in northern Kyūshū by Emperor Guangwu (Kuang-wu) in AD 57. The third-century Wei zhi describes Japanese culture and mentions the kuni of Yamatai which became dominant during the Kofun period. Most of the pottery of the period, with its characteristic combed designs, was used for cooking, eating and storage of grain. However, burial urns up to 76 cm in height have also been found. Rice, millet, beans and gourds were grown around settlements of thatched pit houses, granaries and wells.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparing for Japan| a Practical Guide for Navigating the Web of Culture, Communication and History
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2000 Preparing for Japan| A practical guide for navigating the web of culture, communication and history Matthew A. Taylor The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Taylor, Matthew A., "Preparing for Japan| A practical guide for navigating the web of culture, communication and history" (2000). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3290. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3290 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature: Date: * ^ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. MSThesisVMansfteld Library Permission Preparing for Japan: A practical guide for navigating the web of culture, communication and history. by: Matthew A. Taylor B.S. The University of Montana-Missoula, 1993 B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spiritual Quest of Uchimura Kanzō by Christopher A
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Summer 8-15-2017 Native Roots and Foreign Grafts: The pirS itual Quest of Uchimura Kanzō Christopher Andrew Born Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, East Asian Languages and Societies Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Born, Christopher Andrew, "Native Roots and Foreign Grafts: Thep S iritual Quest of Uchimura Kanzō" (2017). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1247. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1247 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures Dissertation Examination Committee: Marvin H. Marcus, Chair Rebecca Copeland Jamie Lynn Newhard David Schmitt Lori Watt Native Roots and Foreign Grafts: The Spiritual Quest of Uchimura Kanzō by Christopher A. Born A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolving Japanese: the Dual Structure Hypothesis at 30
    Evolutionary Human Sciences (2020), 2, e6, page 1 of 13 doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.6 REVIEW The evolving Japanese: the dual structure hypothesis at 30 Mark J. Hudson1* , Shigeki Nakagome2 and John B. Whitman3 1Eurasia3angle Research Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany, 2School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, 150-162 Pearse Street, Dublin, Ireland and 3Department of Linguistics, Cornell University, 203 Morrill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The population history of Japan has been one of the most intensively studied anthropological questions anywhere in the world, with a huge literature dating back to the nineteenth century and before. A growing consensus over the 1980s that the modern Japanese comprise an admixture of a Neolithic population with Bronze Age migrants from the Korean peninsula was crystallised in Kazurō Hanihara’s influential ‘dual structure hypothesis’ published in 1991. Here, we use recent research in biological anthropology, historical linguistics and archaeology to evaluate this hypothesis after three decades. Although the major assump- tions of Hanihara’s model have been supported by recent work, we discuss areas where new findings have led to a re-evaluation of aspects of the hypothesis and emphasise the need for further research in key areas including ancient DNA and archaeology. Keywords: Agricultural dispersals; Bronze Age migrations; Japanese; Ainu; national identity Media summary: The ‘dual structure hypothesis’ of two genetic layers in the population history of the Japanese archipelago still remains widely accepted after three decades, but new research is starting to suggest more complex social relations between Neolithic (Jōmon) and Bronze Age (Yayoi) peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • Des Couples Aimants Pour Une Nation Moderne Les Débats Sur La Nécessité D'un Nouveau Modèle Familial Dans Le Japon Du Dernier Tiers Du Xixème Siècle
    J-M Butel - Des couples aimants…, septembre 2009 1/1 Des couples aimants pour une nation moderne Les débats sur la nécessité d'un nouveau modèle familial dans le Japon du dernier tiers du XIXème siècle Lors de ce grand mouvement de construction d’un nouveau Japon qui agite le dernier tiers du XIXème siècle, certains penseurs et politiques font de l’éducation de la femme japonaise l’une des conditions de l’établissement d’une nation moderne. Il s’agit de transformer des êtres que l’on déclare chétifs et soumis en « mères sages et bonnes épouses » (ryôsai kenbo 良妻賢母)1. Le lieu de ce travail est avant tout la femme elle-même, comprise comme un corps à renforcer, un esprit à élever, une conjointe dont il s’agit de définir le statut. Or certains idéologues déplacent l’objectif, de la femme à la relation homme-femme. N’hésitant pas à faire porter la responsabilité de l’indigence féminine sur « l’homme japonais », ils combattent pour qu’un nouveau type de relation de couple, une relation véritablement moderne, soit trouvée. Ils militent pour fonder celle-ci sur un nouveau concept, un concept occidental qu’ils souffrent de ne pouvoir facilement traduire, celui d’amour (« love »). Cet article s’intéresse aux débats qui ont agité la revue Jogaku zasshi / The Woman's Magazine dans le dernier tiers du XIXe s., autour du couple et de l’amour conjugal. Ce magazine, animé avec ferveur par Iwamoto Yoshiharu (nom lu parfois Zenji), apparaît en effet être la source d’une réflexion sur les spécificités de l’amour occidental, la pauvreté des types d’amour pré-modernes, et la nécessité d’une transposition de cet amour singulier, seul digne d’une nation civilisée, au Japon.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Public Life in Early Meiji Japan
    Women and Public Life in Early Meiji Japan Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies Number 71 Center for Japanese Studies The University of Michigan Women and Public Life in Early Meiji Japan: The Development of the Feminist Movement MARA PATESSIO Center for Japanese Studies The University of Michigan Ann Arbor 2011 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Copyright © 2011 by The Regents of the University of Michigan Published by the Center for Japanese Studies, The University of Michigan 1007 E. Huron St. Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1690 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patessio, Mara, 1975- Women and public life in early Meiji Japan : the development of the feminist movement / Mara Patessio. p. cm. — (Michigan monograph series in Japanese studies ; no. 71) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-929280-66-7 (hbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-929280-67-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Women—Japan—History—19th century. 2. Women—Japan—History— 20th century. 3. Feminism—Japan—History—19th century. 4. Feminism— Japan—History—20th century. 5. Japan—History—1868- I. Title. II. Series. HQ1762.P38 2011 305.48-8956009034—dc22 2010050270 This book was set in Times New Roman. Kanji was set in Hiragino Mincho Pro. This publication meets the ANSI/NISO Standards for Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives (Z39.48-1992). Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-92-928066-7 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-92-928067-4
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's Historic Mission
    3/22/09 Japan’s Historic Mission: Completing Fukuzawa’s Revolution The Forgotten History of Japan and the American System by Mark Calney 1. JAPAN’S HISTORIC MISSION “The relationship between China and Japan is one of common existence or extinction. Without Japan, there would be no China; without China, there would be no Japan. … Under the principle of Pan-Asianism, Japan and China can together develop the natural resources in the West of the Pacific, while under the Monroe Doctrine the United States can unify authority in the East of that ocean. ... By a concerted effort of these three Powers disarmament might some day be effected, and, going one step further, permanent peace of the world secured.” - Sun Yat-sen, The Vital Problem of China (1917) [emphasis in the original] On January 20 th of this year, humanity experienced a deep collective sigh of relief as the evil Dick Cheney and the criminally incompetent George W. Bush, Jr. were removed from control of the White House as Barrack Obama was inaugurated to become the 44 th President of the United States. The eminent threat of a British-directed U.S. attack on Iran, utilizing the loyal services of Cheney, would have widened the war in Southwest Asia to a potential global conflagration, has been stopped for the time being. Now, we find ourselves challenged by the greatest financial and economic collapse in modern history which threatens to plunge the planet into a New Dark Age. President Franklin Roosevelt fought and defeated the fascist movements of the early twentieth-century, which had been organized by the pro-fascist banking-interests of London and its junior partners on Wall Street.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quest for Women's Rights in Turn-Of-The-Century Japan
    Santa Clara University Scholar Commons History College of Arts & Sciences 11-2005 The Quest for Women's Rights in Turn-of-the- Century Japan Barbara Molony Santa Clara University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/history Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Molony, B. (2005). The Quest for Women's Rights in Turn-of-the-Century Japan. In B. Molony & K. Uno (Eds.), Gendering Modern Japanese History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press. Copyright 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Do not reproduce. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Do not reproduce. 13 The Quest for Women's Rights in Turn ~of the~Century] apan Barbara Molony lWJe should take up ... this discussion of equal rights for men and women only after we have first considered the nature of men and women and become well informed on what rights are. -Fukuzawa Yukichi, "The Equal Numbers of Men and \1//omen"1 Responding to a fussy diatribe by Kato Hiroyuki that denounced, eponymously, "Abuses of Equal Rights for Men and Women," Fuku­ zawa Yukichi published these words in 1875. Though Fukuzawa be­ lieved that debate about "rights" should occur only after the meaning of "rights" was better understood, his words were not heeded.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Women's International Association
    MEDICAL WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION REPORT ON THE XXXth CONGRESS VIENNA, AUSTRIA July 28-31, 2016 Number 42 MWIA Secretariat 7555 Morley Drive Burnaby, B.C. CANADA V5E 3Y2 Tel: (+1)-604-522-1960 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.mwia.net 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Farewell Message from the Outgoing President 5 New President's Message 5 Message from the Past President 8 Secretary-General’s Message 8 Treasurer’s Message 9 THE ORGANIZATION OF MWIA: - MWIA Organization Structure 10 - Aims and Purposes 11 - MWIA Congresses 12 - Officers 2013- 2016 14 - Committee Chairwomen 15 - International Representatives 15 - National Presidents and MWIA National Coordinators 16 - Honorary Members 23 - Members of Honour 24 - Past Presidents 25 Organization Chart 26 XXXth MWIA CONGRESS: 27 University of Vienna 27 Briefing of MWIA National Coordinators 29 Congress Timetable 29 Opening Ceremony 30 GENERAL ASSEMBLIES: Agenda 32 Welcome by the President 32 Roll Call 32 Greetings and Apologies 32 In Memoriam 32 Rules of Procedure for General Assemblies 35 Elections 35 -Rules for Voting 35 -Election Results 36 -Appointing of Committee Chairs 36 Membership 37 -New Affiliations of National Associations and Individual members 37 - Honorary Membership and Members of Honour 37 - Golden Jubilee Members 37 3 -Country nominees to yMWIA 38 Triennial Reports 39 President’s Report 39 Past-President's Report 41 President-Elect's Report 43 Secretary-General's Report 44 Treasurer’s Report 47 Audited Financial Statements 49 Vice-Presidents' Reports 51 Committee
    [Show full text]