Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Summer 8-15-2017 Native Roots and Foreign Grafts: The pirS itual Quest of Uchimura Kanzō Christopher Andrew Born Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, East Asian Languages and Societies Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Born, Christopher Andrew, "Native Roots and Foreign Grafts: Thep S iritual Quest of Uchimura Kanzō" (2017). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1247. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1247 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures Dissertation Examination Committee: Marvin H. Marcus, Chair Rebecca Copeland Jamie Lynn Newhard David Schmitt Lori Watt Native Roots and Foreign Grafts: The Spiritual Quest of Uchimura Kanzō by Christopher A. Born A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2017 St. Louis, Missouri © 2017, Christopher Born Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... v Abstract of the Dissertation ...................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................................21 Chapter Outline .....................................................................................................................................28 Uchimura Kanzō: A Chronology .........................................................................................................33 Chapter 1: The Mediascape of the Meiji 30s: Background and Developments .................... 34 Religion ...................................................................................................................................................38 Church and State Issues ........................................................................................................................42 Censorship ..............................................................................................................................................46 The New Generation of the 1890s ........................................................................................................47 Mid-Meiji Media ....................................................................................................................................50 Literature in the Mid-Meiji Period ......................................................................................................56 Meiji Linguistic Changes ......................................................................................................................70 Chapter 2: A Foray into the Bundan ........................................................................................ 75 Sincerity as Authenticity .......................................................................................................................87 Phenomenology of the Self ....................................................................................................................93 Uchimura’s Literary Ideals: Daibungaku ron ....................................................................................97 The Influence of Dante and Goethe ...................................................................................................101 Chapter 3: Confession, Refutation, Lament, and Consolation ............................................. 118 Structure, Synopsis, and Genre Gradations .....................................................................................123 Ōgai and Uchimura: Examination of Death .....................................................................................130 Examples and Analysis ........................................................................................................................135 Recasting of Experience and Alignment to the Good .......................................................................141 The Voices of Consolation ...................................................................................................................165 Divine Reason .......................................................................................................................................172 Consolation in bodily suffering ..........................................................................................................178 Honkadori: Hymnody and Scripture .................................................................................................181 Salvation or Desolation?-The Conclusion of Consolations of a Christian ......................................186 Chapter 4: How He Became a Christian: Individuality, Interiority, Ineffability ................ 189 Uchimura and The Edo tradition of Self-Writing ............................................................................202 Wang Yangming and the Inner Life ..................................................................................................227 Chapter 5: Ad Paradisum: Finding the Way to Peace ........................................................... 238 Platonism, Augustine, and the “Highest Good” ...............................................................................245 Internal Schism ....................................................................................................................................248 The Search for Peace, Part II: Exposition and Application ............................................................263 Paradise Regained ...............................................................................................................................265 The Wonderful Exchange ...................................................................................................................274 ii Conclusion: A Life Bravely Lived, Out into the World ....................................................... 278 Uchimura Sensei ..................................................................................................................................286 Uchimura Kanzō’s Enduring Legacy ................................................................................................287 Concluding Remarks ...........................................................................................................................290 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 295 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Marginalia on nature and art written by Uchimura in his copy of the Divine Comedy. (Courtesy of University of Hokkaido.) ............................................................................... 109 Figure 2 (Courtesy of University of Hokkaido) .......................................................................... 110 Figure 3. (Courtesy of National Diet Library) ............................................................................ 242 Figure 4. Uchimura’s copy of Leonard D. Agate, Luther the Reformer, (London: The People’s Books, date unlisted), 80. Courtesy Uchimura Kanzō bunko, University of Hokkaido. .... 249 Figure 5. Stamps from the Japanese postal service’s Cultural Figures stamp series （⽂化⼈, 1954）. Top row: Mori Ōgai, Natsume Sōseki, Hishida Shunsō. Bottom row: Uchimura Kanzō, Noguchi Hideo, and Fukuzawa Yukichi. ............................................................... 294 iv Acknowledgements There are a great many people to whom I owe a debt of gratitude. First and foremost, I wish to thank Professor Marvin Marcus for his unwavering support, along with Professor Rebecca Copeland for her input and wisdom from the earliest stages of this project. I am most grateful to Dr. Nojima Katō Yōko for her direction of my research at the University of Tokyo, and Dr. Andō Hiroshi for his kindness and feedback as I puzzled through a number of questions in his Modern Japanese Literature seminar. I am also much obliged to the librarians at the University of Tokyo, the University of Hokkaido, and the National Diet Library, who helped me locate obscure resources and navigate the collections. Likewise, I wish to thank Azusa Tanaka and Ryuta Komaki, the former and current Japanese subject librarians at Washington University, who aided in the procurement of materials for my research. I am also indebted to Fukushima Atsushi of the Mukyōkai Imaikan center