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Movilización Social Y Cambio Político» Cuadernos de Estrategia 163 Instituto Español Islamismos en (r)evolución: de Estudios movilización social y cambio Estratégicos político MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA Instituto Cuadernos de Estrategia 163 Español Islamismos en (r)evolución: de Estudios Estratégicos movilización social y cámbio político MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ Edita: MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA DE DEFENSA GENERAL TÉCNICA www.bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es © Autor y editor, 2013 NIPO: 083-13-207-0 (edición en papel) NIPO: 083-13-206-5 (edición libro-e) ISBN: 978-84-9781-875-9 (edición en papel) ISBN: 978-84-9781-876-6 (edición libro-e) Depósito Legal: M-26330-2013 Imprime: Imprenta Ministerio de Defensa Fecha de edición: diembre 2013 Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son exclusiva responsabilidad del autor de la misma. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. En esta edición se ha utilizado papel 100% reciclado libre de cloro. ÍNDICE Página Introducción El Despertar Árabe y los activismos islámicos .................................................. 9 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 9 Las autocracias liberales ......................................................................................... 11 El paradigma de la reforma democrática ............................................................. 14 El Despertar Árabe .................................................................................................... 17 Reforma o revolución................................................................................................ 21 ¿El fin de la herencia Sykes-Pycot? ....................................................................... 27 Islamismos en (r)evolución: el activismo político ............................................... 31 El activismo religioso ................................................................................................ 35 Activismo yihadista ................................................................................................... 37 El conflicto sectario en Oriente Próximo y el África Occidental ....................... 39 ¿El regreso de las autocracias liberales? ............................................................. 40 Capítulo primero Religión y religiosidad en un mundo árabe cambiante: implicaciones so- ciales y políticas................................................................................................. 43 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 43 Introducción ................................................................................................................ 45 Deconstruyendo el islamismo ................................................................................. 45 ¿Qué es el islamismo? ...................................................................................... 46 Visiones monolíticas y realidades cambiantes ............................................ 47 Islamismos en (r)evolución ..................................................................................... 50 Religión y religiosidad ....................................................................................... 51 Islamismos en el ciberespacio ........................................................................ 52 Entre el puritanismo salafista y el consumismo islámico ......................... 54 Los islamismos frente a las «Primaveras Árabes» ............................................ 57 Sociedades árabes en profunda transformación ........................................ 58 Victorias electorales (relativas) ...................................................................... 60 Esperanzas y temores frente al islamismo .................................................. 62 Egipto: cuna y ¿tumba? del islamismo .................................................................. 64 Conclusión ................................................................................................................... 67 5 Página Capítulo segundo El islamismo político y el ejercicio del poder tras el Despertar Árabe. Los casos de Egipto, Túnez y Marruecos ............................................................. 71 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 71 Los Hermanos Musulmanes y el Ejército en Egipto: evolución de una coha- bitación asimétrica ............................................................................................ 74 Una incorporación tardía y prudente a la revolución del 25 de enero de 2011 .............................................................................................................. 76 Los Hermanos Musulmanes tras la caída de Mubarak. Los límites de una pretendida estrategia autolimitativa .............................................. 77 Una llegada al poder de forma gradual ......................................................... 79 La presidencia de Mursi. Entre la falta de consenso y la creciente pola- rización ......................................................................................................... 83 La destitución de Mursi y la represión contra los Hermanos Musulma- nes ................................................................................................................. 88 Al-Nahda y la transición tunecina. Entre el pragmatismo y la ideología ........ 91 Al-Nahda y el autoritarismo benalista ........................................................... 91 La reconstitución de al-Nahda tras la revolución de enero de 2011 ....... 95 Los límites de la estrategia consensual ....................................................... 98 El PJD y la monarquía en Marruecos: una cohabitación subordinada ........... 103 El proceso de inclusión en el sistema del Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo .................................................................................................... 104 El Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo y las protestas antiautoritarias de 2011 ......................................................................................................... 106 La doble cohabitación del gobierno de Abdelillah Benkirane .................. 110 Capítulo tercero Las corrientes salafíes. Puritanismo religioso, proselitismo y militancia ... 117 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 117 El salafismo y sus malentendidos ......................................................................... 119 El salafismo en el contexto del islam pasado y presente.................................. 120 Los antecedentes históricos.................................................................................... 127 La identidad salafí ............................................................................................. 137 Estrategias de proselitismo..................................................................................... 142 La dinámica interna del salafismo ......................................................................... 144 Capítulo cuarto Al Qaeda: origen, evolución y su presencia hoy en el mundo.......................... 155 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 155 Aproximación al fenómeno ..................................................................................... 158 Al Qaeda y su conexión con el mundo árabe ................................................ 160 Historia y evolución ................................................................................................... 162 Muerte de Bin laden y Primavera Árabe (2011), consecuencias para Al Qaeda ........................................................................................................... 164 La situación de Al Qaeda hoy ................................................................................. 165 Norte de África y Sahel .................................................................................... 165 Al Qaeda en Oriente Próximo ........................................................................... 174 La presencia de AQ en los países del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo (CCG) .............................................................................................................. 178 El caso de España ............................................................................................. 179 El vínculo de Al Qaeda con otros grupos terroristas del mundo .............. 180 Conclusiones .............................................................................................................. 181 6 Página Capítulo quinto Identidad y geopolítica: la instrumentación de las fracturas religiosas ....... 185 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 185 Identidad, fractura y desorden ...............................................................................
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