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Brotherhood Solidarity and the (Re) Negotiation of Identity Among Senegalese Migrants in Durban

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Brotherhood Solidarity and the (Re) Negotiation of Identity Among Senegalese Migrants in Durban BROTHERHOOD SOLIDARITY AND THE (RE) NEGOTIATION OF IDENTITY AMONG SENEGALESE MIGRANTS IN DURBAN BILOLA NICOLINE FOMUNYAM COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a PhD in anthropology at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. SUPERVISOR: Prof. VB OJONG JULY 2014 DECLARATION I, Bilola Nicoline Fomunyam, hereby declare that this thesis is my own unaided work and has not been submitted previously for any degree or examination in any other university. All references, citations, and borrowed ideas have been duly acknowledged. Bilola Nicoline Fomunyam (208519680) 07/10/14 i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God almighty for his grace and favour in my life and to my brother Divine langmia Fomunyam whose personal integrity and uncompromising ethical stance is a beacon of light as well as a living legacy for me. What would I have done without a brother like you. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are several weave of circumstances as well as prompt of kin that form the tapestry of actualities and actors that worked together to lead to the realization of this dissertation. Even though only my name is written on the cover page of this work, many people contributed to its creation by walking some of the way with me. The words I offer here can never fully express the immense gratitude I feel towards the people who have gently accompanied me to where I now find myself, where I am able to say THANK YOU. Notably, I must begin by thanking my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ for ‘bringing me to it and then seeing me through it’. He gave me strength to persevere throughout the times when I wanted to quit. During other moments when struggled with writer’s block or did not know how to make sense of my data, He pulled me through the confusion. ‘What shall I say unto my God, all I have to say is thank you Lord’. I am grateful to my supervisor, Prof. VB Ojong for her continuous guidance and academic support during the course of this work. I am highly indebted to the Senegalese migrants in Durban, whose invaluable contributions and cooperation led to the realization of this work. To my Parents Mr. Fomunyam Daniel Dingka’a and Mrs. Wadnyonga Mary Fomunyam a deep sense of appreciation, love and gratitude. Their profound support, heart and sacrifice, and sheer joy in all my endeavors, for as long as I can remember has nurtured and inspired both my intellect and spirit. My intellectual path was carved many, many years ago by their love and unflinching support. My immense gratitude goes to my siblings: Divine, Charles, George, Philomen, Pascaline, Emmaculate and Walters for their fierce, loyal and continuous financial, moral and spiritual iii support. Throughout the times when I felt that all was be lost, they always believed in me and invested their valuable time in hopes of my success. They patiently chequered this path with me and for that I am incredibly grateful. I owe an inexpressible amount of gratitude to Fr. Sifiso Ndlovu, Women of Faith League, St. Peters Choir and to my entire Christian family of St. Peters Parish, thank you for the different roles you have played in my life. I am particularly grateful to all my friends and colleagues for their support and encouragement. To all the special people Prof. Uzodike Okeke, Prof. Mkhize, Lucy Alghali, Amshetu, Izuchukwu, Jabulile Mnisi, Mandisa, Ndileka, Sixtus, Stella, Abdalah, Mona, Amao, Joanita, Nelissa, Pascal Langsi, Simeon Agbonlahor, Lilian Lambo and Claudine Hingstonwhose brain I frequently picked about literature, methodology, professional development and technicalities deserve a note of thanks. They provided a constant source of academic input. May God bless you all, as I am blessed to attain higher heights. To God be the Glory iv ABSTRACT This thesis based on a study titled “Brotherhood Solidarity and the (re) negotiation of identity among Senegalese migrants in Durban” examined Senegalese migration to South Africa, particularly Durban, and sought to show how these migrants negotiate and reconfigure their identities within a transnational context. The study principally set out to critically examine how Senegalese Mouride migrants exploit networks of solidarity and brotherhood through ‘dahira’ membership as an important source of social capital in negotiating their transnational identities. Being one of Senegal’s four major brotherhoods, the Muridiyya brotherhood possesses a deep- rooted organizational practice and solidarity system that plays a fundamental role in influencing migrants on how they make sense of the migratory experience. It is argued that Mouride networks assist its members in the social integration in host societies in maintaining transnational identities and are very important in providing migrants with spiritual and ideological points of reference and aiding the development of entrepreneurial networks and niche formation. The study equally highlights that there are embedded cultural and religious values and beliefs that constitute stepping-stones upon which Senegalese migrants choose this entrepreneurial livelihood pattern. The study opines that migration in Senegal is a complex and multifaceted enterprise which has become an integral part of people’s cultural and social lives. The gendered subject position of the woman as ‘nurturer’ and the man as ‘provider’ constitute an important facet of Senegalese identity construction and is a fundamental determinant of who migrates. The study argues that migration in this context is not simply an economic endeavour but is profoundly influenced by the culture. The Senegalese migrants regard it as a training experience, a rite of passage, an initiation process, an art, a means of world making and self-fashioning that paves the way for them to lay claims to their masculine identities. Migration for these men is associated with knowledge, adventure and ‘becoming a man’. Such a cultural disposition highlights the importance of migration for masculinity and explains why migration in Senegal has remained a male preserve. Women do not have the same autonomy as men to migrate given the stigma often attached to migrant women. It is also contended that failing to do this through non- migration is v likely to result in alienation, loss of respect and self-esteem which sometimes lead to masculine gender-role stress. The study emphasizes how in renegotiating their identities in Durban the Senegalese migrants transcend ethnic and religious differences by using the consumption of home food as a common ground for a broader Senegalese identity where all internal differences are muzzled. Food in this context is a metaphor of self, a cultural feature and a non-verbal form of communication through which migrants construct the space in which they find themselves. Cuisine and culinary ways are an essential form of expression and important outlets used by Senegalese migrants to assert, sustain and reconfigure their identities in Durban. Finally, the study shows that deeply engrained in the culture of Senegalese migrants is the spirit of ‘Terenga’ solidarity whereby new social relationships are established while those already in existence are maintained. vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure One: Stages that Characterised the study Figure Two: Features of the interpretive paradigm Figure Three: Image of the researcher falling forward into the ‘other’ Figure Four: Photograph of the founder of the Muridiyya Brotherhood, Amadou Bamba Figure Five: Mouride organisational structure Figure Six: ‘Bowl’ of money collected during a dahira meeting Figure Seven: Photographs of talibes praying and singing the khassaidesduring one of the zikhrs. Figure Eight: Photo of Mouride talibes at the Dahira Apartment Figure Nine: Photo of tie bou jenn and Mafel Figure Ten: Photograph of Mourides sharing food at the grand magal celebrations Figure Eleven: Mouride Talibes Praying together at the Apartment Figure Twelve: Mourides Talibes at the Durban Dahira Figure Thirteen: Images Senegalese businesses vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................................... - 1 - INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.1 Prologue ................................................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.2 Background to the Study ................................................................................................................ - 3 - 1.3 Objectives
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