INDEX

Abduh, Mohammad, 98 111,113-14,116,118-21,123,130, Abou Ubaydata (Unite 26), 61, 65 132n4,162n157,214,239-40,267; accommodation, 3, 5-6, 8, 37, 76-77, 80, lack of, in , 142, 144, 152, 82-83, 87n13,91,99, 240, 245, 248 156 Afghani, Jamal AI-Din AI-, 119 Arabisantes (female scholars), 215 African , 1-2, 132n3, 140, 156, 157n8, Arabisants, 65, 69n34 190-91; Islam in vs., 6, 114 Arab Muslim world, 2, 7,11, 15n18 , 61-62, Africanization ofIslam, Islamization ofAfrica 79,156,215,258-59,265,268. See vs.,3,91-92,133n28 alsospecific countries and regions Afrique Nouvelle (newspaper), 119 Arberry, A. J., 87n46 Afrique Occidentale Francaise (AOF), 29, architecture, 9, 63-65 42n42,44n66 Archives Nationales de France Section Ahmadinejad, President, 117, 134n44 d'Outer-Mer (ANFOM), 44n67 AI-Azhar University (Cairo), 32,119 aristocracy, 4,75,77-78, 86n15, 91, 93 AI-Bakri,40n5, 41n24, 86n13 Asad, Talal, 98,112-13, 132nn alcohol and tobacco, 8, 53, 96,101,263 ,121 AI-Falah mosque (), 61 Ashura conference, 124, 125, 135n78 Algeria, 118, 134n63, 214 assimilation, 6 AI-Ghazali,98-100 Association des Eleveset Etudiants Musulmans AI-Hajj Ibrahim Derwiche Mosque (Dakar), du (AEEMS), 215, 218-19, 127-28, 128-29 223,226 Ali, , 116, 126-27, 135n86 Association des Etudiants Musulmans de Alidou, Ousseina, 228nl i'Universite de Dakar (AEMUD), 215, Almada, Andre Alvares d' , 40n12 217-21,224,226 Almoravid movement, 22, 40n5, 77, 132n17 Association des Femmes de la Cite de Ngalele, alms seeking, 25, 34-35, 37-38 57-58 Al-Naqar, Umar, 40n5 Association des]eunes , 244 AI-Sadi,22 Association Fatima Zahra, 123 Alvares,Andre, 172 associationist Islam, 215-16, 240-45, Aly Yacine (PSLF) Centre Islamique de 249n24 Rechercheet d'Information, 114, 121­ Association Musulmane des Etudiants 23, 122, 135n73. SeealsoYacine,Ali Africains (AMEA), 32, 44n64 Al-Zahra school, 127 Association Pour le Developpement Humain Ames, David, 195 Durable, 123 Anas, Malik ibn, 100 Association Rabi Sarr, 215-16 Anderson, Jon W., 130 Association , 216-17, 219 Ansar Mohammad association, 123-24 Augis, Erin J., 6-8,12, 133n21, 156, Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 85-86nl1 159n45,211-33 -French schools (tcolesfranco-arabes), authenticity, 6,111-13,115,117,121-28, 123,240 130-31,240 Arabic language and education (ecoles authority, 2, 7,11-13,16-17,25-27,32, Arabe~,4 ,28,32-35 ,37-39,45n85, 36,53,55,75,83,98,100,113-15, 274 INDEX authority (continued) Bouche, Denise, 43n58, 44n69 117,119,123,126,130,141,144, Bouleguc, Jean, 40n12, 86n15 153,155-56,170,213,217,220,226, Bousso, Marne Diarra, 193-94 243-45, 250n49, 251n65,264; gender Bousso, Sokhna Gedde, 194 and religious, 189-210 Bowen, John R., 161n124 Brasher, Brenda E., I61nll0 Ba, Maba Iaaxu, 42n39. Seealso Iaaxu, Maba; Brenne r, Louis, 23, 28, 44n68, 102, I32n4, Maba 241 Ba, Amadou, 42n39 Brett, Michael, 132n1 7 Babou, Cheikh Anta Mbacke, 2, 41n22, bride-price , 153 43n47,75,190,250n40 Brigade de la Fraternite du Bon Musulman Badokore, Chiefof Iududu, 176 (BFM, or FM), 214, 249nn Bahrain, 212 British colonial rule, 140-42 Bainunk, 3, 8-9, 170-72, 175-82 Brooks, George, 175 Balant society, 170-72, 182 Brue, Andre, 173 Balla, Serign Modou Awa, 71-72 Buggenhagen,Beth,2, 11-12, 189-210 Bamba, Amadou. SeeMbacke, Amadou Bureau desFemmes (BEF, Women's Bureau Bamba ofMMUD),260 Bambara, 58, 94 Burkina Faso, 211 Bandia, 93-95,101-5 Bangladesh, 140 Ca Da Mosta, A1vise de, 23 Banna, Hassan al-, 271n29 Cafa rd liber», Le (periodical), 239 baptisms, 8 Caliphate, 97-98 Bara, Mohammad al-Amin (Serign Cantone, Cleo, 9, 51-69 Mouhamadou Lamine), 252 Cappelle, Jean, 44n69 baraka (blessing or grace), 84,176,189, Casamance, 3, 8-9, 120-21, 125, 127, 193, 198 158n30,169-88,238 Barreira, Bcltcsar, 23 cash crops, 74, 83, 84, 92, 237 Barro (Barroba), Fodey, 178 cash offerings, 197-98,200 Barro-Gassama family, 180 castes ( fieefio), 21, 23-25,36, 39-40n3, Barrokunda kabila, 179 41n22,79-80,92-93,190,201 Barry, Boubacar, 42n29, 86n15 Catholic Church, 119 Barth, Frederick, 93 cement, 60-61, 67-68 Baudelaire, Charles, 75, 84 Center Bilal mosque (Thies), 65-66 Bawol kingdom, 29, 74,74, 86n15, 94 ,171 Centre International du Commerce Exterieur Baye, Marne Madio , 238 du Senegal, 216 Baye Fall movement, 85, 239 ,211 Bayo clan, 177 Chambonneau, Louis M. de, 27, 42n29 Bechard, Paul, 71-72 Charles, Eunice A., 41n22 Berbe~,30,41n22,108n38, 132n17 Cheikh Anta Diop University (Dakar) , 117 Biaya family, 145, 177 Christianity, 8, 32, 64, 67, 97 ,104, 112, Bichgango kingdom, 170 120, 131 , 141, 146, 147, 158n22, bida (bid'a, un-Islamic innovations), 65, Ill, 161nll0, 162n157,213 153,241-42 Christianization, 97 Bilal Mosque (Thies), 61 Ciaw, Yagup, 105-6 birth control, 12,222 Cisse, Dong, 108n24 birth rituals, 12, 191, 194-95 Cissc, Ibrahima, 93,105-6, 107n6 Bocande, Bertrand, 181 Cisse, Imam Abdoullah, 58-59, 66 body, 11, 142, 154-55, 162n141, 192, 196, Cisse, Mbaye Dali, 93,102,106, 107n8 199-200 Cisse, Moussa (Ndick), 105 Boilat, Abbe, 94 citizen mobilization, 257 , 263-65, 269 Boone , Catherine, 44n61 citizenship rights,S, 15n13 Booth, Wayne c., 152 civic community, 9, 15n15 Bop, Codou, 193 civilizing mission, 10,72 "born-again Islam," 147-48 civil society, 100, 264 INDEX 275 clerical lineages and communities, 4, 9-10, 61-62; Shi'a Muslims in, 115-17, 22-29, 32-34, 36, 41n24 120-21, 124-25; Sunnites in, 6-7, 12, cloth and clothing, 8-9, 204n72; exchanges 211,214-33; Tabligh [ama'at mosque of, 12, 195-96, 199-201, 203n30, in, 142 204n75; Tabligh [ama'at and, 153-54, Dammel, king ofKajoor, 23 162nn; veiling and, 200-201, 214, Damosto, Alvise, 172 216-21 Danfa, Yeri, 176 Code de la Famille au Senegal (Family Code) , Daoud, Abu, 2I 6 196-97, 240, 247, 248-49n19 Daramane, , 170, 173 Colin, Roland, 35, 44n81 Darboe , Momodou, 158n28 Colvin, Lucie G., 40-42nn, 86n15 Darou Mousty, 2-3, 10,71-85, 73-74; Com7 (radio station) , 239 mosque in, 72, 73 Comite Islamique pour la Reforme du Code de Derwiche, Al-Hajj Ibrahim, 127-28 la Famille au Senegal (CIRCOFS), 197, Destaing, E., 43n54 226-27, 248-49n19 development, 33,120,241-42,245, 248n2. Comite Permanent pour l'Edification du See also modernization Complexe Islamique de la grande Mosque Dia, Mamadou, 44n81, 241, 245, 251n60 de Soprim et environs (COPEMS), 62 Diagne, Abdulkadir, 249n29 Commision pour l'01;ganisation de la mosquee, Diagne, Atou, 244 67 Diakhate, Imam Boubacar, 57-58 communitas, 115, 119-20, 13.1, 134n68 Diakhc, Imam Aboubacar, 216 Compagnie du Senegal, 173 Diallo, Imam, 58 consolidation phase, 9, 170, 180-81 diaspora, 12, 15n14, 212, 227, 238, 244 , consumerism , 6, 11, 14 250n47, 252n72, 267-68. See also conversion, 3-4, 8; from one aspect ofIslam migration to another, 7-8, 131-32nl, 146-48; Diba, Matiaku, 178, 179 Horton-Fisher debate and, 8,92, Dieng, Marietou, 250n40 95-97, 169-70, 180, 182n3; marriage Dieng, Tanor, 252n71 and, in precolonial Casamance, 169-88; Din, Nasir Al-, 26-27, 42n29 and, 67; Sereer Safen and, Din, Sharaf AI-, 119 91-95,102-5; Shi'a and, 6-7,11, Diop, A. M., 157n7 111-35, 156, 132nn; Sunnite women Diop, Ndey Khady, 66, 68, 1I 7 and, 214-20; Tabligh [ama'at and, Diouf, Abdou, 13,35,113,117,237-38, 139-66 240,243-46, 251-52n71, 262-65, Cook, David, 98 269, 270n15 cosaan(tradition), 92-97,104,195,199 Diouf, Jean-Leopold, 203n24 cotton, 8, 170, 172 Diouf, Khalifa, 244, 250n53, 262 Coulon, Christian, 193-94, 198, 204n49, Diouf, Mamadou, 1-18, 117 249n23 disciple-sheikh relationship, 4, 12, 190-98 Creevey, Lucy, 194, 203n35 discursive tradition, 98, 99, 111-38 crossovers, 239-40, 248nl0 divination ceremonies, 95,102-4 Cruise O'Brien, Donal, 2, 43n40, 85n4, 115, divine melody, 267-68, 270n17 189-95,202-3nn,249n23,271n37 diviners, 101-7 Curtin, Phillip, 41n24, 172 divorce, 197 Dobour village, 94-95,103 . See schools domes, 51, 62, 64-65, 72 Dabo-Seydi family, 180 Drame.Aly, 3, 8-9,12,169-88 Daffey, Bahumba, 173-75 Dramey,AI-Hajj Manding, 178, 183n26 Dahira des Etudiants Mourides de Dakar Dramey, Fodey Almamy, 174 (DEM),244 Dramey, Fodey Heraba, 170, 17i-81, Dahirat al-Mustarshidin wal-Mustarshidat 183n26 (DMM), 239-40, 243-44, 257-71 Dramey, Harunaba, 176 Dakar, 5, 28, 34,127,197-98,237-39,241, Dramey, Muso, 178 258-59,261; Great Mosque, 55-57, Dramey, Na, 178 56,62,217; mosques in, 52, 55-57, Dramey, Sanaba, 176-77 276 IND EX dress. Seecloth and clothing; fashion Federation desCleves et etudiants du disane droughts: ofl913-14, 95 ,105; of 1960s and (FEE D ), 260 1970s, 34; Sahel, 237, 245 Fernandes, Valentin, 172 drug abu se, 242, 263 Fire Service (Gambian), 144 Dukureh, Karammoko, 142--43 Fisher, Humphrey, 8-9, 77, 86n13, 94-97, 107nn, 146--47, 169-70, 180, 182n3 echang e de services(exchange ofservices), F.I. T.N.A . (Fight in the Name ofAllah, 238--40, 24 5--47, 249n23 band), 239 EcoleAl-Rasul Al-Islamiyyatu As-Sahiha tu Foire Afro-Arabs, 216 (Zinguinchor), 125 food; women and gifts of, 191-92, 197-200 economic problems, 144 ,238,245,263 Foucault, Michel, 10-ll, 75-76 edu cation , 4, 6-10, 22-39, 72, 113-15, Fo ur Communes (Quatre Communes), 5, 29, 120,130-31,142,144,152,159n49, 240, 249n20 179-81,192,214-15,221,241--42, France, 123, 131 , 145,215,217,266 264 Franks, Myfwany, 213 Egypt, 32-33, 119 , 157n4,215 Frap party, 134n54 Eickelman, Dale F., lll, ll3 Fratemite Mu sulmane. Sec Brigade de la elections (Seneg al): ofl988, 245, 252n71; Praternite Musulmane of 1993, 243, 270nn; of 1998, 252n71; freeborn lineages (geer), 21 , 23, 24, 79 of 2000, 13, 238, 244--47, 25 1-52nn, French colonialism, 2-7, 9-10, 22 , 27-33, 257, 259, 262, 268-69; of2001, 36-39,40n4,42--44nn,55,99-101, 246--47,251-52n71 ;of2007, 13, ll6, 171, 176, 181-82, 190-91, 252n71,259, 262, 268-69 219-21,227,245; Islam noir and , elections (The Gambia): of2006, 144 9 1-94; and, 71-84, 87n46, electricity, 192 , 237 101; Muslim civil rights and , 240--41 Encyclopaedia of Islam , 51 French education (icolesfrancaises, 27-28, , 4,139,142,144,152,156 31-33, 36-37, 39 , 43nn, 44n69, Ernst, Carl, 87n46 83-84, 121 esoteric episteme , 241 , 249n30 French explorers, 181 essenti alist stereotypes, 31, 156 French , 182nl eternal, Murid sense of, 84-85 , 4, 28, 38-39, 83-84, 113, ethnicity, 21, 41n15, 51, 79,120,143, 121,123,130,142,239--40,267 160nn, 215; ethn ic boundary and , 93 , French National Assembly, 118 95, 107nn; ethnic identity and , 3--4, French political associations, 240--41 8-9, 30, 102 , 194 ; migration , marriage French protectorate of (Kajoor), 74 and, in precol oni al Casamance, 169-88 French , 71-72 Europe,27-28,71, 75,142,220,267 Front pour l'Alternance (FAL), 269 exceptionalism, 189-90 Fula people, 160n70, 182n l , 185n63 Functionary Islam, 249n34 Faidherbe, Louis, 27 fundamentalists, 99 , 108n29, 156; Faisal, Sheikh el-, 158n32 conve rsion narratives, 152 ; women, family, 150, 152-56,220,238 151, 161nllO. See also Islamists family ceremonies, ll, 12, 196-201, 205nn funerals, 3, 8, 12, 12,96,105,242; Tabligh family code or law, 12, 197,212,226-27. Iarna'at and, 153 ; women and, 191, See also Code de la Famille au Senegal 194-95 famine, 83, 94, 106 Fut a Aerelawa (place), 176 Fanney, Chief Bamb ara, 176 Fut a Ialon, state building in, 5 furming,83,92,94-95,125,126,172,179, Futa Toro, 5, 23 , 26, 42n37, 45n92; 193 ,194,245 Mosque of Guede in, 52; mosque s in, fashion, 4, ll, 14, 196 ,239--40. See also 52,60-61,65 cloth and clothing Fura villages, Shi'a converts and, 120, 124 Fary, Fina Fenda, 175 Faye, AI-H ajj Abdou, 93 ,103, 107n 5 Gabon, 123 Federation des Associations Islamiques du Gaborieau, Marc, 143 Senegal (FAIS), 241--43, 249n34 Galvan, Denn is G., 101 INDEX 277

Gambia, The, 4,7, 133n21, 139-66, 178, Hirschmann, Nancy, 212-13 182,21I historical narratives, 3, 30; marriage and Gambian Students Union (GAMSU), 144, Islamization as, 169-88; Murid, vs. 159n48 French, 1O-II, 71-72, 75-76 Gamble, David, 195 Hizb al-Tarqiyya (HT), 203, 243-44, Gaston Berger University, 58-59 250n52,251n56 gender and gender roles, 3, 6, 8-9, 12, 153, Hizboulahi party ofSenegal, 118 156,213; effect ofdiscourse on, and Hobsbawm, Eric, 112 mosques, 52, 57-60; religious authority Hodgson, Marshall, 85n8 and global circuits ofMuridiyya and, Holod, Renata, 55 189-210. See alsowomen Horton, Robin, 8, 95-97,146,169-70 generational change, 219-21, 250nn Hunter, Charles Thomas, 172 Ghana, 22,41n24,86nI3 Hussein, Imam (son ofAli), 116, 121, Ghita, KashifAI-, 1I9 125-26, 126, 135n82 gift giving, 1I-12, 176, 191-201,225 Hussein, Saddam, 1I9 global Islam, 7, 9, II, 12, 14, 1I5, 131, 155-56,215,217,219,222,227,240; Ibadu mosques, 51, 57,61-62,64-68 Murid women and, 191-92, 196-201, Ibadu Rahman movement, 133n21. See also 203n25; new Sufi movements and, [ama'at Ibadu Rahman 258-59,265-68 Ibn Battuta, 22-23 globalization, 2, 6, 7, 10-1I, 13-14,75, identitarian aesthetics, 7,219,221,227 131,198,237-38 identity, 9, 11, 85-86n11; Islamist women Glover, John , 2-3, 9-12, 71-88 and, 213, 217-19; mosques and, 52, Gning, Amadou, 101 57-60; Murid order and, 71, 79-80; Gomez-Perez, Muriel, 45n85, 249n29 Muslim, 4,31-32,36-39, 141; new Goody, Jack, 102, 171 Sufi movements and, 258-61, 266; Goree, 5, 28 Tabligh [ama'at and , 145 Graeber, David, 200 ideology, mosques and, 52, 61-67 Guediawaye, 114, 121 Mosque (Saint-Louis), 58-60, 59,65, Gueye, Cheikh, 190, 197, 203n29, 250n44, 67 251n65 llyas, Mawlana Mohammad, 140-42 Gueye, Sega, 31 Imagined Communities, 130 Guinabour village, 95, 105 immigration, II, 14,80, 1I6, 125,206. See Guinea-Bissau, 170, 178, 181, 182nl alsomigration impurity, women and, 58-59, 193 hadith, 98,100, 1I2, 128, 153-54, inculturation, 8,92,97, 106-7 162n136 India, 98,123,141,142,145 Hann, Amadou Ndiaye, 240 Info Sept (newspaper), 216 Harakat al-Falah (HF), 34-35, 45n92, 118, initiation (njebbel), 3, 8, 96, 1I6, 123; 214,215, 242,250n40 women and, 191-94, 202n4 Harrison, Christopher, 42n42, 43nn, Intellectualist Theory, 169 108n36 International Human Rights discourses, Hasan, Mawlana In'amul, 142 36-37 Hassan II, King ofMorocco, 55 Internet, 1I3, 150,215,239 Hastings, Adrian, 130 Iran, 6, Ill, 115-21, 123-26, 130,212; Hausa people, 96 Revolution ofl979, 6, 1I2-13, Hawthorne, Walter, 171 II5-20, 215, 268 Hawza Al-Rasul Al-Akram, 117 Iranian embassy, 1I3, 117 healer-diviners, 102-3 Iran- Iraq war, 119 health care, 8, 38, 192-93 Iraq, 1I9, 131, 134n44, 215 Heath, Deborah, 199 Islamic education, 10, 13,28-31,34,36, Hecquard, Hyacinthe, 181 123,242, 250n42, 260-61. Seealso Hcrvieu-Leger, Daniele, 147 Quran schools Hindu, 98, 141, 158n22 Islamic state, 99-100, 1I8, 259 , 265-66 Hirschkind, Charles, 157n4 Islamic Institute ofDakar (IID), 35, 120 278 INDEX

Islamic law, 25, 27, 98,119,131. See also kabila (family groups), 179, 185n76 shari'a Kajoor, kingdom of, 74, 86n15, 100 Islamic Students Association (University of Kajoor province, 23 The Gambia), 145 Kala, Majaxare, 100 Islamic Summit (Dakar, 2008), 124 Kamara, As, 78, 86n20 Islamist movement, 51, 85, 97-98,117-20, Kamara, Karamo, 176 213, 228nl, 271n29; MMUD and Kamara, Muusa, 42n37 DMM and, 265-68; women and, Kamara, Ndura, 176 212-33 Kane, Cheikh Hamidou, 31-32, 36, 42n33 Islamization, 3, 40nn, 77, 140, 177-81, Kane, Ousm ane, 3 267-68 Kanfoderi kabila, 179 Islamization model, 107n22 Kante, Imam, 62 Islamization ofAfrica, 3, 91-92, 133n28 Kantey, Sumanguru, king ofSooso, 175 Islam Noir, 14, 30, 33, 43n53, 87n46, Kantiaku kabila, 179 91-92,97, 108n38, 132n3 Kara, Modou, 251n65 Ivory Coast , 55, 211 Karantaba settlement, 173-79, 181, 185n76 Kara security, 261, 263 Jabi, War, king ofTakrur, 22, 40n5 Karbala, battle of, 116 , 128, 135n82 Iaghanke (Jakhanke) tradition, 23, 41n21, Kayes, Mali, 173 86n16, 172 Keddie, Nikki R., 117, 120 , 151 Iagha (old Ghana) , 22-23 Kepcl, Gilles, 117, 120 Iagra kingdom, 170 Khaldun, Ibn , 21,39 Iakumba, Nemuna, 175 Khalifal authority, 190, 196, 202 [ama'at Ahl Al-Beit (Shi'a Islamic youth Khamenei, Ayatollah, 121-23, 122 association ), 123 Khan, Hassan Uddin, 55 [ama'at Ibadu Rahman (JIR), 34-35, Khan, Maulana Wahiduddin, 158n20 52,57,65,113,118,156,214-16, Khatani, Ahmed , 139--40, 142, 156, 157n4 224, 226, 229n23, 238, 242, 249nn, Khomeini, Ayatollah, 112-13, 117-21, 122 250n40. See also Ibadu Rahman Kiim Koox (Safcn God of heavens, rain), 96, movement 104-6 Iammeh, Yahya, 142, 144, 158n28, 160n93 kinship, 196,200, 203n30 Janson, Marloes, 6-8, 133n21, 139-66 Kirene village, 93-95,101--4,106 Iaxu, Maba, 86n24. See also Ba, [aaxu Maba; Klein, Martin, 41n21, 43n45, 86n15 Maba Kunra clan, 26, 29, 183n29 [emme, Koli, 178 Kutatey clan, 177 Jenne (Mali), Great Mosque of, 58, 60 Kuyatey, Jeli Mori Keba, 185n65 jihad, 10,26-28, 42nn, 43n43, 86n15; armed , 5, 77-79, 84,91-92, 140, Lamin, Mamadou, 42n39 171-72,174,263; Futa Toro and, 60; land grants, 9,101,179-80,191,196 greater or mystical, 8, 77-78, 84, 92, Lari, Ayatollah Sayyid Mujt aba Musavi, 121, 97-101,106-7, 108n34, 152; Maba, 8, 135n75 97,101; Pakao, 171 Laye, Insa, 133n37 Iilani, Abd al-Qadr al-, 173 Layc, Limamou , 133n37 Jola society, 170- 72, 182nl Layen order, 133n37 Iolofernpire, 27,74,79,93, 132n17 Lebanese community, 6, 115-17, 120 , 130, Ioola ferry catastrophe (2002), 238 134n43,135n88 journie de solidarite avec les talibes, 36 Lebanese Islamic Institute, 117 Iudubu community, 178, 180 Lebanon, 123,126,131; civil war (1975­ Jula migrants, 172 90) , 117, 119; Senegalese schools and institutes and, 120-21, 123, 127-28 Ka, Djibo, 251n71 Leemu clan, 95, 102, 105-6 Ka, Sheikh Musa, 78, 86 Leichtman, Mara A., 1-18, 111-38, 156 Ka, Thierno, 41n14 Levtzion , Nehemia, 40n7, 107n22, 133n28, Kaba, Lasine, 44nn, 133n20 145,171-72,175 Kabari, al-, 23 liberalism, 267 INDEX 279 liberation theology, 213 Marty, Paul, 1-2, 30-31, 43n52, 57, 60, Libya, 270nll 65-66,85n4,87n46,99, 190, 193 life-cycle rituals, 12, 153, 194-96, 198-201, Marxism, 267 203n30 Massar, Ibrahima Ioob, 79 Life ofthe Prophet, The (TV series), 215 Masud, Muhammad Khalid, 159n62 literacy, 38,102, Ill, 113, 123, 130 Matin (radio station), 239 Liwa Ta'akhi al-Muslim al-Salib, 241 Matlab al-Fawzayni (MF), 243, 250n47 Lo, Sidi Khaly,249n34 matrilineal clans, 3, 8, 92-93, 95-96, 102-6, Lofland, John, 146 170 Loimeier, Roman, 12-13, 44n71, 45n91, , 26, 30, 42n29, 43nn, 55, 101, 237-56 118, 145,217 love, 12,212,214,222-27 Mawdudi, Abu Ala, 271n29 Mbacke, Abdou Khader, 245 . See also Maba (jihad leader), 91,101. See also Ba, Mbacke Maba [aaxu; Iaxu, Maba Mbacke, Abdou Lahat, 203nn, 244--45, 247 (madaris, religious schools), 120, Mbacke, AI-Hajj Bara, 270n26 132n4, 141 Mbacke, , 2-3, 29, 34, 53, Madrasat Imam Al-Baqr (Arabic-French 57,72,76-84,86nn,92,108n45,115, school), 123 189,193,197,201,239,244--45, magal (shrine pilgrimage), 197,244. Seealso 250n47,259-60,267,269-70n7; pilgrimage female descendants of, 193-94, 202n4; Magassouba, Moriba, 118 jihad and, 91, 99-101; tomb of, 53 Maghreb, 32-33, 64, 271n36 Mbacke, Bachir, 100, 108n45. See also Mahmood,Saba, 140, 162nI41,213,217 Mbacke Malal, King (Musulmani), 175 Mbacke, Bassirou, 72 Mali, 33, 38, 41n24, 44n68, 58, 112, Mbacke, Falilou, 72 132n4, 133n21, 150, 157nll, 170, Mbacke, Khadim, 44n73, 245 176,211; Empire of, 22, 40n3, 170, Mbacke, Modou Kara, 13,245,257,259-70 172, 174; mosques in, 9, 52, 60, 68 Mbacke, Mohammad al-Amin Bara, 247 Malik, Imam, 58 Mbacke, Moustapha Saliou, 244, 251n56 Maliki, 55, 123, 131, 142 Mbacke, Saliou, 244--45, 247, 264, 270n26 Mamdani, Mahmood, 108n29 Mbacke, Sheikh Ibrahima Fary (Marne , 243, 250n48 Thierno Birahim), 2-3, 10,71-72,76, Mandelanguage,22 78-85, 86nn, 259-60 Mandingo language, 21,170,181-82 Mbacke, Sokhna Mai, 194 Mandinka Muslims, 3, 8, 143, 153, 170-82, Mbacke Mbacke lineage, 201 185n71 Mbacke village, 191 Manjago ethnic group, 160n71 Mbaye, AI Hajj Rawane, 217 Mankawali, chief, 176 Mbaye, Ravane, 35 Mansaly family, 177 Mbengue, Babacar, 44n72 (religious leaders), 2, 4, 9-10, Mbok talibe, 263-64 25-26,28-36,77,91, 108n38, 130; Mbow, Penda, 193 Shi'a and, 113-18, 126; state and, 13, McIntosh, Roderick, 41n24 113,241--47; Sunnite movement and, Mecca, 103, 123, 140, 142 214,220; Tabligh [arna'at and, 142--43, medersa ofSaint-Louis, 28 153, 156, 158n17; as term , 41n16, medi~6,113, 119,127,130,156,215, 133n38 238--40,264 marabouts-petit-fils, 243--44, 250n44 Medina, 9, 51, 53, 184n35; mosque, 51,123 Marega, Khalil, 250n40 Metcalf, Barbara D., 161nl05 marriage, 3--4, 8-9, 24, 153; Murid women Middle East, 65-66, Ill, 125, 142,216-17 and, 191, 194-95, 197-98,202n8; migration, 8,11,93,95,105,116-17,143, precolonial middle Casamance and, 145,152,154,191,197-98,212, 169-88; Sunnite women and, 12,212, 238,267; marriage and Islam and, in 214,222-27 precolonial middle Casamance, 169-88. Martin, Bradford G., 42n33 See alsoimmigration 280 INDEX minarets, 51-53, 61-62, 64-65, 69n33, 72, women , religious authority and , 11-12, 123 189-210 missionary work, 141-43, 145, 150, 172 music, 239, 267-68 Mitterand, Francois, 118 Muslim Brothers, 259 mixing stage, 94, 96-97, 169-70, 180-81 Muslim scholars and traders, 5-6,9,98-100, modernist orthodoxies, 97-100 104,170,172-81 modernity, 2, 7,10-11,13-14,28,36-37, Muslim World League (MWL), 61 64,71-72,75-77,82-85, 108n29, 131, mystical powers, 92, 97, 102-4 155-56,237-38,242-43,258,266-67 modernization, 117, 241-42 Nakash, Yitzhak, 131nl Mohammad (prophet), 15n18 , 53, 58, 78, Nalia, Imam Elfadi, 58 80-81,84,97,100,116, 127, 135nn, naming ceremonies, 12, 153, 198- 200 141,148,214,261; wives of, 225 National Youth Policy Document, 159 monarchy, 92-93, 95,106,170,182. See also Ndiaye, Dame, 250n47 royal lineages Ndiaye, Imam, 62 Monod, Theodore, 40nl2 Ndiaye, Mamadou, 35, 43n46, 44n73 morality, 4, 140, 146, 153, 155,242,263 Ndiaye, Pape Lamin, 39 Moreau, Rene Luc, 118 Ndiegen, Marne Baro, 53-55 Morocco, 55, 66, 79,101,115, 132n17, ndiggel (maraboutic order or instruction), 3, 160n88,173,215 12,80,82-83,191, 202n17; politics Mosqueea Rond Point (Dakar), 215, 221 and, 243 , 245-46, 250n49, 251n65, Mosquee de l'Universire de Dakar (MUD), 252n74, 262, 268-69, 271n37 55-57,61-65,67 Ndione, Imam Babacar, 101-5 Mosquee Ihsan (Saint-Louis), 58-59, 59 Ndour, Youssou, 127,239, 248n12 Mosquee Ngalele (Saint Louis), 57-58 neoliberal reforms, 3,11,191,196-97 Mosque Impots et Domaines (Dakar), neopagan survivals, 99 62-63,65 Neo-Sufi thesis, 42n33 Mosque of Guede (Futa Toro) , 52 neotraditionalist norms, 211 Mosque ofOmarian Tijans (Dakar) , 57 Neubert, Dieter, 249n24 Mosque ofSoprim (Dakar), 55-57, 61-66 Ngalelc, mosques of, 57-58, 64-66 mosques, 72, 73, 116, 127-30, 128-29, 175, Niamey area, 171 181; design and role of, 9-11, 51-69; Niang , Babacar, 249n19 women and, 52, 57-60, 65-67 Niass, Ibrahim, 162 Mottin-Sylla, Marie-Helene, 205n77 Niass, Moustapha, 238 , 251-52n71 (periodical), 239 Niasse, AI-Hajj Ahmed Khalifa, 118 mouridocentrisme, 246 Niasse, Sidy Lamine, 117-19, 134nn Mouvement Mondial pour l'Unicite de Dieu Niezen, R. W., 131nl, 132n4 (MMUD), 243, 250n46, 251n65, Niger, 211 252n73,257-71 Nigeria, 117, 123, 135n80, 162n138,211 Mozdahir International, 125 Njama area, 174, 176, 180, 184-85n58 Murid order (Muridiyya), 2-3, 6,10-11, 1Vjangaan(film),34-35 43nn, 78, 183n29,250-52nn,260; njebbel. Seeinitiation Darou Mousty and, 3, 10, 71-72, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 80-82; diaspora of, 244 , 252n72; 123,192,264 education and, 11, 29; established, 2-3, Nyang, Sulayman S., 158n28 29,79; Grand Mosque of, in Dakar, 55; hierarchy and, 189-90, 201 ; historical objectification, Ill, 113 perspectives of, 11,71-88; influence of, O'Fahey, R. S., 42n33 237 ; MMUD and DMM and, 4,7, 13, Office for the Diffusion of Islamic Culture 257-71; modern movements within, Abroad (Qom), 135n75 243-44; music and, 239; orthodoxy oil profits, 117 and, 99-101; reformists and, 114; Organization ofthe Islamic Conference, 117, Shi'a converts from, 120, 126-27, Il9 130-31; size of, 115; state and, 242 , Orientalists, 85, 97-99, 108nn, 132n3 245-47; as capital of, 53, 238 ; originaires, 5 INDEX 281 orthodoxy, 2, 11,91,98-99,113, 130-31; and, 189-210; Muslim migrants and Sunnite women and, 211-33 religious vs. political, in Casamance, orthopraxy, 112,130,142, 161n124 169-72,176,179, 182; mystical and Ottoman empire, 29 , 65-66, 99 political, 92-105; religion and political, Oxy-jeunes (radio station), 239 25-39; secular, 78, 82; search for authentic Islam and, 130- 31, 132n2 ; Paccard, Andre, 55 social, political and economic, 113- 16; paganism, 30, 41n22, 104 spiritual and temporal, and mosque, Pakao, holy book of, 173 53; Sunnite women , orthodoxy, and Pakao al-kitaho, 180-81, 183n26 negotiation of, 211-33. See also authority Pakao kingdom , 170, 179, 186n86; jihad, prayer, 11,97,142,154, 162n1 38, 191,261 171, 181-82,183n26, 185n 76 precolonial period, 2, 22-29, 65, 74-75, 79, Pakistan, 140, 142, 145, 152 86n15, 169-88 pan-Islamists, 33,213,219 pre-Islamic world, 104, 195, 204n54 parental authority, 219-21 prostituiton, 242, 263 Park,~ungo,40n12 Pular ethnic group, 21 , 27, 41 ,115 Parti de la Verite pour le Deveioppement pure and purity, 1,58-59,96,101,146-47, (PVD ), 13,247, 252n72, 262, 268 157n8, 160n74,161nn, 193,214,221 Parti de l'Uniti ed du Rassemblement (PUR), pyramidal organization, 13,260 13,244,247, 262 ,268,270n16 Parti Democratique Senegalais (PDS), qabd-sadl dispute, 162n138 134n 54,252n71,252n81 Qadr order (Qadriyya), 29 , 78-79, 115, 131, Parti Socialiste (PS), 237, 238, 245-46, 173, 183n29; identity and, 26; Murid 251n70,252n71,262 vs., 189; Shi'a and, 120, 127, 130 patron-client ties, 25, 27, 34, 38, 75 Quarantine, Mixing, and Reform paradigm, peanut crop (groundnut), 74, 80, 83-84, 3,8-9,92,96-98, 170 85n4,116,237-38,245 quarantine stage, 24,77,94,96,170, 176, pedagogical reform , 32, 35, 37 178, 180 Peel, J. D. Y., 8, 97 , 104 QJtatre Communes. See Four Communes Pelissier, Paul, 202n8 Quran, 3, 98 , 112, 123; memorization of, Perry, Donna L., 45n86 38,102-3,106-7; Shi'a study of, Persian Gulf, 61-62, 66, 216 , 217 126-28, 135n75; Tabligh Iarna'at and, Peters, R., 108n34 153 Piga, Adriana, 44n71 , 45n85 Quran schools (daara ), 9-10, 22-39, 67, pilgrimage, 11, 191, 194, 197,241,244 115, 142, 158n17, 179- 80; women Piot, Charles, 75 and, 194,215,220 Piscatori, James, 111, 113 Podor, mosque in, 61, 67-68 Rabbia (film), 215 Point E mosque (Dakar), 69n36 radio, 127, 130,239,264 Politician, Le (periodical), 239 Radio Dunya, 127 politics, 4; dialectics ofreligion and, 13,237­ Radtke, Bernd, 42n33 56; ~~ UD and D~~ and, 261-65, Rafsanjani, President, 117 268-69; separation of, from religious Rahman, Abd al-, 173 authority, 99-100,115; Tabligh rainmaking ceremonies, 92, 102, 104-6 Jama'at, 144-45. See also elections Ramadan, 121,128,179,191,261 polygamy, 12,222-27,259 Ranger, Terence, 112 Ponty, William, 30, 31 Rashid, Harun al-, 100 Porokane, pilgrimage to, 193, 197 Reetz, Dietrich, 145 Portuguese, 40n12 reformist Islam, 4, 6-7, 9, 51, 108n3 7, 140, , 181 228nl, 249nn; D~~ and ~~UD postcolonial period, 2, 9-10,30,33-36, and, 257-72; education and, 32-35, 189-90,227,237-38,241 130, 132n4, 133n20 ; growth of, Pouwels, Randall L., 133n28 113-19, 238-48; Murid orders and, 2, power, 2, 5, 7- 9, 14; Islamic, and British 10,71-72,84; Tabligh Iama'at and, rule, 141-42; Muridiyya and gender 142, 145-47, 155-56 282 INDEX reform stage , 8,106-7,170,180 Sarr, Ndiaye, 240 religiosity, "doctrinal" vs. "imagistic," 156, Saudi Arabia, 33, 44n66, 61-62, 67,113, 158n21,162n154 118-19,123,142,214-15,217,268, reproduction rituals, 194-95 270nl3 reproductive health, 212 Schmitz, Jean, 25 Reveil Islamique, Le (journal), 241 Schulz , Dorothea E., 133n21 Rida, Rashid, 98 Scaring, James F., 3, 8, 43n45, 75, 86n24, ritual ceremonies: Bainunk and, 171; Tabligh 91-110,171 [arna'at and, 153, 162nn; women and , Seck, A1ioune, 67 191,214. Seealsolife-cycle rituals Seck, Idrissa, 238, 252n71, 262, 269 ritual purity (tahara), 193 Seck, Mohammad, 240 Robertson, Pat, 108n29 secret knowledge (mystical power), 8, 24, 97, Robinson, David, 3, 15nl, 41n22, 42--43nn, 102-7 75,78,133n28,240 secular governance, 212, 214, 226, 242 Rodney, Walter, 44n70 secularism, 217, 220-21, 226-27, 259, " Role ofthe Ahl Al-Beit (PSLF) in 265-66 the Preservation of Islam" (conference), Seesemann, Rudiger, 145 125 Seminaire sur l'enseignement du Coran au Rosander, Eva Evers, 6, 16n33, 114 , 193-94, Senegal, 35 203--4nn Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 55,117-18, Ross, Eric, 53, 55 229n23,237-38, 241--42, 245, 248nl, Rouse, Carolyn Moxley, 213, 222 263-64 Roy, Oliver, 147,214 September 11,2001, attacks, 134n48, 156 royal lineages (garmi), 21, 23-27, 4lnn. See Serahulis people, 143, 159n33 alsomonarchy Sereer, 3, 8,21-23,91-110,171,182, , 5, 28 185n64 rural society, 10,26, 52, 194, 237 Serrekunda; Markaz mosque in, 143 , 145, 148 , 150,152, 154 , 156, 159nn; Saafi,102-3 Tabligh Iama'at and, 140 , 143, 145, 148 Saafi-Saafi language, 92-93 Service Civil International (International Sadr, Sayyid Mohammad Baqr A1-, 119 Civil Service), 237 Saocn, 3, 8, 92-97, 101, 103, 105-7, 107nl, Service des Affaires Musulmanes, 30 171,182 Service d'Urbanisme (Thies), 61 Said, Edward, 87n46 Setama, Fode y, 181 Saint-Louis, 2, 5-6,28,120,237; mosques Set Setal campaign, 238-39, 248nl2 in, 57-59, 64 sexuality, 4, 9, 224 Sakho, Fodey, 178 Seydi, Burama, 176, 185n58 Sakhokunda kabila, 179 Seydi-Daffey family, 180 Salajism,65,67, 120-21, 133n20,214 shadow state, 84 Sali, Momar Anta, 29 Shar bubba (Shurbubba) movement, 42nn Saliou, Moustapha, 251n56, 252n80 shari'« (Islamic holy law), 77, 79-80, 99, Sail, Macadou, 83 125, 135n80, 150 ,174,222,226, Sail, Macky, 238 228nl,266 Sallah, Halifa, 144 Shi'a Islam, conversion ofSunni Senegal ese Samb, Amar, 51-52 to, 4, 6-7, II, 111-35, 156 Samson, Fabienne, 6-8,12-13,257-72 shrines, 95, 101-7, 171, 175 ,244 San, Wahabbi mosque in, 58, 60 Sierra Leone, 41nl7 sanawo (cross-cousin marriag e), 177-80, Siin, 23, 92-94,101,106 185nn Siin-Sinn group, 93 , 103 Sanhaja clerics, 23 Sitokoto, Fodey, 173 Sanneh, Lamin , 40n7, 41n21, 156 , Skinner, David E., 40n7 162nI57,171-72 slaves (jaam) and , 5, 21, 23-25, 27, Sanusiyya, demonization of, 42n42 36, 38,41--42nn,43n45, 81, 78-79, Sarr, Faron, 224 86nI5,91-94, 100 , 171,179,190, Sarr, Ndeye Faty, 226 203n32; legal end of, 29 INDEX 283

Soares, Benjamin F., 160n87, 191 , 195 ,201 31, 38; spirituality and, 6; state and , Socialist Party. See Parti Socialist 240,242,244-48; Sunnites and , 7, 12, social macroc osm and microcosm, 169 14647,212,214-16,219; Tabligh sokhna (female religious leaders), 198 Iarna'at and , 6-7, 140-43, 145-47, Soleil, Le (newspaper), 119, 135n90, 237, 239 152-54, 156, 158n17; Touba as city Soly, Fodey Musa, 176, 178-79, 185n73 of, 57; UCM critique of, 241 ; women Soly-Kontey family, 180 and, 193 Solykund a kabila, 179 Sundiata, Emperor ofMali, 170, 175 Songhay, 132n4 sunnah (prophetic traditions), 140 , 142, 147, Soninke/Saraxolle societies, 21, 41n24 153 ,214 sopi coalition, 13,238,244,24647, , 12, 115 ; defined, 116; 251 -52n71 conversion of, to Shi'a , 111-35; South Africa, 139 , 142-43, 157n7 founding of, in Senegal , 132n17; South Asia, 7,140,142-43,155-56 reformist, vs. Sufi, 113, 131, 14647, Southeast Asia, 142 160n74; schools oflaw, 97-98 Sow, Boubacar, 61 Sunni- Shi'a schism, 112, 116, 119, 135nn Sow, Fatou, 191-93 Sunnites; African Islamic history and, 112 ; Sow, Musa , 178 defined, 6-7; women, 6, 11-12, Sow, Oustaz Amadou, 45n92 133n21,211-33 Sow, Thierno, 190 sursaut national (national mobili zation ), Spain, 77, 132n17 237-38 spirits, 103 Sweet, James, 183n19 spirituality, 1-2,9,213,217-19; conversion Sy, Ababacar, 259, 270nll and, 151-52, 154-55 Sy, Abdoul Aziz, 55,242,244 spiritual melodies, 267-68 Sy, Abubakar, 250n53 spiritual topography, 55-57 Sy,Ahmad Tidiane, 250n53, 259, 270n9 Stark, Rodney, 146 Sy, Babacar, 101 ,102 state, 2, 35,101,192,240-47,257-72 Sy, Malick, 29 , 91-92, 101-2, 106,259, stereotypes, 4, 30, 156 269n7 student demonstrations, 144 , 159n48 Sy, Marne Thierno (brother ofMoustapha Sudan, 22-24, 60 , 135n80, 183n29,212, Sy),260 215 Sy,Mansour, 123, 244 SUD FM(radio station) , 239 Sy, Moustapha, 13,239-40,243-44,257, Sud Hebdo (newspaper), 238, 239 259-70 Sud QJwtidien (newspaper), 251n70 Sy,Tidiane, 190, 193,243-44,246 : adaptation of, 84-85; as antimodern Sylla, M'Baye Gueye, 86n20 other, 11,85; bias of scholarship on Sylla-Cissey family, 179 Senegal and , 140 ; Casamance and , "symbolic capital," 78 120, 183n29; educ ation and, 9-10, syncretism or mixing , 40n4, 96-97,169. See 28-29,33-34,39; force of cohesion also mixing stage and , 98 ; foundation of, in Senegal, 2, "syntonic identity" path , 145 5,78; French colonial rule and, 28-31, 130-31; generational dynamic s of, Tabligh [ama'at (Tn, 4, 6-7, 133n21, 139-66 250nn; influence of, in Senegal, 237­ tabligh (missionary work ), 7, 140, 145, 151 , 38; Islamists and , 51,116-17; jihad 152 and , 26 , 99-101; modernist orthodox Tal, Umar, 26, 79, 101 , 160n88 and Orientalist attacks on, 85 , 97-99; talibe (disciples), 2, 29, 31, 34, 36-39, mo sques of, 51, 72; new movements 79-83, 113, 115-16, 130, 189, 260, and associations and, 7, 11-13,241-44, 263-64 25 7-72; orders vs. brotherhoods, 15n3; Talibes, Les(band) , 239 political stance of, 106 ; reformed, Tamari, Tal, 40n3 42n33; reformi sts and, 9-10, 14, Tarikh al-Sudan (chronicle), 22 238-43; Sereer and , 8, 91-110; Shi'a (turuq), 2, 13,26,28-29; mosques, converts and, 6-7,111-17,120,123, 9,51,55,61-64,67-68, 142; women's 128-29; social order and , 26, 28-29, contributions to, 191-201 284 INDEX taxes, 83 tribalism, 30 Taylor, Charles, 78 Trimingham, J. Spencer, 87n46, 182n3 technology, 11, 14,72 true believers, 140--41, 146--48, 150, 153 TCmoin, Le (periodical), 239 true Islam, Shi'a as, 120, 131 terrorism, 4, 117 Tunisia, 123,212 textual knowledge, 112, 114, 123, 130, 152 , Tunkara, Yassa, 173, 175 161n121 Turkey, 212 Thiaw, AI Hajja Binta, 215, 226 Turner, Victo r, 119, 134n68 Thies, 53,94,237,238; new Bilal mosque, tuubanaan revolution, 27-28, 42n29 61 Tbiof(fashion journal), 239 Uganda, 157n7 Tijani, Ahmad al-, 160n88 Umar, Abu Bakr b., 132n17 Tijan order (Tijaniyya), 3, 10,63, 134n63, Umar, AI-Hajj, 42n39 135n87, 183n29, 202n8; colonialism Umarian jihad, 101 and, 101 ; education and, 29; Great Umarian Segu, 84 Mosque ofDakar and, 55; identity and, Umayyids, 69n33, 127 26 ; influence of, 237; internal divisions ummah (Islamic community), 6-7, 67,177; of, 245--46; jihad and, 91,101; MMUD global, 155,214,221,227,259,268 and DMM and , 4, 7,13,257-71; unemployment, 144 , 159n47, 223-24, Morocco and, 55, 78-79; mosques of, 250n46,263 and women, 59, 66; Mu rid order vs., UNESCO,36 189, 271n36; radicalism and , 42n42; Union Culturelle Musulmane (U CM), 32, reformists and associations and, 114, 118,214,229nn, 241--43, 249nn 241,243--44; Shi'a converts from, 120, Union Fraternelledes PelerinsMusulmans de 123,125-27,130-31; Sereer Safen and, l'A.O.F.,241 102, 104 , 106; size of, 79, 115 ; state Union Proqressiste Senigalaise (UPS), 242 and, 242, 245--47; Tabligh [ama 'at and , Unite 21 mosque, 65 148 ; as spiritual center for, United Kingdom, 150 29; youth movement of, 239 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Timbuktu, 22 ,173-74 the Child, 35-36 Tivaouane, 29, 101-2,257,259; great United State s, 123, 142,215,217,238,267 mosque in, 55 universite du futur, 238 Togo, 75 universities, 215 Tontines (credit associations), 123 University Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), 221, torodbe revolt, 26 223-24 Torodo revolution, 42n37 University ofDakar. SeeMosquee de Touba,74,76,238,244--46,251n56, l'Universire de Dakar 252nn, 257, 261 ; Great Mosque of, University ofthe Gambia, 145 11,53-55,54,57,197; Murids abroad urbanization, 5, 67, 117 , 145, 155,258,263 build at, 197-98, 203n25; women and, Urdu language, 152 191-94 Usman dan Fodio movement, 26 Toure, Cheikh Mohammad, 34, 118, 134nn, 229n24,241,249nn veiling (), 12,216-21,223,225, 229nn Tourey, Yoro, 184n58 vernacular cosmopolitanism, 11 tourism, 238 vernacularization, 114, 130, 133n28 trade, 8, 15n14,25,94, 140 , 170, 172 "vernacular modernity," 75 tradition, 8, 36-37,58-59,64,92-93,96, Vikor, Knut, 42n42 112 Villalon, Leonardo A., 44n61, 51, 114-15, traditional African religion, 41n22; 117, 202n17,250n44, 270n9 conversion to Islam from , 8, 30, 96 , visualization ofsacred, 239 169-70, 173-74,182n3 transnational Islam, 3, 6, 9, 12, 115, 117, Wade, Abdoulaye, 13, 117, 134n44, 158n28, 130-31,140,211-33,259 226, 238, 240,243--47, 250n42, Traore, M. J., 34-35 251-52n71,262-65,269,270nn Triaud, Jean-Louis, 3, 40n7, 42n42, 44n67 Wahhab, Mohammad ibn Abd al-, 133n20 I NDEX 285

Wahhabism, 32, 42n33, 44n66, 58, 68n22 , non-Muslim, to Muslim migrants, 108n29, 113, 127, 133n20 175-77,179; MMUD and DMM and Wal Fadj ri (newspaper), 119,226, 134n61, morality, 260, 263 ; mosques and, 9, 238,239; Radio, 127,239 52,57-60,62,65-68,69n36;Murid, Wane, Amadou, 31 and ritual and reproductive practices, Ware, Rudolph T., III , 9-10, 12,21-50 11-12,191-96,202; reformist warriors (ceddo), 26-27, 75, 190 movements and, 6-7; Sunni, 6-7, water, 80, 180, 192,237-38 11-12, 133n21, 211 , 214-33; Tabligh Watson, Ruth, 15n15 Iarna'at and, 148-49, 151, 153, 161nn; practice, 63-64 veiling and, 216-21. See alsogender and wealth, Murid women and, 191-92, gender roles 195-201 work, 72, 116, 126; women and, 12,222, Weber, Max, 249n30 224-25 weddings, 153,225-26,242 World Association for Muslim Youth, 215 weeping, 140-41, 152, 154, 157n4 World War I, 3, 31, 82-84, 92 , 99 , 102,245 Wehr, Han s, 40n12 World War II, 245 Weiner, Annette, 195, 199 well, mechanized, 71-72, 73, 80- 81, 84 Yacine, Ali, 135n73 . See also Aly Tacine Welsh,92 (PSLF) Centre l slamiqu« de Recherche et West, 4, 9,12,119,131,148,156, 271n29; d'Information historigraphy of Murids and, 74-75; yar (suffering and knowledge), 35, 38 Iranian Revolution and, 120; new Sufi Yasin, Ibn, 40n5 , 132n1 7 movements and, 258-59, 266-68; Yatabare lineages, 173 Sunnite women veiling and, 217, 220 Yeumbeul suburb of Dakar, 121, 123 Whitehouse, Harvey, 156, 158n2 1, 162n1 54 village, 55, 101 Wiegelmann, Ulrike, 45n91 Yookam matriclan, 102-3 Wilks, Ivor, 172 Yoruba, 8, 97, 104 Willis, John R., 41nn youth, 3, 6-8, 239, 243-44; MMUD and Woloflanguage, 15n18 , 21 , 58, 62, 126 , DMM and, 259-69, 270nn; subcultures 239-40 of, 159n45; Sunnite movement and, Wolofpeople, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 23, 25-27, 29, 214-15,219-21; Tabligh Iarna'at and, 35, 38,41n22,42n39, 77, 79-80, 139-66 86nI5,91-95,100-102, 171, 190, Yusuf, Ham za, 158n32 132n1 7, 184n5 1, 185n63, 190 Yusuf, Mawlana Mohamm ad, 142 women , 2; development organizations and, 123; dress of, 11,67; education Zein, Sheikh Abdul Monem El-, 116-1 7, and, 36, 242; emigration and, 120-21, 123, 127, 134n43 191- 92; healer-diviners, 103; marriage Ziguinchor village, 121, 125-27, 158n30, and Sunnite, 222-27; marriage of 237