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Parlement Européen Direction générale Politiques externes de l'Union Département thématique NOTE D'INFORMATION SUR LA SITUATION POLITIQUE ET ÉCONOMIQUE DU BRÉSIL ET SUR SES RELATIONS AVEC L'UNION EUROPÉENNE Contenu: Plus de deux ans après l'arrivée au pouvoir du Président Luís Inácio da Silva, dit "Lula", la politique économique du gouvernement brésilien rassure les milieux économiques nationaux et internationaux, mais 58 millions de brésiliens vivent toujours avec moins d'un dollar par jour. Les élections municipales d'octobre 2004 ont révélé un certain mécontentement social, notamment dans le sud du pays, même si l'action du Président Lula recueille encore des indices d'approbation de 63% qui lui donnent toujours des perspectives favorables pour une éventuelle réélection en 2006. En ce qui concerne les relations UE/Brésil, les négociations visant à l'Accord d'association UE/Mercosur sont encore, hélas, dans une impasse. DGExPo/B/PolDep/Note/2005_103 12 avril 2005 [PE N°] FR EPADES\DELE\DMER\NT\564035FR 1 PE 356.251 Cette note a été demandée par la délégation pour les relations avec les pays du Mercosur du Parlement européen. Le présent document est publié dans les langues suivantes: Français. Auteur: Pedro NEVES Manuscrit achevé en avril 2005. Pour obtenir des copies, veuillez vous adresser par: E-mail: [email protected] Bruxelles, Parlement européen, avril 2005. Les opinions exprimées sont celles de l´auteur et ne reflètent pas nécessairement la position du Parlement européen. Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) European Commission Eurostat Reuters Oxford Analytica World Markets Country Analysis - 2 - SOMMAIRE Page I. SITUATION POLITIQUE ...................................................................................................4 II. SITUATION ÉCONOMIQUE...........................................................................................11 III. RELATIONS UE/ BRÉSIL................................................................................................18 ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................. 24 - 3 - I. SITUATION POLITIQUE 1. Introduction Le Brésil est le plus grand pays d'Amérique du sud, occupant environ la moitié de la superficie totale du sous-continent. Il a des frontières avec tous les pays sud-américains, à l'exception du Chili et de l'Equateur. La superficie du pays est de 8.547.000 km2 (seize fois la France). La grande région des hautes terres, appelée "plateau brésilien", ainsi que le bassin amazonien constituent les principales caractéristiques topographiques du pays. La région des hautes terres - plateau érodé - occupe la plus grande partie de la moitié méridionale du Brésil. Au Nord, le bassin du fleuve Amazone occupe plus d'un tiers de la superficie du pays. Ce territoire est couvert par des forêts tropicales humides, qui forment la forêt amazonienne, véritable "poumon" de la planète. La population brésilienne est évaluée à 180 millions d'habitants. Plus de 81% de cette population est urbaine. Les différentes ethnies se répartissent de la façon suivante: 55% de blancs d'origine européenne, 22% de mulâtres d'origine européenne et africaine, 12% de métis d'origine européenne et amérindienne, 11% de noirs et seulement 0,1% Amérindiens. Par sa taille et sa population, le Brésil occupe la 5e place au monde. La capitale est Brasilia - capitale fédérale - bien que les villes les plus importantes soient São Paulo et Rio de Janeiro. 2. Rappels historiques Pays découvert en 1500 par les Portugais, le Brésil acquit son indépendance en 1822. La République fut proclamée en 1889 après un coup d´État militaire qui abolit la monarchie constitutionnelle (l'Empire). La constitution républicaine, promulguée en 1891, a vigoré jusqu'à 1930, année où la dépression économique et les rivalités régionales ont entraîné une intervention des militaires qui ont porté au pouvoir le populiste Getúlio Vargas. Après la chute de ce dernier, le pays a connu une éphémère démocratisation, car en 1964 un nouveau coup d'état militaire a eu lieu. Un régime autoritaire, voire dictatorial, a pris le pouvoir jusqu'à 1985. Toutefois, durant les dernières années de la dictature, les militaires ont favorisé une transition démocratique, en acceptant la tenue d´élections libres qui donnèrent la victoire à l´opposition (Mouvement démocratique brésilien-MDB). Ils ont par la suite cédé leur place aux civils. L'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution et le retour au suffrage universel ont entraîné une nouvelle phase démocratique. En revanche, la crise économique initiée avec la "décennie perdue" (les années 1980) s´est amplifiée au début des années 1990 sous le mandat du président Fernando Collor de Mello, avec en particulier un taux d´inflation annuel qui a atteint les 1150%. La production industrielle s´effondra, le chômage s´accrut et la paupérisation s´aggrava. Le programme économique d´Itamar Franco (le successeur de Collor de Mello destitué pour cause de corruption), annoncé en avril 1993 et exécuté par le Ministre de l´Économie de l´époque, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, permit de relancer la croissance au profit des agriculteurs et des couches les plus pauvres de la population, en accélérant des privatisations et en luttant contre l´évasion fiscale. - 4 - Cependant, d'immenses disparités régionales, ethniques et culturelles persistent et font du Brésil l'un des pays les plus inégalitaires au monde. Certaines de ces disparités sont héritées du passé colonial, d'autres ont été aggravées dans les phases récentes du développement économique (1930-1980). Hélas, la "Nouvelle République" qui a suivi n'a pas encore réussi à améliorer sensiblement la situation des citoyens du pays. 3. Politique intérieure 3.1. Cadre institutionnel Le Brésil est une république fédérale composée de 26 États (États-Unis du Brésil) et du district fédéral de Brasilia. En 1960, à l´intérieur des terres, le gouvernement a décidé de créer la ville de Brasilia, déclarée capitale pour rééquilibrer le pays d´un point de vue démographique et économique. Le retour du pays à la démocratie, en 1985, a été consolidé institutionnellement par la Constitution de 1988 qui fut considérée, par des analystes, comme très avancée. Le président, chef de l'exécutif, est élu au suffrage universel direct pour un mandat de quatre ans, deux fois renouvelable. Ses fonctions pouvant prendre fin avant terme, en cas de décès, de démission ou de poursuites pénales. L'intérim est alors assumé par le vice-président jusqu'aux nouvelles élections. M. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, ancien président, a renforcé le rôle de l'exécutif, car, bien que disposant d'une majorité au Congrès, il a gouverné souvent par le biais de "mesures provisoires", décrets qui, avec l'aval du Parlement, se sont perpétués, devenant en pratique de nouvelles lois. Le 15 août 2001, le Congrès a voté un texte amendant la Constitution et diminuant l'usage, par le président, des "mesures provisoires". Le système législatif est bicaméral et le Congrès (Congresso Nacional) comprend le Sénat (Senado Federal) et la Chambre des députés (Câmara dos Deputados). Les représentants du corps législatif sont élus au niveau local des États fédérés et du district fédéral. Ainsi, chacun d'entre eux dispose de trois sénateurs, élus pour huit ans. Le Sénat compte donc 81 membres, renouvelés partiellement chaque quatre ans. Le nombre de députés élus, pour quatre ans, pour chaque État, est variable selon sa population. L'actuelle Chambre des députés compte 513 membres. Le gouvernement, au niveau régional, reflète le système fédéral. Le pouvoir exécutif est détenu par un gouverneur, élu au suffrage direct, alors que le pouvoir législatif appartient à une chambre unique. Les relations entre le gouvernement fédéral et les gouvernements régionaux connaissent parfois des difficultés car, depuis 1998, ces derniers disposent de tous les pouvoirs qui ne sont pas constitutionnellement attribués au gouvernement fédéral. Il convient de mentionner que chaque État dispose d'une Cour de Justice, dont le statut et les compétences sont définis par la Constitution afin d'éviter tout risque de conflit de juridiction ou d'interprétation différenciée des lois nationales selon les États. La Cour suprême est composée de 11 juges nommés par le président après l'accord du Sénat. Après treize ans de débats parlementaires, le Congrès a promulgué le 8 décembre 2004 la réforme du pouvoir judiciaire, laquelle prévoit la création de mécanismes de contrôle externe de la magistrature. Le point le plus polémique concerne la - 5 - création d'un Conseil national de Justice (CNJ), dont le but sera de contrôler les activités du pouvoir judiciaire et les budgets des tribunaux. La libéralisation du climat politique dans les années 1980 a permis l'apparition de près de 40 partis politiques. Les partis les plus importants restent néanmoins le Parti des Travailleurs (PT), le Parti du Mouvement démocratique brésilien (PMDB), le Parti de la sociale démocratie brésilienne (PSDB), le Parti du Front libéral (PFL), le Parti du Progrès (PP), le Parti Travailliste brésilien (PTB), et enfin le Parti populaire socialiste (PPS, nom du parti communiste brésilien depuis 1992). De prime abord, le système politique peut apparaître comme extrêmement éclaté, mais la pratique institutionnelle montre en fait une stabilité politique organisée dans un système de coalition, l'une progouvernementale et l'autre d'opposition. Ainsi, pendant ses deux mandats, le président Cardoso a pu jouir de la majorité au Congrès et adopter
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