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Socialism in Canada SOCIALISM IN CANADA s*«* DEPOSITED BY THE COMMITTEE ON (Sraouate StuMes. UNIVERSITy LIBRARY SOCIAUSL IF CA:T;.PA. fcy G. R. F. Troop A thesis presented to the Graduate School of McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS page References, etc la,lb lc Table of Abbreviations. 2 Introduction # 3_9 Early Period, Origin and Growth of the Socialist Party of Canada 10-21 The Socialist Party of Canada 22-42 Disruption of the Socialist Party of Canada; formation of Social Democratic Party. .42-47 Socialism to the War - 1909-14 48-58 The War, 1914-1917 59_69 Revolutionary Propaganda an.I Government Action against it,1918-19 70-82 . Socialism in the West - Direct Action. 85-90 Calgary Conference and after - The Winnipeg Strike. .. 91-105 The One Eig Union - The Present Situation 106-114 Appemdix ,.,,-, 115-120 /Or REFERENCES. ETC. The best sources of information for the Canadian Socialist movement are the various Labour and Socialist weeklies published in the Dominion and the publications , pamphlets, etc., issued by the different Socialist parties* The"Canadian Annual Review" is valuable as a summary of general newspaper opinion, and as a reference for Socialist activities in the early years. The "Report on Labour Organization in Canada", issued by the Depart­ ment of Labour, is the best authority for the activities of The One Big, Union. For the Winnipeg strike, the strikers1 case is presented in "The Winnipeg General Strike", a pamphlet issued by the ^inni-peg "Defense Committee". The findings of the Manitoba Court of Appeal (Dominion Lav/ Reports, vol. 51,1920.) give a good statement of the other side. While I am not permitted to make specific reference totham,I nay say that I have been given access to num­ erous files of the Department of Justice and of other Government branches at Ottawa. The following is a table of references•*-- 1. Periodicals "British Columbia Federationist" Vancouver "Cottons Weekly" Cowansville, Que. (1908-15) "Industrial Banner" Toronto "Labour World" Montreal "Red Flag" Vancouver,1919 ^Winnipeg "Voice" Winnipeg (1908-18) "Western Clarion" Vancouver - official organ of the s cial «w c+ TV rT „ ,, ? ist party of Canada. Western Labour News" Winnipeg (1918 - ) "Workers Guard" Toronto u Government Publications Canada Gazette "Information respecting the Russian Soviet system and its propaganda in North America".Dept.Labour,1920- "Labour Gazette. Report on Labour Organization in Canada, 1911-20 Annuals t Pamphlets, etc. American Labour Year Book (Rand School of Social Science) ///*-•**?. Canadian Annual Review. Dominion Law Reports (Vol.51,1920) New Review (vol. 1,1913, IT.Y.) O.B.tJ. and Socialist "Bulletins" Publications of the Winnipeg Defence Committee. 1. The Winnipeg General Sympathetic Strike 2. W.A. Pritchard's address to the Jury. 3. Dixon's address to the Jury. Socialistic Pro^asLnda in Canada (G.H. Cahan,K.C, Montreal, 1918) Thes£s and Statutes of the Zrd (Communist) Internationale. General References Consulted. Brissenuen,P.F.,The "Industrial Workers of the World Brooks, J.G., The I.W.W. Coats, R.H. , "The Labour Movement, in Canada and its provinces", vol 9. Cole, G.D.H., The World of Labour. Cox, Eerold, Economic Liberty Eillquit, Morris Socialism Theory and Practice. Eughan,Jestie,W., American Socialism of the Present Day. .Katftsky, Karl, "Dictatorship of the Proletariat". Macy, J.A., Socialism in America. Mailock, W.E., "Critical Examination of Socialism " Marx .Karl, Capital. Menger, Anton, "Right to the Whole Product of Labour Postgate, R.W., The Workers Internationale Bolsjievik Theory Russell, Bertrand,Roads to Freedom, BolshevisPrinciplesm ionf SociaTheoryl anReconstructiond Practice . /c Skelton, O.D. , Socialism, a critical analysis Spargo, John, Socialism Spargo & Arner, Elements of Socialism Tawney, R.E. , The Sickness of an Acquisitive Society, Walling, W.E., Socialism as it is. The Socialism of to-day. Wells, E.G., New Worlds for Old. Withers, Hartley, The Case for Capitalism. Table of Abbre.viations. B.C.Fed "British Columbia Federationisty Vancouver, C.A.R "Canadian Annual Review." C.W "Cottdm's Weekly." Cowansville, ?.•„• R.L.O "Report on Labour Organization in Canada," publishea annually by the Dept. of Labour. Voice "Winnipeg Voice" now the "Western labour News." V/»L.N "Vestern Labour TTews." T,innipeg. w-c* •• "Western Clarion," official organ of the Socialist Party of Canada. # Introduction. In the development of the International Socialist move­ ment, there lias gradually become apparent a somewhat curious oaradox. There is, at the present time, no mode of speech more common than that which characterizes America as the new and Europe as the old world, which speaks of daughter nations and mother lands, which contrasts the young progressive, vigorous peoples of the West with the old, conservative, de­ cadent races from whence they sprang. How comes it then that this most radical embodiment of "extremist" opinion has won its greatest triumphs among the most backward and reactionary peoples, and has fared worat in the youngest and most progressive states. That, for ex­ ample, the establisljnent of a Socialist republic in mediaeval Russia has coincided with the arrest and imprisonment of the Socialist candidate for the presidency of the United States? Today the new world brings up the rear of the Socialist pro­ cession. The very wcrd "Socialist" stilly carries with it a slight stigma of reproach, the"Bolshevist"is.quite beyond the pale, and even the old Englsih term "radical" is now more or less suspect. The great war, and the startling sequence of events which, within a single year, saw the three greatest empires of lurppe replaced by three Socialist republics has, however, merely accentuated the apparent conservatism of the new world. Even before the war, the Socialist vote in the United States could not compare proportionately with that in any of the leading European nations, while the'Socialist vote in Canada would not even compare with that in the United States. (1). It is in the hope of arriving at some understanding of the reason for the comparative failure of the Socialist movement in Canada thaTo tappreciat I am attemptine the naturg thies obrief thfe outlinprobleem ofacef itds by t£e origiSocialisn antd partprogressy in .Canad a and to estimate fairly the measure of success which it has had, it is necessary in the first (l) see comparative vote on page $"£". 4* place to give some little eonsideration to the environment in which Canadian Socialism has found itself. There are certain features of its economic and social life in which the Dominion may be almost said to be unique, and which have to a large extent shaped the development both of the Canadian Labour movement, and of its adjunct the Canadian Socialist movement. r2he most immediately striping characteristics of the Dominion are its vast size and its sparse population. Can­ ada has a land area larger than the continent of Europe, but an area with a population of only two to the square mile. Without some idea of the distribution of the people, the picutre given by the map is apt to be delusive, for the greater part of this immense Dominion is uninhabited and perhaps uninhabitable.(l) To obtain a more adequate notion of the country, one should imagine a strip about 100 miles broad, extending along the northern border of the United States. It is as if a fringe of the great American repub­ lic had been cut off and arbitrarily constituted an independ­ ent economic unit. Eut as yet Canada is far from being an economic unit. Geologists, economists and historians agree in dividing the country into four well marked divisions, each of which has its^own geological formation, its own economic characteristics*, ?nd its own distinctive atmos­ phere and traditions. Passing from east to west, we have first the three mari­ time provinces, conservative and individualistic - in the industrial race, the provinces "that have been passed by"; then the St.Lawrence valley, Ontario and Quebec - one English, the other French, together the original "Canada", provinces which divide the bulk of the population and of the manufactur­ ing industries of the Dominion. Separated from Ontario by the barren territory north of Lake Superior, the Canadian portion of the great continental plain, now divided into the three "prairie" provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Al­ berta, provinces predominently agricultural. Finally there is the Canadian section of the Western Cordillera and the Pacific coast line - the province of British Columbia. Each of these four sections has its own distinctive his­ tory, its own economic life and its own peculiar viewpoint. (1)The butmai nsee division Stefannson^, however iu2he, an dFriendly that whic Arctic".h is for the purposes <r of this essay sufficient, is the cleavage between East and West, between the old Dominion and the new. During the greater part of her history, Canada lias been a country of slow development. For this there are three factors primarily responsible; her northern position, her vast forests, and her great distances. Even today her popu­ lation does not equal that of the United States of one hundred years ago. The early 19th century passed Canada by. The reactionary governments of the period, the comparatively small area of land that could compare in desirability with that furtlier south, the scandalous alienation of the richest sections of crown land, the fact that early settlers had literally to hew their farms out of the forest - these were sufficiently barriers, without the added handicap of the bleak northern winter. The result was that immigrants to the new world for long looked to Canada only as a lan& last resort. Farming, fishing, lumbering, were almost the sole occupations of the people in these early years, agriculture being, of course, predominant.
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