Famed Mexican Revolutionary

Home , Duncan Renaldo, In Old New Mexico, The Cisco Kid

Territorial News www.territorialnews.com www.facebook.com/TerritorialNews Vol. 30, No. 12 Your Connection to the Old West June 13, 2018

Next Issue Wednesday Pancho Villa July 11 Famed Mexican Revolutionary

here’s a saying about he spent his time alternating Play Pancho Villa: he was between banditry and more Arizona Trivia T“hated by thousands legitimate pursuits. It was and loved by millions.” The during this period that he See Page 2 for Details controversial hero of the became something of a folk Mexican Revolution was a hero for his ability to evade Robin Hood to many and a the government’s oppressive This Week’s cruel, cold-blooded killer to rurales police force. others. In the early stages of the Question: Pancho Villa’s real Mexican Revolution, Villa name was José Doroteo Ar- acquired a gang of bandit ango Arámbula, and he was followers and in 1910 he and Grat, Emmett and Bob Dalton born around 1877 in San Before Arizona his men came down from the Juan del Rio, State of Dur- became its own hills to join Francisco Ma- territory in 1863, ango, Mexico. His parents dero’s revolutionary forces, it was part of were sharecropper peasants thereby making a historical which territory? on a hacienda. According to transition from bandidos to (9 Letters) Villa, his outlaw career be- revolucionarios. The charis- gan at the age of 16 when he matic figure was able to re- came home one day to find cruit an army of thousands, that the hacianda’s owner including a substantial num- had attempted to rape his ber of Americans, some of younger sister. Young Doro- whom were made captains in Index teo took up his revolver, shot the División del Norte. Villa the man and escaped into the even created one squadron Arizona Kid...... 14 mountains. Some historians made up entirely of Ameri- Arizona Trivia...... 2 have cast doubt on this story, It was then that he took the connections with the pow- cans under the leadership of Business Directory...... 18 however. name “Francisco Villa” after erful Pablo Venezuela (to Capt. Tracey Richardson, a Classifieds...... 18 In any case, he became his paternal grandfather, Je- whom Villa would sell the man who apparently fought Jim Harvey...... 2 part of a bandit band, eventu- sus Villa. stolen goods), he was forced with many different insur- 150 Years Ago...... 16 ally joining an outlaw gang In 1902, Villa was ar- to join the federal army. Sev- gent armies around the world headed by Ignacio Parra, rested for stealing mules and eral months later he deserted at that time. one of the most famous ban- assault. While he was spared and fled to the neighboring dits of Durango at the time. the death sentence due to his state of Chihuahua, where (See Revolutionary on Page 4)

In Their Own Words Thief Steals Gold From Mint in Hollow False Leg Buffalo Bill Takes the Stage t age 43, Orville started at the tender age of Harrington was eleven, when he was shot illiam “Buffalo Cody’s marquee value. dissatisfied with in the leg during a hunting Bill” Cody was Cody went to Chicago A his lot in life. His wooden accident. His sciatic nerve an Indian scout, with J. B. “Texas Jack” W leg had kept him from pur- was severely damaged. In miner, trapper, and Pony Ex- Omohundro--also a dime suing his goal to be a min- attempts to alleviate the press rider before receiving novel hero--and Buntline ing engineer. Instead, he pain, his toes, then his his nickname, which he was rented a theater for a play, had a routine job in a refin- foot, and finally his right given while hunting buffalo not yet written, which would ery, earning a meager four leg was amputated below to feed the men building open just a few days later, dollars a day. However, the knee. Overcoming the the Kansas Pacific Rail- before his friends could Orville had a plan to turn handicap, he graduated road. When his fame grew, change their minds. it all around. He would use from the Colorado School his friend Ned Buntline, an The following excerpt his reputation as a trusted of Mines in 1898 with an adventurer and bestselling is taken from An Autobiog- worker to his advantage in engineering degree. author, convinced him to raphy of Buffalo Bill, pub- a diabolical scheme to rob During a 1903 hospital take the stage. Buntline had lished in 1920. the U.S. Mint in Denver. already made Cody the hero Buffalo Bill Cody Orville’s bad luck had (See Harrington on Page 8) of dime novels, so he knew (See Theater on Page 6) Page 2 Territorial News June 13, 2018

A Pueblo Blessing Arizona - Web of Time Hold on to what is good even if it is a handful of earth. March and corn, pumpkins Hold on to what you believe and melons in late June. even if it is a tree which stands by itself. Jim Harvey Hold on to what you must do The Arizona Trail One way white settlers even if it is a long way from here. Hold on to life even when it is easier letting go. made money during the days Hold on to my hand The prehistoric ruins at were white English-speak- of the Apache Indian wars even when I have gone away from you. Betatakin on the Navajo Res- ing Americans was born on a when Arizona was a fed- ervation north of Winslow Gila River raft in 1849 as his eral territory was to submit are in a huge alcove formed mother floated west toward false claims requesting pay- Captain’s Bar Presents in a canyon wall by erosion California. ment from the government of a salmon-colored Jurassic for damage to property and ARIZONA TRIVIA sandstone formation created An 1864 southern Arizo- loss of livestock caused by This Week’s Question: Before Arizona became its own from ancient sand dunes. na traveler visited O’odham Apache attacks. An audit of territory in 1863, it was part of which territory? The ruins are part of Navajo Indian farmers who irrigated 1,490 claims filed between (9 Letters) National Monument. their desert fields and he was November 1874 and March told they planted wheat in 1878 revealed that only one Last Issue’s Question: Who was the first woman to It is said that Arizona’s December and January, to- was truthful. All the rest become Governor of Arizona? Answer: Rose Mofford first baby whose parents bacco and cotton the first of were frauds.

Congratulations! You got the right answer! At the turn of the 20th Century, playing baseball Leo Achin, Sid Clarke, Larry Damer, Joyce Davis, Doyle Ekey, was popular among Je- Kevin Gartley, Robert Lidgett, Micky McGraw-Stein, Roger Ringer, rome’s miners and smelter Bill Riordan. workers, and the incentive How to Play to score was a keg of beer

Letters are hidden in the advertisements. Find the letters to spell the an- behind home plate. Players swer. Submit your answer with your name, address & phone number on a could drink the beer at the postcard for the current issue’s question to Territorial Publishing, P.O. Box end of an inning only if their 1690, Apache Junction, AZ 85217. Look for the answer in the next issue. team had scored at least one To have your name listed in the next issue, cards must be received no later run. than 10 days past the current issue of the Territorial News. For example: submitted answers to the 6/13/18 question, deadline is 6/23/18. Limit one postcard per household per issue. Must be at least 18 years old. Remember According to one Arizo- to put your name on your entry! na tall tale told to greenhorns more than a hundred years ago, cowboys sprinkled black pepper around bedrolls at night to render rattlesnakes harmless by causing them to sneeze out their venom.

Two men from Los An- geles, California, swam 279 miles down the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in 1955. They wore rubber frogman suits, carried food and other supplies in waterproof packs, and camped on the riverbank at night. Their journey took 28 days.

Territorial News E P. O. Box 1690, Apache Junction, AZ 85117 Phone 480-983-5009 Fax 480-393-0695 [email protected] For All Advertising Information: Linda Rae Stewart 480-522-7728 or [email protected] Ralph Henderson - Business Manager •David Stanfel - Editor Linda Rae Stewart - Ad Sales 480-522-7728 Michael Murphy - Layout & Design Richard Kimball - Writer The Territorial News is published by Territorial News Inc. The Territorial features Old West stories, photos and art that are part of our area’s rich and interesting past. The publisher assumes no liability for the opinions contained within this publication; all statements are the sole opinions of the contributors and/or advertisers. The Territorial’s East Valley coverage area includes areas east of Gilbert Road, including East Mesa, Apache Junction, Superstition Falls, Mountain Brook, Gold Canyon and Queen Creek. Copies are distributed free at convenience and grocery stores, restaurants and bars, RV parks and subdivisions and libraries. Subscriptions are also available. Merchandise or services advertised in the Territorial News are expected to be accurately described and readily available at advertised prices. Deceptive or misleading advertising is never knowingly accepted. To find out if a contractor is licensed call the Registrar of Contractors at 602-542-1525.All classified ads must be paid in advance. Standard ad rate is $2.00 per line or $10.00 per column inch. Payment may be made by check or credit card. Mail to Territorial News, P.O. Box 1690, Apache Junction, AZ 85117 or E-mail [email protected]. The Territorial News publishes every other Wednesday. Ad deadline is one week prior to printing. June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 3 Phoenix Indian School nce Native Ameri- completed. By 1900, enroll- the vocational education of cans were confined ment had grown from 42 to the students and the school’s O to reservations in 698 students from 23 tribes self-sufficiency. the 1880s, the federal gov- in Arizona, New Mexico, Federal educational pol- ernment embarked on a plan California, Nevada, and Or- icymakers at the turn of the to assimilate their children egon. The campus had 14 century hoped that an Amer- into mainstream American brick and 20 frame buildings, ican identity would come to life through education. Over including a large school- dominate and eventually re- 100 boarding schools place the pupils’ In- were established dian identity and that throughout the coun- graduating students try in the late 19th would carry the mes- century to educate sage of civilization Native American back to their tribes. youths according An early slogan of to Euro-American the school was, “Be standards. One such a Phoenix Indian, not institution was the a Reservation Bum.” United States Indus- Many of the stu- trial Indian School at dents were forcibly Phoenix, later known as the house, a two-story building separated from their parents. Phoenix Indian School. containing employee quar- Runaways were common. The Phoenix Indian ters and a student dining A multitude of rules con- School was a coeducational hall, a large six-room shop trolled every aspect of daily facility for American Indian for vocational training, sev- life. Wearing school clothing primary and secondary stu- eral dormitories, a water and and marching uniforms was dents. The school temporar- sewer system, a bathhouse, mandatory and boys drilled ily operated out of the West and a boiler house. There with the Arizona National End Hotel, but in April 1891 were also 240 acres of fields, Guard. The introduction of a 160-acre property was ac- where hay and garden crops school clothing to pupils on quired with money from (turnips, cabbages, tomatoes, their arrival was traumatic, both the federal government and melons) were cultivated. as their traditional clothing, and a group of Phoenix busi- Horses, mules, cattle, pigs, seen as a shell of savagery nessmen, and in June 1892 ducks, turkeys, and chickens a main school building was were raised to contribute to (See Assimilation on Page 9) Page 4 Territorial News June 13, 2018 Pancho Villa Revolutionary of which were staged for the by his nickname “El Carnic- benefit of the cameras. ero” (“the Butcher”). In true (From Page 1) Villa’s forces were based Robin Hood style, he broke in Chihuahua, where Villa up the vast land holdings of Following Madero’s ruled over northern Mexico local hacendados (hacienda short-lived victory and as- like a medieval warlord. Vil- owners) and parceled them sassination, Villa remained la financed his army by steal- out to the widows and or- in command of his División ing from the endless cattle phans of his fallen soldiers. del Norte army in resistance- herds in northern Mexico During fiestas the mus- -along with Coahuila’s Ve- and selling them north of the tachioed legend would dance nustiano Carranza and Sono- border, where he found plen- all night with female camp ra’s Alvaro Obregón--against ty of U.S. merchants willing followers, although he didn’t the 1913-14 Victoriano to sell him guns and ammu- drink. When Emiliano Zapa- Huerta dictatorship. Around nition. Faced with a stagnant ta insisted Villa join him in a this time Villa also became a economy, he issued his own toast when their two armies folk hero in the United States money; if merchants refused met outside Mexico City and Hollywood filmmakers to take it, they risked being in December 1914, Villa as well as American newspa- shot. Executions, which Vil- gagged on a swig of brandy. per photographers flocked to la often ordered on a whim, He was an avid swimmer and Northern Mexico to record were usually left to his friend would run to stay in shape. his battle exploits—many Rodolfo Fierro, best known By 1915, a split among the revolutionary leaders soon pitted Villa against Western Cavalryman Obregón and Carranza. Villa counted on American sup- port to obtain the presidency of Mexico. Instead the U.S. Government recognized the new government of Car- ranza. An irate Villa swore revenge against the United States and began by murdering Americans in hopes of provoking President Wood- row Wilson’s intervention X into Mexico. Villa believed that American intervention would discredit the Carranza government with the people of Mexico and reaffirm his own popularity. Villa and his “pistole- ros” launched raids along the “His summers are spent in campaigning; his winters in U.S.- Mexico boundary to getting his horse in condition for the next campaign. He frighten the Americans liv- has scarcely a mounted drill for in summer he must save ing in Texas, New Mexico, his horse for active work, and in winter his horse is unfit and Arizona border towns. for it. He is building posts, stables, cantonments, driv- Concerned for the safety of ing a team or cutting firewood. He is a ‘hewer of wood Americans, President Wilson and a drawer of water.’ That he can still contend with ordered the War Department the Indian on anything like equal terms is his highest to begin deploying troops to commendation, for the Indian is his superior in every Texas and New Mexico. In soldier-like quality, except subordination to discipline April, 1915, Brigadier Gen- and indomitable courage.” eral John J. Pershing and his --Colonel Richard I. Dodge, writing in 1882 8th Infantry Brigade were of the western cavalryman. (See Revolutionary on Page 14) June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 5 Page 6 Territorial News June 13, 2018 Cody on Stage Theater fect for the rehearsal. which Jack.” The bell-boy soon ap- takes place to-morrow morn- peared. We ordered refresh- (From Page 1) ing at ten o’clock, prompt. I ments. . . want to show [theater owner] When Monday night “Now come with me Nixon that we’ll be ready on came we didn’t know much boys,” said Buntline; and time.” more about it than when we away we went to the hotel. I looked at my part and began. Buntline immediately ob- then at Jack; and Jack looked The clock struck seven, tained a supply of and then we put on pens, ink, and pa- our buckskin suits, per, and then en- which were the gaged all the hotel costumes we were clerks as penmen. to appear in. The In less than an hour theater was being after he had rented rapidly filled, and the theater, he was it was evident that dashing off page af- we were going to ter page of his pro- make our debut be- posed drama--the fore a packed house. work being done in As the minutes his room at the ho- passed by, Jack and tel. He then set his I became more and clerks at copying more nervous. We for him, and at the occasionally looked end of four hours, through the holes in he jumped up from the curtain, and saw the table, and enthu- that the people were Every meal is a happy meal if you leave your children at home. siastically shouted: continuing to crowd “Hurrah for Texas Jack Omohundro into the theater; our The Scouts of the nervousness in- Plains! That’s the name of at his part and then at me. creased to an uncomfortable the play. The work is done. Then we looked at each oth- degree. Hurrah!” er, and then at Buntline. We When at length the cur- The parts were then all did not know what to make tain arose, our courage had copied off separately by the of the man. returned, so that we thought clerks, and handing us our “How long will it take we could face the immense respective portions Buntline you to commit your part to crowd; yet when the time said: memory, Bill?” asked Jack. came for us to go on, we were “Now, boys, go to “About six months, as rather slow in making our work, and do your level best near as I can calculate. How appearance. As we stepped to have this dead-letter per- long will it take you?” an- forth we were received with swered I. a storm of applause, which “It will take me about we acknowledged with a that length of time to learn bow. the first line,” said Jack. Buntline, who was tak- Nevertheless we went ing the part of “Cale Durg,” to our room and commenced appeared, and gave me the studying. I thought it was “cue” to speak “my little the hardest work I had ever piece,” but for the life of me done. I could not remember a sin- “This is dry business,” gle word. finally remarked Jack. Buntline saw I was “That’s just what it is,” “stuck,” and a happy thought I answered. “Jerk the bell, occurred to him. He said--as if it were in the play: “Where have you been, Bill? What has kept you so long?” Just then my eye hap- pened to fall on Mr. Milligan [a Chicago businessman recently returned from hunting with Bill out west], who was surrounded by his friends, the newspaper reporters, and several military officers, all of whom had heard of his hunt and “Indian fight”--he being a very popular man and widely known in Chi- cago. So I said: “I have been out on a hunt

(See Theater on Page 18) June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 7 Reno Accused of Little Bighorn Cowardice

n June 25, 1876, the effect that gross coward- Custer’s stand was recalled 268 troops of the 7th ice was displayed by Major as having lasted from two OCavalry, under the Marcus A. Reno.” Stung by hours to less than 30 min- command of George Arm- the charge, Reno asked for utes. Two mule packers said strong Custer, were annihi- an Army court of inquiry. Reno had been drunk on the lated by an overwhelming The court convened in Chi- battlefield. Reno denied it, force of Native Ameri- saying his pint flask has can warriors at the Battle lasted three days; he took of the Little Bighorn. the final drink, he said, The question of just upon seeing the “most what had gone wrong disagreeable sight” of reverberated through a the mutilated dead on nation whose pride had Custer’s battlefield. One been wounded and who officer, Captain Edward had lost one of its most Godfrey, said the major popular heroes. In the had displayed “nervous months after the debacle, timidity.” But no one es- Custer supporters, led tablished that he had seen by Frederick Whittaker, any cowardice by Reno. who had authored a flat- After testimony that I tering biography of the filled 1,300 pages, the flamboyant leader, be- court exonerated Major gan to demand a scape- Reno, but some civilian goat. It didn’t take them Marcus Reno critics, notably Whit- long to find one. taker, branded the ver- In a published letter that cago on January 13, 1879. dict a whitewash. Reno died went to Congress, Whittaker The 26 days of hearings ten years later, still haunted tried to turn a retreat by one produced a mixture of recol- by the old accusations. And of Custer’s officers into a lections and opinions from Americans never stopped full-scale betrayal: “Infor- 23 veterans of the battle. Esti- being haunted by the notion mation from participants in mates of the Indians’ strength that they had been cheated the battle,” he wrote, “is to ranged from 1,800 to 9,000. by the loss of a hero. Page 8 Territorial News June 13, 2018 Thief Steals Gold From Mint in Hollow False Leg Harrington year-old daughter, a five- prosthesis. It fell to his shoe month-old son, a home, with a clunk, and Harrington (From Page 1) and some land in Denver. was thrilled. That night, he It wasn’t enough for Har- limped casually past the se- stay, he fell in love with his rington, though, but he had curity guard, caught the trol- nurse, Lydia Melton, and lat- developed a plan for quick ley, and smiled all the way er married her. He was em- advancement. Working the home. ployed for a brief stint with night shift as a minor fore- The scheme would be the Colorado Fuel and Iron man in the Mint’s gold and a complete secret. Lydia Company. In 1909, he went silver refinery, he was - sur could never know of the sin- to work at the Mint, then rounded each evening by $5 ister proceedings. He would left for Cuba around 1916 million in shiny, gold bullion. pay himself a daily bonus to supervise a copper min- It came in all shapes and siz- of pure gold up to a certain ing project, later calling it es, but the most convenient point, then quietly resign “a good job I was forced to was the twelve-pound bar. from the Mint. They would leave on account of my leg.” On the night of Sep- hate to see such a valued em- In September 1919 he re- tember 2, Orville lifted his ployee leave, but they would turned to the Mint. Life right trouser leg and slipped respect his wishes to proceed had progressed for the Har- one of the gold bars through ringtons: they had a four- an opening in his hollow (See Harrington on Page 15) Billy the Kid’s Errant Headstone illy the Kid was buried at the Ft. BSumner cemetery, located behind the visitors center. Part of the visitors center is the original ranch house belonging to Pete Maxwell. A large stone was used as a marker. One morning, it was discovered that the stone had van- ished overnight. A search was begun, but no trace of the tombstone was found. Many years later, a couple When they arrived back locked gate securing the visited the visitors center. home, their “rock” was pho- prize. The woman commented to tographed and a picture sent Several years later, her husband, “That picture back to Ft. Sumner. A team the tombstone disappeared looks almost like that rock traveled to their Texas home again. Less than a year lat- that you and the boys took and soon returned the tomb- er, it was found in Califor- out from under our trailer stone to its rightful place nia. Now visitors can view home last summer.” The in New Mexico. This time the tombstone through the couple had lived in the a welded jail cell was con- bars of its jail cell. It’s at- home for 17 years and had structed around the graves- tached to the cell with never been underneath it ite, with the tombstone log chains and there’s a until the summer before. centered into a base, with a chained, padlocked gate. June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 9 Phoenix Indian School

Assimilation summoned them three times on its farm, which included a each day. Not only was the dairy. The education of girls (From Page 3) food served in the dining hall focused on training for the different from home, but also household (sewing, cook- by the school officials, was it is probably safe to assume ing, and laundry). The girls literally cast off. that most pupils had never worked with the school’s Another tool of assimi- used dishes or utensils be- doctor in providing care in lation at the Phoenix school fore they came to the Phoe- the campus hospital and later was a steam whistle, which nix Indian School. in a tuberculosis sanitarium signified order and a mile from campus. discipline, as well as For girls, caring for efficiency and punc- one’s doll (baby) tuality. The whistle was a way of intro- also introduced the ducing socialization concept of clock skills and gender- time, the division of role identification at the day into regu- an early age. larly spaced units. Phoenix Indian The steam whistle School pupils were notified students of required to attend times for various Sunday school and activities. Whistle An art class, c.1900 services off cam- blasts sounded at pus and to perform 6:00 for rising, 8:00 to mark As the school’s original church-related service. Stu- the beginning of school and name indicates, one of its dents who did not attend work, 12:00 for lunch, 1:15 primary goals was to train church were punished. In to return to work, and 5:15 to Indian youth in productive 1934, religious freedom was mark the end of the workday. trades. Young men worked established and compulsory The whistle was silenced in and learned in a variety of attendance of religious servic- 1963 with the closing of the shops on campus (wagon es was eliminated. However, old campus power plant. making, shoemaking, har- punishment for not attending One of the most unusual ness making, blacksmith- church continued through experiences confronting the ing, carpentry, tin working, the 1960s. It was possible pupils was that of the din- cabinetmaking), as well as ing hall, to which the whistle in the school’s bakery and (See Assimilation on Page 15) Page 10 Territorial News June 13, 2018 Notorious Mattie Silks attie Silks was She came to Colorado was located at 1916-22 Mar- Colorado’s most in 1875 and first settled in ket Street, but she soon ran Mnotorious madam. Georgetown. A year later other smaller establishments She ran brothels in George- she took her girls to Denver. up and down the street. town and Leadville, In 1877, she met as well as one in Cortez Thomson, Dawson City and a foot-racer who three houses in Den- wore pink tights ver. and star-spangled She was born blue trunks. He had on a small farm in ridden with Quant- Kansas in 1846. She rill’s raiders during knew at an early age the Civil War. He that she would be a frequently ran foot madam at a fancy races and the people parlor house. By turned out in droves 1865, when she was to watch and bet on only 18 years old, him. The man was Mattie was already married and had a managing a parlor daughter, but Mat- house in Spring- tie continued to field, Illinois. shower her affec- She worked her tions on him. They way west, working got engaged and on at the various cow- August 24, 1877, towns and boom- held a big party at towns. She ran only Olympic Gardens the finest houses. Soon she She opened a fancy house on Colfax Avenue on the was well known throughout on Holladay Street (later Platte River. At the reception the west. She carried a pis- named Market Street) and another woman, Kate Fulton, tol in a hidden pocket in her started making money right dress. away. Her main operation (See Madam on Page 17) June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 11 The Merchants of Historic Florence Welcome You! Page 12 Territorial News June 13, 2018 Indian Agents he only important civilian official most TNative Americans in the West ever saw was the In- dian Agent, whose post was created in President Wash- ington’s day. Twelve agen- cies were set up in 1834 and put under the Department of the Interior in 1849. The agent provided the federal government with what little it asked to know about Indians and represent- ed the Great White Father out in the wilds. Often, with only his wife, a subagent, and an interpreter to help him, a rep- cruit a farmer and teacher, and and council houses; corn and resentative had to handle In- his outpost would become a potato fields; orchards and dian relations over hundreds dot of civilization in the wil- farm animals. of square miles and also aid derness: log homes and an He had to journey far any whites passing through. office; warehouses, a smithy, among the tribes for pow- A good agent would re- and farm buildings; a school wows and entertain any Indi- ans who came to the agency for talks. He won tribal friend- ships by giving the chiefs medals, flags, and supplies, feeding their people in times of need, and sending presents to their families when they died. He tried—usually in vain—to keep white poachers from encroaching on Indian lands and white traders from selling liquor to Indians. Equally unsuccessful was his attempt to vacci- nate Indians and teach them farming (they resisted both). He fined any foreigner found trading furs without a permit and tried to punish Indians who harmed whites. He also took a census, enforced the stipulations of U.S.-Indian treaties, and distributed an- nuities to the tribes. Unfortunately, most agents were dishonest, ar- ranging for kickbacks from traders and pocketing annuity money, but a few were incor- ruptible. Lawrence Taliafer- ro, the agent at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, spent more than $1,000 of his own money to buy supplies for the tribes. After he retired, Sioux chiefs visited him, and Little Crow said: “My old Father, we love you; we respect you. . .Since you left us a dark cloud has hung over our nation. . .We know your heart.” With a largely indiffer- ent government thousands of miles away in Washing- ton, D.C., the qualified and dedicated agents could re- ally achieve little with the resources given them. Res- ervation lands were typically poor, and supplies and equip- ment were often inappropri- ate, outdated, or in disrepair. June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 13 The Cisco Kid he Cisco Kid was born tenant. Instead of confront- because the kid fears cap- in 1904, the year O. ing her with his knowledge, ture. The lieutenant mistak- THenry invented him the Kid plays it dumb, but enly blows Tonia away in the for a collection of short sto- he sends a messenger to the moonlight and our hero rides ries published by Dou- off, singing in a voice bleday entitled Heart resembling “a coyote of the West. That was with bronchitis.” also the year in which Ten years after the actor Duncan Renaldo, short story appeared, the most popular of the Cisco Kid appeared the cinema Ciscos, was in a Hollywood one-reel born. Although the two film. In 1919 a longer men—who never met— film called “The Border were the most important Terror” was also based influences creating the on the story. In 1929 di- character, their interpre- rector Raoul Walsh de- tations were as different cided to make a sound as night and day. version with himself as Unlike the movie the Kid. While scouting and television versions, for a location one day, O. Henry’s Cisco Kid, he took a shot at a jack- who appears in the story rabbit. The bullet rico- “The Caballero’s Way,” cheted and put out his is a cold-blooded, gun- right eye. Warner Baxter happy murderer, as we learn lieutenant with a note sup- took over the role and starred from the opening sentence: posedly penned by the se- in the hit “In Old Arizona.” A “The Cisco Kid had killed norita. It says that the Cisco sequel starring Baxter called six men in more or less fair Kid and his less than faithful “The Cisco Kid” appeared scrimmages, had murdered girlfriend will switch outfits twice as many (mostly before they leave her home (See Western on Page 20) Mexicans), and had winged a larger number whom he modestly forbore to count.” O. Henry’s Cisco also O has not a drop of Spanish blood. A character refers to him as Goodall and, in O. Henry’s words, “it had been one of the Kid’s pastimes to shoot Mexicans ‘to see them kick.’” The literary Kid does have a Mexican girlfriend who “lived in a grass-roofed jacal near a little Mexican settlement at the Lone Wolf Crossing of the Frio.” While riding through the tall prick- ly pear toward her hut one day, he heard her plotting his demise with a young lieu- Page 14 Territorial News June 13, 2018 Pancho Villa Revolutionary

(From Page 4)

sent to Fort Bliss, Texas, with the mission of guarding the U.S.- Mexico border from Arizona to a bleak outpost in the Sierra Blanca mountains ninety miles southeast of El Paso. While the presence of American troops served to deter Villa north of the Rio Grande, the murder of U.S. citizens in Mexico continued. One of the most heinous atrocities occurred on Janu- ary 11, 1916, when Villa’s bandits stopped a train at Santa Ysabel. The bandits removed a group of 17 Texas mining engineers invited by the Mexican government to reopen the mines below Chi- huahua City and executed of mesquite bushes, escaped. Chihuahua City, a special them in cold blood. Howev- The train moved on, leav- train sped to Santa Ysabel er, one of those shot feigned ing the corpses at the mercy to reclaim the bodies. When death and rolled down the of the slayers, who stripped the people of El Paso heard side of the embankment and, and mutilated them. After of the massacre, they went crawling away into a patch the escapee arrived back at wild with anger. El Paso was immediately placed under martial law to prevent irate Texans from crossing into Mexico at Juarez to wreak vengeance on innocent Mex- icans. Despite outrage in the United States and Washing- C ton over the Santa Ysabel massacre, President Wilson refused to intervene and send troops into Mexico. Two months later, Villa decided to strike again. This time he would invade the United States. At 2:30 a.m. on the morning of March 9, 1916, he and 500 “Villistas” attacked the 13th U.S. Cav- alry at Camp Furlong near Columbus, New Mexico. Despite prior knowledge that Villa and his men were pil- laging, raping, and murdering

(See Revolutionary on Page 19) June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 15 Thief Robs Mint Harrington “Harrington fairly crumpled. the Denver papers. Lydia was A grunt fell from his lips, as interviewed, complaining (From Page 8) from a man shot.” that “Orville’s leg dragged They returned to the us down always.” with his engineering career. Mint and Goddard formally On May 12, 1920, “the Orville would then lease a accused Harrington. At that man with the golden leg” mine in the mountains, melt point the suspect hoisted his pleaded guilty to embezzle- down his precious stash, and pant leg and produced his ment charges, as Judge Rob- say he had struck it rich. latest trophy. ert E. Lewis noted that the And so, every night, Lydia was shocked stack of bullion was “the before punching his time when her husband arrived greatest quantity of gold card, Orville Harrington home later than usual, ever placed in evidence in swiped another gold bar. His flanked by Goddard and an- court in the United States.” collection was quite size- other agent. Tears were run- For his case of sticky fingers, able by January, the same ning down Orville’s cheeks. Orville received ten years in month U.S. Mint Supervisor He was wearing handcuffs. Leavenworth. Thomas Annear held a secret Downstairs, behind a fake Harrington won parole meeting with Denver Chief wall, and in the backyard, after three and a half years of Secret Service Rowland the feds found over 50 gold in the pen and returned to K. Goddard. Annear was fu- bars, worth roughly $80,000. Denver. He went to work for rious; someone was stealing Before the sun came up the a construction company on The first computer dates back to Adam and Eve. Uncle Sam’s gold right out gold was back at the Mint a paving project, but soon It was an Apple with limited memory. from under him. and Orville Harrington was after, he deserted his family Just one byte. Goddard immediately behind a different sort of for business opportunities in And then everything crashed. placed the fifteen refinery bars. Arizona. He reportedly died workers under surveillance. Headlines of the Midas years later at the home of his That list was soon narrowed thief who lost his touch filled sister in New York. to three employees, including Harrington. One winter after- noon, two Secret Service op- Indian School eratives watched Orville walk Assimilation An act of Congress, signed outside his home, shovel in by President Reagan in hand, and bury a gold bar be- (From Page 9) November 1988, closed neath the sidewalk. the school and passed its Now the authorities for the students to covertly administration from the knew who was stealing the practice many Native Amer- Bureau of Indian Affairs gold, they just didn’t know ican religious behaviors, to the National Park Ser- how he was doing it. God- such as making prayers of vice. Part of the school’s dard was never able to de- thanks or performing puri- property was transferred termine how Orville did it, fication rituals. One student to Barron-Collier Com- though one employee in- recalled that on Saturdays panies, a Florida land formed him that he had seen and evenings boys some- developer, in return for Orville slip a bar off a desk, times sneaked off campus 108,000 acres of land it then return it nervously, as if to a grove of cottonwoods owned, which was added he had been noticed. to covertly practice Indian to Big Cypress National Finally, on the evening dances. Preserve and Panther Na- of February 4, 1920, God- As the government tional Wildlife Reserve in dard decided to put an end to built more reservation Florida. Barron-Collier the affair. He followed Har- schools, the value of Phoe- also established a $35 mil- rington to the trolley stop nix Indian School land be- lion trust fund for the edu- where he confronted the thief. came greater than the ben- cation of Indian children According to Goddard’s ac- efits of running the school. in Arizona. count to the Denver Post, M Page 16 Territorial News June 13, 2018

“Mounted on my favorite horse, my … lariat near my hand, and my trusty guns in my belt … I felt I could defy the world.” Pioneer Wagons — Nat Love s the pioneers set The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, 1907 off on their jour- Aney west, nothing affected the outcome of their gamble more directly than the wagons that had to carry them across 2,000 miles of wilderness. There was no standard solution to the problem of convey- ance. Some emigrants rolled west in farm wagons that had been modified by craftsmen; others bought rigs built specifically for the one-way journey. But most wagons incorporated certain features that height- ened the chances of a suc- cessful passage. A wagon had to be light enough not to place undue imperfectly, to be sure— its conclusion. An inven- strain on the oxen or mules from rain and dust. When tory of typical articles that that pulled it, yet strong the interior became stifling were crammed in to prairie www.territorialnews.com enough not to break down in midsummer heat, the schooner were under loads of as much cover could be rolled back As oxen wearied and We’re On The as 2,500 pounds. To meet and bunched, permitting weakened, the load had to these requirements, most freer circulation of air. Pas- be lightened, and many a Internet! wagons were constructed of sengers could also count on family heirloom suffered hardwoods such as maple, plenty of exercise. Since the fate of the “massive bu- Check us out! hickory, and oak. Because the wagon lacked springs, reaus of carved oak” that www.facebook.com/TerritorialNews of its weight, iron was used everybody who could walk one emigrant sadly report- only to reinforce parts that had to take to the footpaths ed seeing along the Oregon took the greatest pounding. when the wagon trail hit Trail in 1846. But apart These included the tires, a rocky stretch. Yet these from such losses and other axles, and hounds—bars evictions could be an en- contingencies, a pioneer that served to connect and joyable escape: there was who exercised “all due and provide rigidity to the un- hardly any place to sit in- proper diligence in travel- dercarriage. side the wagon; most space ing,” as one guidebook said, The wagon’s sole con- was taken up by the di- could “cherish a reasonable cession to passenger com- verse cargo needed to sus- hope that he will arrive at fort was the cloth cover, tain emigrants during the his journey’s end safely and which shielded travelers— trip and to set up homes at in season.” 150 Years Ago in the Old West

June 1, 1868 man orders the Navajos at houses have been built U.S. and Navajo repre- Bosque Redondo in New in Reno, Nevada. sentatives sign a treaty Mexico back onto a reser- creating Arizona’s Na- vation in their native coun- June 13, 1868 vajo Indian Reservation. try. The Union Pacific ad- School facilities are guar- vertises in the New York anteed, along with man- June 9, 1868 Tribune it has completed datory education for resi- Corporal J. Moan of the 600 miles of track. dents 6 to 16 years of age. 23rd Infantry reports three The Indians are promised Indians killed in Idaho’s June 16, 1868 clothing and other items Snake River Canyon. Sergeant Lemon reports for the next ten years. that four members of the June 10, 1868 1st Cavalry were killed June 4, 1868 Red Cloud is still refusing in an Indian attack on a Cheyennes attack Kansa to come to Fort Laramie to mail escort at Arizona’s Indians in Kansas. negotiate. His recently de- Toddy Mountain. livered message appears in June 6-13, 1868 the Omaha Weekly Herald: Also in June 1868 Lieutenant Deane Mona- “We are on the mountains Catherine McCarty is han of the 3rd Cavalry re- looking down on the sol- listed in the Indianapo- ports three Indians killed diers and the forts. When lis City Directory as the and 11 taken captive near we see the soldiers moving widow of Michael Mc- Apache Springs, New away and the forts aban- Carty and she resides at Mexico. doned, then I will come 199 North East Street down and talk.” with her two sons Joseph June 8, 1868 and Henry. The latter is General William T. Sher- In the past month, 1000 the future Billy the Kid. June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 17 The Kiowa Indians ompared to other own language. The Kiowa lies. From that point on, Plains Indians, the had warrior societies, and Texans and New Mexicans CKiowa do not have members of these societies referred to the Kiowa and a lengthy, complex history attained rank through heroic Comanche as if they were and involved system of sub- acts during war, including one people, although the groups, clans, and tribes. The counting coup, or touching two nations spoke distinct name Kiowa comes from the body of an enemy during languages. kai-gwa, meaning principal battle. The Kiowas were at first people. The Kiowa nation was friendly with Americans, According to tribal tra- known for the historical re- dating from an incident in dition, the homeland of the cord they kept in the form 1834 when Colonel Henry Kiowa may have originally of a pictographic calendar Dodge returned a captive been around the headwaters painted on buffalo skin. Be- Kiowa girl to her people. of the Missouri River. By the tween 1832 and 1839, two But continued white pres- 18th century, they had mi- drawings were added to the sure along the Santa Fe Trail grated to the southern plains record each year, one of an and throughout the southern of present-day Oklahoma, event from the summer and plains eventually drove the Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, one of an event from the Kiowa to make war on all and Colorado. They acquired winter. The chronicler usu- whites. Before their very horses from the Spanish, and ally depicted subjects that eyes, the vast herds of bison like other Plains Indians, had affected the whole na- disappeared under the guns they became nomadic buf- tion, but sometimes a more of white hide hunters, and falo hunters. They lived in personal story was selected. times became hard for all tepees covered in buffalo Originally, the Kiowa the buffalo-hunting nations. skins. were enemies of the domi- “Has the white man become Is romaine lettuce still dangerous, or do I need The Kiowa were divided nant Comanche nation, but a child, that he should reck- a new excuse for not eating salad? into seven bands, including by the 19th century, the two lessly kill and not eat?” the Kiowa-Apache, a small peoples had reconciled their asked the Kiowa chief Sa- group who retained their differences and become al- tanta. Mattie Silks Madam She gave him anything he 1923, when she was 77. He N wanted. Thomson’s wife was several years younger (From Page 10) died in 1884 and he married than her. She died in 1923 Mattie soon after. A couple at age 83. She was buried was angry that Mattie had years later, Thomson’s beside Thomson. By the “stolen” her man. They daughter died, leaving a time she died, prostitution started to argue when some- small child. Thompson re- had been outlawed. Even one suggested they settle it fused to acknowledge the though she had been a suc- like men did. They were child, but Mattie felt differ- cessful businesswoman, she handed pistols and paced ently. She adopted the child died with few assets. off the distance. They both herself and then placed her Mattie’s House of Mir- fired and missed each other. in a boarding home. Thom- rors was located at 1942 But someone’s shot hit Cor- son died when Mattie was Market Street. This was a tez Thomson. A few days 54 years old. She spent very most elegant brothel and later Kate Fulton attacked lavishly on his funeral. the most famous in all of Mattie again. This time she Her business was Colorado. In 1998, it was was hauled away by the po- still doing well. She hired completely renovated. To- lice and arrested. “Handsome” Jack Ready day it is a popular restau- Thompson was basical- to be her financial adviser rant. Upstairs is a museum ly a kept man. He spent Mat- and bouncer. It wasn’t very honoring the world’s oldest tie’s money and frequently long before they were lov- profession and a bar. demanded more from her. ers. Mattie married him in Page 18 Territorial News June 13, 2018 Cody on Stage Theater

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with Milligan.” This proved to be a big hit. The audience cheered and applauded; which gave me greater confidence in my ability to get through the performance all right. Buntline, who is a very versatile man, saw that it would be a good plan to follow this up, and he said: “Well, Bill, tell us all about the hunt.” I thereupon proceeded to relate in detail the par- ticulars of the affair. I suc- ceeded in making it rather funny, and I was frequently I turned vegan. What a big missed steak. interrupted by rounds of applause. Whenever I began to “weaken,” Buntline would give me a fresh start, by ask- Ned Buntline ing some question. In this very funny criticisms on our play, it was difficult for any way I took up fifteen min- first performance. The pa- one to see what he had been utes, without once speaking pers gave us a better send-off doing all the time. a word of my part; not did than I expected, for they did I speak a word of it during not criticize us as actors. The Despite the opening- the whole evening. . . The Chicago Times said that if night jitters, the play was a next morning there appeared Buntline had actually spent hit in Chicago, St. Louis, and in the Chicago papers some four hours in writing his New York. Patience “Whenever you get into a row be sure and not shoot too quick. Take time. I’ve known many a feller slip up for shootin in a hurry.” — Wild Bill Hickok Business & Services June 13, 2018 Territorial News Page 19 Pancho Villa Revolutionary ranza that he intended to send Mexican people, Pershing’s a military expedition into withdrawal from Mexico (From Page 14) northern Mexico to capture added to Villa’s myth of in- Pancho Villa, and Carranza vincibility. their way toward the border, reluctantly agreed. President But, a few years later, on the cavalry was caught com- Wilson then ordered General Friday, July 20, 1923, Villa’s pletely by surprise. Still, the Pershing to lead 4,800 troops luck ran out. Accompanied E cavalry managed to get or- (mostly cavalry), supported by his bodyguards, Pancho ganized and fought off the by aircraft and motorized Villa frequently made trips “Villistas”, killing many of military vehicles (the first to Parral for banking and them in the process. other errands. This During their retreat, day, Villa had picked however, the “Vil- up a consignment of listas” stopped at gold with which to the town of Colum- pay his Canutillo bus for a looting and ranch staff and was window-shooting driving through the spree that left sev- city in his black eral U.S. civilians 1919 Dodge road- dead. For three ster when a group of hours, bullets struck seven riflemen fired houses and shouts 150 shots into his of “Viva Villa! Viva car. In the fusillade Mexico! Muerte a of shots, 16 bullets los Americanos!” lodged in his body (death to Ameri- and four more in his cans) were heard in head. Villa was re- the streets. The town ported to have killed was set afire, though one of the assassins Villa’s men real- before he died. The ized nothing beyond men responsible a few dollars and perhaps time either were used in U.S. were never identified. Truly, some merchandise from the warfare) on a punitive expe- Pancho Villa had lived by the burnt-out stores. The terror dition into Mexico to capture gun and died by the gun. continued until about 7:00 Villa. Today Villa is remem- a.m., and when Villa finally Villa had a nine-day bered with pride by most rode off, the smoke-filled head start on Pershing and Mexicans for having led streets of Columbus were lit- he and his men were able to the most important mili- tered with dead and wound- disappear into the mountains tary campaigns of the con- ed. Eight American soldiers and Pershing’s efforts were stitutionalist revolution, in and ten civilians were killed in vain. Pershing telegraphed which his troops were vic- in the raid, as well as about Washington that “Villa is torious as far south as Za- 80 Villistas. everywhere, but Villa is no- catecas and Mexico City, Although Villa’s losses where.” Another attempt by east as far as Tampico, from his American incursion the U.S. Army in 1919 to and west as far as Casas were high, he had achieved capture Villa also ended in Grandes. Because of Villa’s his aim of arousing the failure. Columbus, New Mexico, United States. To prevent In the minds of Mexi- escapade and subsequent repetitions of the Columbus cans, Pancho Villa was the evasion of U.S. troops, he outrage, President Wilson clear winner. He had emerged is also often cited as the called out 15,000 militia triumphant from battle with only foreign military figure and stationed them along the the United States led by the ever to have “successfully” U.S.-Mexico border. Wilson great General Pershing. No invaded continental U.S. also informed President Car- doubt, in the eyes of the territory.

W Page 20 Territorial News June 13, 2018 The Cisco Kid Western films were called “The Cisco Pancho and with Renaldo Kid Returns” and “The Cis- back in the saddle as the (From Page 13) co Kid in Old New Mexico.” Latin hero, the television His original sidekick, Mexi- series “The Cisco Kid” de- two years later. can opera star Martin Gar- buted in 1951. In all, Re- Latin sensation Cesar ralaga, was soon replaced naldo, Carillo, and Cisco’s Romero starred as the blood- because he was allergic to horse Diablo filmed 176 thirsty vacquero in 1939 horses. half-hour episodes and five in “The Cisco Kid and the feature films for United Lady,” and followed it with Artists. Renaldo’s only re- five other sequels. gret was that Carillo played Actor and producer Dun- Pancho as a buffoon: “He can Renaldo was approached overdid it, but everyone in 1944 about taking over liked him. His accent was the role. Renaldo had gained so exaggerated that when notoriety in the Three Mes- we finished a picture, no quiters movie series before one in the cast could speak becoming the dashing Cisco normal English anymore.” Kid. He claimed to have six Renaldo retired to his birth certificates, some Chi- Rancho Mi Amigo in Santa Duncan Renaldo and Leo Barbara, California. In 1973 nese, some Russian, and said Carillo as Cisco and Pancho he never knew his parents. he donned the black cos- His real name was Renaldo Renaldo played the Kid tume again to film a promo- Duncan, and his birthplace is again in 1945’s “South of the tion for a song by the rock listed as the unlikely city of Rio Grande,” then he was re- group War that began “The Camden, New Jersey. placed by Gilbert Roland in Cisco Kid was a friend of Renaldo sought to re- “The Gay Cavalier.” Roland mine.” In 1978 a reporter make the Kid’s image from made three pictures before noted that “wrinkles of age a vicious bandito to a more the series was dropped in etch his face, the once coal- of a modern knight based on 1947. black hair is now snow the character Don Quixote. Soon after, Renaldo and white and the Argentine Instead of Sancho Panza, two other producers formed gaucho costume no longer Cisco’s companion would be The Cisco Company and ob- fits. But the Cisco Kid still named Pancho. tained the rights to the Kid. lives within Duncan Renal- The first two Renaldo Leo Carillo became the new do.” Renaldo died in 1980.