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In Public-Private Partnerships: Reading the Cultural Heritage Management Practices of Turkey

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In Public-Private Partnerships: Reading the Cultural Heritage Management Practices of Turkey IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca Lucca, Italy The Role of ‘Public’ in Public-Private Partnerships: Reading the Cultural Heritage Management Practices of Turkey PhD Program in Management and Development of Cultural Heritage XXV Cycle By M. Işılay Gürsu 2013 The dissertation of M. Işılay Gürsu is approved. Programme Coordinator: Maria Luisa Catoni, IMT Institute for Ad- vanced Studies Supervisor: Lorenzo Casini, La Sapienza Universita di Roma Tutor: Denise La Monica, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa The dissertation of M. Işılay Gürsu has been reviewed by: IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca 2013 CV and Presentations CURRICULUM VITAE May 30, 1982 Born in Istanbul, Turkey 2005 BA in Tourism Administration Bogazici University. Istanbul, Turkey 2008 MA in Anatolian Civilizations and Cultural Heritage Management Koç University. Istanbul, Turkey 2006-2008 Teaching Assistant at Koç University 2009-2010 Museum Outreach Coordinator in Istanbul Archaeological Museums Development Project by TURSAB. Istanbul, Turkey 2010- PHD candidate in Management and Development of Cultural Heritage IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy 2013- Cultural Heritage Management Fellow for Aspen- dos and Pisidia Projects British Institute at Ankara, Turkey PRESENTATIONS I. Gürsu (2009) “Tourism, Archaeology and Privatization: A View from Tur- key”. Paper presented at the conference “Traditions and Transforma- iii tions: Tourism, Heritage and Cultural Change in the Middle East and North Africa Region” organized by Leeds Metropolitan University, Jordan, Amman, 3-6 April, 2009 I. Gürsu (2011) “If you do not visit, we will take it away: The Forced Con- noisseurship for the Italian Cultural Heritage ” presented at the “Material- ity, Memory and Cultural Heritage “Conference organized by Istanbul Technical University and Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 25-29 May, 2011 I. Gürsu (2012) “Private Steps in the Public Corridors: Managerial Experi- ments with Cultural Heritage in Turkey ” presented at the Inaugural Con- ference of the Association of Critical Heritage Studies: ‘Re/theorising heritage’, organized by the International Journal of Heritage Studies and the Heritage Seminar at the University of Gothenburg, Gothen- burg, June 5-8, 2012. I. Gürsu (2013) “Putting the Pieces Together: What Would the Finished Puz- zle Tell?” presented at the 17th Roundtables on Transnationality, lecture series on “Travel and Museums: Rethinking the Modern Experience, organized by Irmgard Coninx Stiftung, Berlin, June 26-29 2013. iv Table of Contents CV and Presentations .................................................................................. iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .................................................................................... vii Abstract ....................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1. Background ............................................................................................. 1 2. Scope of the thesis.................................................................................. 6 3. Disposition of the chapters .................................................................. 7 Chapter 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & METHODOLOGY........ 9 1. Heritage Studies ................................................................................... 10 2. Conceptual Framework ....................................................................... 12 2.1. Definition of Cultural Heritage Management and PPPs .......... 12 2.2. Definition of “Many Publics” for Cultural Heritage ................. 16 3. Methodology ......................................................................................... 17 3.1. Research Questions ........................................................................ 18 3.2. Research Design ............................................................................. 18 3.3. Research Strategy ........................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS & CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 22 1. The Rhetoric of PPPs ........................................................................... 23 1.1. PPPs as a result of Global Trends: New Public Management .. 28 1.2. Citizen versus Customer ............................................................... 31 2. PPPs in Cultural Heritage Management .......................................... 35 2.1. ‘Public’ in PPPs for Cultural Heritage Management ................. 39 2.1.1. State in Society ....................................................................... 41 2.2. Cultural Heritage Management as a Public Service .................. 43 2.2.1. The issue of ownership .......................................................... 45 2.2.2. Public understanding of public ownership ........................ 46 3. Examples of PPPs in Cultural Heritage Management ................... 51 3.1. Creating Public Value through PPPs ........................................... 55 Chapter 3: “PUBLIC” AS STATE: RECENT APPROACHES TO CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT ............................................ 64 v 1. General Context .................................................................................... 64 1.1. Cultural Policy and Changing Role of the Citizen .................... 66 1.2. New Public Management in Turkey............................................ 73 1.3. Cultural Heritage Management as a Public Service .................. 79 2. Public Discourse on Cultural Heritage Management ................... 87 2.1. Legislative History of Cultural Heritage in Turkey .................. 87 2.2. Laws related to Cultural heritage enacted after 2004 ................ 93 2.3. Politicians’ Statements and Acts ................................................ 104 3. Public Private Partnership Projects ................................................ 116 3.1. Istanbul Archaeological Museums Development Project....... 117 3.2. Commercial Centers Project ....................................................... 123 3.3. Ticket Offices Project ................................................................... 126 4. A Comparison of Two States: Turkey and Italy ........................... 130 4.1. Analysis of Italy’s Recent Cultural Heritage Management Practices: NPM, Privatization and “Valorizzazione” ..................... 130 4.2. An example of the State Language: “If you do not visit, we will take it away.” ....................................................................................... 138 4.3. Comparison: A summary of Turkey’s recent approach and its similarities to and differences from the Italian approach. ............. 149 Chapter 4: “PUBLIC” AS PEOPLE: FIELD STUDY & FINDINGS ... 153 1. The Field Study .................................................................................. 153 1.1. Reason for the Selection of the Case .......................................... 155 1.2. Details about the sites .................................................................. 157 2. Analysis and Discussion of Findings ............................................. 157 2.1. Presentation of the Results .......................................................... 159 2.2. Discussion of the Results ............................................................. 174 3. Public Value Framework .................................................................. 176 3.1. Why use PV Framework?............................................................ 176 3.2. Analysis through PV Framework .............................................. 178 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 186 1. Contribution of the thesis................................................................. 186 2. Suggestions on Further Research .................................................... 187 3. Concluding Remarks ......................................................................... 188 Appendices .................................................................................................. 193 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 227 vi Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Lorenzo Casini for all his constructive support and sincere comments during the course of my studies. I would also like to thank all of my colleagues in the MDCH, 25 th cycle for being such great company and making the last 3 years memorable for so many reasons, and especially to Tihana Puc who al- ways had the time and the right words ‘in case of my emergencies’ for all of her smart suggestions and unconditional support. Some people have been extremely helpful for the completion of the the- sis. I don’t think that I could express my gratitude to Prof. Gul Pulhan in any language that I know. Her intellectual guidance as well as prac- tical suggestions has shaped not only my thesis but also my profes- sional life. Tesekkur ederim Hocam! Special thanks to Prof. John Carman and Prof. Katia Segers for accept- ing to be my external referees and for hosting me at their universities; University of Birmingham and Vrije University, Brussels. Prof. Car- man’s work has been very inspiring for me, thus
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