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Advocacy Planning in Urban Renewal: Sulukule Platform As the First Advocacy Planning Experience of Turkey

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Advocacy Planning in Urban Renewal: Sulukule Platform As the First Advocacy Planning Experience of Turkey Advocacy Planning in Urban Renewal: Sulukule Platform As the First Advocacy Planning Experience of Turkey A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Community Planning of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning by Albeniz Tugce Ezme Bachelor of City and Regional Planning Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey January 2009 Committee Chair: Dr. David Varady Submitted February 19, 2014 Abstract Sulukule was one of the most famous neighborhoods in Istanbul because of the Romani culture and historic identity. In 2006, the Fatih Municipality knocked on the residents’ doors with an urban renovation project. The community really did not know how they could retain their residence in the neighborhood; unfortunately everybody knew that they would not prosper in another place without their community connections. They were poor and had many issues impeding their livelihoods, but there should have been another solution that did not involve eviction. People, associations, different volunteer groups, universities in Istanbul, and also some trade associations were supporting the people of Sulukule. The Sulukule Platform was founded as this predicament began and fought against government eviction for years. In 2009, the area was totally destroyed, although the community did everything possible to save their neighborhood through the support of the Sulukule Platform. I cannot say that they lost everything in this process, but I also cannot say that anything was won. I can only say that the Fatih Municipality soiled its hands. No one will forget Sulukule, but everybody will remember the Fatih Municipality with this unsuccessful project. Sulukule stands out as a symbolic case for social justice groups that promote the expansion of civil rights and defend neighborhoods that struggle for their rights. Therefore, the Sulukule Platform shows that another form of transformation which involves public participation in the decision-making phase of planning is possible in the cities. This study aims to demonstrate how the advocacy planning method is significant in planning for communities. This thesis proposes to present a full report of the Sulukule Platform case. It also provides a historical background that works to contextualize Sulukule and their struggle into the broader context of socio-economic inequalities in Istanbul and the fight of inhabitants in urban transformation areas for their civil rights. The study focuses on one of the less experimented planning models, advocacy planning, and analyzes its first incidence in Turkey through the Sulukule Platform. Also it examines public participation and its place in the urban planning profession. This thesis, first, will help to show how Turkish public officials failed to learn from the mistakes of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s; second, it will look at how the urban renewal is being implemented in developing countries especially in Turkey. I will argue that because globalizing-cities like Istanbul are being pressured to implement urban renewal but are often failing to learn lessons from American and European urban renewal. i ii Advocacy Planning in Urban Renewal: Sulukule Platform As the First Advocacy Planning Experience of Turkey Source: Photo was taken by the author in 2008. iii Acknowledgement There are several people who have contributed to make this possible, both in Turkey and in the United States. My deepest gratitude goes, first and foremost, to the people in Sulukule and the Sulukule Platform. Your fight was an inspiration! I am happy to share the best experience of my life with you. To David Varady, my wise and patient supervisor, that helped me immensely during this long process. Thank you so much for you support and guidance. To the professors and students in UC that made this Master’s program a very enriching experience for my life. To one of my best teachers in my life, Prof. Johanna Looye, to my student advisor, Prof. Jan Fritz, and to committee member, Prof. Mahyar Arefi: thank you so much for your help in my life at the University of Cincinnati. To my adorable roommate Kritika Aggarwal, thank you so much for your support in this painful thesis process. To my friends in Cincinnati, especially Secil Caskurlu, Zohre Gorunmez, and Trent Lobdell thank you very much for your support during my time in Cincinnati and in my thesis process. To Marko Gundogdu, thank you so much for your support and patience in these last three years. To the former residents in Sulukule, thank you so much for sharing your story with me. I admire greatly the work of Sulukule Platform in Sulukule, your engagement has also been an inspiration to this thesis. To my volunteer groups in Turkey, Solidarity Studio and 1Umut Association, thank you so much for your presence in my life. Without you, my Sulukule experience and this thesis would have been impossible. You changed my life! For financial support, thank you to the Turkish Ministry of Education. To my family, you have my deepest gratitude for all you have sacrificed during these last three years: without you I would have never made it. Thank you for believing in me and for making it possible to continue my studies. To my sister, Canan Ezme Tapia, who has been so patient with me, encouraging and listening whenever I had need. Thank you so much. You know that you are the angels of my life. To my nephew who is my newest “amigo,” Umut Atlas Tapia, welcome to the world! I hope the world will become beautiful because of you. You will bring a new hope to the life. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... vii List of Photos .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... vii List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 Nature of Problem ............................................................................................................................. 2 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 4 Why I Chose Sulukule....................................................................................................................... 6 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 10 Research Outline ............................................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 14 Research Plan ................................................................................................................................... 14 Research Method ............................................................................................................................. 14 Data Collection ................................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER THREE: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................... 19 Urban Renewal ................................................................................................................................. 19 The History of Urban Renewal .................................................................................................................................. 20 International implementation of the Urban Renewal Movement ............................................................ 23 Urban Renewal History in Turkey ........................................................................................................................... 28 Advocacy Planning .......................................................................................................................... 31 Evolution of Advocacy Planning and Paul Davidoff ........................................................................................ 31 Planner as Advocate ...................................................................................................................................................... 34 Advocacy Planning Experiences From Around the World ........................................................................... 36 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER FOUR: SULUKULE ............................................................................................................ 41 Historic Overview ..........................................................................................................................
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