Chapter 7 Control of Growth and Patterning in the Fungal Fruiting Structure
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PLP427R/527R 11-1-05 NAME: QUIZ # 3 1. Described the Common Features of the Organisms Placed in the Deuteromycota, and How
PLP427R/527R 11-1-05 NAME: QUIZ # 3 1. Described the common features of the organisms placed in the Deuteromycota, and how the classes and orders within this phylum are based on form? Explain why this phylum is decreasing in size even though more fungal species are being identified. The organisms in the phylum Deuteromycota are those higher fungi that only have an anamorphic (asexual) stage. They lack a known sexual (teleomorphic) stage. The Deuteromycota is often referred to as a Form-phylum because the organisms are grouped based on form, and may not be the most closely related. As such, groupings are polyphyletic. The classes are defined based on first whether they produce hyphae (Coelomycetes and Hyphomycetes) or are yeast-like (Blastomycetes), and if they do produce hyphae, whether the conidiophores and conidia occur in structures (pycnidia and acervuli) (the Coelomycetes) or not the Hyphomycetes). Orders are based on the type of structure for one class (the Coelomycetes), and on whether or not they produce conidia, or only hyphae for the class lacking asexual spore-bearing structures (the Hyphomycetes). The phylum is decreasing in size primarily because organisms are being re- classified into the Ascomycetes, or some into the Basidiomycetes, based on their molecular phylogenetic relatedness to other species already in those phyla. Some already do not recognize this group as a separate phylum (eg. Kendrick, author of the Fifth Kingdom).. 2. Draw and compare an ascocarp vs. a basidiocarp, included the nuclear content of the hypha forming these sporocarps, name the fertile layer where their respective sexual spores are formed. -
Introduction to Mycology
INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1. -
Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum -
Mushroom Characterization Part I Illustrated Morphological
Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 8(5): 501–555 (2018) ISSN 2229-2225 www.creamjournal.org Article Doi 10.5943/cream/8/5/3 Mushroom Characterization: Part I – Illustrated Morphological Characteristics Senthilarasu G1, 2* and Kumaresan V3 1 The Energy and Resources Institute, 318, Raheja Arcade, Sector 11, CBD Belapur-400614, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. 2 Macrofungal Collection of India, 9/174, Gandhi Street, Senneerkuppam, Poonamallee- 600 056, Tamil Nadu, India. 3 Department of Botany, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate Studies (Autonomous), Puducherry-605008, India. Senthilarasu G, Kumaresan V 2018 – Mushroom Characterization: Part I – Illustrated Morphological Characteristics. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 8(5), 501–555, Doi 10.5943/cream/8/5/3 Abstract Conventional taxonomy of mushrooms is often not very easy for amateur taxonomists and research scholars to initiate the research on taxonomy and diversity of mushrooms due to the complex morphological characteristics that is often very difficult to comprehend. We illustrate the external morphological characteristics of mushrooms through colorful photographs to facilitate the taxonomic characterization of mushrooms and to promote the research on mushrooms. In addition, a data sheet for morphological characteristics of agaric mushrooms is provided. Key words – agarics – basidiomycetes – fungi – morphology – mushrooms – polypores – taxonomy Introduction It is an endeavor to simplify the morphological characteristics of mushrooms and to make known to the amateur mycologists beyond a shadow of doubt for easy identification of mushrooms. Although, several materials and field guides in the form of drawings are available for illustrating the morphotaxonomy of mushrooms (Largent & Stuntz 1977, Singer 1986, Lodge et al. 2004), still amateur mushroom taxonomists feel it tiresome to take up initial research on mushrooms due to an array of mushroom characteristics to be recorded. -
MYCOTAXON Volume 103, Pp
MYCOTAXON Volume 103, pp. 353–363 January–March 2008 A new species of Pleurocollybia (Tricholomataceae; Agaricales; Basidiomycetes) from Belize T. J. Baroni1 & N. Bocsusis2 [email protected] [email protected] Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York – College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045 D J. Lodge [email protected] USDA – Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology PO Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, 00773 D. L. Lindner [email protected] USDA-FS Madison Field Office, Northern Research Station Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison, WI 53726-2398 Abstract—A new species, Pleurocollybia imbricata, is described from the Maya Mountains of Belize and a new combination in Pleurocollybia is proposed. A key to the known species of Pleurocollybia is also provided. Keywords—agarics, Doyle’s Delight, siderophilous inclusions, taxonomy Introduction Pleurocollybia Singer was proposed as a new monotypic genus to accommodate Gymnopus praemultifolius Murrill (Murrill 1945) based on several features: eccentric stipe, clampless hyphae, minute basidiospores (very small for an agaric, e.g. “2.7-3.5 × 2.5-3.2 µm”), and lack of necropigments (Singer 1947). Singer (1947) compared Pleurocollybia to two morphologically similar genera, Callistosporium Singer and Podabrella Singer (now considered a synonym of Termitomyces, Frøslev et al. 2003), but separated Pleurocollybia from them by the eccentric stipe and very small basidiospores. Podabrella (= Termitomyces) 354 ... Baroni & al. produces a reddish/pinkish colored spore deposit while those of Pleurocollybia and Callistosporium are white. Podabrella (= Termitomyces) also produces siderophilous bodies in the basidia, while siderophilous bodies are not present in Pleurocollybia. Callistosporium has abundant brightly colored necropigments in the basidiospores, basidia and tramal hyphae, while these pigments are not present in Pleurocollybia. -
Sporocarp Ontogeny in Panus (Basidiomycotina): Evolution and Classification
Sporocarp Ontogeny in Panus (Basidiomycotina): Evolution and Classification David S. Hibbett; Shigeyuki Murakami; Akihiko Tsuneda American Journal of Botany, Vol. 80, No. 11. (Nov., 1993), pp. 1336-1348. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122%28199311%2980%3A11%3C1336%3ASOIP%28E%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M American Journal of Botany is currently published by Botanical Society of America. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/botsam.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Tue Jan 8 09:54:21 2008 American Journal of Botany 80(11): 1336-1348. -
Fulfilling Koch's Postulates Confirms the Mycotic Origin of Lethargic Crab
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2011) 99:601–608 DOI 10.1007/s10482-010-9531-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Fulfilling Koch’s postulates confirms the mycotic origin of Lethargic Crab Disease Raphael Ore´lis-Ribeiro • Walter A. Boeger • Vaˆnia A. Vicente • Marcelo Chammas • Antonio Ostrensky Received: 31 August 2010 / Accepted: 12 November 2010 / Published online: 9 December 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract In the northeast region of the Brazilian experiments. Disease-free specimens of U. cordatus coast, a disease has been causing massive mortalities were experimentally infected with Exophiala cance- of populations of the mangrove land crab, Ucides rae (strain CBS 120420) isolate. During the 30-day cordatus (L.) since 1997. The clinical signs of this experimental period, only a single death was observed disease, which include lethargy and ataxia, led to the within the control crabs. However, at the end of this disease being termed Lethargic Crab Disease (LCD). period, crabs that were inoculated once or three-times Evidence from a variety of sources indicates that there with mycelial elements and hyphae of E. cancerae is an association between LCD and a new species of had a 60% and 50% mortality rates, respectively black yeast, Exophiala cancerae de Hoog, Vicente, (n = 6 and n = 5). These results support that the Najafzadeh, Badali, Seyedmousavi & Boeger. This fungal agent is pathogenic and is the causative agent study tests this putative correlation through in vivo of LCD. Species-specific molecular markers confirm the presence of E. cancerae (strain CBS 120420) in recovered colonies and tissue samples from the R. Ore´lis-Ribeiro Á W. -
Mycelium What Lies Beneath Website
What Lies Beneath The fungus among us holds promise for medical breakthroughs, as well as our survival. By Jane Morton Galetto With the dampness of fall comes a crop of wild mushrooms in many shapes, colors, and sizes. Mycophagists, people who hunt for edible mushrooms, are exploring the woods for their quarry. What we see above the ground, the mushroom, is the reproductive part of the organism. It does not need light to trigger its production. Rather, four things are necessary: first rain, and then the evaporative cooling enabled by the moisture. This encourages the mycelium to wick up to the surface; it exhales carbon dioxide, inhales oxygen, and the infant mushroom begins to grow. Lastly light is necessary to produce spore-bearing fruit. The rotting sporulating spores germinate mycelium on the surface. These may appear as a web before going subterranean and out of sight. This collection of threads or hyphae is the mycelium. Some have described the white filaments as the internet of the forest. One inch of hyphae, if stretched out, might equal as much as 8 miles of cells. A mushroom is not a plant, it is a fungus, and the threads are not roots but are its feeding structure. The most famous mat of mycelium is considered the largest single organism in the world. At Malheur National Forest in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Oregon, a colony of Armillaria solidipes, or honey fungus, is over 2,400 years old and covers an estimated 2,200 acres. This is evidenced by the dying trees. The Armillaria causes a root disease that kills western red cedar and white pine. -
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis During Mycelium-To-Yeast Dimorphism Of
Downloaded from Evidence for the Role of Calcineurin in Morphogenesis and Calcium Homeostasis during Mycelium-to-Yeast Dimorphism of http://ec.asm.org/ Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Claudia B. L. Campos, Joao Paulo T. Di Benedette, Flavia V. Morais, Rafael Ovalle and Marina P. Nobrega Eukaryotic Cell 2008, 7(10):1856. DOI: 10.1128/EC.00110-08. Published Ahead of Print 5 September 2008. on February 12, 2014 by UNIVERSIDADE EST.PAULISTA JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO Updated information and services can be found at: http://ec.asm.org/content/7/10/1856 These include: REFERENCES This article cites 39 articles, 17 of which can be accessed free at: http://ec.asm.org/content/7/10/1856#ref-list-1 CONTENT ALERTS Receive: RSS Feeds, eTOCs, free email alerts (when new articles cite this article), more» Information about commercial reprint orders: http://journals.asm.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml To subscribe to to another ASM Journal go to: http://journals.asm.org/site/subscriptions/ Downloaded from EUKARYOTIC CELL, Oct. 2008, p. 1856–1864 Vol. 7, No. 10 1535-9778/08/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/EC.00110-08 Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Evidence for the Role of Calcineurin in Morphogenesis and Calcium Homeostasis during Mycelium-to-Yeast Dimorphism of Paracoccidioides brasiliensisᰔ http://ec.asm.org/ Claudia B. L. Campos,1* Joao Paulo T. Di Benedette,1 Flavia V. Morais,1 Rafael Ovalle,2 and Marina P. Nobrega1† Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12244-000, Brazil,1 and Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York 112102 Received 27 March 2008/Accepted 21 August 2008 on February 12, 2014 by UNIVERSIDADE EST.PAULISTA JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prevalent human deep mycosis in Latin America. -
Blue Green Mold on Mycelium
Blue Green Mold On Mycelium I was right on that front and the mold got it’s ass kicked. This looked like a very serious bout of white furry mold, like you get on old jam left at the back of a cupboard. Figure 5 • Blue mold first appears as pale yellow blemishes, watery soft spots, and occasionally purple-red stain on scales. Mycelium is the vegetative part of the fungus. Match each of the names of the dimorphic fungal species from the drop-down box with its mold form shown below. To conclude, PFAD is a potential candidate of dye adsorbent. I was very eager for the second flush to happen because I had plans to take them with a friend. This mycelium can then produce mushrooms on the surface of the. Go on to the PF micro peroxide brown rice cloning tek to clean up the mold through sub culturing with peroxide and on to the. The terms mould and mildew are commonly used interchangeably, although mould is often applied to black, blue, green, and red fungal growths, and mildew to whitish ones. They want to know what to use to kill mold safely and effectively. And with Windows 10, you can tap into a Night Shift feature to shift the color Oct 10, 2020 · Mycelium is a variant of dirt that is found naturally in mush. The blue veins are actually edible forms of mold which are injected into the curd process during processing. Identifying Pink and Gray Snow Mold. Gray snow mold • Symptoms: – Circular patches visible after snow melt – Size of spots ranges from 1in. -
Four New Ophiostoma Species Associated with Conifer- and Hardwood-Infesting Bark and Ambrosia Beetles from the Czech Republic and Poland
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2019) 112:1501–1521 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-019-01277-5 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) ORIGINAL PAPER Four new Ophiostoma species associated with conifer- and hardwood-infesting bark and ambrosia beetles from the Czech Republic and Poland Robert Jankowiak . Piotr Bilan´ski . Beata Strzałka . Riikka Linnakoski . Agnieszka Bosak . Georg Hausner Received: 30 November 2018 / Accepted: 14 May 2019 / Published online: 28 May 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Fungi under the order Ophiostomatales growth rates, and their insect associations. Based on (Ascomycota) are known to associate with various this study four new taxa can be circumscribed and the species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: following names are provided: Ophiostoma pityok- Scolytinae). In addition this group of fungi contains teinis sp. nov., Ophiostoma rufum sp. nov., Ophios- many taxa that can impart blue-stain on sapwood and toma solheimii sp. nov., and Ophiostoma taphrorychi some are important tree pathogens. A recent survey sp. nov. O. rufum sp. nov. is a member of the that focussed on the diversity of the Ophiostomatales Ophiostoma piceae species complex, while O. pityok- in the forest ecosystems of the Czech Republic and teinis sp. nov. resides in a discrete lineage within Poland uncovered four putative new species. Phylo- Ophiostoma s. stricto. O. taphrorychi sp. nov. together genetic analyses of four gene regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 with O. distortum formed a well-supported clade in region, ß-tubulin, calmodulin, and translation elonga- Ophiostoma s. stricto close to O. pityokteinis sp. nov. tion factor 1-a) indicated that these four species are O. -
Sequestrate Fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus Forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota)
Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Trierveiler-Pereira, L., Smith, M. E., Trappe, J. M., & Nouhra, E. R. (2015). Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Mycologia, 107(1), 90-103. doi:10.3852/13-302 10.3852/13-302 Allen Press Inc. Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Mycologia, 107(1), 2015, pp. 90–103. DOI: 10.3852/13-302 # 2015 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira1 Ectomycorrhizal, hypogeous fungi in the Basidio- PPGBOT, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal mycota and Ascomycota are important components of do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 91501-970 the forest soil environment. Not only do they function Matthew E. Smith as nutrient absorbing organisms for their tree hosts, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, these fungi also improve soil conditions (Perry et al. Gainesville, Florida 32611 1989) and interact with a variety of forest organisms (Trappe and Luoma 1992). In particular, they are an James M. Trappe important food source for animals in ectomycorrhizal Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon forests (Maser et al. 1978, Claridge et al. 2002, Vernes State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 et al. 2004, Claridge and Trappe 2005, Trappe et al. Eduardo R. Nouhra 2006, Vernes 2010, Katarzˇyte˙ and Kutorga 2011, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal Schickmann et al. 2012), including those of Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, (Perez Calvo et al. 1989, Nouhra et al. 2005).