Sporocarp Ontogeny in Panus (Basidiomycotina): Evolution and Classification
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Belowground Microbial Processes Underpin Forest Productivity
Belowground Microbial Processes Underpin Forest Productivity By C. Y. LI1) & E. STRZELCZYK2) Key words : Microbial processes, ecological functions, microbial interactions. Summary LI C. Y. & STRZELCZYK E. 2000. Belowground microbial processes underpin forest pro- ductivity. - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 40 (4): (129) - (134). Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizas can be dem- onstrated with microaerophilic procedures. The chemical substrates in mycorrhizal fungi or mycorrhizas often stimulate the growth and nitrogenase activity of the associated N2 fixers. In addition, the associ- ated N2 fixers are producers of plant-growth-promoting substances and B-group vitamins. Combined inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi with N2 fixers enhances mycorrhiza formation. Other microbes in the mycorrhizosphere have capacities to breakdown primary minerals, thereby releasing nutrients available for uptake by plants. Thus, land restoration can be achieved by planting trees with nitrogen-fixing and rock weathering capacities, such as alders and some pines. The treatment can enhance nutrient availability and increase soil organic matter that provides organic substrate for nutri- ent release, maintain soil structure and enhance water-holding capacity. Also changes in tree species compositions on the site are likely to alter belowground processes through changes in functional processes of organisms that constitute ecosystems. Introduction Soil microbial populations are metabolically active in the mycorrhizosphere, where a continuous -
Mycena Sect. Galactopoda: Two New Species, a Key to the Known Species and a Note on the Circumscription of the Section
Mycosphere 4 (4): 653–659 (2013) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2013 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/4/1 Mycena sect. Galactopoda: two new species, a key to the known species and a note on the circumscription of the section Aravindakshan DM and Manimohan P* Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, 673 635, India Aravindakshan DM, Manimohan P 2013 – Mycena sect. Galactopoda: two new species, a key to the known species and a note on the circumscription of the section. Mycosphere 4(4), 653–659, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/4/1 Abstract Mycena lohitha sp. nov. and M. babruka sp. nov. are described from Kerala State, India and are assigned to sect. Galactopoda. Comprehensive descriptions, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided. A key is provided that differentiates all known species of the sect. Galactopoda. The circumscription of the section needs to be expanded to include some of the species presently assigned to it including the new species described here and a provisional, expanded circumscription of the section is followed in this paper. Key words – Agaricales – Basidiomycota – biodiversity – Mycenaceae – taxonomy Introduction Section Galactopoda (Earle) Maas Geest. of the genus Mycena (Pers.) Roussel (Mycenaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) comprises species with medium-sized basidiomata with stipes that often exude a fluid when cut, exhibit coarse whitish fibrils at the base, and turn blackish when dried. Additionally they have ellipsoid and amyloid basidiospores, cheilocystidia that are generally fusiform and often with coloured contents, and hyphae of the pileipellis and stipitipellis covered with excrescences and diverticulate side branches. -
PLP427R/527R 11-1-05 NAME: QUIZ # 3 1. Described the Common Features of the Organisms Placed in the Deuteromycota, and How
PLP427R/527R 11-1-05 NAME: QUIZ # 3 1. Described the common features of the organisms placed in the Deuteromycota, and how the classes and orders within this phylum are based on form? Explain why this phylum is decreasing in size even though more fungal species are being identified. The organisms in the phylum Deuteromycota are those higher fungi that only have an anamorphic (asexual) stage. They lack a known sexual (teleomorphic) stage. The Deuteromycota is often referred to as a Form-phylum because the organisms are grouped based on form, and may not be the most closely related. As such, groupings are polyphyletic. The classes are defined based on first whether they produce hyphae (Coelomycetes and Hyphomycetes) or are yeast-like (Blastomycetes), and if they do produce hyphae, whether the conidiophores and conidia occur in structures (pycnidia and acervuli) (the Coelomycetes) or not the Hyphomycetes). Orders are based on the type of structure for one class (the Coelomycetes), and on whether or not they produce conidia, or only hyphae for the class lacking asexual spore-bearing structures (the Hyphomycetes). The phylum is decreasing in size primarily because organisms are being re- classified into the Ascomycetes, or some into the Basidiomycetes, based on their molecular phylogenetic relatedness to other species already in those phyla. Some already do not recognize this group as a separate phylum (eg. Kendrick, author of the Fifth Kingdom).. 2. Draw and compare an ascocarp vs. a basidiocarp, included the nuclear content of the hypha forming these sporocarps, name the fertile layer where their respective sexual spores are formed. -
Fossil Fungi with Suggested Affinities to the Endogonaceae from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica
KU ScholarWorks | http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu Please share your stories about how Open Access to this article benefits you. Fossil fungi with suggested affinities to the Endogonaceae from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica by Michael Krings. Thomas N. Taylor, Nora Dotzler, and Gianna Persichini 2012 This is the published version of the article, made available with the permission of the publisher. The original published version can be found at the link below. [Citation] Published version: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3852/11-384 Terms of Use: http://www2.ku.edu/~scholar/docs/license.shtml KU ScholarWorks is a service provided by the KU Libraries’ Office of Scholarly Communication & Copyright. Mycologia, 104(4), 2012, pp. 835–844. DOI: 10.3852/11-384 # 2012 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Fossil fungi with suggested affinities to the Endogonaceae from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica Michael Krings1 INTRODUCTION Department fu¨ r Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Pala¨ontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians- Documenting the evolutionary history of fungi based Universita¨t, and Bayerische Staatssammlung fu¨r on fossils is generally hampered by the incompleteness Pala¨ontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, of the fungal fossil record (Taylor et al. 2011). Only a 80333 Munich, Germany, and Department of Ecology few geologic deposits have yielded fungal fossils and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History preserved in sufficient detail to permit assignment to Museum and Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 any one of the major lineages of fungi with any degree of confidence. Perhaps the most famous of these Thomas N. -
Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum -
Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry. -
Mushroom Characterization Part I Illustrated Morphological
Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 8(5): 501–555 (2018) ISSN 2229-2225 www.creamjournal.org Article Doi 10.5943/cream/8/5/3 Mushroom Characterization: Part I – Illustrated Morphological Characteristics Senthilarasu G1, 2* and Kumaresan V3 1 The Energy and Resources Institute, 318, Raheja Arcade, Sector 11, CBD Belapur-400614, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. 2 Macrofungal Collection of India, 9/174, Gandhi Street, Senneerkuppam, Poonamallee- 600 056, Tamil Nadu, India. 3 Department of Botany, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate Studies (Autonomous), Puducherry-605008, India. Senthilarasu G, Kumaresan V 2018 – Mushroom Characterization: Part I – Illustrated Morphological Characteristics. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 8(5), 501–555, Doi 10.5943/cream/8/5/3 Abstract Conventional taxonomy of mushrooms is often not very easy for amateur taxonomists and research scholars to initiate the research on taxonomy and diversity of mushrooms due to the complex morphological characteristics that is often very difficult to comprehend. We illustrate the external morphological characteristics of mushrooms through colorful photographs to facilitate the taxonomic characterization of mushrooms and to promote the research on mushrooms. In addition, a data sheet for morphological characteristics of agaric mushrooms is provided. Key words – agarics – basidiomycetes – fungi – morphology – mushrooms – polypores – taxonomy Introduction It is an endeavor to simplify the morphological characteristics of mushrooms and to make known to the amateur mycologists beyond a shadow of doubt for easy identification of mushrooms. Although, several materials and field guides in the form of drawings are available for illustrating the morphotaxonomy of mushrooms (Largent & Stuntz 1977, Singer 1986, Lodge et al. 2004), still amateur mushroom taxonomists feel it tiresome to take up initial research on mushrooms due to an array of mushroom characteristics to be recorded. -
Names, Names, Names: When Nomenclature Meets Molecules Ron Petersen and Karen Hughes*
22 McIlvainea Volume 18, Number 1, 2009 23 Names, Names, Names: When Nomenclature Meets Molecules Ron Petersen and Karen Hughes* IN EASTERN North America, the Appalachian in point: for years it was assumed that Amanita cae- Mountains have their southern origin in northern sarea (Caesar’s mushroom; Fig. 1A) occurred in the Georgia, and extend to the northeast to Maine, a Smokies. Confronted with our mushroom in 1968, distance of over 3200 kilometers. Although not Marinus Donk and Roger Heim, with deep expe- as spectacular as other ranges (i.e. Alps, Himalaya, rience in Old World tropics (Indonesia and New Andes, Rockies, etc.), their height (up to 2250 m) Caledonia), told us that our species was, in fact, A. combined with their longitudinal range provide a hemibapha (Fig. 2A), with which they were familiar. host of ecological niches. Glaciation of the north- Creating further confusion: Vassilieva described A. ern portion of the range 10- to 20,000 years ago caesarioides (Fig. 2B) from far eastern Russia. Finally, produced climatic conditions which forced the we have come to call our version of Caesar’s mush- forest flora to colonize farther south into more room A. jacksonii (Fig. 1B). hospitable climatic refugia, taking its fungi with it But if such confusion is possible over such a and eventually to recolonize northward once the sensational mushroom, what other surprises could glaciers receded. The conifers of the Canadian lurk over other, more arcane worldwide mimics? Shield still can be found at high elevation as far While herbarium specimens can be (and have south as Tennessee (N 37o). -
MYCOTAXON Volume 103, Pp
MYCOTAXON Volume 103, pp. 353–363 January–March 2008 A new species of Pleurocollybia (Tricholomataceae; Agaricales; Basidiomycetes) from Belize T. J. Baroni1 & N. Bocsusis2 [email protected] [email protected] Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York – College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045 D J. Lodge [email protected] USDA – Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology PO Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, 00773 D. L. Lindner [email protected] USDA-FS Madison Field Office, Northern Research Station Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison, WI 53726-2398 Abstract—A new species, Pleurocollybia imbricata, is described from the Maya Mountains of Belize and a new combination in Pleurocollybia is proposed. A key to the known species of Pleurocollybia is also provided. Keywords—agarics, Doyle’s Delight, siderophilous inclusions, taxonomy Introduction Pleurocollybia Singer was proposed as a new monotypic genus to accommodate Gymnopus praemultifolius Murrill (Murrill 1945) based on several features: eccentric stipe, clampless hyphae, minute basidiospores (very small for an agaric, e.g. “2.7-3.5 × 2.5-3.2 µm”), and lack of necropigments (Singer 1947). Singer (1947) compared Pleurocollybia to two morphologically similar genera, Callistosporium Singer and Podabrella Singer (now considered a synonym of Termitomyces, Frøslev et al. 2003), but separated Pleurocollybia from them by the eccentric stipe and very small basidiospores. Podabrella (= Termitomyces) 354 ... Baroni & al. produces a reddish/pinkish colored spore deposit while those of Pleurocollybia and Callistosporium are white. Podabrella (= Termitomyces) also produces siderophilous bodies in the basidia, while siderophilous bodies are not present in Pleurocollybia. Callistosporium has abundant brightly colored necropigments in the basidiospores, basidia and tramal hyphae, while these pigments are not present in Pleurocollybia. -
Biomass and Community Structure of Sporocarps Formed by Hypogeous Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Within Selected Forest Habitats of the H
Biomass and Community Structure of Sporocarps Formed by Hypogeous Ectomycorrhizal Fungi within Selected Forest Habitats of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon by Daniel L. Luoma A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed December 16, 1988 Commencement June 1989 `Some kinds of science dote on graphs, tabfes, and computer readouts. The finest naturalists have always known that biology without romance, without poetry, is not only incomplete but very often hopelessly distorted" — Frank Graham Jr., 1983 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Daniel L. Luoma for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography presented on December 16. 1988. Title: Biomass and Community Structure of Sporocarps Formed by Hypogeous Ectomycorrhizal Fungi within Selected Forest Habitats of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Oregon Abstract approved: Robert E. Frenkel This study characterizes the production of hypogeous sporocarps (broadly referred to as truffles) by ectomycorrhizal fungi within Douglas-fir dominated forests that are considered typical of those found on the west slopes of the central Cascade mountains in Oregon. Three aspects of sporocarp production are addressed: 1) the distribution of total biomass and biomass of each species by season and habitat, 2) analysis of sporocarp biomass from the perspective of community structure, and 3) correlation of biomass production with sporocarp number and selected forest floor parameters. Sporocarps with an equivalent dry standing biomass of 1.3 kg/ha were harvested from ten Douglas-fir stands in and near the H. J. Andrews Experimental forest. The maximum single stand sample biomass was equivalent to 9.9 kg/ha. -
Bot 316 Mycology and Fungal Physiology
BOT 316 MYCOLOGY AND FUNGAL PHYSIOLOGY Dr Osondu Akoma 2011 BOT 316 MYCOLOGY AND FUNGAL PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Mycology is a classical translation of the Greek word Mykes logos which means mushroom discussion, thus mycology is the study of fungi. In the past this area of science was limited to the study of mushrooms but as science developed, the scope of the subject widened far beyond the objects seen with the naked eyes with the discovery of microscopes. The development of mycology cannot be isolated from that of science. The ancestry of fungi is ancient, dating back to the Devonian and Precambrian eras. The history is also influenced by calamities and man has always kept record from time and as such the first record of fungi was not that of observing fungi directly but that of their harmful effects. The Romans and Greeks have a lot in their records. Even in the Holy Bible there are many references of the fungi and their effects; Leviticus 14: 4-48, 1Kings 8:37, Deuteronomy 28:22. The first indication that man saw fungi as food was a report of death at Icarius. The first book devoted to fungi is the Van Sterbeek’s “Theatrum Fungerium” in 1675 and this work distinguished the edible from the poisonous mushrooms. The discovery of the microscope led to the systematic study of the fungi. Robert Hooke was credited with the first illustration of micro fungi in 1667 in his work titled Micrographa . The Greeks and Romans regarded fungi as mysterious things. They were regarded as the “evil formats of the earth originating from the mouth of vipers”. -
The Genome of Xylona Heveae Provides a Window Into Fungal Endophytism
fungal biology 120 (2016) 26e42 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio The genome of Xylona heveae provides a window into fungal endophytism Romina GAZISa,*, Alan KUOb, Robert RILEYb, Kurt LABUTTIb, Anna LIPZENb, Junyan LINb, Mojgan AMIREBRAHIMIb, Cedar N. HESSEc,d, Joseph W. SPATAFORAc, Bernard HENRISSATe,f,g, Matthieu HAINAUTe, Igor V. GRIGORIEVb, David S. HIBBETTa aClark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bUS Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA cOregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA dLos Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA eAix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France fAix-Marseille Universite, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France gKing Abdulaziz University, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia article info abstract Article history: Xylona heveae has only been isolated as an endophyte of rubber trees. In an effort to under- Received 12 August 2015 stand the genetic basis of endophytism, we compared the genome contents of X. heveae Received in revised form and 36 other Ascomycota with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We focused on 18 September 2015 genes that are known to be important in the hostefungus interaction interface and that Accepted 5 October 2015 presumably have a role in determining the lifestyle of a fungus. We used phylogenomic Available online 22 October 2015 data to infer the higher-level phylogenetic position of the Xylonomycetes, and mined ITS Corresponding Editor: sequences to explore its taxonomic and ecological diversity. The X.