DOCSLIB.ORG

Sequestrate Fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus Forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sequestrate Fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus Forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Trierveiler-Pereira, L., Smith, M. E., Trappe, J. M., & Nouhra, E. R. (2015). Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Mycologia, 107(1), 90-103. doi:10.3852/13-302 10.3852/13-302 Allen Press Inc. Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Mycologia, 107(1), 2015, pp. 90–103. DOI: 10.3852/13-302 # 2015 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira1 Ectomycorrhizal, hypogeous fungi in the Basidio- PPGBOT, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal mycota and Ascomycota are important components of do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 91501-970 the forest soil environment. Not only do they function Matthew E. Smith as nutrient absorbing organisms for their tree hosts, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, these fungi also improve soil conditions (Perry et al. Gainesville, Florida 32611 1989) and interact with a variety of forest organisms (Trappe and Luoma 1992). In particular, they are an James M. Trappe important food source for animals in ectomycorrhizal Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon forests (Maser et al. 1978, Claridge et al. 2002, Vernes State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 et al. 2004, Claridge and Trappe 2005, Trappe et al. Eduardo R. Nouhra 2006, Vernes 2010, Katarzˇyte˙ and Kutorga 2011, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal Schickmann et al. 2012), including those of Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, (Perez Calvo et al. 1989, Nouhra et al. 2005). Because 5000 Cordoba, Argentina these fungi are integral to the function and conser- vation of forest communities, it is important that we document their diversity and distribution (Claridge Abstract: Six species of Cystangium, a genus of et al. 2000a, b, 2009; North et al. 2002; Smith et al. sequestrate taxa related to Russula, were collected 2002; Trappe and Bougher 2002; Meyer and North in Patagonia (Argentina and Chile) during autumn 2005; Hosaka et al. 2007; Desjardin et al. 2008; Abell 2001. Two species, C. depauperatum Singer & A.H. et al. 2012; Bonito et al. 2013). Sm. and C. nothofagi (E. Horak) Trappe, Castellano & Knowledge of sequestrate fungi in southern South T. Lebel, were already known from this region, while America is currently scanty but improving. The first four new species, C. domingueziae, C. gamundiae, C. records from Argentina were by Spegazzini (1887, grandihyphatum and C. longisterigmatum, are de- 1909): Hymenogaster australis (Speg.) Speg., Tuber scribed, illustrated and a key to the species is australe Speg. and Tuber argentinum Speg. vars. provided. In addition, sequences of the ITS (rDNA) argentinum and pamparum Speg., in Patagonia. Tuber region were obtained to explore the phylogenetic australe since has been synonymized with T. macula- relationships of our South American Cystangium tum Vittad. (Trappe and Ca´zares 2000) and Tuber species. argentinum var. pamparum with Stouffera longii Key words: hypogeous fungi, mycorrhiza, Russu- (Gilkey) Kova´cs & Trappe (Kova´cs et al. 2011). Since lales, truffle-like fungi the time of Spegazzini several mycologists have conducted taxonomic studies of hypogeous fungi in INTRODUCTION South America (Singer 1960a, b, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1969, 1971; Horak 1964a–d, 1973, 1979; Horak and Patagonia is a region of southern South America with Moser 1965, 1966; Calvelo and Lorenzo 1989; temperate subantarctic forests mostly dominated by Gamundi et al. 1991; Castellano and Muchovej southern beech (Nothofagus spp.). Ten native species 1996; Giachini et al. 2000; Romero and Blumenfeld of Nothofagus are present in this region, according to 2001; Nouhra et al. 2005, 2008; Cortez et al. 2011; Promis et al. (2008). This unique forest type has Sulzbacher et al. 2010). However, none of these biogeographic ties with southern Australia and New studies entailed a systematic sampling of fungi in the Zealand (Gondwanan connection) and includes vast Nothofagus forests. environments with great biodiversity and high rates Nouhra et al. (2012) estimated the diversity and of endemism (Bertonatti and Corcuera 2000). The ecological significance of hypogeous fungi within two macrofungal diversity of the Patagonian Nothofagus Nothofagus forest types (N. pumilio, N. dombeyi)in forests has not been adequately explored: this is Patagonia. Their data show that hypogeous species particularly true for the truffle-forming fungi. richness and sporocarp biomass fluctuate according to rainfall, altitude and forest type. Submitted 16 Sep 2013; accepted for publication 31 Jul 2014. The hypogeous fungi associated with Nothofagus 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] include numerous sequestrate relatives of the epigeous 90 TRIERVEILER-PEREIRA ET AL.: CYSTANGIUM IN PATAGONIAN NOTHOFAGUS FORESTS 91 mushroom-forming genus Russula. These were appor- new taxa and their phylogenetic affinities in the tioned among five genera by Singer and Smith (1960): orders Russulales, Agaricales and Pezizales. Cystangium Singer & A.H. Sm., Gymnomyces Massee & Rodway, Elasmomyces Cavara, Martellia Mattir. and MATERIALS AND METHODS Macowanites Kalchbr. Morphological studies of type species of these genera led Lebel and Trappe (2000) to Field collecting.—Basidiomata were collected Apr 2001 in synonymize Martellia with Gymnomyces and Elasmo- forests of Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser, N. myces with Macowanites and to redefine the boundaries alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst., N. obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst., of Cystangium and Gymnomyces. and N. dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. in northern Patagonia within the Lanin and Nahuel Huapi national parks in Neuque´n Molecular studies provided a different perspective and Rio Negro provinces of Argentina and Region X of in the classification of Russulales, in that hypogeous Chile. In most cases specimens were obtained by uncovering russuloid species appear scattered and nested within the basidiomata by raking the forest litter layer and upper various clades of epigeous Russula (Miller et al. soil or by hand for basidiomata emergent from the soil. 2001), indicating a need to reexamine generic Field notes included location and associated hosts for each nomenclature within the group. For example, new species along with descriptions of fresh macroscopic species of Macowanites from Australasia were placed characters. Specimens were cut in half along the vertical in the genus Russula (Lebel and Tonkin 2008). axis, photographed and dried on an electric forced-air 6 However, we here retain the genus Cystangium dehydrator at 40 C. sensu Lebel and Trappe (2000), because phylogeny Herbarium material.—In addition to our collections, types alone reflects only part of the evolutionary process; of previously described species from Fundacio´n Miguel the other part is the interaction of genotypes with the Lillo, Tucuma´n, Argentina (LIL) and Geobotanisches environment (Bruns et al. 1989, Ho¨randi and Stuessy Institut, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische Hochschule Zu¨rich, 2010). The genes involved in morphological changes Switzerland (ZT), also were studied and their characters are included in the species revisions and keys. Our collections from epigeous forms with forcible spore charge to have been deposited in Museo Bota´nico, Universidad hypogeous forms with passive spore dispersal have not Nacional de Co´rdoba, Argentina (CORD), Herbario Fito- been defined or included in present phylogenies. patologico de Valdivia, Universidad Austral de Chile (HFV), Placing our Patagonian species in Cystangium does and Herbarium of the Botany and Plant Pathology not detract from their known relationship to the Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis (OSC). genus Russula. Instead it is nomenclature that reflects Basidioma identification and description.—Color, size, an ecological and possibly functional trajectory shape, type of hymenophoral structure, presence of stipe fundamentally different from that of the epigeous and other macro-characters were recorded for fresh species. collections. Color names of fresh and dry specimens are Perhaps more important, Russula sensu lato is a in general terms. Basidioma sections for describing micro- huge genus. Presently available phylogenies include scopic characters were mounted in 5% KOH, phloxine and only a small proportion of the total number of species Melzer’s reagent. Spore dimensions, including ornamenta- in the genus analyzed by a limited number of genes tion, are based on 15 spores for each basidioma, including exceptional dimensions in parentheses. Microscopic char- that could well be inadequate to achieve stable acters were observed with a Nikon light microscope at 400– topologies (Rokas et al. 2003). Furthermore, we 10003 magnification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) expect that there will be more nomenclatural changes of spores was with a Zeiss LEO 1450VP. Identification of within Russulaceae (Buyck et al. 2008). Accordingly taxa was facilitated by keys and specific references (Singer we see no need to rush in assigning hypogeous species and Smith 1960, Horak 1964a, Beaton et al. 1984, to the genus Russula until these issues are resolved. Castellano et al. 1989, Lebel and Trappe 2000, Lebel and Cystangium species are widespread and morpho- Castellano 2002, Trappe et al. 2002, Lebel 2003). logically characterized
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gymnomyces Xerophilus Sp. Nov. (Sequestrate Russulaceae), an Ectomycorrhizal Associate of Quercus in California
    MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH I I0 (2006) 57 5-582 Gymnomyces xerophilus sp. nov. (sequestrate Russulaceae), an ectomycorrhizal associate of Quercus in California Matthew E. SMITHa1*,James M. TRAPPE~,Dauid M. RIZZOa, Steven I. MILLERC 'Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA b~epartmentof Forest Science, Oregon State University, Camallis, OR 97331-5752, USA CDeparhnentof Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Gymnomyces xerophilus sp. nov., a sequestrate species in the Russulaceae, is characterized Received 30 August 2005 and descn'bed morphologically as a new species from Quercus-dominated woodlands in Accepted 14 February 2006 California. ITS sequences recovered from healthy, ectomycorrhizal roots of Quercus dougla- Corresponding Editor: Michael Weiss sii and Q. wislizeni matched those of G. xerophfius basidiomata, confirming the ectomycor- -- rhizal status of this fungus. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region places G. xerophilus in Keywords: a clade with both agaricoid (Russula in the section Polychromae) and sequestrate (Gymno- Basidiomycota myces, Cystangium) relatives. We include a dichotomous key to the species of Gymnomyces Hypogeous fungi associated with Quercus. ITS O 2006 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Molecular phylogeny Russula Introduction mycelium, potentially reducing drought stress (Duddridge et al. 1980; Parke et al. 1983). Quercus-dominated ecosystems cover about one third of dali- Although the EM fungi associated with Quercus in California fornia's 404,000bm2(Pavlik et al. 1991). Quercus spp. are well have not been studied extensively, Thiers (1984) and Trappe adapted to the state's extensive areas of dry, Mediterranean and Claridge (2005) suggest that seasonally dry climates exert climate, with at least 7 species considered endemic (Nixon a selection pressure towards a sequestrate fruiting habit in 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Major Clades of Agaricales: a Multilocus Phylogenetic Overview
    Mycologia, 98(6), 2006, pp. 982–995. # 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview P. Brandon Matheny1 Duur K. Aanen Judd M. Curtis Laboratory of Genetics, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Wageningen, The Netherlands Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610 Matthew DeNitis Vale´rie Hofstetter 127 Harrington Way, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Graciela M. Daniele Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal, M. Catherine Aime CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, Casilla USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology de Correo 495, 5000 Co´rdoba, Argentina Laboratory, Room 304, Building 011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350 Dennis E. Desjardin Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Jean-Marc Moncalvo San Francisco, California 94132 Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Botany, University Bradley R. Kropp of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6 Canada Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322 Zai-Wei Ge Zhu-Liang Yang Lorelei L. Norvell Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97229-1309 Jason C. Slot Andrew Parker Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 127 Raven Way, Metaline Falls, Washington 99153- Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609 9720 Joseph F. Ammirati Else C. Vellinga University of Washington, Biology Department, Box Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102 Timothy J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity of Basidiomycota Fungi That Have the Potential As a Source of Nutraceutical to Be Developed in the Concept of Integrated Forest Management Poisons
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2S, July 2019 The Diversity of Basidiomycota Fungi that Have the Potential as a Source of Nutraceutical to be Developed in the Concept of Integrated Forest Management Mustika Dewi, I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha, Mamat Kandar straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, and shiitake Abstract: The fungus Basidiomycota found in Indonesia have mushrooms. very high diversity, but have not been explored so far. The development of local Basidiomycota mushrooms that Development of fungi Basidiomycota is an alternative as a are cultivated by utilizing space on the forest floor has not source of natural nutraceuticals, especially beta glucan and been done mostly in Indonesia. In several countries such as lovastatin compounds. This compound can be used in the pharmaceutical and food fields. This study aims to obtain Japan, people have long been cultivating shitake mushrooms Basidiomycota fungi isolates that have the potential as a by utilizing forest floors. Reported by (Savoie & Largeteau, nutraceutical source. As the first stage in this research, the 2011) that mushrooms from the Basidiomycota group are activities carried out were exploration, isolation on culture widely produced in forest areas through the utilization of media, and identification of fungi based on genotypic forest floors as a place to grow these fungi which have characters. The results showed that the fungi identified based on economic value quite high by applying the concept of their genotypic characters were Pleurotusostreatus, Ganodermacf, Resinaceum, Lentinulaedodes, micosilviculture. The concept of micosilviculture is a Vanderbyliafraxinea, Auricularia delicate, Pleurotusgiganteus, concept that is applied in the management of integrated Auricularia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruiting Body Form, Not Nutritional Mode, Is the Major Driver of Diversification in Mushroom-Forming Fungi
    Fruiting body form, not nutritional mode, is the major driver of diversification in mushroom-forming fungi Marisol Sánchez-Garcíaa,b, Martin Rybergc, Faheema Kalsoom Khanc, Torda Vargad, László G. Nagyd, and David S. Hibbetta,1 aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610; bUppsala Biocentre, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75005 Uppsala, Sweden; cDepartment of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; and dSynthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Edited by David M. Hillis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved October 16, 2020 (received for review December 22, 2019) With ∼36,000 described species, Agaricomycetes are among the and the evolution of enclosed spore-bearing structures. It has most successful groups of Fungi. Agaricomycetes display great di- been hypothesized that the loss of ballistospory is irreversible versity in fruiting body forms and nutritional modes. Most have because it involves a complex suite of anatomical features gen- pileate-stipitate fruiting bodies (with a cap and stalk), but the erating a “surface tension catapult” (8, 11). The effect of gas- group also contains crust-like resupinate fungi, polypores, coral teroid fruiting body forms on diversification rates has been fungi, and gasteroid forms (e.g., puffballs and stinkhorns). Some assessed in Sclerodermatineae, Boletales, Phallomycetidae, and Agaricomycetes enter into ectomycorrhizal symbioses with plants, Lycoperdaceae, where it was found that lineages with this type of while others are decayers (saprotrophs) or pathogens. We constructed morphology have diversified at higher rates than nongasteroid a megaphylogeny of 8,400 species and used it to test the following lineages (12).
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Imleria (Boletaceae) in East Asia
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279035305 The genus Imleria (Boletaceae) in East Asia Article in Phytotaxa · December 2014 DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.191.1.5 CITATIONS READS 4 180 8 authors, including: Gang wu Bang Feng Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 25 PUBLICATIONS 164 CITATIONS 80 PUBLICATIONS 245 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Gerhard Kost Philipps University of Marburg 45 PUBLICATIONS 897 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biodiversity and Biogeography of Boletes View project Available from: Gang wu Retrieved on: 21 November 2016 Phytotaxa 191 (1): 081–098 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.191.1.5 The genus Imleria (Boletaceae) in East Asia XUE-TAI ZHU1,2, YAN-CHUN LI1, GANG WU1,2, BANG FENG1, KUAN ZHAO1,2, MATTEO GELARDI3, GERHARD W. KOST4 & ZHU L. YANG1* 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kun- ming 650201, Yunnan, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3Via Traversa della Selciatella 2B, I-00062 Bracciano, RM, Italy 4Systematic Botany & Mycology, FB17, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany *e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genus Imleria can be easily distinguished from other genera of Boletaceae by the combination of the following charac- ters: a chestnut brown pileus and stipe, a cream to pale yellow hymenophore, a viscid pileal surface when moist, a cyanescent context and hymenophore on handling or exposure, an ixotrichodermal pileipellis and smooth spores.
    [Show full text]
  • Hysterangium (Hysterangiales, Hysterangiaceae) from Northern Mexico
    Hysterangium (Hysterangiales, Hysterangiaceae) from northern Mexico Gonzalo Guevara Guerrero 1, Michael A. Castellano 2, Jesús García Jiménez 1, Efrén Cázares González 3, James M. Trappe 3 1 Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria, Av. Portes Gil 1301 Pte. C.P. 87010, A.P. 175 Cd. Victoria, Tamps. México. 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, 3 Oregon 97331 USA. Dept. Forest Science, Richardson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331 USA 8 0 0 2 Hysterangium (Hysterangiales, Hysterangiaceae) del norte de México , 0 0 1 - Resumen. Tres nuevas especies de Hysterangium (H. quercicola, H. latisporum, and H. 5 9 velatisporum) son descritas para el norte de México. Además, una especie previamente : 8 2 descrita de Hysterangium (H. aureum) es registrada por primera vez para México. A Í Palabras clave: Quercus, hipogeos, pseudotrufas, falsas trufas, ectomicorriza. G O L O C Abstract. Three new species of Hysterangium (H. quercicola, H. latisporum, and H. I M velatisporum) are described from northern Mexico. In addition, one previously described E D Hysterangium species (H. aureum) is recorded for the first time from Mexico. A Key words: Quercus, hypogeous, pseudotruffle, sequestrate, ectomycorrhiza. N A C I X Recibido 20 de agosto 2008; aceptado 14 de diciembre 2008. E M Received 20 August 2008; accepted 14 December 2008. A T S I V E R Introduction In Mexico, only one Hysterangium species has been / reported H. separabile Zeller from the states of Mexico and o c i The genus Hysterangium Vittadini can be recognized by its Tamaulipas (Trappe and Guzmán, 1971; García et al., 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Boletus Edulis and Cistus Ladanifer: Characterization of Its Ectomycorrhizae, in Vitro Synthesis, and Realised Niche
    UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche. Boletus edulis y Cistus ladanifer: caracterización de sus ectomicorrizas, síntesis in vitro y área potencial. Dª. Beatriz Águeda Hernández 2014 UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis AND Cistus ladanifer: CHARACTERIZATION OF ITS ECTOMYCORRHIZAE, in vitro SYNTHESIS, AND REALISED NICHE tesis doctoral BEATRIZ ÁGUEDA HERNÁNDEZ Memoria presentada para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia: Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Directora, Universidad de Valladolid Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Tutora, Universidad de Murcia 2014 Dª. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán, Profesora Contratada Doctora de la Universidad de Valladolid, como Directora, y Dª. Asunción Morte Gómez, Profesora Titular de la Universidad de Murcia, como Tutora, AUTORIZAN: La presentación de la Tesis Doctoral titulada: ‘Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche’, realizada por Dª Beatriz Águeda Hernández, bajo nuestra inmediata dirección y supervisión, y que presenta para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia. En Murcia, a 31 de julio de 2014 Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Área de Botánica. Departamento de Biología Vegetal Campus Universitario de Espinardo. 30100 Murcia T. 868 887 007 – www.um.es/web/biologia-vegetal Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Albert Einstein Le petit prince, alors, ne put contenir son admiration: -Que vous êtes belle! -N´est-ce pas, répondit doucement la fleur. Et je suis née meme temps que le soleil..
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1. Introduction
    Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction Research and ecological context Importance of the mutualistic symbiosis Truffle-like fungi are an important component in many terrestrial ecosystems. They provide a food resource for mycophagous (‘fungus-eating’) animals and are an essential symbiont for many plant species (Claridge 2002; Brundrett 2009). Most truffle-like fungi are considered ectomycorrhizal (EcM) in which the fungus hyphae penetrate the plant root structure and form a sheath (‘Hartig Net’) around plant root tips. This enables the exchange of water, minerals, and metabolites between fungus and plant (Nehls et al. 2010). The fungus can form extensive networks of mycelium in the soil extending the effective surface of the plant-host root system. EcM fungi can also confer resistance to parasites, predators, pathogens, and heavy-metal pollution, as well as the breakdown of inorganic substrates (Claridge 2002; Gadd 2007; Bonfante & Genre 2010). EcM fungi can reproduce through mycelia (vegetative) growth or through spores. Truffle-like EcM fungi form reproductive below-ground (hypogeous) fruit-bodies (sporocarps) in which spores are entirely or partly enclosed within fungal tissue of the sporocarp (‘sequestrate’), and often referred to as ‘truffles’. The sporocarps of these fungi (‘truffles’) generally require excavation and consumption by mycophagous mammals for spores to be liberated and dispersed to new locations (Johnson 1996; Bougher & Lebel 2001). In contrast, epigeous or ‘mushroom-like’ fungi produce stipitate above-ground sporocarps in which spores are not enclosed within fungal tissue and are actively or passively discharged into the surrounding environment. Consequently, truffle-like taxa are considered to have evolved to be reliant on mycophagous animals for their dispersal.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities Are Dominated by Mammalian Dispersed Truffle-Like Taxa in North-East Australian Woodlands
    Mycorrhiza https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-019-00886-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities are dominated by mammalian dispersed truffle-like taxa in north-east Australian woodlands S. J. Nuske1,2 & S. Anslan3 & L. Tedersoo4 & B. C. Congdon5 & S. E. Abell1 Received: 7 November 2018 /Accepted: 5 March 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi are very diverse, including those that produce truffle-like fruiting bodies. Truffle-like fungi are hypogeous and sequestrate (produced below-ground, with an enclosed hymenophore) and rely on animal consumption, mainly by mammals, for spore dispersal. This dependence links mycophagous mammals to mycorrhizal diversity and, assuming truffle-like fungi are important components of mycorrhizal communities, to plant nutrient cycling and ecosystem health. These links are largely untested as currently little is known about mycorrhizal fungal community structure and its dependence on mycophagous mammals. We quantified the mycorrhizal fungal community in the north-east Australian woodland, including the portion interacting with ten species of mycophagous mammals. The study area is core habitat of an endangered fungal specialist marsupial, Bettongia tropica, and as such provides baseline data on mycorrhizal fungi-mammal interactions in an area with no known mammal declines. We examined the mycorrhizal fungi in root and soil samples via high-throughput sequencing and compared the observed taxa to those dispersed by mycophagous mammals at the same locations. We found that the dominant root-associating ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa (> 90% sequence abundance) included the truffle-like taxa Mesophellia, Hysterangium and Chondrogaster. These same taxa were also present in mycophagous mammalian diets, with Mesophellia often dominating.
    [Show full text]
  • Especies De Disciseda (Agaricales: Agaricaceae) En Sonora, México
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad: S163-S172, 2013 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad: S163-S172, 2013 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.31841 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.31841S163 Especies de Disciseda (Agaricales: Agaricaceae) en Sonora, México Species of Disciseda (Agaricales: Agaricaceae) in Sonora, Mexico Oscar Eduardo Hernández-Navarro1, Martín Esqueda1 , Aldo Gutiérrez1 y Gabriel Moreno2 1Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6 s/n, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, México. 2Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España. [email protected] Resumen. Con base en 168 colecciones de Disciseda, recolectadas durante más de 20 años en 6 tipos de vegetación en Sonora, se determinaron 5 especies: D. bovista, D. candida, D. hyalothrix, D. stuckertii y D. verrucosa. Los taxones estudiados se distribuyen en zonas áridas, semiáridas y urbanas. D. cervina previamente registrada para Sonora se excluyó por corresponder a otra especie aún no determinada. Algunas colecciones presentaron una ornamentación esporal diferente a los taxones válidos y se propone mayor investigación con base en las características morfológicas y genéticas para definir posibles nuevas especies. Palabras clave: Agaricomycetes, Lycoperdaceae, taxonomía, corología. Abstract. Based on 168 Disciseda collections, collected over 20 years in 6 vegetation types in Sonora, 5 species were determined: D. bovista, D. candida, D. hyalothrix, D. stuckertii, and D. verrucosa. Species studied are distributed in arid, semiarid, and in urban areas. D. cervina previously reported from Sonora was excluded, because corresponds to another species undetermined. Some collections showed a different sporal ornamentation from valid species, and we propose further research based on genetic and morphological characteristics to identify possible new species.
    [Show full text]
  • Article (Refereed) - Postprint
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NERC Open Research Archive Article (refereed) - postprint Durand, Alexis; Maillard, François; Foulon, Julie; Gweon, Hyun S.; Valot, Benoit; Chalot, Michel. 2017. Environmental metabarcoding reveals contrasting belowground and aboveground fungal communities from poplar at a Hg phytomanagement site. Microbial Ecology, 74 (4). 795-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0984-0 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017 This version available http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/518503/ NERC has developed NORA to enable users to access research outputs wholly or partially funded by NERC. Copyright and other rights for material on this site are retained by the rights owners. Users should read the terms and conditions of use of this material at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/policies.html#access This document is the author’s final manuscript version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. There may be differences between this and the publisher’s version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from this article. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0984-0 Contact CEH NORA team at [email protected] The NERC and CEH trademarks and logos (‘the Trademarks’) are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. 1 Environmental metabarcoding reveals contrasting belowground and aboveground fungal 2 communities from poplar at a Hg phytomanagement site 3 4 Alexis Duranda, François Maillarda, Julie Foulona, Hyun S.
    [Show full text]
  • Angiocarpous Representatives of the Russulaceae in Tropical South East Asia
    Persoonia 32, 2014: 13–24 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514X679119 Tales of the unexpected: angiocarpous representatives of the Russulaceae in tropical South East Asia A. Verbeken1, D. Stubbe1,2, K. van de Putte1, U. Eberhardt³, J. Nuytinck1,4 Key words Abstract Six new sequestrate Lactarius species are described from tropical forests in South East Asia. Extensive macro- and microscopical descriptions and illustrations of the main anatomical features are provided. Similarities Arcangeliella with other sequestrate Russulales and their phylogenetic relationships are discussed. The placement of the species gasteroid fungi within Lactarius and its subgenera is confirmed by a molecular phylogeny based on ITS, LSU and rpb2 markers. hypogeous fungi A species key of the new taxa, including five other known angiocarpous species from South East Asia reported to Lactarius exude milk, is given. The diversity of angiocarpous fungi in tropical areas is considered underestimated and driving Martellia evolutionary forces towards gasteromycetization are probably more diverse than generally assumed. The discovery morphology of a large diversity of angiocarpous milkcaps on a rather local tropical scale was unexpected, and especially the phylogeny fact that in Sri Lanka more angiocarpous than agaricoid Lactarius species are known now. Zelleromyces Article info Received: 2 February 2013; Accepted: 18 June 2013; Published: 20 January 2014. INTRODUCTION sulales species (Gymnomyces lactifer B.C. Zhang & Y.N. Yu and Martellia ramispina B.C. Zhang & Y.N. Yu) and Tao et al. Sequestrate and angiocarpous basidiomata have developed in (1993) described Martellia nanjingensis B. Liu & K. Tao and several groups of Agaricomycetes.
    [Show full text]