Development of Hydroelectric Power In

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER IN BRAZIL Isabel Tessa Kilvington Ph. D. University of Edinburgh 1983 0-A\ 11 ABSTRACT Brazil is a large country which has been in a process of extensive industrialisation since the Second World War. Industrialisa- tion requires an abundant and reliable supply of electrical energy, and Brazil has depended on its long tradition of utilisation of hy- droelectricity in order to guarantee this necessary power supply. As the hydraulic sites close to the industrial centres have become fully exploited, Brazil has had to turn to more distant regions for hydroelectric power development, thus requiring long distance transmission of large blocks of electricity. This has led to the construction of some of the world's-largest hydroelectric power stations, such as UHE Itaipu and UHE Tucurui, in some of the most isolated and inhospitable places on earth, with their attendant problems in construction and project co-ordination. Not for the first time is Brazilian hydroelectric power development taking place simul- taneously with technological and advancement - at present, in the field of long distance transmission. However, it is, for the first time encountering the problems of international power sharing. The lessons to be learnt from Brazil's most recent experiences in large scale hydroelectric power development are mainly relevant to its own future projects, but some general lessons are applicable to such developments in other regions of the world. 111 ncri APATTflN I declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and that the work contained within it is my own. September 1983 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With thanks to the late Harold Dickinson and Peter Dryburgh for their help and encouragement. A thank you is also given to those many people, both in Edin- burgh and Brazil for their co-operation and friendship throughout the period of study. Lastly thanks are given for the constant support and encouragement from my mother and late father - to whom this thesis is dedicated. OTA CONTENTS Page Abstract 11 Declaration Acknowledgements iv List of Figures x List of Tables xi Chapter 1 : Literature Survey and Introduction Literature Survey 1 Brazil - General 2 - Development and Economics 3 - Energy 4 Water Resources Development for Power 7 Geography of Brazil S 11 Climate 12 Vegetation 14 Regions 15 Principal Cities 17 History of Brazil 18 Resources - 20 Chapter 2 : Electrical Energy in Brazil Energy Profile of Brazil 26 Coal 32 Oil-Fired Power Stations 33 Nuclear Power 34 Hydraulic Resources 37 vi Page Electrical Energy in Brazil 44 Electricity Consumption 49 Market Forecasting 53 Financing in the Electrical Power Industry 60 Chapter 3 : Development of the Brazilian Electrical Power Industry Early History 72 The Era of the Kilowatt 77 "The Light" 79 Hydroelectric Power and "The Light" 82 The Great Project : The Serra do Mar 85 UHE Cubatao 91 UHE Fontes 94 UHE Paulo Afonso 98 UHE Furnas 99 UHE Tres Marias 104 The Uruguai Basin 105 UHE Itaipu 109 Rationing in the Electrical Power Industry 120 Autoproducers 123 Government Intervention in the Electrical Power Industry 127 Frequency 132 Chapter 4 : ELETROBRAS Historical Background 140 ELETROBRAS 142 vii Page ELETROBRAS Subsidiaries and State Enterprises 149 FURNAS 151 CHESF 156 ELETROSUL 157 ELETRONORTE 159 "The Light" 160 Itaipu Binacional 162 CEPEL 164 CEMIG 169 CESP 171 Internal Structure of ELETROBRAS 173 GCOI 174 ELETROBRAS - Planning 181 Chapter 5 : Planning CANAMBRA 184 Surveys - Inventory Studies 188 - Feasibility Studies 193 Methodology Adopted by The Brazilian Power Planning Sector 199 Expansion Problem 200 The Planning Process 201 Methodology and Planning Criteria 203 Plan of Action 208 Resources Available - Their Effect on Planning 208 Economic References Used for Planning 212 Market Projections 213 viii Page Social Exchange Rate 214 Discount Rate 215 Criteria of Supply 217 The Generation Models 219 Chapter 6 : Hydroelectric Power Development in the Amazon Basin 223 The Amerindians 228 Environmental Issues 233 Entreprenurshi p 235 Electrical Energy in the Amazon 237 The Concessionaires 239 Hydroelectric Power in the Amazon 240 Isolated Systems 242 UHE Tucurui History 244 Purpose and Market 246 Justification 254 Chapter L : UHE Tucurui Position and Access 261 The Site 263 The New Town 263 The Old Town 265 The Port 266 Project Data 268 Hydrometeorol ogy 268 Climate 269 ix Page Mean Monthly Discharges 270 Area of Influence of UHE Tucurui 271 Transmission 274 Technical Data 277 The Spillway 278 The Powerhouse 278 The Site 279 Environment 280 Human Ecology 280 Amerindians 287 Flora and Fauna 290 Social Problems 290 Forest Problems 295 Chapter 8 Summary and Conclusions Summary 311 Conclusions 341 General Conclusions 346 Prognostication 350 Appendix 1 : Glossary of Acronyms 356 Appendix 2 : Dollar-Cruzeiro Exchange Rates 360 Appendix 3 : ELETROBRAS Subsidiaries and Associated Companies 361 Appendix 4 : Hydraulic Sites Inventoried in the Amazon Basin 363 Appendix 5 : Technical Data for UHE Tucurui 364 Bibliography 366 FIGURES Page 1.1 States and Principal Towns of Brazil 13 1.2 Regional Divisions in Brazil 16 2.1 Energy Consumption in Brazil, 1940-1980 27 2.2 Primary Energy Consumption Estimates 1976-1985 29 42 •2.3 Principal Hydrographic Basins in Brazil 2.4 Variation of Electricity Consumption with GDP 52 2.5 Schematic Representation of the System of Brazilian Hydroelectric Power Stations 59 3.1 UHE Itaipu - Project Layout 110 3.2 Location of UHE Itaipu 119 4.1 Areas of Operation of ELETROBRAS Subsidiaries, 1973 150 4.2 Redefined Areas of Operation, 1980 150 4.3 Itaipu Binacional - Structure and Function 165 4.4 Operating Structure of GCOI 175 5.1 Brazilian Electricity Transmission Network 202 6.1 Map of the Amazon Basin Showing Amerindian Settlements 230 7.1 Map of the Location of UHE Tucurui 261 7.2 UHE Tucurul - Project Layout 272 7.3 Tucurui Transmission System 275 7.4 Expected Area of Inundation by Tucurul Reservoir 283 xi TABLES Page 11.1. Non-Renewable Energy Resources in Brazil 28 II.ii. Historic Evolution of Brazilian Hydraulic Potential 39 11.111. Estimated Hydraulic Potential in Brazil, by Region 41 II.iv. Hydraulic Potential, by Subsidiary 43 II.v. Installed Generating Capacity in Brazil 45 II.vi . Gross Energy Production in Brazil, 1962-1978 46 II.vii. Transmission Lines 1970-1978 47 II.viii. Installed Capacity, by Region 48 II.ix. Programme of Works in Progress 48 II.x. Electricity Consumption, by Consumer 1962-1978 49 II.xi. % Rate of Increase of Consumption by Region, 1976-1979 51 I1.xii. Net Consumption of Electricity per Capita 52 II.xiii. Increases in Electricity Consumption and GOP 54 II.xiv. Forecast of Electricity Consumption by Region Until 1995 55 II.xv. Forecast % Increase in Electricity Consumption, 1977-1995 55 II.xvi. Evolution of Installed Capacity, 1978-1990 57 II.xvii. Programme of New Power Stations for Operation by 1990 58 111.1. Installed Capacity in Brazil, 1883-1900 78 xii Page 1II.ii. Energy Production by the Furnas Cascade 103 111.111. Allocation of Capital Expenditure for UHE Itaipu 117 III.iv. Gross Autoproducer Generation, 1977 123 III.v. Autoproducer Participation by Concession Area, Sao Paulo State, 1974 125 III.vi . Autoproducer Installed Capacity 126 III.vii. Government Participation in Electrification 128 IV.i. Total Electricity Consumption Compared with Population 146 IV.ii. % Participation in Energy Production 172 VI.i. Market Forecast for UHE Tucurui 255 VI.ii. Power Balance 255 VII.i. Related Transmission System 278 I, CHAPTER 1 Introduction Literature Survey The published literature on Brazil is extensive. The bulk of it is, however, published within Brazil and remains untranslated from the original Portuguese. Certain topics have attracted considerable foreign interest. Of these the best known are the vastness of the Amazon Basin, with its particular human and environmental features, and Brazilian development, both from the point of view of its heroic proportions and the intensity of the poverty in the North East of the country. To turn to the specific subject of this thesis, it is soon observed that the literature on the power industry in Brazil, in the English language, is sparse. There are a few, short, articles but no comprehensive review of the industry and its growth. The nearest is "Electric Power in Brazil Entrepreneurship in the Public Sector" by Judith Tendler,(1968). This is a detailed study of the battle of the private companies within the electrical power industry, and its effect on Brazilian economic developrnent(1). When the literature search was extended to Brazil, access to libraries was readily granted, but it was soon found that their collections were of a variable standard and less than comprehensive, especially with respect to journal collections, which were often incomplete or not up to date. The main exception to this was the library at the Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Eléctrica (CEPEL), -2- which, although new, was comprehensive and well organized. Much of the useful documentation was found to be in the form of internal reports, and access to such documents depended largely on personal goodwill on the part of the librarians and other officials of the organizations visited. The majority of requests for material were acceded to and, as a result, the literature base of this thesis forms the largest collection of unique material available in the United Kingdom. However, as with all collections of documents, there are inevitable gaps where information was not made available due to its confidentiality. A brief survey of the literature available, which has a bearing on the Brazilian electrical power industry, together with a longer section on water resources development for power production, is given below. Brazil - General For a good general introduction to those aspects of Brazil broadly associated with the development of the country, in an overall sense, the publications by the Foreign Service of the Brazilian Embassy in London (now discontinued) give an adequately detailed introduction.

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