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(Aves: Trochilidae) 2. Popelairia Letitiae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852) Is a Valid Species

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(Aves: Trochilidae) 2. Popelairia Letitiae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852) Is a Valid Species 29 December 1999 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON I I2<4):804-B12. 1999. Taxonomic notes on hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae) 2. Popelairia letitiae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852) is a valid species Gary R. Graves Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. D.C. 20560. U.S.A. Abstract.—Popelairia letitiae (Bourcier & Mulsant. 1852), known from two specimens supposedly from Bolivia, appears to be a valid species. Analysis of plumage color and morphometries indicates that P. letitiae does not represent an immature plumage or geographic variant of Discosura longicauda. although this species and P. letitiae may be sister taxa. No credible evidence for a hybrid origin of P. letitiae was discovered. "Letitia's Coquette" is proposed as the common English name for P. letitiae. Known from two specimens of vague cific (Sibley & Monroe 1990). Zimmer provenance, Popelairia letitiae (Bourcier & (1950) advocated merging all band-rumped Mulsant, 1852), has been neither observed coquettes and thorn tails in a single genus, nor collected during the 20th century. This Lopkornis. Even under a narrow interpre- fact alone is reason enough to question the tation of generic limits, Popelairia would taxonomic validity of Letitia's Coquette, as have been merged with Discosura if not for many nominal trochiline taxa of compara- the racket-lipped rectrices of the latter (El- ble rarity have proven to be hybrids (Meyer liot 1878). In that eventuality, Popelairia de Sehauensee 1947; Graves 1996, 1997a, Reichenbach 1854 would become a junior 1997b, 1998a). Nonetheless, the systematic synonym of Discosura Bonaparte 1850. In status of P. letitiae remains unchallenged order to avoid nomenclatural confusion, (Mulsant & Verreaux 1876. Elliot 1878, however, I use the binomial. Popelairia le- Boucard 1893, Cory 1918, Simon 1921, Pe- titiae. tlvroughout this paper. ters 1945, Morony et al. 1975. Sibley & Monroe 1990). although Salvin (1892) may Methods have been the last taxonomic authority to critically examine the type specimen. The The type of Popelairia letitiae (BMNH relevance of this issue was brought to the 1888.7.25.83 in The Natural History Mu- forefront by the inclusion of P. letitiae in a seum, formerly British Museum of Natural recent survey of threatened avian species History) was obtained from John Gould, (Collar et al. 1992). Here I offer an apprais- who procured it from Bourcier (Gould al of the systematic status of P. letitiae. 1858, Warren 1966). A second specimen in Despite its current placement in the ge- the American Museum of Natural History nus Popelairia (Peters 1945, Morony et al. (AMNH 38060) was part of the Daniel Gi- 1975, Sibley & Monroe 1990), letitiae more raud Elliot collection cataloged in 1888 closely resembles Discosura longicauda in (fide Paul Sweet). Both specimens appear plumage color (Elliot 1878). Generic Limits to be males in definitive plumage as judged in the Trochilidae are based primarily on by their brilliant gorgets, crowns, elongated male plumage trails (Taylor 1909). This has rectrices, and unstriated maxillary ram- resulted in a proliferation of genera (» = phothecae (Figs. 1-3). I compared them 109), more than 1/4 of which are monospc- with male specimens of all species of hum- VOLUME 112, NUMBER 4 805 m 1 ^%^#-. • - §r*:'. \..vj 1 -' i^"^r «l-sal '.teL* '<,-%* m _ Fig. 1. Multiple exposures of the lype specimen (BMNH 1888.7.25.S3) at Pupelairiit letitiae I liourcier & Mulsam. 1852). mingbirds deposited in The Natural History length (from anterior extension of feathers), Museum and the American Museum of and rectrix length (from point of insertion Natural History. It was not possible to com- of central rectrices to the tip of each rectrix) pare directly the two specimens. However, were made with digital calipers and round- I compared photographs of the AMNH ed to the nearest 0.1 mm. Rectrices are specimen of P. letitiae with the type spec- numbered from innermost (Rl) to outer- imen (BMNH), and vice versa. Because most (R5> (Table 1). previous characterizations of P. letitiae I evaluated the color of the plumage were brief and somewhat contradictory, I (forecrown, back above white band, rump provide a more detailed description in Ap- below white band, upper throat, lower side pendix 1. Measurements of wing chord, bill of throat, lower breast along midline) with 806 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig, 2, Dorsal and ventral views of Elliot's specimen of Papetairia letisiae (AMNH 38060). Fig. 3. Lateral view of Elliot's specimen of Pupelairiu leliliae (AMNH 38060). VOLUME 112. NUMBER 4 807 Table I.—Measurements (mm.i of the two known specimens of Pope tat r tit tetitkw and male specimens of Discosura Ipngicattda (range; mean ± standard deviation) in definitive plumage. Populairia tetiuut: BMNH AMNH tii:;i"xi<ru {tin^if.iiiiAa 18*8,7.25.83 MiUlM a = 1.1 Wine Chord 37.8 38.0 42.1-47.5 (45.2 ± 1.6) Bill length 10.5 10.9 10.2-12.4 (11.4 + 0.6) Rectrix 1 14.8 Missing 15.2 19.2 (16.7 ± 0.9) Rcetrix 2 19.7 16.1 24.3-28.2 (26.0 ±1,1) Rectrix 3 26.7 22.5 29.2-33.6 (32.0 ± 1.2) Reclrix J 30.7 29.3 32.3-37.5 (35.0 ± 1.4) Reetrix 5 36 2 38.S) 49.9-56.0 (52.5 ± 2.0) 1 Bahia. Brazil (*i = 4), Brazil (n 2). "Cayenne" {n = 3), "'British Guiana" {n = 1). Guyana (M = 4). locality unknown {it = I). "Tip (-0.2-0.4 mm) missing. a calibrated colorimeter (CR-221 Chroma based on the hypothesis that signals from Meter. Minolta Corporation) equipped with the cone receptors in the human eye are a 3.0 mm aperture. The measuring head of coded by the brain as light-dark (/.), red- the CP-221 uses 45° circumferential illu- green (o), and yellow-blue (£>). The ratio- mination. Light from the pulsed xenon arc nale is that a color cannot be perceived as lamp is projected onto the specimen surface red and green or yellow and blue at the by optical fibers arranged in a circle around same time. Therefore "redness" and the measurement axis to provide diffuse, "greenness" can be expressed as a single even lighting over the measuring area. Only value a. which is coded as positive if the light reflected perpendicular to the speci- color is red and negative if the color is men surface is collected for color analysis. green. Likewise, "yellowness" or "blue- Colorimetric data from iridescent gorget ness" is expressed by b for yellows and —b feathers are acutely dependent on the angle for blues. The third coordinate L, ranging of measurement, the curvature of the gorget from 0 to 100, describes the "lightness" of surface in museum skins, and the degree of color; low values are dark, high values are pressure applied to the plumage surface by light. The more light reflected from the the Chroma Meter aperture. In order to re- plumage the higher the L value will be. Vi- duce measurement variation, 1 held the ap- sual systems in hummingbirds (e.g.. Gold- erture flush with the plumage surface with- smith & Goldsmith 1979) differ signifi- out depressing the plumage surface. The cantly from those of humans. The relevance default setting for the CR-221 Chroma Me- of opponent color coordinates to colors per- ter displays mean values derived from three ceived by hummingbirds is unknown. sequential, in situ measurements. I repeated I considered four hypotheses: Popelairia this procedure three times for each area of letitiae represents (I) an immature plumage plumage, removing the aperture between of Discosura tongicauda; (2) a geographic trials. Thus, each datum summarized in Ta- variant of D. longicauda; (3) a hybrid; or ble 2 represents the mean of three indepen- (4) a valid species. In investigating the pos- dent measurements, each of which repre- sibility of hybridization, I considered the sents the average of three sequential default band-rumped coquettes and thomtails that measurements. occur in South America (i.e., Lophornis or- Colorimetric characters were described in natus, L. gouldii, L. magnifictis. L. delattrei, terms of opponent-color coordinates (L, a, L. stictolophus, L. chalybeus, L. pavoninus, b) (Hunter & Harold 1987). This system is Popelairia popelairii. P. iangsdorfii, P. 803 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY Ol- WASHINGTON Tallin 2.—L n h opponent color coordinates for plumage characters of the two known specimens of Popelatria ietiliae: L - lightness; a/-a = red/green: bi-b = yellow/blue. UMNH AMNH H\INH IMS 7 25.83 SS060 Pijmuge chAfatttf /. " b ) " b Forecrown golden-green l$S -5.7 12.0 23.1 -4.0 13.3 Lower baek above hand coppery-bronze 24.5 4.5 15.0 214 5.0 10.5 Rump below hand coppery-bronze 25.1 9.2 21). 1 19.6 8.5 11.4 Upper throat golden-green 11.6 -0.2 4,5 16.8 -3.4 8.9 Lower throat (side) golden-green 1.1.9 -1.3 9.0 13.4 -0.5 6.7 Lower breast (midline) bronze-green 25.6 2.1 1.5.8 22.9 3.9 10.7 •General color observed when specimen is held in a position that yields the greatest apparent brilliance. conversii, Discosura longicauda) as poten- plish-black in sub-definitive plumages of D. tial parental species (taxonomy of Sibley & longicauda), and dull bronze-green lower Monroe 1990). Fewer than half (23 of 55) breast and abdomen (spangled with irides- of the possible pairwise combinations of cent golden-bronze disks in both definitive the aforementioned species actually occur and sub-definitive plumages of D. longicau- in nature (i.e., species sympatric at the res- da).
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