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FAMILY PTEROCLIDIDAE 217

Notes.--Also known as Common Puffin and, in literature, as the Puffin. Fra- tercula arctica and F. corniculata constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Fratercula corniculata (Naumann). Horned Puffin. Mormon corniculata Naumann, 1821, Isis von Oken, col. 782. (Kamchatka.) .--Mostly pelagic;nests on rocky islandsin cliff crevicesand amongboulders, rarely in groundburrows. Distribution.--Breedson islandsand alongcoasts of the Chukchiand Bering seasfrom the DiomedeIslands and Cape Lisburnesouth to the AleutianIslands, and alongthe Pacific coast of western from the Peninsula and south-coastal Alaska south to British Columbia (QueenCharlotte , and probablyelsewhere along the coast);and in from northeasternSiberia (Kolyuchin Bay) southto the CommanderIslands, Kam- chatka,Sakhalin, and the northernKuril Islands.Nonbreeding occurin late springand summer south along the Pacific coast of North America to southernCalifornia, and north in to Wrangel and Herald islands. Winters from the and Aleutians south, at least casually,to the northwestern Hawaiian Islands (from Kure east to Laysan), and off North America (rarely) to southern California;and in Asia from northeasternSiberia southto Japan. Accidentalin Mackenzie (Basil Bay); a sight report for . Notes.--See comments under F. arctica.

Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas). Tufted Puffin. Alca cirrhata Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool. 1(5): 7, pl. i; pl. v, figs. 1-3. (in Mari inter Kamtschatcamet Americam ArchipelagumqueKurilum = Bering Sea.) Habitat.--Primarily pelagic;nests on islandsand coastal slopes in groundburrows, some- timesunder boulders and piles of rocks,occasionally under densevegetation. Distribution.--Breeds alongthe Pacificcoast of North Americafrom the DiomedeIslands and Cape Thompsonsouth through islands of the Bering Sea (including the Pribilofs) to the Aleutians, east to the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak , and southeasternAlaska, and south to southernCalifornia (to SantaBarbara County, off San Miguel Island); and in easternAsia from the KolyuchinIslands and East Cape southto Kamchatka,the Commanderand Kuril islands,Sea of Okhotsk,Sakhalin, and northernJapan. Wintersoffshore from southernAlaska and Kamchatkasouth through the breedingrange to central (rarely southern)California and southernJapan. Accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands(Laysan) and Maine. Notes.mFormerlyplaced in the monotypicgenus Lunda.

Family Incertae Sedis Family PTEROCLIDIDAE: Sandgrouse Notes.--The relationshipsof the Pteroclididae are so controversialthat we leave them incertaesedis. Maclean (1967, 1969) andFjelds•t (1976) placedthem in the Charadriiformes, a positionsupported by recentmolecular analyses (Sibley andAhlquist 1990). Others(Olson 1970, Strauch1978) retain them in their traditionalposition in the Columbiformes.

Genus PTEROCLES Temminck PteroclesTemminck, 1815, Pig. Gall. 3: 238, 712. , by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Tetrao alchata Linnaeus.

Pteroclesexustus Temminck. Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse. Pteroclesexustus Temminck, 1825, PlanchesColor., livr. 60, pls. 354, 360. (westcoast of , Egypt and = Senegal.) Habitat.--Dry keawe scrubforest, rocky grasslands,and pasturesat low and moderate elevations;in native range, desertsand arid scrub. 218 FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Distribution.--Resident acrossnorthern Africa (south of the Sahara) from Senegal east to Somalia and Kenya, and from Arabia and Syria east to Baluchistanand . Introduced and establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (North Kona district of , since 1961).

Order COLUMBIFORMES: Pigeonsand Doves

Family COLUMBIDAE: Pigeonsand Doves

Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus

ColumbaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 162. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Vigors, 1825), Colurnbaoenas Linnaeus. PatagioenasReichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. xxv. Type, by monotypy,Columba leucocephala Linnaeus. LithoenasReichenbach, 1853, Handb.Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. xxv. Type, by monotypy,Columba livia "Linnaeus" = Gmelin. ChloroenasReichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. xxv. Type, by monotypy,Columba monilis Vigors = Columbafasciata Say. LepidoenasReichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. xxv. Type, by monotypy,Columba speciosa Gmelin. /Enoenas[subgenus] Salvadori, 1893, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus. 21: 248. Type,by subsequent designation(Ridgway, 1916), Colurnbanigrirostris Sclater. Notes.--For modernusage of Patagioenasand Oenoenasas generadistinct from Columba, see Johnston(1962); for contraryopinion, see Corbin (1968).

Columba livia Gmelin. Rock Dove.

Columba domesticaB livia Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 769. (No locality given = southernEurope.) Habitat.--In the wild statealong rocky seacoastsor inland in gorges,fiver valleys,caves, and desertoases, nesting on cliff ledgesor in holes and fissures;fetal birds in the Western Hemisphereoccasionally in naturalhabitats, more abundantlynear humansettlement, es- pecially in cities. Distribution.--Resident in from the Faeroe Islands, southernScandinavia, , western Siberia, , and northernChina south through the British Isles, western ,and the Mediterraneanregion to the easternAtlantic islands,northern Africa, Arabia, Iran, India, Sfi Lanka, and Burma. Introducedand establishedwidely throughoutthe world, includingthe HawaiianIslands, most of North America (from the central parts of the Canadianprovinces south), in the RevillagigedoIslands (SocorroIsland), and the . Notes.--Also known as Rock Pigeonor DomesticPigeon; established, fetal populations are sometimescalled Fetal Pigeon or Common Pigeon. Oberholser(1974) used the name Lithoenas domestica;see Banks and Browning (1995).

Columba cayennensisBonnaterre. Pale-vented Pigeon. Columba cayennensisBonnaterre, 1792, Tabl. Encycl. M6th., Ornithol. 1(51): 234. Based on "Le Pigeon Ramjet de Cayenne" Holandre, Abrege Hist. Nat. 2: 214. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,River-edge Forest, Edge of TropicalLowland Forest, and Sec- ondaryForest, lowland pine savanna(0-800 m; TropicalZone, in SouthAmerica to Tem- perate Zone). Distribution.--Resident from extreme southeasternVeracruz, Tabasco, the Yucatan Pen- insula,and northern Chiapas south on the Gulf-Cafibbeanslope to ,on bothslopes of and , and in from , , Tobago, FAMILY COLUMBIDAE 219

Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the to western and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and southeasternBrazil. Notes.--Also known as Rufous Pigeon.

Columba speciosaGmelin. ScaledPigeon. Colurnbaspeciosa Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 783. Based primarily on "Pigeon ramier,de Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 213. (in Cayenna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Gallery Forest, lowland pine savanna(0-1400 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southern Veracruz and northern Oaxaca south on the Gulf- Caribbeanslope of Middle America to Nicaragua,on both slopesof CostaRica (absentfrom dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern , and east of the Andes (excludingmost of Amazonia) to northernArgentina and southeasternBrazil.

Columba squamosaBonnaterre. Scaly-naped Pigeon. Colurnbasquarnosa Bonnaterre, 1792, Tabl. Encycl. M6th., Ornithol. 1, 1(51): 234. Based on "Le Pigeon Ramjet de la " Holandre, Abrege Hist. Nat. 2: 214. (Guadeloupe.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-2500 m). Distribution.---Resident in the Greater Antilles (rare on ), LesserAntilles (not recordedAnguilla, St. Barth61emyor D6sirade),and islandsoff the north coastof Venezuela (Curacao,Bonaire, Los Testigos,and Los Frailes, formerly also Aruba). Casualin southernFlorida (Key West). Notes.--Also known as Red-neckedPigeon.

Columba leucocephalaLinnaeus. White-crowned Pigeon. Colurnbaleucocephala Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 164. Basedmainly on "The White-crown'd Pigeon" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 25, pl. 25. (in America septentrionali-- BahamaIslands.) Habitat.-- Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen For- est (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Breeds in southernFlorida (mangroveislets in the Keys from Elliot to Marquesaskeys, and throughout Florida Bay), Bahamas,Antilles (southto Barbuda and Antigua),, islands of the westernCaribbean Sea (Cozumeloff Quintana Roo, caysoff , the Bay and Hog islandsoff ,Providencia and Corn islands), and CaribbeanPanama (Swan Cay, Escudode Veraguas,and coastof Bocasdel Toro, also SanBlas Islands).Individuals from FloridaBay commonlyforage on the mainland(southern Dade and Monroe counties). Wintersthroughout most of the breedingrange, regularly in southernpeninsular Florida, the Florida Keys, and northern Bahamas,ranging in Middle America to coastal areas (re- corded Quintana Roo, Belize, Honduras, and western Panama), and in the Lesser Antilles south to St. Lucia. Casual on the mainlandof southernFlorida (north to Fort Pierce ); a sight report for southernTexas. A report from Oaxaca (Salina Cruz) is questionable(Binford 1989).

Columbafiavirostris Waglet.Red-billed Pigeon. ColumbafiavirostrisWaglet, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 519. ( = Veracruz.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest (0-2100 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from central ,southern Chihuahua, Durango, San Luis Potosf,Nuevo Le6n, and southernTexas souththrough Middle America (including the Tres 220 FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Mar/as Islands,but absentfrom most of Caribbeanslope from Hondurassouth) to central Costa Rica; northernmostpopulations are migratory southward. Notes.--C. flavirostris and C. inornata appear to constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Columba inornata Vigors. Plain Pigeon. Columba inornata Vigors, 1827, Zool. J. 3: 446. (near Havana, .) Itabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Cuba, the Isle of Pines, (including TortueIsland), Jamaica,and PuertoRico (wherepresently confined to vicinity of Cidra, west-centralPuerto Rico). Notes.--See commentsunder C. fiavirostris.

Columbafasciata Say. Band-tailedPigeon. Columbafasciata Say, 1823, in Long, Exped.Rocky Mount. 2:10 (note). (smalltrib- utary of the Platte -- Plum Creek, near CastleRock, DouglasCounty, Colorado.) Itabitat.--Temperateand mountain forests, primarily in oaks,less commonly in coniferous forest, and locally in lowlands,foraging also in cultivatedareas; increasingly common in wooded suburbsin Pacific coastalregion (Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [fasciata group]from southwesternBritish Columbia south(pri- marilyin mountains)through , Oregon, California, and western Nevada to south- ern Baja California;from southernNevada, Arizona, centralUtah, north-centralColorado, New Mexico, and westernTexas souththrough the mountainsof Mexico, ,E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto (at least formerly) north-centralNicaragua. Regular in summer (andprobably breeding) north to southeasternAlaska (as far northas Mitkof Islandand the Stikine River) and west-centralBritish Columbia. Winters [fasciata group] from westernWashington, central California, centralArizona, central New Mexico (rarely), and westernTexas southwardthrough the breedingrange, occurringwidely in Mexico in foothills at lower elevationsthan in the breedingseason, regularlynorth to southwesternBritish Columbia,rarely west to islandsoff the coastof California, and east to Nevada. Resident[albilinea group] in the mountainsof Costa Rica and westernPanama (east to easternVeraguas); and in South America in the mountainsfrom Venezuela,Trinidad, and Colombia southto northwesternArgentina. Casual [fasciatagroup] in westernand northernAlaska (near Nome, upper Ikpikpuk River), and from Idaho, Montana, central Alberta, southernSaskatchewan, southern Man- itoba, western and southernOntario, New Hampshire,New Brunswick, Maine, and Nova Scotiasouth to Wyoming,western Missouri, Oklahoma, western Texas, Louisiana, Missis- sippi, Alabama, and Florida. Notes.--Groups: C. fasciata [Band-tailed Pigeon] and C. albilinea Bonaparte,1854 [White-neckedPigeon]. Columbafasciata, C. caribaea,and the SouthAmerican C. araucana Lesson,1827, may constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Columba caribaea Jacquin.Ring-tailed Pigeon. Columba(caribcea) Jacquin, 1784, Beytr.Ges. V6gel, p. 30. Basedon "Pigeonh queue annel•e de la Jamaique"Brisson, Ornithologie 1: 138. (Karib•iischeInseln = Ja- maica.) Itabitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest (0-1500 m.) Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica. Notes.--See commentsunder C. fasciata.

Columba subvinacea (Lawrence). Ruddy Pigeon. Chloroenassubvinacea Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 9: 135. (,Costa Rica.) FAMILY COLUMBIDAE 221

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, River-edgeForest, Montane Evergreen Forest(0-1800 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident[subvinacea group] in the mountainsof CostaRica andwestern Panama (east to Veraguas), and from northern and eastern Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes, to central and Amazonian ; and [berlepschi group] in easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province, San Blas, and easternDari6n) and western Colombia south to northwestern Peru. Notes.--Wetmore (1968) suggestedthat the two groupsrepresent distinct ,C. subvinacea[Ruddy Pigeon] and C. berlepschiHarteft, 1898 [Berlepsch'sPigeon]. See notes under C. nigrirostris.

Columba nigrirostris Sclater.Short-billed Pigeon. Columbanigrirostris Sclater,1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 390. (In statuOaxaca reipubl. Mexicame -- probably Playa Vicente, Veracruz;Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 337.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane Evergreen Forest (0-1500 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,eastern Chia- pas, and southernQuintana Roo southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of CentralAmerica to CostaRica (includingsouthwestern portion on the Pacificslope), Panama (both slopes), and northwesternColombia (Choc6). Notes.--Wetmore (1968) consideredthe unique type of C. chiriquensis(Ridgway, 1915) to be an immatureC. nigrirostris,although Johnston (1962) consideredit to be an example of C. subvinacea.Colurnba nigrirostris and C. goodsoniHartert, 1902, appearto constitute a superspecies(Johnston 1962).

GenusSTREPTOPELIA Bonaparte StreptopeliaBonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 40: 17. Type, by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Colurnbarisoria Linnaeus.

Streptopeliaorientalis (Latham). Oriental Turtle-Dove. Columba orientalis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2: 606. (China.) Habitat.--Open forestand savanna. Distribution.---Breeds in Asia from the Ural Mountains east to the Sea of Okhotsk and Japan,and southto southernAsia, and wintersin the southernpart of the breedingrange. Casual in Alaska in the (St. Paul, 23 June-18 July 1984, photograph; Gibson and Kessel 1992), at sea about 50 miles from the Pribilof Islands (individual came aboarda fishingvessel, about 20-26 July 1986, photograph;Gibson and Kessel1992), and in the (Attu, 20 May-12 June 1989, photograph;1989, Amer. Birds 43: 525; DeBenedictis1991; Attu, 21 May--3 June 1996, Nat. Aud. Soc. Field Notes 50: 320). A reportfrom British Columbia(Vancouver Island) may be an escapefrom captivity. Notes.--Also known as Rufous Turtle-Dove.

Streptopeliarisoria (Linnaeus).Ringed Turtle-Dove. Colurnbarisoria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 165. (in India.) Habitat.--Feral populationsoccur in openwoodland and parks around human habitation; relatedspecies in the wild stateinhabit add countrywith treesand ,often near human habitation. Distribution.--Origin and native countryuncertain; long domesticatedand in captivity worldwide. Introducedand establishedin west-centralFlorida (Pinelias County), the Bahamas(New Providence),, and apparentlyalso in easternTexas (Houston region) and Alabama (Montgomery). Other North American populations(e.g., in ) have failed to become established. 222 FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Notes.--Also known as Barbary Dove. This widely domesticatedand locally introduced form is now deemedto be derivedfrom the African S. roseogrisea(Sundevall, 1957) [African Collared-Dove] rather than S. decaocto(Goodwin 1983). Surviving North American pop- ulationsmay now be entirelyhuman-supported and totally human-dependent.There is con- troversywhether the name risoria can be appliedto any wild populationat all (Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Streptopeliaturtur (Linnaeus).European Turtle-Dove. ColumbaTurturLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 164. (in India, error = England.) Habitat.--Open woodland,scrub, plains, and gardens. Distribution.--Breeds from the British Isles and Europe southto northernAfrica and southwestern Asia, and winters south to southwestern Africa. Accidentalin southernFlorida (Lower MatecumbeKey, 9-11 April 1990, photograph; Hoffman et al. 1990). Someconsider the origin of this individualuncertain; see DeBenedictis (1994b).

Streptopeliadecaocto (Frivaldszky). EurasianCollared-Dove. Columbarisoria L. var. decaoctoFrivaldszky, 1838, K. Magyar TudosTftrs•g Evk6nyvi 3(3) (1834-36): 183, pl. 8. (Turkey.) Habitat.--Suburbs, parks,and farm groves;in Old World, a varietyof habitatsfrom open woodland to scrub and desert, as well as around human habitation. Distribution.--Western Palearctic from the British Isles, southernScandinavia, and west- ern Russiasouth to southernEurope, Egypt, and southernAsia eastto Burma and Sri Lanka; Europeanpopulations represent a relatively recent expansionand may be the result of introductions. Introduced and establishedin the Bahama Islands (New Providence, 1974), whence it has spreadto other northernislands in the Bahamas(Grand Bahama,Abaco, Bimini, Eleuthera, Andros),to Cuba, to the LesserAntilles (Montserrat,St. Kitts, ,Guadeloupe), and to southernFlorida (late 1970's, now commonto abundantfrom the Tampaand Palm Beach areassouth to Key West, breedinglocally west to Destin in the Panhandle);also established locally in coastalGeorgia, South Carolina, and southeasternLouisiana, occurring casually northto North Carolina(nesting 1995) andPennsylvania, and west to southwesternLouisiana, Arkansas, and central and northwesternTexas (origin uncertain); a small population in southeasternColorado is of uncertainorigin. Also apparentlyspreading in ,with recentpopulations discovered in Cuba,Montserrat, and Dominica. Also introducedin Japan. Notes.--For a discussionof the historyof S. decaoctoin North America,see Smith (1987). For distributionin West Indies, see Barre et al. (1996). Streptopeliadecaocto and S. bitor- quata(Temminck) 1810, of Indonesiaand the Philippines,appear to constitutea superspecies (Goodwin 1983).

Streptopeliachinensis (Scopoli). SpottedDove. Colurnba(chinensis) Scopoli, 1786, Del Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, p. 94. (China = Canton.) Habitat.--Primarily suburbanareas and cultivatedlands aroundhuman habitation with grovesof trees. Distribution.--Residentfrom easternAfghanistan, the , and eastern China south to Sri Lanka, the Malay Peninsula,, and Philippines. Introduced and establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Kauai eastward); in southernCalifornia (primarily from SantaBarbara, where now rare, andBakersfield south to SanDiego andthe CoachellaValley) and (probably)extreme northwestern Baja California (Tijuana area), casually to Imperial Valley; and in Mauritius, Sulawesi,, New Zealand, and various islands of .A small populationmay persist on St. Croix, (introduced in 1964). FAMILY COLUMBIDAE 223

Genus GEOPELIA Swainson

Geopelia Swainson,1837, Class. Birds 2: 348. Type, by monotypy, Geopelia lineata Mus. Carl. pl. 67 = Colurnbastriata Linnaeus.

Geopelia striata (Linnaeus). Zebra Dove. Colurnbastriata Linnaeus,1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 282. Basedon "La Tourterelle ray6e desIndes" Brisson,Ornithologie 1: 109, and "The TransverseStriped or Barred Dove" Edwards 1: 16, pl. 16. (in India orientali = Java.) Habitat.--Open country with trees and shrubbygrowth, parks, gardens,and cultivated areas,especially near human habitation. Distribution.--Resident from the Malay Peninsulaand Philippinessouth to the East Indies. Introduced and establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (in 1922, now on all main islands from Kauai eastward). Notes.--Also known as Barred Dove. Geopelia placida Gould, 1844 [PeacefulDove] of Australia and G. rnaugeus(Temminck, 1811) [BarredDove] of the LesserSunda Islands are often merged with G. striata (see Christidisand Boles 1994).

GenusZENAIDA Bonaparte Zenaida Bonaparte,1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 41. Type, by tautonymy,Zenaida arnabilis Bonaparte = Colurnbazenaida Bonaparte = Colurnbaaurita Temminck. ZenaiduraBonaparte, • Q• C R ^ •n• Sci. Pari's40:96.. ••'natdesignation, Columba carolinensis Linnaeus = Columba macroura Linnaeus. Melopelia Bonaparte,1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 40: 98. Type, by subsequentdes- ignation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Columbameloda Tschudi -- Columbaasiatica Linnaeus.

Zenaida asiatica (Linnaeus).White-winged Dove. Columba asiatica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 163. Based on "The Brown Indian Dove" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 76, pl. 76. (in Indiis -- Jamaica.) Itabitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Riparian Thickets, Second-growth Scrub,Add Lowland Scrub(0-2500 rn; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.-•Breeds [asiaticagroup] in southeasternCalifornia, southern Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah. Resident[asiatica group]from centralArizona, centralNew Mexico, northernChihuahua, westernand centralTexas, and (locally) southernLouisiana and southernAlabama southto Baja California, throughmost of Middle America (includingIsla Tibur6n off Sonora,the Tres Marias Islands off Nayarit, and Cozumel and Holbox islands off Quintana Roo) to Honduras,locally in the Pacific lowlandsto northwesternCosta Rica (Guanacaste),in man- groveswamps of westernPanama around the shoresof Golfo de Parita from Herrera(lower Rfo Parita) to Cocl• (Rfo Pocrf and Rio Ant6n), in the southernBahamas (north to Great Exuma and Long Island) and Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico), and on islandsin the westernCaribbean (Providencia, San Andr•s); and [melodagroup] along the Pacificcoast of South America from southwestern Ecuador to northern . Winters[asiatica group] south to CostaRica and islandsin the CaribbeanSea. Introduced[asiatica group] in central and southernFlorida. Casual [asiatica group] in northwesternNorth America north to southeasternAlaska (Skagway),British Columbia,Montana, and Colorado,in easternNorth Americafrom Min- nesota, northern , New Brunswick, Maine, and Nova Scotia south to northern Texas, central Louisiana, and northern Florida, in the northern Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Acklin's Island), and in the Virgin Islands(St. Croix, St. John). Notes.--Groups: Z. asiatica [White-winged Dove] and Z. meloda (Tschudi, 1843) [Pacific Dove]. 224 FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Zenaida aurita (Temminck). Zenaida Dove. ColumbaAurita Temminck, 1809, Les Pigeons,livr. 6, Les Colombes,p. 60, pl. 25. (Martinique.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid LowlandScrub, Second-growth Scrub (0-600 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in the Florida Keys (formerly), Bahamas,Greater Antilles (east to Virgin Islands),Cayman Islands and LesserAntilles; and along the north coastof the YucatanPeninsula (Yucat•n, QuintanaRoo), includingon Holbox, Cancun,Mujeres, and Cozumelislands. A specimenfrom Belize is of dubiousauthenticity (Barlow et al. 1969). Casual in southernFlorida (from Key West to Key Largo, with sight reportsnorth to OsceolaCounty).

Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs). Eared Dove. Peristera auriculata Des Murs, 1847, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool. 1: 381, pl. 6. (centralprovinces of Chile.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Arid Lowland Scrub,Arid MontaneScrub (0-3400 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the southern Lesser Antilles on Grenada and the Grenadines; and throughoutmost of SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela (including islands from the NetherlandsAntilles east to Tobagoand Trinidad) and the Guianassouth to . Casual on St. Lucia and Martinique; accidentalin the Falkland Islands and on South Georgia. An individual photographedin Panama(Coco Solo, Canal area) may have been an escapefrom captivity;also a sightreport from Tocumen,Panam5 Prov. Notes.--Z. auriculata and Z. macroura constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus).. Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 164. Based mainly on "The Long-tailed Dove" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 15, pl. 15. (in , error = Cuba.) I-Iabitat.--Cultivated landswith scatteredtrees and bushes, open woodland, suburbs, and arid and desertcountry (generally near water) (Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from centralBritish Columbia(including Vancouver Island), cen- tral Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wis- consin,northern Michigan, central Ontario, southern , Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia southto southernBaja California, Sonora(in Pacific low- lands), in the interior mountains and Central Plateau of Mexico to Oaxaca and , and to northernTamaulipas (in the Caribbeanlowlands), Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida; in Bermuda, the Bahama Islands, and Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico and Culebra and Viequesislands); in Guadalupe,the Revillagigedoand Tres Mafias islandsoff westernMexico; and in westernNicaragua, Costa Rica, andwestern Panama (east to western Panamfiprovince), probably also elsewherein northernCentral America. Wintersprimarily from northernCalifornia eastacross the central United Statesto Iowa, southernMichigan, southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, New York, and New England (uncommonlyto thenorthern limits of the breedingrange), and south throughout the breeding range and over most of Middle America to centralPanama. Casualnorth to westernand centralAlaska (almostannually), southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northernManitoba, northernOntario, central Quebec,, Newfoundland, and Greenland,and to the CaymanIslands. Accidental on ClippertonIsland, Colombia, and the British Isles. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islands(on Hawaii in 1963, presentlya small populationin the North Kona region). Notes.--See commentsunder Z. auriculata and Z. graysoni. FAMILY COLUMBIDAE 225

Zenaida graysoni (Lawrence). SocorroDove. Zenaidura graysoni (Baird MS) Lawrence, 1871, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 10: 17. (, Mexico.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub. Distribution.--Formerly resident on Socorro Island, in the , off westernMexico; severalrecent searches (1988-1991) found only Z. macroura(a new invader to Socorro)and confirm the extirpationin the wild of Z. graysoni, althoughthere are still living birds in captivity at this time. Notes.--Although consideredby many authorsas conspecificwith Z. macroura,differ- encesin morphology,vocalizations, and behaviorsupport the maintenanceof specificstatus for Z. graysoni (Baptista et al. 1983).

Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson EctopistesSwainson, 1827, Zool. J. 3: 362. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Swainson, 1837), Columba migratoria Linnaeus.

?Ectopistesmigratorius (Linnaeus). PassengerPigeon. Columbamigratoria Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 285. Basedmainly on "The Pigeon of Passage"Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 23, pl. 23. (in America septen- trionall = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Forest, foragingin open countryand cultivatedlands adjacent to forest. Distribution.--EXTINCT. Bred formerly from central Montana, east-centralSaskatche- wan, southernManitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, centralOntario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi,and Georgia. Wintered from Arkansas, southeasternMissouri, Tennessee,and North Carolina south to Texas,the Gulf coast,and northernFlorida, occasionallynorth to Indiana, southernPenn- sylvania,and Connecticut. Casual or accidentalto Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, British Columbia, Mackenzie, Alberta, northernSaskatchewan, northern Manitoba, Baffin Bay, northernQuebec, Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, Cuba (Havana market), and Mexico (recorded Puebla, Veracruz, and Tabasco);also in Scotland,Ireland, and ,although the Europeanindividuals may have been escapesfrom captivity. Last specimenobtained in the wild taken at Sargento, Pike County,Ohio, on 24 March 1900;last living individualdied in captivityin theCincinnati Zoological Gardens,Cincinnati, Ohio, on 1 September1914. Notes.--Oberholser (1974) used the name E. canadensis(Linnaeus), but see Banks and Browning (1995).

GenusCOLUMBINA Spix ColumbinaSpix, 1825,Avium Spec.Nov. Bras.2: 57. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1841), Columbinastrepitans Spix = Colurnbapicui Temminck. ColumbigallinaBole, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 977. Type, by monotypy,Columba passerina Linnaeus. ChamcepeliaSwainson, 1827, Zool. J. 3: 361. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1841), Columbapasserina Linnaeus. Scardafella Bonaparte,1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 40: 24. Type, by original desig- nation, Columbasquamosa Temminck (not Bonnaterre)= Columbasquammata Les- son.

Colurnbina inca (Lesson). Inca Dove. Chamcepeliainca Lesson, 1847, Descr. Mamm. Ois., p. 211. (Mexico [probablywest coast].) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub,Riparian Thickets,Arid Lowland Scrub,Arid Montane Scrub (0-2400 m; Tropical, less frequently Subtropicalzones). 226 FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Distribution.--Resident from southeasternCalifornia, northeastern Baja California,south- ern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, central Texas, and western Louisiana souththrough Mexico (exceptthe YucatanPeninsula and the remainderof Baja California), Guatemala(rare in Pet6n and Caribbeanlowlands), E1 Salvador,Honduras (Pacific lowlands and arid interior valleys), and Nicaragua (Pacific lowlands) to northwesternCosta Rica (Guanacasteand highlandsto vicinity of San Jos6);and, at least formerly, in the Florida Keys (Key West), where now apparentlyextirpated. Wandersregularly to easternand southwesternCalifornia (Inyo, Los Angeles, and Kern counties),and casually to southernUtah, north-centraland southeasternColorado, North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, northwestern Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and northeastern Louisiana.Accidental in Ontario. The origin of the Key West breedingpopulations may have been escapedcage-birds. Notes.--Often placedin the genusScardafella, but seeJohnston (1961). Columbinainca is sometimesmerged with C. squammata(Lesson, 1831) of SouthAmerican (Hellmayr and Conover 1942, Mayr and Short 1970).

Columbina passerina (Linnaeus). Common Ground-Dove. Columbapasserina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 165. Basedmainly on "The GroundDove" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 26, pl. 26. (in America inter tropicos = South Carolina.) Habitat.•Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Second-growthScrub, Pastures/ Agricultural Lands, lowland pine savanna(0-2300 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernCalifornia (northto SantaBarbara County), central Arizona, southwesternNew Mexico, central Texas, the Gulf coast, South Carolina, Bermuda, and the Bahamassouth through Mexico (including SocorroIsland in the Revillagigedos, Tres Marias and Tres Marietas islandsoff Nayarit, and islandsoff the Yucatan Peninsula, but rare in the centralhighlands), the Antilles, and CentralAmerica (mostly in the highlands and arid interior, but also in the Caribbeanlowland savanna,and in the Bay Islands off Honduras) to central Costa Rica (Guanacasteand the arid central highlands);in western Panama (Azuero Peninsula); and in northern South America from Colombia, Venezuela (includingislands from the NetherlandsAntilles eastto Trinidad), and the Guianassouth to Ecuadorand easternBrazil. Northwesternpopulations •are partly migratory. Wanderscasually north to centralCalifornia, southernNevada, Utah, Wyoming,Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin,northern Michigan, central Ontario, Pennsylvania,New York, Massachu- setts, and Nova Scotia. Notes.--Also knownas Scaly-breastedGround-Dove. Oberholser (1974) usedthe generic name Columbigallina.

Columbina minuta (Linnaeus). Plain-breastedGround-Dove. Columba minuta Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 285. Based on "La petite Tourterellebrun d'Am6rique" Brisson, Ornithologie 1' 116,pl. 8, fig. 2. (in America = Cayenne.) Habitat.---Arid Lowland Scrub, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Arid Montane Scrub, Second-growthScrub (0-1400 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America in southern Mexico (southernVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and southwestCampeche, presumablyalso Morelos), Belize, Guatemala,and, locally, north-centraland northeastern Nicaragua(probably also in easternHonduras) and extremenortheastern Costa Rica; along the Pacificcoast of Middle Americalocally from ,Guerrero, and southwesternOaxaca southto CostaRica (not recordedHonduras or Pacific lowlandsof Nicaragua,but present in the centralhighlands of Nicaragua)and Panama(east to easternPanamfi province, also recordedon Caribbeanslope in Canal area); and disjunctlyin South America in northern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, Peru, easternand central Brazil, easternBolivia, and northernParaguay. FAMILY COLUMBIDAE 227

Columbina talpacoti (Temminck).Ruddy Ground-Dove. Columba talpacoti Temminck, 1810, Les Pigeons,livr. 12/13, Les Colombi-Gallines, p. 22. (l'Am6rique m6ridionale= Brazil.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, Riparian Thickets, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-1200 m; Tropical,less frequently Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from southernSonora, eastern San Luis Potos•,and Tamaulipas souththrough Middle America (including Cozumel and Cancunislands off QuintanaRoo, and Coiba and Pearl islands off Panama), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (includingMargarita Island), Tobago,Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes, to northernArgentina and northernUruguay. Rangesnorth rarely to southernCalifornia (north to Santa Barbaraand Inyo counties), southernArizona, and western and southernTexas, casually to southernNevada, south- westernNew Mexico, southernBaja California (sight reports),and Chile. Notes.--C. talpacoti and C. buckleyi (Sclater and Salvin, 1877) of westernEcuador and northwesternPeru, form a superspecies(Goodwin 1983). Oberholser(1974) usedthe generic name Columbigallina.

Genus CLARAVIS Oberholser Peristera (not Rafinesque,1815) Swainson,1827, Zool. J. 3: 360. Type, by original designation,Colurnba cinerea Temminck = Peristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez. Claravis Oberholser,1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia51: 203. New name for Peristera Swainson,preoccupied.

Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez).Blue Ground-Dove. Colurnbacinerea (not Scopoli, 1786) Temminck, 1811, Les Pigeons, livr. i4/15, Les Colombes,p. 126, pl. 58. (au Br6sil = Brazil.) Peristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez, 1886, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 9: 175. New name for Colurnbacinerea Temminck,preoccupied. Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest, River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest (0-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Chiapason the Pacific slope, and from southeasternSan Luis Potosf,Hidalgo, and southernTamaulipas on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope south through Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south,west of the Andesto northwesternPeru, and eastof the Andesto northernArgentina, Paraguay,and southeasternBrazil.

C!aravis mondetoura(Bonaparte). Maroon-chested Ground-Dove. Peristera rnondetouraBonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 42: 765. (Caracas,Ven- ezuela.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, especially with heavy undergrowthor bamboo (900-3000 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident locally in the mountainsof Veracruz,Chiapas, Guatemala, E1 Salvador,Honduras, Costa Rica, and westernPanama (Chiriqul'); and in the Andesof South America from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south to northern Bolivia. Notes.--C. mondetouraand C. godefrida (Temminck, 1811), of easternSouth America, constitutea superspecies(Goodwin 1983).

Genus LEPTOTILA Swainson Leptotila Swainson,1837, Class.Birds 2: 349. Type, by monotypy,P[eristera]. rufaxilla Nat. Lib. v. pl. 24 = Colurnbajarnaicensis Linnaeus.

Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte.White-tipped Dove. Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte,1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 40: 99. (de la Nouvelle- Grenade = Colombia.) 228 FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest, Secondary Forest, River-edge For- est,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge (0-2800 m; Tropicalto lowerTemperate zones). Distribution.--Resident [verreauxigroup] from centralSonora, southwestern Chihuahua, southeasternSan Luis PotosLNuevo Le6n, and southernTexas (lower Rio GrandeValley north to central Texas coast) souththrough Middle America (includingthe Tres Mafias Islandsoff Nayarit, and the PearlIslands and many othersmall islands off Panama),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela (including islands from the NetherlandsAntilles east to Tobago and Trinidad), and the Guianas south, west of the Andes, to northern Peru; and [brasiliensis group] from eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, and Brazil south to northern and Uruguay. Notes.--Also knownas White-frontedDove. Groups:L. verreauxi[White-tipped Dove] and L. brasiliensis(Bonaparte, 1856) [Brazilian Dove]. Leptotila verreauxiand the South AmericanL. megaluraSclater and Salvin, 1879, appear to constitutea superspecies(Goodwin 1983).

Leptotila rufaxilla (Richardand Bernard).Gray-fronted Dove. Columba Rufaxilla Richard and Bernard, 1792, Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 118. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (0-1000 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones); Distribution.--Resident[plumbeiceps group] from southernTamaulipas, southeastern San Luis Potosf,southern Veracruz, and northernOaxaca south on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope (exceptYucat•n) throughBelize, northernGuatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (also Pacific slopein southwest),and CostaRica (both slopes)to westernPanama (western Bocas del Toro), and in the WesternAndes and CaucaValley of Colombia;[battyi group]in western Panama(Azuero Peninsula in southernVeraguas and westernHerrera, and C6baco and Coiba islands);and [rufaxilla group]in SouthAmerica from easternColombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, andthe Guianassouth, east of the Andes,to centralBolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argen- tina, and southern Brazil. Notes.--Various groupsin this speciesare often (Goodwin 1983) considereddistinct species,L. plumbeicepsSclater and Salvin, 1868 [Gray-headedDove], whichincludes battyi (alongwith L. wellsi), andL. rufaxilla [Gray-frontedDove]. Wetmore(1968) recognizedL. battyi Rothschild,1901 [Brown-backedDove] as a distinctspecies, and Howell andWebb (1995) recognizedL. plumbeicepsas a species.Leptotila rufaxilla, L. wellsi, and L. jamai- censisappear to constitutea superspecies(Goodwin 1983). See commentsunder L. wellsi.

Leptotila wellsi (Lawrence). Grenada Dove. Engyptilawellsi Lawrence,1884, Auk, 1, p. 180. (Fontenoy,St. Georges,Grenada.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest. Distribution.--Residenton the southwesternpeninsula of Grenada,where surviving in small numbers;formerly more widely distributedon Grenadaand on offshoreislands (Glov- er's, Green).Not definitelyknown from Tobagoor St. Vincent althoughsometimes listed for those islands. Notes.--Formerly (A.O.U. 1983) included with L. rufaxilla, from which it differs in vocalizations,, and soft part colors (Blocksteinand Hardy 1989). See comments under L. rufaxilla.

Leptotila jamaicensis (Linnaeus). CaribbeanDove. Columbajamaicensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 283. Based on Columba minor ventrecandido Sloane, Voy. Jamaica2: 303, pl. 262, fig. 1, and "Le Pigeon de la Jama'ique"Brisson, Ornithologie 1: 134. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Second- ary Forest. Distributiøn'--Residenton Jamaica,Grand Cayman Island, the northernYucatan Pen- FAMILY COLUMBIDAE 229 insula (including Holbox, Mujeres, Cancun, and Cozumel islands), on islands off Belize (AmbergrisCay) and Honduras(Roatfin and Barbaretain the Bay Islands,and Little Hog Island), and on Isla San Andr6s in the western Caribbean Sea. Introduced and establishedin the Bahamas (New Providence). Notes.--Also known as White-bellied Dove. See commentsunder L. rufaxilla.

Leptotila cassini Lawrence.Gray-chested Dove. Leptotila cassiniLawrence, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 19: 94. (Line of the PanamaRailroad, New Granada = Atlantic slope,Canal area.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1400 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America from eastern Tabascoand northernChiapas south through Belize, northern Guatemala, Honduras,and Nicaragua,and on both slopesfrom Costa Rica throughPanama to northernColombia. Notes.--Also known as Cassin's Dove.

Genus GEOTRYGON Gosse

GeotrygonGosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica,p. 316 (footnote). Type, by subsequentdes- ignation(Reichenbach, 1853), Columbacristata Latham [= Gmelin, not Temminck] = Geotrygonsylvatica Gosse = Columbigallinaversicolor Lafresnaye. Oreopeleia Reichenbach,1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. xxv. Type, by original designation,"Columba martinicana" Brisson -- Columba martinica Linnaeus = Columba montana Linnaeus.

Geotrygonveraguensis Lawrence. Olive-backed Quail-Dove. Geotrygonveraguensis Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 8' 349. (Veragua [Panama].) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-900 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica and Panama (also on Pacific slopein easternPanamfi province and Dari6n), and in westernColombia and north- western Ecuador. Notes.--Also known as VeraguasQuail-Dove.

Geotrygonchrysia Bonaparte.Key West Quail-Dove. Geotrygonchrysia Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris40: 100. (Floride = Florida.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (0-500 m). Distribution.--Resident in the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, Andros, New Providence,Eleuthera, San Salvador,Long Island, and North Caicos), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola (including Gonfive,Tortue, and Catalina islands),Puerto Rico (possiblyalso Mona Island). Casualin southernFlorida (the Florida Keys, and southernmainland, mostly near coasts). Formerlyreported as commonand breedingat Key West (Howell 1932). Notes.--G. chrysia and G. mystaceaconstitute a superspecies(Goodwin 1983).

Geotrygonrnystacea (Temminck). Bridled Quail-Dove. Columbamystacea Temminck, 1811, Les Pigeons,livr. 14/15, Les Colombes,p. 124, pl. 56. (l'Amerique = probablyLesser Antilles.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-700 m). Distribution.--Residentin easternPuerto Rico (locally), the Virgin Islands(except Ane- gada), and LesserAntilles (from Saba and Barbudasouth to St. Lucia). Notes.--See commentsunder G. chrysia. 230 FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Geotrygon albifacies Sclater.White-faced Quail-Dove. Geotrygonalbifacies Sclater,1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 98. (environsof Jalapa, [Veracruz,] Southern Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1200-2700 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof southeasternSan Luis Potosf, Hidalgo, Ve- racruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,Honduras, and north-central Nicaragua. Notes.--G. albifacies and G. chiriquensisare often (Goodwin 1983) consideredas con- specificwith the SouthAmerican G. linearis (Pr6vost,1843), but retentionof three species constitutinga superspeciescomplex seemsmore satisfactory.If all are combinedinto a single species,G. linearis, the name White-faced Quail-Dove is still appropriate.

Geotrygonchiriquensis Sclater. Chiriqui Quail-Dove. Geotrygonchiriquensis Sclater, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 143. (vicinity of the Town of David in the Provinceof Chiriqui in the State of Panama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (600-3100 m; upper Tropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica and westernPanama (Chiriqui and Veraguas). Notes.--See commentsunder G. albifacies.

Geotrygoncarrikeri Wetmore.Tuxtla Quail-Dove. Geotrygon lawrenceii carrikeri Wetmore, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 54, p. 205. (Volcfin San Martin, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico, 3000-4000 feet elev.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (350-1500 m; upperTropical and lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in southeasternVeracruz (Sierra de los Tuxtlas). Notes.--Formerly treated as a subspeciesof G. lawrencii, but see Peterson(1993); cf. Howell and Webb (1995).

Geotrygonlawrencii Salvin. Purplish-backedQuail-Dove. Geotrygonlawrencii Salvin, 1874, Ibis, p. 329. (Ca16bre,Veraguas, Panama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (400-1050 m; upperTropical and lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama (east to Dari6n). Notes.--Geotrygon lawrencii, G. costaricensis,and G. goldmani are closely related, but degreeof relationshipis uncertain;G. lawrencii and G. costaricensisare reportedly sympatric in Costa Rica, and G. lawrencii and G. goldmani overlap in easternPanama.

Geotrygoncostaricensis Lawrence. Buff-fronted Quail-Dove. Geotrygoncostaricensis Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 9: 136. (Costa Rica = Las Cruces de la Candelaria, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1000-3000 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama (east to Veraguas). Notes.--Also known as Costa Rican Quail-Dove. See commentsunder G. lawrencii.

Geotrygongoldmani Nelson. Russet-crownedQuail-Dove. Geotrygongoldmani Nelson, 1912, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 60(3): 2. (Mount Pirri, at 5,000 feet altitude, head of Rio Limon, eastern Panama.) FAMILY COLUMBIDAE 231

Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (750-!600 m; upperTropical and lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province and Dari6n) and extreme northwesternColombia (Jurad6). Notes.--Also known as Goldman's Quail-Dove. See commentsunder G. lawrencii.

Geotrygoncaniceps (Gundlach). Gray-headed Quail-Dove. Columba canicepsGundlach, 1852, J. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 6: 315. (Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (Cuba) and Montane Evergreen Forest (Hispaniola)(0-1800 m). Distribution.--Resident in the lowlands of Cuba and in the mountainsof Hispaniola (, not known from ). Notes.--Also known as MoustachedQuail-Dove.

Geotrygonversicolor (Lafresnaye). Crested Quail-Dove. Columbigallinaversicolor Lafresnaye,1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 9: 321. (JamaYque= Jamaica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (100-1800 m). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains of Jamaica.

Geotrygon violacea (Temminck). Violaceous Quail-Dove. Columba violacea Temminck, 1809, Les Pigeons,livr. 7, Les Colombes,p. 67, pl. 29. (le Nouveau Monde = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.) Habitat.•Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1600 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternNicaragua (Caribbeanlowlands), Costa Rica (humid Caribbeanlowlands and foothills, also in semiaridGuanacaste lowlands on Pacific slope), and Panama (from Co16n eastward),and in South America from northern Colombia, Ven- ezuela, and Surinam south, east of the Andes, to Bolivia, northeasternArgentina, eastern Paraguay,and easternBrazil.

Geotrygonmontana (Linnaeus).Ruddy Quail-Dove. Columbamontana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 163. Basedmainly on "The Mountain Partridge" Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 304, pl. 261, fig. 1. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.•Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical De- ciduousForest (0-1400 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical,locally to lowerTemperate zones). Distribution.--Resident [montanagroup] in the Greater Antilles, on Grenada (in the LesserAntilles), from southernSinaloa, Puebla, and southernTamaulipas south along both slopesof Middle America to Panama(including Isla Coiba and Isla San Jos6in the Pearl Islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northeasternArgentina, northernParaguay, and southeasternBrazil; and [martinica group] in the LesserAntilles (from Guadeloupeand Dominicasouth to St. Vincent). Some(many?) populations evidently undergoseasonal movements. Casual [montanagroup] in southernTexas (Bentsen-RioGrande State Park, 2-6 March 1996), southernFlorida (Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas),and the Virgin Islands. Notes.--Groups: G. montana [Ruddy Quail-Dove] and G. martinica (Linnaeus, 1758) [Martinique Quail-Dove].

GenusSTARNOENAS Bonaparte. StarncenasBonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 41. Type, by monotypy,Columba cyanocephalaLinnaeus. 232 FAMILY

Starnoenas cyanocephala (Linnaeus). Blue-headedQuail-Dove. Columba cyanocephalaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 163. Based on "The Turtle-Dove from Jamaica" Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 45, pl. 49. (in America -- Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest. Distribution.--Resident on Cuba. Recordedfrom the Isle of Pines (one specimen,1909) and Jamaica(apparently through attemptedintroduction). Specimens and reportsfrom southernFlorida are not sufficiently documentedto constituteevidence of occurrence(Robertson and Woolfendon 1992).

Order PSITTACIFORMES:

Notes.--The Psittaciformes are sometimes divided into several families.

Family PSITTACIDAE: Lories, ,, and Parrots Notes.--Individuals of many speciesoccur as escapesfrom captivity,especially in Florida (Robertsonand Woolfenden1992, Stevensonand Anderson1994) and southern California (Johnstonand Garrett 1994).

Subfamily PLATYCERCINAE: Australian Parakeetsand Rosellas

Genus MELOPSITTACUS Gould MelopsittacusGould, 1840, Birds Aust., pt. 1, pl. [10] (= 5, pl. 44 of boundvolume). Type, by monotypy, undulatus Shaw.

Melopsittacusundulatus (Shaw). . Psittacusundulatus Shaw, 1805, in Shaw and Nodder, Naturalists' Misc. 16: pl. 673. (New Holland = New South Wales, Australia.) Habitat.--Suburbs with adjacentgrassy open areas,such as beaches;in Australia,open woodlandand scrubbyareas, especially in semi-aridhabitats, suburban areas, and parks. Distribution.--Resident(though nomadic) through most of the interiorof Australia,rarely rangingto coastalareas. Introducedand establishedin west-centralFlorida (Charlotteto Citruscounties); escaped cage birds may be seenalmost anywhere in North America. There is no evidenceof estab- lishmentin PuertoRico as previouslyreported. Notes.--Also known as Shell Parakeetor Budgerygah.

Subfamily PSITTACINAE: Typical Parrots

Genus PSITTACULA Cuvier Psittacula Cuvier, 1800, Leqons Anat. Comp. 1: table at end. Type, by subsequent designation(Mathews, 1917), Psittacusalexandri Linnaeus.

Psittaculakrameri (Scopoli).Rose-ringed . Psittacuskrameri Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 31. (No locality given = Senegal.) Habitat.--Suburbs; in Africa, openwoodland, savanna, cultivated lands, and areasaround human habitation. Distribution.--Resident in North Africa from Senegaleast (south of the Sahara)to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudan;and in southernAsia from Afghanistan,India and Nepal southto Sri Lanka and Burma. Introducedand establishedin smallnumbers in southernFlorida (locally in Dade, Collier, FAMILY PSITTACIDAE 233 and Dixie counties,since 1960's), Egypt, the , Zanzibar, Mauritius, Singapore, Hong Kong and Macao; small introducedgroups have also persistedin the Hawaiian Islands (on Oahusince 1971, breedingreported on Hawaii in 1981, probablybreeding also on Kauai) and Virginia (Hampton, since 1973).

Subfamily ARINAE: Parakeets,Macaws, and Parrots

GenusPYRRHURA Bonaparte Bonaparte,1856, Naumannia6: Consp.Gen. Psittacorum,gen. 14. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Salvadori, 1891), Psittacusvittatus Shaw [not Boddaert] = Psittacusfrontalis Vieillot.

Pyrrhura picta (Mailer). PaintedParakeet. Psittacuspictus P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., pl. 75. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1200 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in westernPanama (Azuero Peninsula);and in South America from northern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Peru and Amazonian Brazil. Notes.--The populationsin Panama and northern Colombia may be subspeciesof the SouthAmerican P. !eucotis(Kuhl, 1820) rather than P. picta (Ridgely and Gwynne 1989). Pyrrhura picta and P. !eucotisconstitute a superspecies(Delgado 1985, Sibley and Monroe 1990) and may even be conspecific(G. Smith 1982).

Pyrrhura hoffmanni (Cabanis).Sulphur-winged Parakeet. Conurushoffrnanni Cabanis, 1861, Sitzungber.Ges. Naturforsch.Freunde Berlin, 13 November. (Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (1200-3000 m; Subtropical,rare- ly Tropical zones). Distribution.wResident in the mountainsof Costa Rica (from Cordillera de and Dota Mountainssouthward, including to VolcfinIrazfi) and westernPanama (ChiriquL Bocas del Toro and Veraguas,occurring also in the lowlands of the latter two). Notes.--Also known as Hoffmann's Conure.

GenusMYIOPSITTA Bonaparte MyiopsittaBonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)6: 150. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Psittacusrnonachus Boddaert.

Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert). . Psittacusrnonachus Boddaert, 1783, TablePlanches Enlum., p. 48. Basedon Daubenton, PlanchesEnlum., pl. 768. (No locality given = Montevideo, Uruguay.) Habitat.--Primarily urbanparks and suburbs; in SouthAmerica, open woodland, savanna, arid scrubland,rivefine forest,cultivated lands and orchards,especially around human hab- itation (Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom centralBolivia, Paraguayand southernBrazil southto cen- tral Argentina. Introducedand establishedin the easternUnited Statesfrom Illinois, Michigan, southern Quebec, southernNew York, Connecticutand Rhode Island south to New Jersey,with individualreports west and southto California, Oregon,Idaho, Oklahoma,Kentucky, and Virginia (controlmeasures in progressin severallocalities); and in Texas,Florida, the Bahama Islands(Eleuthera), the Cayman Islands(Grand Cayman), PuertoRico, the DominicanRe- public, and Guadeloupe. 234 FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

Genus CONUROPSIS Salvadori

ConuropsisSalvadori, 1891, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 20: xiii, 146, 203. Type, by original designation,Psittacus carolinensis Linnaeus.

?Conuropsiscarolinensis (Linnaeus). . Psittacuscarolinensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 97. Basedon the "Parrot of Carolina" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 11, pl. 11. (in Carolina, Virginia = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Riverine forest, cypressswamps and deciduouswoodland, foraging in open situationsincluding cultivated lands and gardens. Distribution.--EXTINCT. Formerlyranged from easternNebraska (reports from the Da- kotasquestionable), Iowa, southeasternWisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvaniaand New Jerseysouth to southernOklahoma, the Gulf states(from Texas eastward) and south-centralFlorida. Last known living individual died in the Cincinnati Zoo, 21 February 1918, althoughthere are questionablesight reports for Florida in 1926 and SouthCarolina in 1936.

GenusARATINGA Spix Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras. 1: 29. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Psittacusluteus Boddaert = Psittacussolstitialis Linnaeus. Notes.--Members of Aratinga and otherrelated genera are sometimesreferred to by the group name Conure.

Aratinga holochlora (Sclater). . Conurusholochlorus Sclater, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)4: 224. (Jalapa,Vera Cruz, Mexico.) Habitat.--[holochlora group] Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, SecondaryForest, Pine-Oak Forest (0-2200 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones); [brevipesgroup] Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-1000 m); and [rubritorquisgroup] Pine-Oak Forest, Pine Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest (800-2600 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident [holochloragroup] in southwesternChihuahua and northeastern ,wandering to southernSonora, and from southernNuevo Le6n and Tamaulipas southto Veracruz,with disjunctpopulations in southeasternOaxaca and Chiapas;[brevipes group] on SocorroIsland, in the Revillagigedos;and [rubritorquisgroup] in the highlands of central and easternGuatemala, E1 Salvador,Honduras and northernNicaragua. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds; established in southern Texasin lower Rio GrandeValley, probablyfrom introducedindividuals. Notes.--Groups:A. holochlora[Green Parakeet]; A. brevipesLawrence, 1871 []; and A. rubritorquis (Sclater, 1887) [Red-throatedParakeet]. Howell and Webb (1995) treated the three groups as separatespecies. Aratinga holochlora and A. strenua constitutea superspecies;they are sometimesconsidered conspecific (e.g., Forshaw 1973), but differencesare retainedin areasof close approach.

Aratinga strenua (Ridgway). PacificParakeet. Conurusholochlorus strenuus Ridgway, 1915, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28: 106. (Ome- tepe, Nicaragua.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, SecondaryForest (0-1300 m Tropical, less frequentlySubtropical zones). Distribution.--Residenton thePacific slope of Middle Americafrom southeasternOaxaca and Chiapassouth to southwesternNicaragua. Notes.--See comments under A. holochlora. FAMILY PSITTACIDAE 235

Aratinga finschi (Salvin). Crimson-frontedParakeet. ConurusfinschiSalvin, 1871, Ibis, p. 91, pl. 4. (Bugaba,Chiriqui, Veragua [= Panama].) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (0-1600 m; Trop- ical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin southeasternNicaragua (Caribbean lowlands), Costa Rica (pri- marily Caribbeanslope and Golfo Dulce lowlandson Pacific slope,wandering elsewhere on latter in dry seasonon cordillerasGuanacaste and Central), and westernPanama (Ca- ribbean slope in westernBocas del Toro and westernChiriquf, and Pacific lowlands in westernVeraguas and Herrera). Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--A. finschi and the South AmericanA. leucophthalmus(E L. S. Miiller, 1776) constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Aratinga chloroptera(de Souanc6).Hispaniolan Parakeet. Psittacarachloroptera de Souanc6,1856, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)8: 59. (Saint-Domingue = Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Residenton Hispaniola,on Mona Island (formerly,last individualtaken in 1892), and probablyalso on PuertoRico (basedon hearsayevidence, but certainlynot there after 1883). Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--A. chloropteraand A. euopsconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Aratinga euops(Wagler). CubanParakeet. Sittaceeuops Wagler, 1832, Abh. Math. Phys.K1. Bayr.Akad. Wiss. 1: 638, pl. 24, fig. 2. (Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-800 m). Distribution.--Resident on Cuba (widespread,most commonin remote forestedareas) and the Isle of Pines (apparentlysurviving in small numbers). Notes.--See commentsunder A. chloroptera.

Aratinga nana (Vigors). Olive-throatedParakeet. nana Vigors, 1830, Zool. J. 5: 273. (Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-800 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident[astec group] on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America from southernTamaulipas and Veracruz south (including Holbox Island,off QuintanaRoo) to extremewestern Panama (western Bocas del Toro); and [nana group] on Jamaica. Notes.--Groups: A. astec (de Souanc6, 1875) [Aztec Parakeet] and A. nana [Jamaican Parakeet].Howell and Webb (1995) treatedthe groupsas species.

Aratinga canicularis (Linnaeus).Orange-fronted Parakeet. Psittacuscanicularis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 98. Basedmainly on "The Redand Blue-headed Parakeet" Edwards, Nat. Hist.Birds 4: 176,pl. 176.(in America -- northwestern Costa Rica.) Habitat.--TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, Secondary Forest (0-1500 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distributiøn'--Residenton the Pacificslope of Middle Americafrom centralSinaloa and westernDurango southto northwesternCosta Rica (to the Gulf of and San Jos6 region),also in the arid ComayaguaValley on the Caribbeanslope of Honduras. 236 FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

Introducedin PuertoRico; reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--A. canicularisand the SouthAmerican A. aurea (Gmelin, 1788) may constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Aratinga pertinax (Linnaeus).Brown-throated Parakeet. Psittacuspertinax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 98. Basedmainly on "The Brown-throatedParrakeet" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 177, pl. 177. (in Indiis -- Curaqao.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid Lowland Scrub, Second-growthScrub, Trop- ical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1200 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident[ocularis group] in westernPanama (Pacific slope from western Chiriqui to easternPanam• province,ranging to Caribbeanslope in the Canal area); and [pertinaxgroup] along the north coast of SouthAmerica (including islands from the Antilles eastto Margarita) from northernColombia east to the Guianasand northernBrazil. Introducedand established(before 1860) [pertinax group] on St. Thomas,in the Virgin Islands (from the population on Curaqao), then spreadingto Culebra Island, Tortola, and Puerto Rico. These populationsdisappeared between 1975 and 1982 (Wiley 1993). Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--Known on St. Thomasas the CaribbeanParakeet. Groups: A. ocularis (Sclater and Salvin, 1865) [VeraguasParakeet] and A. pertinax [Brown-throatedParakeet]. Aratinga pertinax and South American A. cactorum (Kuhl, 1820), may constitutea superspecies (Sibley and Monroe 1990).

GenusARA Lac6pbde Lac6pbde,1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois.,p. 1. Type,by subsequentdesignation (Ridgway, 1916), Psittacus macao Linnaeus.

Ara severa (Linnaeus). Chestnut-frontedMacaw. Psittacusseverus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 97. Basedon Psittacusseverus Linnaeus,Mus. Adolphi Friderici 1: 13. (in Indiis = Amazon Riven) Habitat.--River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-800 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom easternPanama (Dari6n, possibly ranging, at leastformerly, west to the Canal area), Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia and Amazonian and central Brazil. Breedinghas been reported in Florida (Miami), but thereis no evidencefor establishment (Stevenson and Anderson 1994).

Ara militaris (Linnaeus).Military . Psittacusmilitaris Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 139. (No locality given = Colombia.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Pine-Oak Forest, Trop- ical LowlandEvergreen Forest (450-2600 m; Tropical,less commonly Subtropical and lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in Mexico from southeastern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua and Sinaloa southto Guerrero (formerly), Oaxaca and Chiapas,also (at least formerly) in easternNuevo Le6n, southernTamaulipas and southeasternSan Luis Potosf;and in South America in a seriesof isolatedpopulations in northernVenezuela, Colombia (east and south of therange ofA. ambigua),eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, •nd northwestern Argentina. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). FAMILY PSITTACIDAE 237

Notes.--A. militaris and A. ambigua may constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990) and may even be conspecific(Fjeldsfi et al. 1987).

Ara ambigua (Bechstein).. Psittacusambiguus Bechstein, 1811, in Latham, Allg. Uebers.V6gel 4(1): 65. Based on "Le Grand Ara Militaire" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Perr. 1' 15, pl. 6. (SouthAmerica = northwestern Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest (0-700 m; Tropicaland Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbeanslope of easternHonduras (Olancho, Mos- quitia), Nicaragua (also Pacific slope) and Costa Rica, locally on both slopesof Panama, and in northwesternColombia, with an isolatedpopulation in westernEcuador. Now much reducedand local throughoutits Central American range. Notes.--Also known as Green Macaw or Buffon's Macaw. See comments under A. mil- itaris.

Ara chloropterusGray. Red-and-greenMacaw. Macrocercus macao (not Psittacus macao Linnaeus) Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 2: 262. (British Guiana.) Ara chloropterusG. R. Gray, 1859, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3(2), p. 26. New name for Macrocercusmacao Vieillot, preoccupied. Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1400 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (San Blas and Dari6n, probablyalso eastern Panamfiprovince), and in SouthAmerica from northernand easternColombia, Venezuela and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes, to northernArgentina and southeasternBrazil. Notes.-•Also known as Green-wingedMacaw and Red-blue-and-greenMacaw.

Ara macao (Linnaeus). . PsittacusMacao Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 96. Basedmainly on "The Red and Blue Maccaw" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 158, pl. 158. (in America meridionali = Pernambuco, eastern Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest, lowland pine savanna(0-900 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones.) Distribution.--Resident locally from easternChiapas and (at least formerly), southern Campeche(formerly north to southernTamaulipas) south along the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America to Honduras,on both slopesof Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama (includingIsla Coiba), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes,to centralBolivia and AmazonianBrazil. Extirpatedfrom most of its Middle American range. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). tara tricolor Bechstein. . Ara tricolor Bechstein,1811, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. V6gel 4(1): 64, pl. 1. Basedon "L'Ara tricolor" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Perr. 1: 13, pl. 5. (South America, error = Cuba.) Ara cubensisWetherbee, 1985, Carib. J. Sci. 21: 174. (Cuba.) Habitat.--Forest edge and open countrywith scatteredtrees, especially palms. Distribution.--EXTINCT. Formerlyresident on Cuba (exceptOriente Province), possibly also the Isle of Pines;last specimentaken in the Ci6nagade Zapata in 1864. Notes.--For continued use of A. tricolor for the Cuban birds, contra Wetherbee (1985), see Walters (1995). 238 FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

Ara ararauna (Linnaeus). Blue-and-yellow Macaw. PsittacusArarauna Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 96. Basedmainly on "The Blue and Yellow Maccaw" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 159, pl. 159. (in America meridionali -- Pernambuco,eastern Brazil.) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,River-edge Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (0-700 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident from easternPanama (Pacific slopein easternPanamfi province and Darirn), Colombia, southernVenezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia, Paraguay,and central and easternBrazil. Introducedbirds, presumably escapees, breed in PuertoRico (Perez-Rivera1996). Reports from southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson1994).

GenusRHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte RhynchopsittaBonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 6: 149. Type, by monotypy,Ma- crocercuspachyrhynchus Swainson.

Rhynchopsittapachyrhyncha (Swainson).Thick-billed Parrot. Macrocercuspachyrhynchus Swainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 439. (Table land, Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest (1500-3400 m; Subtropicaland Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds in the mountainsof Chihuahuaand Durango,probably elsewhere in the of central and . Wanderswidely, recordedfrom centralSonora south to Jaliscoand Michoacfin,formerly recordednorth to south-centraland southeasternArizona (Chiricahua,, Galiuro and Patagoniamountains) and, possibly,southwestern New Mexico (unverifiedreports from the AnimasMountains), and eastto M6xico (Popocat6petl)and central Veracruz (Cofre de Perote and Jalapa). Recentlyintroduced in southeasternArizona, rangingnorth to Mogollon Rim. Notes.--Often consideredconspecific with R. terrisi, but seeHardy (1967); theyconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Rhynchopsittaterrisi Moore. Maroon-frontedParrot. Rhynchopsittaterrisi Moore, 1947, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 60: 27. (Sierra Potosf,about 7500 feet, Nuevo Le6n, Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest (1500-2800 m; upperSubtropical and Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the Sierra Madre Oriental of southeastern Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n and westernTamaulipas. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds. Notes.--See commentsunder R. pachyrhyncha.

GenusBOLBORHYNCHUS Bonaparte BolborhynchusBonaparte, 1857, Rem. Observ.Blanchard, Psittacides, p. 6. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Richmond, 1915), Myiopsitta catharina Bonaparte= Psit- tacula lineola Cassin.

Bolborhynchuslineola (Cassin). Barred Parakeet. Psittacula lineola Cassin, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia6: 372. (vicinity of the National bridge, Mexico = PuertoNacional, Veracruz.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, often where bamboo is seeding (800-3300 m; Subtropical,less commonlyTemperate or upper Tropical, zones). Distributiøn'--Resident locally in the highlandsof Middle America from northernOa- FAMILY PSITTACIDAE 239 xaca, Veracruzand Chiapassouth through Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and CostaRica to western Panama (Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro and Veraguas);and in the Andes of South America from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south to central Peru.

Genus FORPUS Boie Forpus Boie, 1858, J. Ornithol. 6: 363. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Hellmayr, 1929), Psittacuspasserinus Linnaeus.

Forpus passerinus(Linnaeus). Green-rumped Parrotlet. Psittacuspasserinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 103. Based on Psittacus minimusLinnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici 1: 14. (in America -- Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-900 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in northeastern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianasand Brazil southto the Amazonbasin; also recorded from Curaqao,where possibly introduced. Introducedand establishedon Jamaica(common) and Barbados(rare and apparently decreasing);attempted introduction on Martinique was unsuccessful. Notes.--Also known as Guianan Parrotlet. Forpus passerinusand F. xanthopterygius constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Forpus cyanopygius(de Souanc6).Mexican Parrotlet. Psittaculacyanopygia de Souanc6,1856, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)8: 157. (No locality given = northwestern Mexico.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest (0-1300 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin southernSonora, Sinaloa, western Durango, , Nayarit (including the Tres Madas Islands), Jalisco, and . Notes.--Also known as Blue-rumpedParrotlet.

Forpus conspicillatus(Lafresnaye). Spectacled Parrotlet. Psittacula conspicillataLafresnaye, 1848, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 11: 172. (in Colombia aut Mexico = Honda, upper Magdalena River, Tolima, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge (0-1800 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province and eastern Dari6n), Colombia, and southwestern Venezuela.

GenusBROTOGERIS Vigors BrotogerisVigors, 1825, Zool. J. 2: 400. Type, by original designation,Psittacus pyr- rhopterusLatham.

Brotogerisjugularis (Miiller). Orange-chinnedParakeet. Psittacusjugularis P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 80. Based on "Petit Perrucheh gorgejaune d'Amerique" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 190, fig. 1. (in America = Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southwesternMexico (Pacific lowlands of southeasternOaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala (Pacific lowlands), , Honduras (Pacific lowlands and arid interior valleys), Nicaragua(Pacific drainage,and locally in clearedareas on Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (Pacific lowlandsand humid Caribbeanregion southat least to Lim6n), 240 FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

Panama(both slopes,including Coiba and Tabogaislands), northern Colombia and northern Venezuela.Reports from Guerreroare open to question. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--Also known as Tovi Parakeet.

Brotogeris versicolurus(Mtiller). White-winged Parakeet. Psittacusversicolurus P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 75. (No localitygiven = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Suburbs and parks; in South America, open woodland, scrublandand open areaswith scatteredtrees, less frequently in denseforest, in both arid and humid situations (Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and northeasternPeru east throughthe to and the Be16marea of Parfi, Brazil. Introduced and established in southern California, west-central and southeasternFlorida, Puerto Rico, and western Peru (Lima). Notes.--Populationsin Florida (Smith and Smith 1993) and southernCalifornia (Johnston and Garrett 1994) are being replacedby B. chiriri (Vieillot, 1817) [Yellow-chevronedPar- akeet], formerly consideredconspecific with versicolurusbut separatedon the basis of morphologicaldifferences and near sympatryin Parfi, Brazil (Pinto and Camargo 1957). See Appendix.

GenusTOUIT Gray Touit G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Genera SubgeneraBirds, p. 89. Type, by original des- ignation, Psittacushuetii Temminck.

Touit costaricensis(Cory). Red-frontedParrotlet. Urochromacostaricensis Cory, 1913, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Ornithol. Ser. 1: 283. (vicinity of PuertoLim6n, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (500-1000 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in Costa Rica ( to Puerto Lim6n, and Cordillera de Talamanca) and western and central Panama (Chiriqu/, Bocas del Toro, Coc16). Notes.--T. costaricensisand T. dilectissimahave been consideredconspecific, but see Wetmore(1968); they constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Touit dilectissima (Sclater and Salvin). Blue-fronted Parrotlet. Urochrornadilectissirna Sclater and Salvin, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1870), p. 788, pl. 47. (southof M6rida, Venezuela.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (800-1700 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province and Dari6n), north- ern and western Colombia, northwestern Venezuela and western Ecuador. Notes.--See comments under T. costaricensis.

GenusPIONOPSITTA Bonaparte PionopsittaBonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 6: 152. Type, by monotypy,Psittacus pileatus Scopoli.

Pionopsittapyrilia (Bonaparte).Saffron-headed Parrot. Psittaculapyrilia Bonaparte,1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 37: 807, note. (Riohacha= Sierra Negra, southeastof Fonseca[Guajira Prov.], Colombia;Dugand, 1948, Cal- dasia 5: 183.) FAMILY PSITTACIDAE 241

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in extreme easternPanama (easternDari6n), northernColombia, and western Venezuela.

Pionopsitta haematotis (Sclater and Salvin). Brown-hoodedParrot. Pionushcernatotis Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 300. (In prov. Vera• Pacisregione calida = Vera Paz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1200 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from southernVeracruz, northern Oaxaca,northern Chiapas, southern Campeche and southernQuintana Roo southto Nica- ragua, on both slopesof Costa Rica and Panama,and from westernColombia to western Ecuador. Notes.--P. haernatotisand P. pulchra Berlepsch,1897, of northernSouth America, con- stitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

GenusPIONUS Waglet Pionus Wagler, 1832, Abh. Math. Phys. K1. Bayr. Akad. Wiss. 1: 497. Type, by sub- sequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Psittacusrnenstruus Linnaeus.

Pionus menstruus (Linnaeus). Blue-headed Parrot. Psittacusrnenstruus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 148. Basedmainly on "The Blue-headedParrot" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 3: 226, pl. 314. (in Surinamo= Surinam.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, lowland pine savanna(0-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternCosta Rica (from Rfo Pacuareon the Caribbeanslope eastwardand, rarely, in the Golfo Dulce region on the Pacific) and Panama(both slopes, including Coiba and the Pearl islands),and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia, and Amazonian and southeastern Brazil.

Pionus senilis (Spix). White-crownedParrot. Psittacussenilis Spix, 1824, Avium Spec.Nov. Bras. 1: 42, pl. 31, fig. 1. (No locality given = Veracruz,Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1600 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America from south- easternSan Luis Potosfand southernTamaulipas south through eastern Mexico (including southernCampeche and southernQuintana Roo) and to Costa Rica (both slopes)and westernPanama (western Chiriquf and westernBocas del Toro). Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994).

Genus AMAZONA Lesson

AmazonaLesson, 1830, Trait60rnithol., livr. 3, p. 189. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Salvadori, 1891), C. farinosa = Psittacusfarinosus Boddaert. Notes.--Members of the genusArnazona are sometimesreferred to underthe groupname Amazon. 242 FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

Amazona albifrons (Sparrman).White-fronted Parrot. Psittacusalbifrons Spaman, 1788, Mus. Carlson.,fasc. 3, pl. 52. Basedon the "White- crownedParrot" Latham,Gen. 'Synop.Birds 1(1): 281. (No locality given = south- western Mexico.) Habitat. Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest(0-1800 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernSonora, Sinaloa, western Durango and south- easternVeracruz south on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America (includingthe Yu- catan Peninsula)to Hondurasand on the Pacific slope to northwesternCosta Rica (- acaste). Introducedand breeding in Puerto Rico (Mayaguez area) but establishmentuncertain. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994).

Atnazona xantholora (Gray). Yellow-loredParrot. Psittacusalbifrons (not Sparrman)Kuhl, 1820, Consp.Psittacorum, p. 80. (No locality given.) Chrysotisxantholora G. R. Gray, 1859, List BirdsBrit. Mus., pt. 3(2), p. 83. New name for Psittacusalbifrons "Latham" [= Kuhl], preoccupied.(Honduras = probably Belize.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident throughoutthe Yucatan Peninsula(including Cozumel Island), in Belize, and (formerly) on Isla Roatfin(in the Bay Islands,Honduras).

Atnazona leucocephala(Linnaeus). Cuban Parrot. Psittacusleucocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 100. Basedmainly on "The White-headedParrot" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 166, pl. 166. (in America = easternCuba.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical De- ciduous Forest (0-800 m). Distribution.--Resident in the Bahamas(Great Inaguaand Abaco, formerly alsoon Long, Crooked, Acklin, and Fortune islands), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the Cayman Islands (Grand Caymanand CaymanBrac, formerly also Little Cayman). Notes.--Sibley and Monroe (1990) consideredA. leucocephala,A. coilaria, and A. ven- tralis to constitutea superspecies.

Atnazona collaria (Linnaeus). Yellow-billed Parrot. Psittacuscollarius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 102. Basedon Psittacusminor, collo miniaceoSloane, Voy. Jamaica2: 297. (in America = Jamaica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1200 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica.

Atnazona ventralis (M011eD.Hispaniolan Parrot. Psittacusventralis P. L. S. MiJller,1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 79. Basedon "Perroquet h ventre pourpre,de la Martinique" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 548. (Marti- nique, error = Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola(including Gon•ve, Grand Cayemite, Beata and Saona islands). Introducedand establishedon Puerto Rico and in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix and St. Thomas). FAMILY PSITTACIDAE 243

Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994).

Amazona vittata (Boddaert). Puerto Rican Parrot. Psittacusvittatus Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 49. Based on "Perroquet de St. Domingue" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 792. (, error = Puerto Rico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico (a small populationsurviving in the Luquillo NationalForest and vicinity), and formerly also CulebraIsland.

Amazona agilis (Linnaeus). Black-billed Parrot. Psittacusagilis Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 99. Basedon "The Little Green Parrot" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 168, pl. 168. (in America = Jamaica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (500-1600 m). Distribution.--Resident at higher elevationsin westernJamaica (absent from Blue and John Crow mountainsin easternJamaica).

Amazona viridigenalis (Cassin).Red-crowned Parrot. Chrysotisviridigenalis Cassin, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia6: 371. (South America, error = northeasternMexico.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Gallery Forest,Pine-Oak Forest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternNuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas,San Luis Potosfand extreme northeastern Veracruz. A breedingpopulation in southernTexas (lower Rio GrandeValley, recordednorthwest to FalconDam) is mostlikely establishedfrom escapesfrom captivity,but a wild originfor some of the individuals cannot be ruled out. Introduced and established in southern Florida (Dade and Monroe counties),and PuertoRico; a small group has also persistedsince 1970 in the Hawaiian Islands (on Oahu). Notes.--Also known as Green-cheekedParrot. Arnazona viridigenalis and A. finschi are closelyrelated and, alongwith SouthAmerican A. tucurnana(Cabanis), 1885, andA. pretrei (Temminck),1830, appearto constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Amazonafinschi (Sclater).Lilac-crowned Parrot. ChrysotisfinschiSclater, 1864, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 298. (Mexico = Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca;Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 337.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForests, Tropical Deciduous Forests(0-2200 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton the Pacificslope of westernMexico from southeasternSonora and southwesternChihuahua south to Oaxaca (the Isthmusof Tehuantepec). Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds. Notes.--See commentsunder A. viridigenalis.

Amazona autumnalis (Linnaeus). Red-lored Parrot. Psittacusautumnalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 102. Basedon "The Lesser Green Parrot" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 164, pl. 164. (in America = southern Mexico.) Habitat.---Edge of TropicalLowland Forests,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, SecondaryForest (0-1100 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [autumnalisgroup] from Tamaulipasand southeasternSan Luis Potos/southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope (including southern Campeche, but absentfrom 244 FAMILY PSITTACIDAE the remainderof the YucatanPeninsula) to Honduras(including the Bay Islands);most Nicaraguanbirds are intermediatebetween this andthe followinggroup; [salvini group] in easternNicaragua and on Isla Ometepein Lago de Nicaragua,on bothslopes of CostaRica (on the Pacificmainly in the southwesternregion) and Panama(including Coiba and the Pearl islands),and in South America in northernand westernColombia, westernEcuador and northwesternVenezuela; and [diademagroup] in the upperAmazon basin of Brazil. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--Also known as Yellow-cheekedParrot. Groups: A. autumnalis[Yellow-cheeked Parrot],A. salvini (Salvadori,1891) [Salvin'sParrot], andA. diadema(Spix, 1824) [Dia- demed Parrot].

Amazonafarinosa (Boddaert).Mealy Parrot. Psittacusfarinosus Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 52. Basedon "Le Per- roquetMeunier de Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 861. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca and southern Cam- pechesouth on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope (except the remainderof the YucatanPeninsula) to Nicaragua(including north-central highlands), on bothslopes of CostaRica andPanama (includingIsla Coiba andother islets), and in SouthAmerica from Colombiaand Venezuela south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and central Brazil. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--Also known as Blue-crowned Parrot.

Amazona oratrix Ridgway. Yellow-headedParrot. Chrysotislevaillantii (not Amazona levaillantii Lesson, 1831) G. R. Gray, 1859, List BirdsBrit. Mus.,pt. 3(2), p. 79. ([probablySanto Domingo] Petapa, Oaxaca; Binford, 1989, Ornithol.Monogr. 43, p. 337.) Arnazonaoratrix Ridgway, 1887, Man. N. Amer. Birds,p. 587. New namefor Chrysotis levaillantii Gray, preoccupied. Habitat.--TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (0-700 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residenton the Pacificslope of Mexico (includingTres Mafias Islands) from Colima to Oaxaca(the Isthmusof Tehuantepec);on the Gulf slopeof northeastern Mexico from southernNuevo Le6n and Tamaulipassouth to Veracruzand Tabasco;and in Belize; a sight report from northeasternGuatemala. Introducedand possiblyestablished in PuertoRico and southernFlorida (Dade County). Notes.-•AlthoughA. oratrix andA. auropalliataare frequentlyconsidered conspecific with A. ochrocephala,the closeapproach ofA. oratrix andA. auropalliatain PacificOaxaca withoutevidence of interbreeding(Binford 1989), and the presenceof bothA. auropalliata and A. ochrocephalain CaribbeanHonduras, suggest that the besttreatment would be as allospeciesof a superspeciescomplex (Monroe and Howell 1966). Losada and Howell (1996), however,suggested that specieslimits shouldbe re-evaluatedbecause of misun- derstandingof plumagevariation in Caribbeanlowland populations. With a singlespecies, Yellow-headedParrot is the appropriatename.

Amazonaauropalliata (Lesson).Yellow-naped Parrot. Psittacus(arnazona) [sic] auro-palliatusLesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris]5: 135. (Re- alejo, centreAm6rique [= Nicaragua].) Habitat. TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest, lowland pine savanna(0-600 m; Tropical Zone). FAMILY PSITTACIDAE 245

Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from extreme south- easternOaxaca south to northwesternCosta Rica (Guanacaste);in the Sula Valley of northern Honduras(where possiblyintroduced); in the Bay Islands off CaribbeanHonduras (Roarfin, Barbaretaand Guanaja);and the Mosquitia in easternHonduras and northeasternNicaragua. Reportsfrom southernFlorida are basedon escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--See comments under A. oratrix.

Arnazona ochrocephala(Gmelin). Yellow-crownedParrot. Psittacusochrocephalus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 339. Based in part on "Le PerroquetAmazone du Br6sil" Brisson,Ornithologie 4: 272, pl. 26, fig. 1. (in America australi = Venezuela.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest,Gallery Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-850 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in the Sula Valley of northernHonduras (at leastformerly, where presentsince at least mid-19th Century, apparentlya native population);and from Panama (includingCoiba and the Pearl islands),Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad (probably), and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Introducedand establishedon Puerto Rico; reportsfrom southernFlorida are based on escapedcage-birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--See comments under A. oratrix.

Amazona arausiaca (Mtiller). Red-necked Parrot. Psittacusarausiacus P. L. S. Mtiller, 1766, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 79. Based on the "Blue-faced Green Parrot" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 1: 43, pl. 230. (Dominica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1200 m). Distribution.--Resident on Dominica, in the LesserAntilles, survivingin reducednum- bers. Notes.--Speciesof Amazonamay alsohave beenpresent on Martinique and Guadeloupe, for which nameshave been proposedalthough no specimensexist (see Appendix).

Amazona versicolor (Mtiller). St. Lucia Parrot. Psittacusversicolor P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 78. Basedon "Perroquet, de la Havane" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 360. (Havana, error = St. Lucia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Resident on St. Lucia, in the LesserAntilles, where survivingin much reduced numbers. Notes.--See comments under A. arausiaca.

Amazona guildingii (Vigors). St. Vincent Parrot. PsittacusGuildingii Vigors, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1836), p. 80. (St. Vincent [Lesser Antilles].) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Resident on St. Vincent, in the Lesser Antilles.

Amazona imperialis Richmond.Imperial Parrot. Psittacusaugustus (not Shaw, 1792) Vigors, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London(1836), p. 80. (South America, error = Dominica.) Amazonaimperialis (Ridgway MS) Richmond,1899, Auk 16:186 (in text). New name for Psittacusaugustus Vigors, preoccupied. Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (500-1400 m). Distribution.--Resident on Dominica, in the Lesser Antilles, where surviving in small numbers. 246 FAMILY CUCULIDAE

Order CUCULIFORMES: and Allies

Family CUCULIDAE: Cuckoos,, and Anis Notes.--Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) treatedeach of the subfamiliesat the family level. Hughes (1996) proposeda realignmentof the some generaon the basisof behavioraland skeletal characters.

Subfamily CUCULINAE: Old World Cuckoos

Genus CUCULUS Linnaeus CuculusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 110. Type, by tautonymy,Cuculus canorusLinnaeus (Cuculus, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

Cuculus canorus Linnaeus. Common . Cuculuscanorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 110. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Open woodland,forest edge and clearings,, open countrywith scattered trees and, occasionally,treeless with bushy growth. Distribution.--Breeds from the British Isles, , northern Russia and northern Siberia southto northernAfrica, the Mediterraneanregion, Asia Minor, the Himalayas, Burma, Southeast Asia and eastern China. Wintersin Africa, India, SoutheastAsia, the East Indies,New Guineaand the Philippines, casuallyto the easternAtlantic islands,Sri Lanka, and the Bonin, Molucca and Palauislands in the western Pacific. Migrates throughthe Mediterraneanregion, Arabia, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands,Japan and the Kuril Islandsto Kamchatkaand Anadyrland,ranging casually to the Commander Islandsand westernand centralAleutian Islands(from Attu to Adak), occasionallyreaching the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul) islands, St. Lawrence Island, and the mainland of western Alaska (TutakokeRiver mouth and SewardPeninsula, near Nome), casuallyalso to Iceland and the Faeroe Islands. Accidental in (Martha's Vineyard), the Lesser Antilles (Barbados), and Greenland. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus and the African C. gularis Stephens,1815, constitutea superspecies(Cramp 1985).

Cuculus saturatus Blyth. Oriental Cuckoo. Cuculussaturatus (Hodgson MS) Blyth, 1843, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 12: 942. (Nepal.) Habitat.--Forested regions,primarily coniferous,less frequently deciduous woodland or mixed coniferous-deciduousareas, locally in montaneforest. Distribution.--Breeds[saturatus group] from centralRussia, central Siberia, Anadyrland and Kamchatkasouth to the Himalayas,northern Burma, southernChina, Taiwan and Japan. Resident[lepidus group] in southeastAsia and westernIndonesia. Winters [saturatusgroup] from the Malay Peninsulaand Philippines south through Indonesia and New Guinea to northern and eastern Australia and Lord Howe Island. Wanders[samrams group] casuallyto the western Aleutian Islands(Attu, ), the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul), St. Lawrence Island, and (once) to the western Alaskan mainland(Cape Princeof Wales). Notes.--Also known as HimalayanCuckoo. Groups: C. saturatus[Oriental Cuckoo] and C. lepidus Mtiller, 1845 [Sunda Cuckoo].

Subfamily COCCYZINAE: New World Cuckoos

Genus Vieillot CoccyzusVieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 28. Type, by monotypy,"Coucou de la Caroline" Buffon = Cuculus americanus Linnaeus. FAMILY CUCULIDAE 247

½occyzuserythropthabnus (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. Cuculuserythropthalma [sic] Wilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 4: 16, pl. 28, fig. 2. (No locality given = probablynear Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.) Habitat.--Forest edge and open woodland,both deciduousand coniferous,with dense deciduousthickets (breeding); scrub (arid or humid) as well as forest, althoughmost fre- quentlyin lowlandhumid regions (nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breeds from east-central and southeasternAlberta, southern Saskatche- wan, southernManitoba, northernMinnesota, central Ontario, southwesternQuebec, New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotiasouth, at leastlocally, to Montana(rarely in west), southeasternWyoming, easternColorado, Nebraska, Kansas, north-central Okla- homa, north-centralTexas (once successfullyin southernTexas), northern Arkansas (rare), Tennessee, northern Alabama, and the Carolinas. Winters in South America (including Trinidad) from northern Colombia and northern Venezuelasouth to centralBolivia (limits of winter rangepoorly known). Migrates regularly throughthe southeasternUnited States,Bermuda, Mexico (primarily from Guerrero,Guanajuato and Tamaulipassouthward, mostly in Gulf-Caribbeanlowlands, includingCozumel Island) and Middle America (not recordedE1 Salvador);and casually west to the Pacific region from southeasternBritish Columbia southto southernCalifornia, Arizona, Sinaloaand New Mexico, and throughthe Bahamas(Grand Bahama,New Prov- idence) and the Antilles (recordedCuba, the Isle of Pines,Jamaica, Puerto Rico andB arbuda). Casualor accidentalin Newfoundland,Paraguay, northern Argentina, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, continentalEurope, and the Azores.

Coccyzusamericanus (Linnaeus).Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Cuculusamericanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 111. Basedon "The Cuckoo of Carolina" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 9, pl. 9. (in Carolina= SouthCarolina.) Habitat.--Open woodland,especially where undergrowthis thick, parks and riparian woodland(breeding); forest, woodland, and scrub(nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breedsfrom interiorCalifornia (formerly north to westernWashington), southernIdaho, Wyoming, southeasternMontana, the Dakotas,southern Manitoba (rarely), Minnesota,southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec and southernNew Brunswick(probably) south to southernBaja California, southernArizona, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas,sporadically farther south in Mexico (recordedbreeding in Zacatecasand Yu- catan)the Gulf coast,the Florida Keys and the GreaterAntilles (Cuba,Jamaica, Hispaniola, Gon•veIsland, Puerto Rico, and St. Croixin theVirgin Islands),probably also in theBahamas (Great Inagua) and Lesser Antilles (St. Kitts). In recent years, western distributionhas contracted. Winters from northernSouth America (also Tobagoand Trinidad) southto northernAr- gentina,casually north to the southernUnited States. Migrates regularly throughthe southernUnited States,Middle America, Bermuda,and the West Indies; regular in fall in Nova Scotia. Casual or accidentalnorth to southeasternAlaska (Ketchikan), southwesternBritish Co- lumbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, Labrador, and New- foundland,and on ClippertonIsland, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, continental Europe and the Azores. Notes.--C. americanusand C. euleri may form a superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Coccyzuseuleri Cabanis.Pearly-breasted Cuckoo. Coccygus[sic] Euleri Cabanis,1873, J. Ornithol. 21: 72. (Cantagallo,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.) Habitat--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Gallery Forest, River-edge Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Breedsin southernSouth America presumably from easternBrazil south to northernArgentina, and winters (possibly also locally breeding)in northernSouth America in Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas. 248 FAMILY CUCULIDAE

Accidental in the northern Lesser Antilles (Sombrero Island, 1863) and Bolivia. Notes.--Although C. julieni Lawrence, 1864 has priority over C. euleri (Banks 1988a), the formerhas been suppressed for purposesof priority by the I.C.Z.N. (1992). Seecomments under C. americanus.

½occyzusminor (Gmelin). . Cuculusminor Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 411. Basedmainly on "Petit Vieillard" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 6: 401, and the "Mangrove Cuckoo" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 1(2): 537. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Mangrove Forest, Secondary Forest (0-1250 m; Tropical and, rarely, Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Sinaloa and Tamaulipassouth on both slopesof Middle America (including Holbox, Mujeres and Cozumel islandsoff the YucatanPeninsula, and the Bay Islands off Honduras)to westernPanama (Veraguas,Bocas del Toro); and from southernFlorida (Tampa Bay and Miami areas southwardin coastal areas, including the Florida Keys) and the Bahamassouth throughout the Antilles (not recordedIsle of Pines) and islandsin the westernCaribbean Sea (Cayman,Swan, Providencia and San Andr6s)to Venezuela(including islands from the NetherlandsAntilles and Trinidad),the Guianasand northern Brazil. Casualnorth to southeasternTexas (Port Bolivar, sightreports elsewhere) in northernand peninsularFlorida (including the interior), and southto central Panama (Canal area and the Pearl Islands). Notes.--Sibley and Monroe (1990) treatedC. minor and C. ferrugineus as a superspecies.

½occyzusferrugineus Gould. Cocos Cuckoo. CoccyzusferrugineusGould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 105. (CocosIsland.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest. Distribution.--Resident on , off Costa Rica. Notes.--See comments under C. minor.

½occyzusmelacoryphus Vieillot. Dark-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzusmelacoryphus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 8: 271. (Paraguay.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest, River-edge For- est, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1200 m). Distribution.--Residentin SouthAmerica (including Trinidad and the GalapagosIslands), the more southerlypopulations migratory northwardin winter. Accidentalon ClippertonIsland (13 August 1958; Stager1964), in Grenada(Levera Pond, 26 May 1963; Schwartzand Klinikowski 1965), and in Panama(Tocumen, eastern Panamfi province,26 January1980; Ridgely and Gwynne 1989). A specimenrecord from southern Texas is under review.

Genus SAUROTHERA Vieillot SaurotheraVieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 28. Type, by monotypy, "Coucou h long bec" Buffon = Cuculus vetula Linnaeus.

Saurothera merlini d'Orbigny. Great Lizard-Cuckoo. Saurotheramerlini d'Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p. 152 [p. 115 in Spanishedition], pl. 25. (Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest (0-1200 m). Distribution.--Resident in the northern Bahamas (Andros, New Providence and Eleuth- era), Cuba (includingCayo Santa Mafia and Cayo Coco), and the Isle of Pines. FAMILY CUCULIDAE 249

$aurothera vetula (Linnaeus). Jamaican Lizard-Cuckoo. CuculusVetula Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 111. Basedmainly on Cuculus major Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 312, pl. 258. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-1200 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica. Notes.--S. vetula, S. viei!!oti, and S. !ongirostrishave been treated as conspecific(e.g., Peters1940); they constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

$aurothera longirostris(Hermann). HispaniolanLizard-Cuckoo. Cuculuslongirostris Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., p. 186. (Hispaniola.) Itabitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola(including Tortue, Saona and Gongveislands). Notes.--See comments under S. vetula.

$aurothera vieilloti Bonaparte.Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo. Saurothera vetula (not Linnaeus, 1758) Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 32: 348. (Porto Rico -- Puerto Rico.) Saurotheraviei!!oti Bonaparte,1850, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(1): 97. New name for Saurotheravetula Vieillot, preoccupied. Itabitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-800 m). Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico and (formerly) Vieques Island, possiblyat one time on St. Thomasin the Virgin Islands. Notes.--See comments under S. vetula.

Genus HYETORNIS Sclater Ptiloleptis(not Ptiloleptus Swainson, 1837, emended to Ptiloleptisby G. R. Gray, 1849) Bonaparte,1854, AteneoItal. 2: 121. Type, by monotypy,Cuculus pluvialis Gmelin. HyetornisSclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Amer. Birds, pp. xiii, 321. New name for Ptil- oleptisBonaparte, preoccupied. Notes.--Hyetornis was mergedwith Piaya by Peters(1940).

Hyetornis rufigularis (Hartlaub). Bay-breastedCuckoo. Coccyzusrufigularis "Herz. c. Wiirttemb." Hartlaub, 1852, Naumannia2: 55. (Moun- tain forestsof SpanishSanto Domingo = DominicanRepublic.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Residenton Hispaniola(primarily the DominicanRepublic, rare in Haiti) and Gongve Island.

Hyetornispluvialis (Gmelin). Chestnut-belliedCuckoo. Cuculuspluvialis Gmelin, 1788, Syst.Nat. 1(1): 411. Basedin part on the "Old man or rainbird" Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 321, pl. 258, fig. 1. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (0-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica.

Genus PIAYA Lesson Piaya Lesson,1830, Trait60rnithol., livr. 2, p. 139. Type, by original designation, Cuculuscayanus Gmelin [= Linnaeus].

Piaya cayana (Linnaeus).Squirrel Cuckoo. Cuculuscayanus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 170. Basedon "Le Coucoude Cayenne"Brisson, Ornithologie 4: 122, pl. 8, fig. 2. (in Cayana= Cayenne.) 250 FAMILY CUCULIDAE

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest,River-edge Forest (0-2500 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southern Sonora, southwesternChihuahua, southeasternSan Luis Potosiand southernTamaulipas south through Middle America (includingthe Yucatan Peninsula,casually Isla Cancun,but doubtfullyrecorded from Holbox andMujeres islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andesto northwesternPeru and east of the Andesto southernBolivia, northernArgentina, and Uruguay.

Piaya minuta (Vieillot). Little Cuckoo. Coccyzusminutus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 8: 275. Basedin part on "Le petit Coucoude Cayenne" Brisson,Ornithologie 4: 124, pl. 16, fig. 2. (No locality given = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub (0-900; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from easternPanama (from Canal area and easternPanam• prov- ince eastward), Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia and Amazonian and south-central Brazil.

Subfamily : Ground-Cuckoosand Roadrunners

Genus TAPERA Thunberg TaperaThunberg, 1819, G6teborgsKungl. Vetensk. Vitterhets-Samh. Handl. 3: 1. Type, by monotypy,Tapera brasiliensisThunberg = Cuculusnaevius Linnaeus.

Tapera naevia (Linnaeus).. Cuculusn•evius Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 170. Based on "Le Coucou tachet6 de Cayenne" Brisson, Ornithologie 4: 127, pl. 9, fig. 1. (in Cayania = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Riparian Thickets (0- 1500 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from centralVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and southernQuintana Roo southalong both slopesof Middle America, and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela (including Margarita Island), Trinidad and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to northwesternPeru, and east of the Andes to northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Genus Wied DromococcyxWied, 1832, Beitr. Naturgesch.Bras. 4(1): 351. Type, by monotypy, Macropusphasianellus Spix.

Dromococcyxphasianellus (Spix). PheasantCuckoo. Macropusphasianellus Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras. 1: 53, pl. 42. (forestof Rio Tonantins,Amazon Valley, Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, River-edgeForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-1600 m; Tropical Zone.) Distribution.--Resident on both slopesof Middle America from Guerrero,Puebla, Oa- xaca, southeasternVeracruz, Chiapas and the YucatanPeninsula south to Panama,and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia, Paraguay,northeastern Argentina, and southeasternBrazil.

Genus MOROCOCCYX Sclater Morococcyx Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Amer. Birds, p. 322. Type, by monotypy, Coccyzuserythropyga Lesson. FAMILY CUCULIDAE 251

Morococcyx erythropygus(Lesson). Lesser Ground-Cuckoo. Coccyzuserythropyga Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 5: 210. (San-Carlos,Centre Am6rique = La Uni6n, E1 Salvador.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge, Second-growthScrub (0-1500 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slopeof westernMexico from southernSinaloa southto northwesternCosta Rica (PdoGrande de T•rcoles), occurringalso in the arid interior valleys on the Caribbeanslope of Guatemala(Motagua) and Honduras(Quimist•n, Sula, Comayagua,Agu•n).

Genus GEOCOCCYX Wagler GeococcyxWagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 524. Type, by monotypy,Geococcyx variegata Wagler = Saurotheracaliforniana Lesson.

Geococcyxvelox (Wagner).Lesser . Cuculusvelox A. Wagner,1836, GelehrteAnz., M•inchen3: col. 96. (Mexico = outskirts of .) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Pine Forest (0-2800 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in western Mexico from extreme southern Sonora south to Chia- pas (Tuxtla Gutti6rez),and in the interior of Middle America from easternNayarit, Jalisco, Michoac•n,M6xico, Morelos,Puebla, west-central Veracruz and Oaxacasouth through Cen- tral Americato centralNicaragua; an isolatedpopulation in Yucatanand northern Campeche.

Geococcyxcalifornianus (Lesson). . SaurotheraCaliforniana Lesson, 1829, OeuvresCompl. Buffon 6: 420. (Californie = San Diego, California.) Habitat.--Desert scrub,chaparral, edges of cultivatedlands, and arid opensituations with scatteredbrush, locally in cedar gladesand pine-oak woodland(Tropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from north-central California, western and central Nevada, south- ern Utah, southern Colorado, southern Kansas, central and eastern Oklahoma, southwestern Missouri, central and western Arkansas and western and north-central Louisiana south to southernBaja California, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas,northeastern Jalisco, eastern Mi- choac•n,M6xico, Puebla,Veracruz, northern Tamaulipas and the Gulf coastof Texas. Notes.--Often called the Roadrunner in American literature.

GenusNEOMORPHUS Gloger NeotnorphusGloger, 1827, in Froriep, Notizen 16: col. 278, note. Type, by original designation,Coccyzus geoffroyi Temminck.

Neornorphusgeoffroyi (Temminck).Rufous-vented Ground-Cuckoo. Coccyzusgeoffroyi Temminck, 1820, PlanchesColor., livr. 2, pl. 7. (No locality given = Par•, Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident locally in Nicaragua (Caribbeanslope), Costa Rica (primarily Caribbeanslope, on Pacificdrainage in Cordillerade Guanacaste),and Panama (both slopes), and in South America from Colombia south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Notes.-- Sibley andMonroe (1990) consideredN. geoffroyiand AmazonianN. squatniger Todd, 1925 [Scaled Ground-Cuckoo]to constitutea superspecies. 252 FAMILY CUCULIDAE

Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE: Anis

Genus CROTOPHAGA Linnaeus CrotophagaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 105. Type,by monotypy,Crotophaga ani Linnaeus.

Crotophagamajor Gmelin. Greater Ani. Crotophagamajor Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 363. Basedin part on "Le grand Bout-de-petun"Brisson, Ornithologie 4: 180, pl. 18, fig. 2, andDaubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 102, fig. 1. (in Cayenna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest, FreshwaterMarshes (0-800 m; Tropical Zone, locally to TemperateZone). Distribution.--Resident from easternPanama (on the Caribbeanslope from westernCo16n eastward.,on the Pacific from the Canal area eastward), Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianassouth, west of the Andesto westernEcuador and east of the Andes virtually throughoutto northern Argentina. Two specimenstaken along the Rio Tamesi, southern Tamaulipas,may representa residentpopulation in northeasternMexico (Olson 1978), but subsequentsearches for the specieshave failed.

Crotophagaani Linnaeus.Smooth-billed Ani. CrotophagaAni Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 105. Basedmainly on the "Razor- billed Blackbird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 2 (app.): 3, pl. 3, and Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 298, pl. 256, fig. 1. (in America, Africa -- Jamaica.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Agricultural Pastures/Cropland (0-2000 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in centraland southernFlorida (TampaBay and Merritt Island region southward,mainly from Lake Okeechobeearea to Dade County); from the Bahamas souththroughout the Antilles (includingthe CaymanIslands); on islandsoff QuintanaRoo (Cozumel),Belize (AmbergrisCay), Honduras(Swan and Bay islands)and Nicaragua (Corn, Providencia and San Andr6s); and in southwesternCosta Rica (Pacific slope north to the Gulf of Nicoya region) and Panama(both slopes,including Coiba and the Pearl islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (including Margarita Island), Tobago, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northernArgentina. Casual north to North Carolina, in northern Florida, and to the mainland of Honduras (Trujillo region, where possiblybreeding). Accidental in Ohio. Reportsfrom Louisiana, Indiana, and New Jerseyare questionable.

Crotophagasulcirostris Swainson. Groove-billed Ani. Crotophagasulcirostris Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 440. (Table land. Tem- iscaltepec= Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Riparian Thickets (0-2300 m; Tropicaland Subtropical zones). Distribution.---Residentin southernBaja California (Cape district, formerly, with one recent report of a vagrant);from southernSonora, central and southern(casually western, north-centraland southeastern)Texas and southernLouisiana (rarely, one breedingrecord, PlaqueminesParish) south along both slopes of Middle America(including Mujeres, Holbox and Cozumelislands off QuintanaRoo) and alongboth coastsof SouthAmerica to extreme northernChile and (also the NetherlandsAntilles); and in northwesternArgentina. Wandersregularly east along the Gulf coastto peninsularFlorida, and casually northward to southern California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona, central New Mexico, Colorado, South Dakota, Minnesota,Wisconsin, Michigan, southernOntario, Ohio, and Maryland. Accidentalin the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island; sight reports). Reports from Trinidad are erroneous (ffrench 1991). FAMILY STRIGIDAE 253

Order STRIGIFORMES:

Family TYTONIDAE: Barn Owls

GenusTYTO Billberg TytoBillberg, 1828, Synop. Faunae Scand. (ed. 2) 1(2): tab. A. Type,by monotypy, $trix fiammeaauct. = $trix alba Scopoli.

•to alba (Scopoli).Barn . Strix alba Scopoli,1769, AnnusI, Hist.-Nat.,p. 21. (Ex Foro Juli = Friuli, northern Italy.) Habitat.--Open and partlyopen country in a wide varietyof situations,often around humanhabitation; nests in buildings,caves, crevices on cliffs, burrowsand hollow trees, rarelyin treeswith densefoliage, such as palms(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the from southwestern and south-central British Columbia,western Washington, Oregon, southern Idaho, Montana, North Dakota,Iowa, southernWisconsin, southern Michigan (formerly), extreme southern Ontario, southern Que- bec,New York, southernVermont and Massachusetts south through the UnitedStates and MiddleAmerica (including many islands around Baja California and in theGulf of California, theTres Mafias Islands, Bay Islandsoff Honduras,and Pearl Islands off Panama),Bermuda, theBahamas, Greater Antilles (except Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) and Lesser Antilles (Dominica,St. Vincent, Grenada and the Grenadines), and in SouthAmerica in theGalapagos Islands(Santa Cruz, Isabela,James, San Crist6bal and Fernandina) and from Colombiaand Venezuela(including islands of the NetherlandsAntilles, Tobagoand Trinidad)south to Tierra del Fuego;and in the Old World from the British Isles, Baltic countries,southern Russiaand southern Siberia south throughout most of Eurasiaand Africa to southernAfrica, Madagascar,the Malay Peninsula,the EastIndies (except Sumatra, Borneo and the Phil- ippines)and Australia, and east in thewestern Pacific to theSociety Islands. Northernmost populationsin NorthAmerica are partially migratory, wintering south to southernMexico and the West Indies. Wanderscasually north to northeasternBritish Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,northern Minnesota, New Brunswick,Newfoundland and Nova Scotia;a record from Alaska is erroneous. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (in 1958, now on all main islands from Kauai eastward)and on Lord Howe Island. Notes.--Alsoknown as Common Barn-Owl. Tyto alba and the closely related T. glaucops are regardedas speciesbecause occurs on Hispaniola.

•to glaucops(Kaup). Ashy-facedOwl. Strixglaucops Kaup, 1853, in Jardine,Contrib. Ornithol. (1852), p. 118.(Jamaica, error -- Hispaniola.) Habitat.--AridLowland Scrub, Arid MontaneScrub, Second-growth Scrub, nesting in limestonecaves and sinkholes, and often foraging around old buildings and ruins (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Residenton Hispaniola. Notes.---Alsoknown as HispaniolanBarn-Owl or Ashy-facedBarn-Owl. See comments under T. alba.

Family STRIGIDAE: Typical Owls

Genus OTUS Pennant OtusPennant, 1769, Indian Zool., p. 3. Type,by monotypy,Otus bakkamoena Pennant. GymnasioBonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)6: 543. Type, by monotypy,Strix nudipes Daudin. 254 FAMILY STRIGIDAE

GymnoglauxCabanis, 1855, J. Ornithol. 3: 466. Type, by monotypy,Noctua nudipes Lembeye(not Strix nudipesDaudin) = Gymnoglauxlawrencii Sclaterand Salvin.

Otusfiammeolus (Kaup). FlammulatedOwl. Scops (Megascops)fiamrneola"Licht." Kaup, 1853, in Jardine, Contrib. Ornithol. (1852), p. 111. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane forest,primarily open ponderosa pine association,occasionally aspen; in migration,wooded areas in lowlandsand mountains(upper Subtropicaland Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds locally from south-centralBritish Columbia (Kamloops,Pentic- ton), centralWashington, eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, westernMontana and north-central Colorado south to south-centralCalifornia (Palomar Mountain), southernArizona, southern New Mexico and westernTexas (Guadalupe, Chisos, and, probably,Davis mountains);also in Coahuila, Tamaulipas,Nuevo Le6n, M6xico (Chimalpa), and Veracruz (Las Vigas). A report of one heardin Oaxacarequires confirmation (Binford 1989). Winters from central Mexico (Sinaloa, Jalisco, Michoacfin and Distrito Federal) south in the highlandsto Guatemalaand E1 Salvador,casually north to southernCalifornia. Migrates east to central Montana, central Colorado, easternNew Mexico and western Texas. Casualor accidentalin Wyoming, southeasternTexas (Galveston, Port Aransas), Louisiana (BatonRouge), Alabama (Shelby County), Florida (Redington Beach) and the Gulf of Mexico (ca. 75 miles southeastof Galveston, Texas). Notes.--Also known as FlammulatedScreech-Owl. The Eurasian O. scops(Linnaeus, 1758) and O. fiammeolusdiffer in vocalizationsand are separatespecies (Marshall 1978); Mayr and Short (1970) consideredthem to representa superspecies.Marshall and King (in Monroe and Sibley 1993) consideredO. fiammeolusas probablyrelated to O. brucei(Hume, 1873) [Pallid Scops-Owl].

Otus sunia (Hodgson). Oriental Scops-Owl. Scopssunia Hodgson, 1836, Asiat. Res. 19: 175. (Nepal.) Habitat.--Forest and woodland. Distribution.--Breeds from the northernlimit of treesin northeasternAsia and the large islandsof Japansouth to northernChina and Korea. Wintersfrom southeasternChina and Japan southto SoutheastAsia. Accidental in Alaska in the Aleutian Islands on Buldir (5 June 1977) and (late June 1979). Notes.--O. sunia and other Old World forms are sometimesmerged in the EurasianO. scops (Linnaeus, 1758), but studiesof vocalizations and behavior confirm their status as species(Marshall 1967, 1978). See commentsunder O. fiamrneolus.

Otus kennicottii (Elliot). Western Screech-Owl. ScopsKennicottii Elliot, 1867, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia19: 99. (Sitka, Alaska.) Habitat.--Woodland, especiallyoak and riparianwoodland, and giant cacti (Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident [kennicottiigroup] from south-coastal(west to Cordova) and southeasternAlaska, coastal and south-central British Columbia, northern Idaho, western and south-centralMontana, northwesternWyoming (Wind River Mountains), southeastern Colorado,and extremewestern Oklahoma south to southernBaja California, centralSonora, in the Mexican highlandsthrough central and easternChihuahua and Coahuilaas far as the Distrito Federal, and to south-centralTexas (east to Kerr County);and [vinaceusgroup] in southern Sonora, western Chihuahua and northern Sinaloa. Casual[kennicottii group] in Alberta and Kansas(Morton Co.). Notes.--Also known as Kennicott's Screech-Owl. Groups: O. kennicottii [Western Screech-Owl) and O. vinaceus(Brewster, 1888) [VinaceousScreech-Owl]. Relationships of FAMILY STRIGIDAE 255

Northand Middle American Otus are discussed in Marshall(1967), in whichthe four groups of O. asioare recognized on thebasis of vocalizationsand behavior as "incipientspecies"; thesegroups are now considered to be allospeciesof a superspecies.Long-distance dispersal apparentlyaccounts for overlapand rare mixedpairs in marginallypoor habitatalong the ArkansasRiver in southeasternColorado and the Rio Grandein Texas.If thesefour species (0. kennicottiiand the followingthree species) are treatedas a singlespecies, then O. asio and CommonScreech-Owl are the appropriatescientific and English names, respectively. Intergradationof O.k. cardonensisHuey, 1926 andO.k. xantusi(Brewster, 1902) in Baja Californiais uncertain.The latter form may represent O. cooperibecause of vocalsimilarities. Miller and Miller (1951) discussedthe relationshipof O. kennicottiiand O. vinaceus,the latterformerly treated as a separatespecies. Because they are similar in voiceand intergrade, they are regardedas conspecific.

Otus asio (Linnaeus). Eastern Screech-Owl. StrixAsioLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 92. Basedon "The LittleOwl" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 7, pl. 7. (in America = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Open woodland,deciduous forest, open mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, parklands,residential areas, and riparian woodland in drierregions. Distribution.--Resident from southernSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Min- nesota,north-central Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec and Maine (formerly) souththrough the easternUnited Statesto Coahuila, central Nuevo Le6n, easternSan Luis Potosi,southern Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coastand southernFlorida (upper FloridaKeys), and west to centralMontana, northern and eastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, Kansas,western Oklahoma, and west-centralTexas. Recorded in summer(and probably breeding)in central Alberta. Casualin Nova Scotia(Indian Lake); sightreports from New Brunswick. Notes.--Also known as the . See comments under O. kennicottii.

Otus seductus Moore. Balsas Screech-Owl. Otus vinaceusseductus Moore, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.54: 156. (5 miles northeast of Apatzingfin,Michoacfin, altitude 1000 feet.) Habitat.--TropicalDeciduous Forest, mesquite (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtrop- ical zones). Distribution.--Residentin Colima, southernJalisco, the Rfo Balsasdrainage of Mi- choacfin, and western Guerrero. Notes.--See comments under O. kennicottii.

Otus cooperi (Ridgway). Pacific Screech-Owl. Scopscooperi Ridgway, 1878, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1: 116. (SantaAna, CostaRica.) Habitat.--TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, Secondary Forest, Mangrove Forest, TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest Edge (0-950 m; Tropicaland Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Residentalong the Pacificcoast of Middle America from Oaxaca(west to PuertoAngel regionand RanchoLas Animas)south to northwesternCosta Rica (Guan- acasteregion). Notes.--Also known as Cooper'sScreech-Owl. See commentsunder O. kennicottii.

Otus trichopsis(Wagler). WhiskeredScreech-Owl. Scopstrichopsis Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 276. (Mexico = mountainsof south- western Puebla.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest, (600-2950 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternArizona, northeasternSonora, southwestern New Mexico, Chihuahua,Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n andTamaulipas south through the moun- 256 FAMILY STRIGIDAE tains of Mexico (west to Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacfin and Guerrero, and east to west-centralVeracruz), Guatemala,E1 Salvadorand Hondurasto northernNicaragua. Notes.--Also known as WhiskeredOwl or SpottedScreech-Owl.

Otus choliba (Vieillot). Tropical Screech-Owl. Strix choliba Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 7: 39. Based on "Ch61iba" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 2:218 (no. 48). (Paraguay.) Itabitat.--Secondary Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest (0-2800 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from centralCosta Rica (San Jos6region) souththrough Panama (includingthe PearlIslands), and in SouthAmerica from Colombiaand Venezuela (including Margarita Island), Trinidad and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes, to northernArgentina and Paraguay;erroneously reported from Honduras.

Otus barbarus (Sclater and Salvin). Bearded Screech-Owl. Scopsbarbarus Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 56. (Verapaz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Montane EvergreenForest (1400-2200 m; Subtropicaland Tem- perate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Chiapasand northernGuatemala. Notes.--Also known as Santa Barbara Screech-Owl or Bridled Screech-Owl.

Otus guatemalae(Sharpe). Vermiculated Screech-Owl. Scopsbrasilianus Subsp. B. Scopsguatemalce Sharpe, 1875, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 2: ix, 112, pl. 9. (Central America, from Veraguasnorthwards to Mexico = Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Pine-Oak Forest (0-1800 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident [guatemalaegroup] from southeasternSonora and southernTa- maulipassouth on both slopesof Mexico to Chiapasand the YucatanPeninsula (including CozumelIsland), and thencesouth through Guatemala, Belize and Hondurasto north-central Nicaragua;and [vermiculatusgroup] locally from northeasternCosta Rica and Panamaand southlocally to westernColombia. Notes.--Includes O. guatemalae [Middle American Screech-Owl] and O. vermiculatus (Ridgway, 1887) [VermiculatedScreech-Owl], sometimes treated as separatespecies because of vocal differences(Sibley and Monroe 1990, Marshall et al. 1991). Marshall et al. (1991) proposedthat populationsof vermiculatusfrom northernSouth America, excludingthose from western Colombia, be merged into O. atricapillus of South America, a treatment followed by Monroe and Sibley (1993), but see K6nig (1994) and Heirrich et al. (1995a).

Otus clarkii Kelso and Kelso. Bare-shanked Screech-Owl.

Otus clarkii L. and E. H. Kelso, 1935, Biol. Leaflet, no. 5, [not paged]. (Calobre, Panama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (900-3300 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperate zones). Distributiøn'--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica (Cordillera Central eastward), Panama(recorded from westernChiriquf, Veraguasand easternDari6n) and extremenorth- western Colombia. Notes.--Also known as Bare-leggedScreech-Owl. Once called Otus nudipesin the lit- erature, based on Bubo nudipes Vieillot, 1807, but the latter name is now regarded as a nomendubium; furthermore, with the following speciesplaced in Otus,Bubo nudipesis also a junior secondaryhomonym of Strix nudipes. FAMILY STRIGIDAE 257

Otus nudipes (Daudin). Puerto Rican Screech-Owl. Strix nudipesDaudin, 1800, Trait60rnithol. 2: 199. (Porto Rico and Cayenne-- Puerto Rico.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico (including Vieques and Culebra islands) and, very local or extirpated,in the Virgin Islands(St. Thomas,St. John,Tortola, Virgin Gorda and St. Croix). Notes.--Also known as PuertoRican Bare-leggedOwl.

Otus lawrencii (Sclater and Salvin). Cuban Screech-Owl. Gymnoglauxlawrencii Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 327, pl. 29. (Cuba -- Remedios, Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest; nests in holes in coconutpalms and limestonecliffs. Distribution.--Resident on Cuba, Cayo Romano,and the Isle of Pines. Notes.--Formerly placed in monotypicgenus Gymnoglaux and known as Bare-legged Owl.

Genus LOPHOSTRIX Lesson LophostrixLesson, 1836, OeuvresCompl. Buffon 7: 261. Type, by monotypy,Strix griseata Latham -- Strix cristata Daudin.

Lophostrix cristata (Daudin). CrestedOwl. Strix cristata Daudin, 1800, Trait60rnithol. 2: 307. Based on "La Chouetteh aigrette blanche" Levaillant, Ois. Afr. 1: 43. (Guiana.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1000 m) (Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton bothslopes of Middle Americafrom southernVeracruz, north- ern and southeasternOaxaca, and Chiapas)south to Panama,and in South America from Colombia, western Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

GenusPULSATRIX Kaup Pulsatrix Kaup, 1848, Isis von Oken, col. 771. Type, by monotypy,Strix torquata Daudin = Strix perspicillata Latham.

Pulsatrix perspicillata (Latham). SpectacledOwl. Strix perspicillataLatham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 58. Basedon the "SpectacleOwl" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds (suppl.) 1: 50, pl. 107. (in Cayana = Cayenne.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Gallery Forest, Sec- ondaryForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-1000 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton bothslopes of Middle Americafrom southernVeracruz, north- ern and southeasternOaxaca, and Chiapas south to Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and eastof the Andesto northwesternArgentina, Paraguay and southeasternBrazil.

Genus BUBO Dum6ril Bubo Dum6ril, 1806, Zool. Anal., p. 34. Type, by tautonymy,Strix bubo Linnaeus.

Bubo virginianus (Gmelin). . Strix virginiana Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 287. Based mainly on the "Virginia EaredOwl" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 1(1): 119. (in omniAmerica, etc. = Virginia.) 258 FAMILY STRIGIDAE

Habitat.--A wide variety of forested ,moist or arid, deciduousor evergreen lowland forest to open temperatewoodland, including second-growth forest, swamps,or- chards,parklands, riverine forest,brushy hillsides and semi-desert(Tropical to Alpine zones, most commonlySubtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and southernMackenzie, southernKeewatin, northernManitoba, northernOntario, northernQue- bec, northernLabrador and Newfoundlandsouth throughout the Americas(except the West Indies, most islands,and most of Amazonia)to Tierra del Fuego. Wintersgenerally throughout the breedingrange, with the northernmostpopulations being partially migratory,wintering south to southernCanada and the northernUnited States.

GenusNYCTEA Stephens Nyctea Stephens,1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 13(2): 62. Type, by tautonymy,Strix ertninea Shaw = Strix nyctea Linnaeus = Strix scandiaca Linnaeus.

Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus). Snowy Owl. Strix scandiacaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 92. (in Alpibus Lapponia•-- Lapland.) Habitat.--Tundra, primarily where mounds,hillocks, or rocks are present;in winter and migration,occurring also in opencountry such as prairie, marshes, fields, pastures, and sandy beaches. Distribution.--Breeds in North America in the westernAleutians (Attu, Buldir), on (in the Bering Sea), and from northernAlaska, northern Yukon (HerschelIsland), and Banks, Prince Patrick and northern Ellesmere islands south to coastal western Alaska (to HooperBay), northernMackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), Southamptonand Belcherislands, northern Quebec and northernLabrador; and in the Pa- learctic in northern Greenland, and from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, southern Novaya Zemlya and northernSiberia south to the British Isles (rarely), southernScandinavia, the limits of tundra in Eurasia, and the . Wintersirregularly from the breedingrange in North America southto southernCanada, North Dakota, Minnesota,northern Illinois, northernMichigan, and New York, casuallyor sporadicallyto central California (Monterey County), southernNevada, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma,central and southeasternTexas, the Gulf statesand Georgia (sight reportsfrom central Florida); and in Eurasia south to Iceland, the British Isles, northern continental Europe, central Russia, northernChina and Sakhalin. Casual or accidentalin Bermuda,the Azores,Mediterranean region, Iran, northwestern India, and Japan.

Genus SURNIA Dum6ril

SurniaDum6ril, 1806, Zool. Anal., p. 34. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Strixfunerea Gmelin = Strix ulula Linnaeus.

Surnia ulula (Linnaeus). Northern Hawk Owl. Strix Ulula Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 93. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Open coniferousor mixed coniferous-deciduousforest, forest edge and clear- ings, forestburns, dense tamarack, bogs, scrubby second-growth woodland and muskeg. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from the limit of trees in western and central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador and Newfoundland southto south-coastalAlaska (Kodiak Island), central British Columbia, northwesternMontana, west- central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin,southeastern Ontario, northernMichigan (once, Isle Royale, 1905), southern Quebec, and New Brunswick (breeding sporadicalong southernlimits of range); and in FAMILY STRIGIDAE 259

Eurasia from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to central Russia,northern Mongolia, northernManchuria, and Sakhalin. Winters from the breeding range southward,in North America irregularly to southern Canadaand northernMinnesota, casually to Oregon,Idaho, Montana,Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, centralIllinois, southernMichigan, northernOhio and Pennsylvania;and in Eurasia to the British Isles, continentalEurope and southernRussia. Notes.--Known widely as the Hawk Owl.

Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie G!aucidiumBoie, 1826, Isis yon Oken, col. 970. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Strix passerinaLinnaeus.

Glaucidiurn gnorna Waglet. Northern Pygmy-Owl. G!aucidiumGnoma Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 275. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Open forest and woodlands,in coniferous,hardwood, mixed and pine-oak woodland(Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident [californicum group] from southernAlaska (recordedwest to Yakutat), British Columbia (includingVancouver Island), west-centralAlberta and western and central Montana south,mostly in mountainousregions, to southernCalifornia (Laguna Mountains),southern Arizona, andsouthern New Mexico (perhapsnorthern Mexico); [gnoma group] the interior of Mexico, Guatemala,and central Honduras;and [hoskinsiigroup] in the Cape districtof southernBaja California. Casual [californicumgroup] in northwesternWyoming and westernTexas. Notes.--Heidrich et al. (1995b) consideredG. californicumSclater, 1857 [NorthernPyg- my-Owl], and G. gnoma [Mexican Pygmy-Owl] to representseparate species based on geneticand vocal differences(as anticipatedby Sibley and Monroe [1990] and Monroe and Sibley [1993]). K6nig (1991) and Heidrich et al. (1995b) proposed,based on vocalizations, that the populationsof CostaRica and Panamatraditionally assigned to G. jardinii belong with G. gnoma.

Glaucidiumjardinii (Bonaparte).Andean Pygmy-Owl. PhalcenopsisjardiniiBonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Pads 41: 654. (Andesof , Ecuador.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (2000-3400 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof central Costa Rica and Panama (recorded Chiriquf and Veraguas);and in the Andes of South America from Colombia and western Venezuelasouth to northernArgentina. Notes.--Also known as Mountain Pygmy-Owl. See commentsunder G. gnoma.K6nig (1991) describedthe populationfrom Peruto Argentinaas a separatespecies, G. bolivianum [YungasPygmy-Owl], basedon vocal differences.

Glaucidium griseicepsSharp. Central American Pygmy-Owl. G!aucidiumgriseiceps Sharp, 1875, Ibis 1875, p. 41. (Veragua[Panama] and Chisec andChoctum [Guatemala] -- tropicallowlands [Coban] of Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Humid EvergreenForest (0-1300 m; Tropical to lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America from south- easternVeracruz and northernOaxaca south (not recordedYucatan Peninsula or Nicaragua) to northwesternColombia (also disjunctrecords on Pacific slopeof Guatemala,in eastern Panamaprovince, Canal area, and Dari6n, and north-northwestof Alto Tambo, Prov. Es- meraldas,Ecuador). Notes.--G!aucidium griseiceps,G. sanchezi,G. palmarum and three South American forms (G. minutissimum[Wied, 1830], G. parkeri Robbins and Howell, 1995, and G. hardyi Vielliard, 1989) were formerlytreated as conspecific,under G. minutissimum[Least Pygmy- Owl]. Howell and Robbins (1995) and Robbins and Howell (1995) summarized data on 260 FAMILY STRIGIDAE vocalizations,morphology, coloration, and habitat distribution,which supportthe treatment of thesesix forms as species;see Vielliard (1989) and Krnig (1991) for additionaldata on South American forms.

Glaucidium sancheziLowery and Newman. TamaulipasPygmy-Owl. Glaucidiumminutissimum sanchezi Lowery and Newman, 1949, Occas.Papers Loui- siana State University Museum of Zoology 22:1-4. (Llano de Garzas, near Cerro Coneja,San Luis Potos/,Mexico.) Habitat.--Humid EvergreenForest (900-2100 m; lower Subtropicalto upperSubtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Mexico in southernTamaulipas and eastern San Luis Potos/. Notes.--See commentsunder G. griseiceps.

Glaucidiumpalmarum Nelson. Colima Pygmy-Owl. Glaucidiurnpalmarum Nelson, 1901, Auk 18:46. (Arroyo de Juan Sanchez,Territory of Tepic, Mexico.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Pine-Oak Forest (0-1500 m; lower Subtropicalto upper Subtropicalzones.) Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope of Mexico from central Sonorato south- central Oaxaca (foothills inland of Puerto Angel) and in the Balsasdrainage of southern Morelos and northern Guerrero. Notes.--See commentsunder G. griseiceps.

Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin). FerruginousPygmy-Owl. Strix brasiliana Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 289. Based on "Le Hibou de Brrsil" Brisson,Ornithologie, 1, p. 499. (in Brasilia = Cear•i,Brazil.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Second-growthScrub, Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest, lowland pine savanna,giant cacti (0-2000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from south-centralArizona (formerly north to Phoenix area), Sonora(at leastformerly), Chihuahua,Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n and southernTexas (north to Starr and Kenedycounties) south through Mexico (includingIsla Cancunoff QuintanaRoo), Belize, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Pacific slope, very rare on Caribbeandrainage) and Panama(Pacific slopeeast to westernPanampi province), and in South America from the coastallowlands of Colombia, Venezuela(including Margarita Island), Trinidad and the Guianas south, east of the Andes to central Argentina. Notes.--Also known as FerruginousOwl. Glaucidiurnnanurn (King, 1827) [AustralPyg- my-Owl] has been treatedas conspecific(e.g.. Mar/n et al. 1989) with G. brasilianurn,but vocal differencessupport recognition as a species(Krnig 1991); they constitutea super- species(Mayr andShort 1970). Krnig (1991) describedthe populationof northwesternPeru as a separatespecies, G. peruanurn[Peruvian Pygmy-Owl], basedprimarily on vocal dif- ferences;this treatmentwas followed by Monroe and Sibley (1993).

Glaucidium siju (d'Orbigny). CubanPygmy-Owl. Noctua siju d'Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra,Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p. 41, pl. 3. (Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Pine Forest, SecondaryForest (0-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident on Cuba, Cayo Coco (ArchipelagoSabana-Camagfiey), and the Isle of Pines. FAMILY STRIGIDAE 261

Genus MICRATHENE Coues Micrathene Coues, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 18: 51. Type, by original designation,Athene whitneyiCooper. Micropallas Coues,1889, Auk 6: 71. New name for MicratheneCoues, thought to be preoccupied.

Micrathene whitneyi (Cooper). . Athenewhitneyi Cooper, 1861, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (1)2:118. (Fort Mojave, latitude 35ø IN.I, ColoradoValley [Arizona].) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Gallery Forest, Pine-Oak Forest (0-2100 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southernNevada (Colorado River, oppositeFort Mohave, Arizona, at leastformerly), extremesoutheastern California (lower ColoradoRiver Valley, formerly west to central Riverside County), central Arizona, southwesternNew Mexico, westernand southernTexas, Coahuila and Nuevo Le6n southto Sonora(including Isla Tibur6n), Guanajuatoand Puebla,probably elsewhere in centralMexico; alsoin southern Baja California (Cape district)and formerly in the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro). Winters from southernSinaloa, Michoacfin, Morelos and southernTexas southto Guerrero, Puebla and northwesternOaxaca, certainly also elsewhere in central Mexico; resident on SocorroIsland and in Baja California,where recorded north to lat. 28ø 10' N., possiblyonly as a vagrant. Accidental in eastern New Mexico.

Genus ATHENE Boie Athene Bole, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 549. Type, by subsequentdesignation, (G. R. Gray, 1841), A. noctua (Retz.) Bole, P1.enl. 439. Str. passerina Auct. = Strix noctua Scopoli. SpeotytoGloger, 1841, Gemein.Handb.-und-Hilfsb., p. 226. Type, by monotypy,Strix cunicularia Molina. Notes.wAlthoughkaryotypic and molecularstudies suggest generic status for Speotyto (Schmutz et al. 1989. Sibley and Ahlquist 1990), we follow Amadon and Bull (1988) in mergingSpeotyto into Athene.

Athene cunicularia (Molina). . Strix Cunicularia Molina, 1782, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 263. (Chili = Chile.) Habitat.--Northern TemperateGrassland, Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, tropical grasslands(0-4000 m; Tropicalto Alpine zones). Distribution.--Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, southern Alberta, central Saskatchewan(formerly) and southernManitoba south througheastern Washington (for- merly), centralOregon and California (includingthe Channelislands, formerly the Farallon Islands) to Baja California (includingmany coastalislands, and on GuadalupeIsland), east locally to western Minnesota, northwesternIowa, northwesternMissouri, Oklahoma and western Texas, and south to central Mexico (including Isla Clari6n in the Revillagigedo group, but southernlimits of the breedingrange in the interior in Mexico not known); in Florida (north to Madison and Duval counties), the Bahamas, Cuba (western Pinar del Rio, northernMatanzas, southern Ciego de Avila, Cayo Coco, and near Guantfinamo),Isle of Pines (Los Indios), Hispaniola (including Gon•ve and Beata islands) and, at least formerly, the northernLesser Antilles (St. Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Redonda,and Marie Galante); and locally in SouthAmerica from Colombiaand Venezuela(including Margarita Island) south to northernTierra del Fuego. Wintersin North America and Middle America in generalthrough the breedingrange, exceptfor the northernportions in the and Great Plainsregions, and regularly southto southernMexico, Guatemalaand E1 Salvador(at least formerly), casuallyto Hon- duras (Monte Redondo),Costa Rica (Los Cuadroson Volcfin Irazti) and Panama (Divalfi in 262 FAMILY STRIGIDAE

Chiriquf); and throughthe breedingrange in the West Indies and South America, casually to Cuba. Casual north and east in eastern North America to Wisconsin, Michigan, western and southernOntario, southernQuebec, Maine, New York, Massachusetts,Virginia and North Carolina, and in the Gulf stateseast to Alabama and northwesternFlorida; a sight report for New Brunswick.

GenusCICCABA Wagler Ciccaba Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1222. Type, by monotypy,Ciccaba huhula = Strix huhula Daudin. Notes.--Ciccabais oftenmerged in Strix. If Ciccabais recognizedas a genus,it appears to be polyphyletic,according to morphologicalstudies (Voous 1964, Norberg 1977) and geneticdata (Sibley and Ahlquist 1990).

Ciccaba virgata (Cassin). Mottled Owl. Syrniumvirgatum Cassin, 1849, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia4 (1848): 124. (South America -- Bogota,Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical De- ciduousForest, Gallery Forest(0-2200 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom southernSonora, southwestern Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco,Guanajuato, San Luis Potos/,central Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipassouth through Middle America(including the YucatanPeninsula), and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andesto centralBolivia, Paraguay,and northeasternArgentina. Accidentalin southernTexas (Feb. 1983 in Hidalgo County;Lasley et al. 1988). Notes.--Also known as Mottled Wood-Owl.

Ciccaba nigrolineata Sclater.Black-and-white Owl. Ciccaba nigrolineata Sclater,1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 131. (In Mexico Mer- idionali = stateof Oaxaca;Binford, 1989, Ornithol.Monogr. 43, p. 338.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1500 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on both slopesof Middle America from southeasternSan Luis Potosi,Veracruz, northern and southeastern Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Quintana Roo southlocally to Panama, and in South America from Colombia east to northwesternVenezuela and south, west of the Andes, to western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Notes.--C. nigrolineata and the South American C. huhula Daudin, 1800, constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Genus STRIX Linnaeus Strix Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 92. Type, by tautonymy,Strix stridula Linnaeus(Strix, prebinomialspecific name, in synonymy)= Strix aluco Linnaeus. Notes.--See comments under Ciccaba.

Strix occidentalis(X•ntus de Vesey). SpottedOwl. Syrnium occidentaleXSntus de Vesey, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 11 (1859): 193. (Fort Tejon, California.) Habitat.--Dense matureconiferous forest (primarily Douglasfir), especiallyin shaded, steep-walledcanyons (Temperate Zone). Distribution.--Resident [occidentalisgroup] in the mountainsand in humid coastalforest from extremesouthwestern British Columbia (north to Atka Lake, eastto ManningProvincial Park) souththrough western Washington and westernOregon to south-centralCalifornia FAMILY STRIGIDAE 263

(LagunaMountains) and, probably,northern Baja California (Sierra San PedroMfirtir); and [lucidagroup] in the RockyMountain region from southernUtah andcentral Colorado south throughthe mountainsof Arizona, New Mexico, extremewestern Texas (Guadalupe Moun- tains), northern Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Nuevo Le6n to Jalisco, Michoacfin and Guanajuato. Notes.--The two groups,& occidentalis[California Spotted-Owl] and & lucida (Nelson, 1903) [Mexican Spotted-Owl], are geneticallydistinct to a degreereflecting long isolation (Barrowcloughand Guti6rrez 1990). Severalhybrids have occurredbetween S. occidentalis and $. varia (Hamer et al. 1994), which may form a superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Strix varia Barton. Barred Owl. Strix variusBarton, 1799, Fragm.Nat. Hist. Pa., p. 11. (Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.) Habitat.--Dense woodlandand forest (coniferousor hardwood),swamps, wooded river valleys,and cabbage palm-live oak hammocks,especially where bordering streams, marshes, and meadows(Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentfrom southeasternAlaska (from Skagwayto Ketchikan),southern (includingVancouver Island) and easternBritish Columbia southto northwesternCalifornia, Oregon and western Montana, east acrosscentral Alberta, and central Saskatchewan,and from southernManitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, central and southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and west to easternNorth Dakota, southeasternSouth Dakota (formerly), easternNebraska, central Kansasand westernOklahoma; and in the Central Plateauof Mexico from Durango southto Guerrero(Mount Teotepec)and Oaxaca(La Paradaand Cerro San Felipe), andeast to San Luis Potosf,Puebla, and Veracruz.Some Mexican populations are widely disjunct. Northernmostpopulations are partially migratory,individuals occasionally ranging to the Gulf coast. Accidentalin Wyoming. Notes.--& varia and S. fulvescensare possiblyconspecific, based on similarappearance and voice (Hardy et al. 1988). See commentsunder S. occidentalis.

Strix fulvescens(Sclater and Salvin). Fulvous Owl. Syrniumfulvescens Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 58. (Gua- temala.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest (1200-3100 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentin the mountainsof Chiapas,Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and Hon- duras; records from Oaxaca are erroneous. Notes.--See comments under S. varia.

Strix nebulosaForster. Great Gray Owl. Strix nebulosaJ. R. Forster, 1772, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 62: 424. (Severn River [northwesternOntario].) Habitat.--Dense coniferousand hardwoodforest, especially pine, spruce,paper birch andpoplar, with adjacentmeadows, bogs, or clearings;in migrationand winter alsoin second growth,especially near water,foraging in wet meadows. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from central Alaska, northern Yukon, north- western and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario and west-central Que- bec southlocally in the interior to the mountainsof north-centralWashington, south-central Oregon, California (southernSierra Nevada), northernIdaho, westernMontana, western Wyoming, southwesternand central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin,northern Michigan (casually) and south-central Ontario; and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to central Russia, northernMongolia, northernManchuria, Amurland and Sakhalin. Recordedin summer(and possiblybreeding) in southernQuebec. 264 FAMILY STRIGIDAE

Wintersgenerally through the breedingrange, in centraland easternNorth America wan- dering southirregularly to northernUtah, southernMontana, North Dakota, southernMin- nesota,southern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario and central New York, casuallyas far as coastalnorthern California, southernIdaho, Nebraska,Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, and from southernand eastern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to Penn- sylvaniaand New Jersey.

Genus ASIO Brisson Asio Brisson,1760, Ornithologie1: 28, 477. Type, by tautonymy,Asio Brisson= Strix otus Linnaeus.

Asio otus (Linnaeus).Long-eared Owl. Strix Otus Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 92. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Riparian woodlandand coniferousor mixed coniferous-deciduousforest, es- pecially near water, usually with adjacentfields or meadows. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from south-coastal and south-central British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south locally to northwesternBaja California (lat. 30ø N.), southernArizona (rarely), southern New Mexico, western(formerly central)Texas, Coahuila, central Oklahoma, Arkansas (for- merly), Missouri, centralIllinois, southernIndiana, centralOhio, Pennsylvania(also in the mountainsto westernVirginia), New York andNew England(formerly to centralMaryland); and in Eurasia from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to the Azores, Canary Islands, northwesternAfrica, southernEurope, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas,Manchuria, Taiwan, and Korea. Wintersin North America from southernCanada southto northernBaja California (ca- sually to Los Coronados,Cedros and Tibur6n islands),Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi,southern Texas, the Gulf coastand Georgia,casually to Florida,Bermuda and Cuba; and in the Old World from the breedingrange southto northernAfrica, Iraq, India, and southern China. Casual or accidentalin southeasternAlaska (Skagway, Taku River), Yukon (Dempster Highway) and Labrador(Red Bay).

Asio stygius(WagleD. Stygian Owl. Nyctalopsstygius Waglet, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1222. (Brazil or = Minas Gerais, Brazil.) Habitat.---Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest, Pine Forest,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest (0-3100 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident locally in Middle America in northeasternSinaloa, southwestern Chihuahua,northwestern Durango, Jalisco, Guerrero (Omilteme), Veracruz (Miradot), Chia- pas (Volc;inTacami), Guatemala (Cob;in), Belize, and north-centralNicaragua; in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola and Gon•ve Island); and locally in South Americain Colombia,western Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay,and northern Argentina. Recordedalso (and possiblyresident) on Cozumel Island, QuintanaRoo.

Asio fiammeus (Pontoppidan).Short-eared Owl. StrixfiamrneaPontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas 1: 617, pl. 25.'(Sweden.) Habitat.--Open country, includingprairie, meadows,tundra, moorlands, marshes, sa- vanna,in the Hawaiian Islandsalso aroundtowns; in winter,primarily in opencountry with tall grass. Distribution.--Breeds in the Hawaiian Islands(main islandsfrom Kauai eastward),and on Pohnpeiin the CarolineIslands; in North America from northernAlaska, northernYukon, northernMackenzie, centralKeewatin, southernBaffin Island (probably),northern Quebec, northernLabrador and Newfoundlandsouth to the easternAleutian Islands (west to Unalaska), FAMILY STRIGIDAE 265 southernAlaska, central (casuallysouthern) California, northernNevada, Utah, northeastern Colorado,Kansas, Missouri, southernIllinois, westernKentucky, southernIndiana, central Ohio, Pennsylvania,New Jersey and northern (formerly coastal) Virginia; in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Cayo Coco, Hispaniola,Puerto Rico); in South America from Colombia, Venezuelaand the Guianassouth to Tierra del Fuego(including the Galapagos,Juan Femftndez and Falkland islands); and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, Scandinavia,northern Russiaand northernSiberia south to southernEurope, Afghanistan, Transbaicalia, northern Mongolia, northernManchuria, Anadyrland, Sakhalin, the northernKuril Islandsand Kam- chatka. Wintersgenerally in the breedingrange, in the Hawaiian Islandsranging casuallyto the westernislands (Kure, Midway, andcasually east to FrenchFrigate Shoals); in North America andMiddle Americamostly from southernCanada south to southernBaja California(casually to Los CoronadosIslands and Isla Tibur6n), Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, the Gulf coast, southernFlorida, and the Greater Antilles and Cayman Islands;and in the Old World south to northwesternAfrica, the Mediterraneanregion, northeastern Africa, Asia Minor, Sri Lanka, the Malay Peninsula, southernChina and Japan, casually to the Azores, eastern Atlantic islands,Borneo, the Philippinesand Ryukyu Islands. Casualor accidentalin the RevillagigedoIslands (Clari6n), Guatemala(Volc•n de Agua), Bahamas(Grand Turk), the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, Guana, possiblySt. John), Lesser Antilles (St. Barth61emy),Bermuda, and Greenland.

GenusPSEUDOSCOPS Kaup PseudoscopsKaup, 1848, Isis von Oken, col. 769. Type, by monotypy,Ephialtes gram- micus Gosse. RhinoptynxKaup, 1851, Arch. Naturgesch.17: 107. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Sharpe, 1875), Otus mexicanusCuv. = Bubo clamator Vieillot.

Pseudoscopsclamator (Vieillot). StripedOwl. Bubo Clamator Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept. 1 (livr. 4): pl. 20. (depuis Caiennejusq'•t la Baie d'Hudson = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Second-growth Scrub (0-1400 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentlocally on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope in northernOaxaca, southern Veracruz,southern Belize, Guatemala,Honduras and Nicaragua,on the Pacific slope in E1 Salvador,on both slopesof Costa Rica and Panama,and in South America from eastern Colombia, Venezuela(also Tobago) and the Guianas south,west of the Andes to western Ecuadorand east of the Andes (excludingmuch of Amazonia) to northernArgentina and Uruguay. Notes.--Frequentlyplaced either in Asio or in the monotypicgenus Rhinoptynx, but see Olson (1995).

Pseudoscopsgrammicus (Gosse).Jamaican Owl. Ephialtesgrarnrnicus Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica,p. 19 (footnote). (BluefieldsMoun- tains and Tait-Shafton, Jamaica = Tait-Shafton.) Habitat. TropicalLowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-600 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica.

GenusAEGOLIUS Kaup AegoliusKaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges.Eur. Thierw., p. 34. Type, by monotypy,Strix tengrnalrniGmelin = Strix funereus Linnaeus.

Aegoliusfunereus (Linnaeus). Boreal Owl. StrixfunereusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 93. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Dense coniferousforest, mixed coniferous-hardwoodforest, and thickets of alder, aspenor stuntedspruce, muskeg, most commonlyin proximity to open grassysituations. 266 FAMILY STRIGIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds in North America to tree line from central Alaska, central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec,Labrador and Newfoundland(probably) south to southernAlaska (Kodiak Island), northernand interior British Columbia, eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, central Idaho, western Montana, northwesternand southernWyoming, westernColorado, northernNew Mexico, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, western and central Ontario, southernQuebec (Magdalen Islands) and New Brunswick(Grand Manan); and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia,northern Russia and northern Siberia southto the mountains of southernEurope, the westernHimalayas, western China, Sakhalinand Kamchatka. Wintersgenerally in the breedingrange, in North America southirregularly (or casually) to southernBritish Columbia, central Montana, North Dakota, easternSouth Dakota, southern Minnesota, central Wisconsin,southern Michigan, southernOntario, New York and New England, casuallyto southernOregon, Nebraska,northern Illinois, Pennsylvania,and New Jersey;and in Eurasiato southernEurope, Ussuriland,the Kuril Islands,and Japan. Accidental in the Pribilofs (St. Paul). Notes.--Known in Old World literature as Tengmalm'sOwl.

Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin). Northern Saw-whet Owl.

Strix acadicaGmelin, 1788, Syst.Nat. 1(1): 296. Basedon the "Acadian Owl" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 1(1): 149, pl. 5, fig. 2. (in Americaseptentrionali = Nova Scotia.)

Habitat.--Dense coniferousor mixed coniferous-hardwoodforest, cedar groves, alder thicketsand tamarackbogs; in migrationand winter, also in densesecond growth, brushy areas,arid scruband openbuildings. Distribution.--Breeds from southernAlaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula), southernand northeasternBritish Columbia (includingthe QueenCharlotte Islands), central Alberta, centralSaskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (possibly also Anticosti Island), northern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to the mountains of south-centralCalifornia (also on Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands)and presumablynorthern Baja California (sight reports,Sierra San PedroMart/r), locally in the highlandsof Mexico from Tamaulipasand Coahuila to Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe), andto extremewestern Texas, central Oklahoma, central Missouri (formerly), central Illinois, centralIndiana, centralOhio, West Virginia, Virginia, westernMaryland, and New York (Long Island); also in the mountainsand adjacentlowlands of easternTennessee and western North Carolina. Wintersgenerally throughout the breedingrange, southirregularly or casuallyto desert regionsof southernCalifornia and southernArizona, to the Gulf coast(eastern Texas east- ward), and throughthe Atlantic statesto northeastern(possibly southern) Florida. Casual or accidentalon islandsin the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence Island, and St. Paul in the Pribilofs), Newfoundland and Bermuda. Notes.--A. acadicusand A. ridgwayi are closelyrelated and may be conspecific[Saw- whet Owl]; they constitutea superspecies(Binford 1989, Hardy et al. 1989).

Aegolius ridgwayi (Alfaro). UnspottedSaw-whet Owl.

Cryptoglauxridgwayi Alfaro, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 217. (Cerro de la Can- delaria, near Escasfi,Costa Rica.)

Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest (2300-3300 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident locally in Chiapas, Guatemala(Sacapulas, Quetzaltenango and Soloma), E1 Salvador (Los Esesmiles,at least formerly), Costa Rica (Volc•n Irazfi, and Candelariaand Dota mountains)and westernPanama (Volcfin Barfi, in westernChiriqu/). Notes.--See comments under A. acadicus. FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE 267

Order : Goatsuckers, , and Allies

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE: Goatsuckers

SubfamilyCHORDEILINAE: Nighthawks

Genus LUROCALIS Cassin LurocalisCassin, 1851, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia5: 189. Type,by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Caprimulgusnattereri Temminck = Caprimulgus semitorquatusGmelin.

Lurocalis semitorquatus(Gmelin). Short-tailedNighthawk. Caprimulgussemitorquatus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 1031.Based on the "White- collaredGoatsucker" Latham, Gert. Synop. Birds 2(2): 599. (in Cayenna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, River-edge Forest (0-1700 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident[semitorquatus group] from eastern Chiapas, Guatemala, northern Hondurasand northeastern Nicaragua (Rfo Banbana)south through Costa Rica (entireCa- ribbeanslope, and Pacific southwest) and Panama (both slopes, including Isla C6baco),and in SouthAmerica in northernColombia, Venezuela (except western), Trinidad, the Guianas and extremenorthwestern Brazil; and [nattereri group] in the lowlandsof SouthAmerica from eastern Ecuador and Amazonian and eastern Brazil south to northern Bolivia and northernArgentina. Notes.--Alsoknown as SemicollaredNighthawk. Groups: L. semitorquatus[Short-tailed Nighthawk]and L. nattereri(Temminck, 1822) [Chestnut-banded Nighthawk]. The two groups were treatedby Hardy et al. (1989) as separatespecies based on vocalizations,but no com- prehensiveanalysis of vocalizationshas been published. Lurocalis rufiventris Taczanowski [Rufous-belliedNighthawk] of the Andesof SouthAmerica, is now usuallyregarded as a speciesdistinct from L. semitorquatus(Parker et al. 1991, Monroeand Sibley 1993) based on strongdifferences in vocalizationsand plumage (e.g., see Fjeldsfi and Krabbe 1990).

Genus CHORDEILES Swainson Chordeiles[subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. (1831): 337, 496. Type,by originaldesignation, Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin Caprimulgusminor Forster.

Chordeilesacutipennis (Hermann). Lesser Nighthawk. Caprimulgusacutipennis Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim.,p. 230. Basedmainly on "Crapaud-volantou Tette-chevrede la Guiane" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 732. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Open country,desert regions, scrub, savanna and cultivatedareas, primarily in arid habitats(Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from central interior California, southernNevada, extreme south- westernUtah, centralArizona, centralNew Mexico and south-centralTexas south to southern Baja California,and through the lowlandsof both slopesof Mexico (includingthe Yucatan Peninsulaand Cozumel Island) to Guatemala,also locally in Honduras(arid interiorvalleys on Caribbeandrainage), Nicaragua (Tipitapa), Costa Rica (Pacificslope of Guanacaste,and PuertoCort6s area) and Panama (Coc16 and western Panamg province); and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela (including Margarita Island), Tobago,Trinidad and the Guianas southlocally to Paraguayand southern Brazil. Wintersfrom southernCalifornia (casually), Baja California,southwestern Arizona (ca- sually),central Sinaloa, Durango and Veracruzsouth through Middle America and South America to the limits of the breedingrange; also casuallyto Chile. Migrates regularlythrough Middle America (includingthe Bay Islandsoff Honduras), 268 FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE most commonlyon the Pacific slope.In North America, rangescasually east along the Gulf coast to Alabama. Casual or accidentalin Alaska (specimenfrom Noatak River mouth), Colorado,north- easternNew Mexico, Oklahoma(Boise City), Ontario (Point Pelee), Florida (Pensacolaarea and Dry Tortugas),and Bermuda. Notes.--Also known as Trilling Nighthawk.

½hordeilesminor (Forster).Common Nighthawk. Caprimulgusminor J. R. Forster, 1771, Cat. Anim. N. Amer., p. 13. Based on "The Whip-poor Will" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 2 (app.): 16. (No locality given -- South Carolina.) Itabitat.--A wide varietyof openand semi-open situations, especially in savanna,grass- lands, fields, and aroundhuman habitation,including cities and towns;frequently nests on flat gravel roofs of buildings(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatche- wan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador and Nova Scotia southto southernCalifornia (San BernardinoMountains), southernNevada, southern Arizona, northeasternSonora, Chihuahua, Texas, Tamaulipas,the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and southlocally throughthe Gulf and Caribbeanslopes of Mexico (excludingthe YucatanPeninsula) to Chiapas,in the pine savannaof Belize and the Mosquitiaof eastern Hondurasand Nicaragua,and in CostaRica and Panama(east to easternPanam• province). Winters in South America southto northern Argentina. Migrates throughMiddle America and the West Indies, including most islandsin the Caribbean Sea and those off Venezuela,and (in fall) in southeasternAlaska. Casualor accidentalin the HawaiianIslands (French Frigate Shoals); north to south-coastal, central and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, Melville Island, coastalLabrador, Newfoundland and Greenland;, Bermuda,and Europe;and at sea near the Azores. Notes.--Also known as Booming Nighthawk. Chordeilesminor and C. gundlachii are often treated as conspecific,despite differencesin vocalizations(but see McAtee 1947, Eisenmann 1962a, Stevensonet al. 1983, Hardy et al. 1988); they probably constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Chordeilesgundlachii Lawrence.Antillean Nighthawk. Chordeilesgundlachii Lawrence, 1857, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 6: 165. (Cuba.) Itabitat.--Second-growth Scrub,Arid Lowland Scrub(0-600 m). Distribution.--Breeds in the Florida Keys, the Bahamas,Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands,including small cays off Cuba, Gon•ve and Tortue) and Cayman Islands; also on the southernFlorida mainland (identified by call). Winterspresumably in SouthAmerica. Casual in summerin Louisiana(New Orleans) and in migration in the Swan Islands (western Caribbean Sea). Notes.--See comments under C. minor.

Subfamily :

Genus NYCTIDROMUS Gould NyctidromusGould, 1838, IconesAvium, pt. 2, pl. [12] and text. Type, by monotypy, Nyctidromusderbyanus Gould = Caprimulgusalbicollis Gmelin.

Nyctidromusalbicollis (Gmelin). CommonPauraque. Caprimulgusalbicollis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 1030. Based on the "White- throatedGoatsucker" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 2(2): 596. (in Cayenna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest, TropicalDeciduous Forest, lowland pine savanna(0-1700 m; Tropicaland Subtropical zones). FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE 269

Distribution.--Resident from southernSonora, Sinaloa, southernTexas (McMullen and Refugio counties,casually north to Zavala, Frio and De Witt counties),Nuevo Le6n and Tamaulipassouth along both slopesof Middle America (includingthe TresMarias, Mujeres and Cozumel islands off Mexico, and the Pearl Islands off Panama), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to north- westernPeru and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and southernBrazil. Notes.---Also known as the Pauraque.

GenusPHALAENOPTILUS Ridgway PhalaenoptilusRidgway, 1880, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 3: 5. Type,by originaldesignation, Caprirnulgusnuttallii Audubon.

Phalaenoptilusnuttallii (Audubon).Common Poorwill. CaprimulgusNuttallii Audubon,1844, Birds Amer. (octavoed.) 7: 350, pl. 495. (upper Missouri = betweenFort Pierre and mouth of the CheyenneRiver, South Dakota.) Habitat.--Rocky andgravelly terrain in sparsescrubland, broken chaparral, and openings in woodland and forest. Distribution.--Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, Montana, extreme south- westernSaskatchewan, central North Dakota, southwestern(and formerly alsosoutheastern) SouthDakota and Nebraskasouth through eastern Washington, central and easternOregon and California to southernBaja California, southernSonora, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato and Coahuila, and east to eastern Kansas, western Oklahoma and central Texas. Wintersin southernparts of the breedingrange in California and Arizona (probablyalso farther east), sometimesin a torpid condition,and southto the limits of the breedingrange in Mexico. Casual or accidental in southwesternBritish Columbia, southernManitoba (Treesbank), northwesternOntario (near Moosonee),Minnesota ( County), and easternOklahoma (Tulsa).

Genus Sclater SiphonorhisSclater, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc.London, p. 77. Type,by originaldesignation, Caprirnulgusamericanus Linnaeus.

?Siphonorhisamericanus (Linnaeus). Jamaican Pauraque. Caprimulgusamericanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 193. Based on the "Small woodowl" Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 296, pl. 255, fig. 1. (in Americacalidiore = Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid Lowland Scrub. Distribution.--EXTINCT Formerlyresident on Jamaica;last collectednear Spanishtown in September1859 (specimenUSNM). Notes.--S. americanusand S. brewsteriare closely related and constitutea superspecies (Sibley and Monroe 1990). Called JamaicanPoorwill by Sibley and Monroe (1990).

Siphonorhisbrewsteri (Chapman).Least Pauraque. Microsiphonorhisbrewsteri Chapman, 1917, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 37: 329. (Tdbano, Province of Azua, Dominican Republic.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident locally on Hispaniola(including Gonave Island). Notes.--See commentsunder S. americanus.Called LeastPoorwill by Sibley andMonroe (1990).

GenusNYCTIPHRYNUS Bonaparte NyctiphrynusBonaparte, 1857, Riv. Contemp.9: 215. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Oberholser,1914), Caprimulgusocellatus Tschudi. 270 FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE

OtophanesBrewster, 1888, Auk 5: 88.Type, by originaldesignation, Otophanes mcleo- dii Brewster. NyctagreusNelson, 1901, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 14: 171. Type, by original designation, Caprirnulgusyucatanicus Hartert.

Nyctiphrynusmcleodii (Brewster).Eared Poorwill. Otophanesmcleodii Brewster, 1888, Auk 5: 89. (SierraMadre of Chihuahua,Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-OakForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (1100-1800 m; upperTropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentlocally in Chihuahua(including near the Sonora-Chihuahua bor- der),eastern Sinaloa, Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero and Oaxaca (Sierra de Miahuatlfin). Notes.--Thisand the followingtwo speciesare oftenplaced in thegenus Otophanes (Friedmannet al. 1950).

Nyctiphrynusyucatanicus (Hartert). Yucatan Poorwill. Caprimulgusyucatanicus Harteft, 1892, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 16: xv, 525,575. (Tizimin, Yucatan.) Habitat.--TropicalDeciduous Forest, Arid LowlandScrub (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentin the Yucatan Peninsula, northern Guatemala (Pet6n) and Belize. Notes.--See comments under N. mcleodii.

Nyctiphrynusocellatus (Tschudi). Ocellated Poorwill. Caprirnulgusocellatus Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch. 10: 268. (RepublicaPeruana = Peru.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, lowland pine savanna (0-1350 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident(presumably) in northern Nicaragua (single specimen from Pefia Blanca,Jinotega); northern Costa Rica (Brasilia),and in SouthAmerica east of the Andes fromsoutheastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and Amazonian Brazil south to Paraguay and northeasternArgentina. A sightreport for Panama(Canal area) requires confirmation. Notes.--See comments under N. mcleodii.

Genus CAPRIMULGUS Linnaeus CaprimulgusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 193.Type, by tautonymy,Capri- mulguseuropaeus Linnaeus (Caprimulgus, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy). AntrostomusBonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 8.Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Caprirnulguscarolinensis Gmelin. AntiurusRidgway, 1912, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25: 98. Type, by originaldesignation, Stenopsisrnaculicaudus Lawrence. SetochalcisOberholser, 1914, Bull. U.S. Natl.Mus., no. 86, p. 11.Type, by original designation,Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson.

Caprimulgus carolinensisGmelin. Chuck-will's-widow. Caprirnulguscarolinensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2):1028. Based mainly on "The GoatSucker of Carolina"Catesby, Nat. Hist.Carolina 1: 8, pl. 8. (in Virginiaet Carolina = SouthCarolina.) Habitat.--Deciduousforest, pine-oak association and live-oak groves; in migrationand winteralso in openwoodland, scrub, and Tropical Evergreen Forest. Distribution.--Breedsfrom easternKansas, southern and eastern Iowa, central Illinois, northwesternand central Indiana, extreme southern Ontario, southern Ohio, central West Vir- ginia,Maryland, New Jersey and southern New York (Long Island) and (probably) Massa- chusetts(Martha's Vineyard) south to easternOklahoma, south-central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coastand southern Florida. Recorded sporadically in summernorth to southeastern SouthDakota, southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Michigan and Pennsylvania. FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE 271

Winters from southeasternTexas (rare), southernLouisiana (rare), and coastal Alabama (rare) souththrough Middle America (reportedon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Mexico and Belize and on both slopessouth of Mexico) to Colombia,and from centralFlorida and the Bahamassouth through the GreaterAntilles to the northernLesser Antilles (Saba,St. Martin, Barbuda). Casual or accidentalin California, Nevada, easternNew Mexico, southernQuebec, north- ern New York, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, the Cayman Islands and Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire), and Venezuela. Notes.--C. carolinensisand C. rufus constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Caprimulgusrufus Boddaert.Rufous . Caprirnulgusrufus Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 46. Basedon "Crapaud- Volant ou Tette-Ch•vrede Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 735. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest(0-1800 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [rninirnusgroup] in southeasternCosta Rica, Panama(primarily the Pacific slope,including Isla Coiba), northernColombia, western and northernVenezuela and Trinidad; [rufus group] in South America from Colombia, southernVenezuela and the Guianas south,east of the Andes to northernArgentina, Paraguayand southernBrazil; and [otiosusgroup] in the LesserAntilles (St. Lucia); erroneouslyreported from northernVen- ezuela. Notes.--Groups: C. rninirnusGriscom and Greenway, 1937 [Ruddy Nightjar], C. rufus [RufousNightjarl, and C. otiosus(Bangs, 1911) [St. Lucia Nightjarl. We follow Robbins and Parker (1997a) in treatingC. otiosusas a subspeciesof C. rufus. See commentsunder C. carolinensis.

Caprimulguscubanensis (Lawrence). Greater Antillean Nightjar. AntrostornusCubanensis Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 260. (Cienaga de Zapata, and on the coastof Manzanillo, Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Pine Forest(0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident [cubanensisgroup] in Cuba and the Isle of Pines; and [ekmani group] in Hispaniola. Notes.--Differences in vocalizations(Hardy et al. 1988) suggestthat the two groupsmay representseparate species, C. cubanensis[Cuban Nightjar] and C. ekmani(L6nnberg, 1929) [HispaniolanNightjar].

Caprimulgus salvini Harteft. Tawny-collaredNightjar. Caprirnulgussalvini Hartert, 1892, Ibis, p. 287. New name for Antrostornusrnacro- rnystaxBaird, Brewer and Ridgway, preoccupied. Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Breeds from Nuevo Le6n and southernTamaulipas south through eastern San Luis Potosf and Veracruz to northern Oaxaca (winter only) and Chiapas (probably residentthroughout most of this range north of Oaxaca). Recorded from Nicaragua (Matagalpa); probably representsa vagrant. Notes.--Without explanation,Peters (1940) consideredC. salvini to be conspecificwith C. sericocaudatus(Cassin, 1849) [Silky-tailedNightjar]. See notesunder C. badius.

Caprimulgus badius (Bangsand Peck). YucatanNightjar. Antrostornusbadius Bangs and Peck, 1908, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,21, p. 44. (Toledo District, British Honduras = Belize.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Breeds in the Yucatan Peninsula(including Cozumel Island). Recordedin winter in Belize (including Half Moon Cay) and northernHonduras. 272 FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE

Notes.--Formerlyconsidered conspecific with C. salvini and with the South American C. sericocaudatus(Cassin, 1849) [Silky-tailedNightjar]. The threetaxa are apparently closely related but have distinctivevocalizations (Hardy and Straneck1989).

Caprimulgusridgwayi (Nelson). Buff-collaredNightjar. Antrostornusridgwayi Nelson, 1897, Auk 14: 50. (Tlalkisala, Guerrero, Mexico.) Habitat. Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid Montane Scrub, Arid Lowland Scrub,Pine- Oak Forest (0-2000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernArizona, southernSonora, Sinaloa and Durango souththrough western Mexico and the southernportions of the Central Plateauto Morelos, Oaxaca and Chiapas; disjunctly on the Caribbean slope in central Veracruz; and in the Motagua Valley of Guatemala,the interior of Honduras,and centralNicaragua. Casual in summer elsewhere in southeasternArizona and extreme southwesternNew Mexico (Gua- dalupeCanyon). Northernmost populations are migratorysouthward. A specimenrecord from California (VenturaCo.) is under review. Notes.--Also known as Ridgway's Whip-poor-will.

½aprimulgusvociferus Wilson. Whip-poor-will. Caprirnulgusvociferus Wilson, 1812, Amer. Ornithol. 5: 71, pl. 41, figs. 1-3. (Penn- sylvania= Philadelphia.) Habitat.--Forest and open woodland, both arid and humid, from lowland moist and deciduousforest to montaneforest and pine-oak association, breeding in the tropicsprimarily in open montaneforest (Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [arizonaegroup] in southernCalifornia (probably, in SanGabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Clark mountains), and from southern Nevada, northern Arizona, central New Mexico and extreme westem Texas south through the highlandsof Mexico, Guatemalaand E1 Salvador to Honduras,also (probably) in southernBaja California; and [vociferusgroup] from south-centralSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, centralOntario, southernQuebec, central New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south, east of the (west to easternNorth Dakota, southeasternSouth Dakota, easternNebraska, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma)to extremenortheastern Texas, Arkansas, northern Mississippi, north-central Alabama, centralGeorgia, South Carolina, east-centralNorth Carolina and Virginia. Winters [arizonae group] in central Mexico; and [vociferusgroup] from northernMexico (Sonoraeastward), southern Texas, the Gulf coastand east-centralSouth Carolina (casually farther north,on the Atlantic coastto New Jersey)south through Middle Americato Costa Rica, casuallyto southernCalifornia, westernPanama (western Chiriquf) and Cuba. Casual [arizonae group] in central northernCalifornia, southernAlberta, southwestern Saskatchewan,northwestern Montana (calls only) and central Colorado; and [vociferus group] in easternColorado (probably) and central easternQuebec. Accidental [vociferus group] in southeasternAlaska (KupreanofIsland). Notes.--The two groupsdiffer in pigmentation(Phillips et al. 1964) and in vocali- zations(Hardy et al. 1988) andmay representseparate species, C. arizonae(Brewster, 1881) [WesternWhip-poor-will] and C. vociferus[Eastern Whip-poor-will]. Caprirnulgus vociferus and C. noctitherusconstitute a superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Caprimulgus noctitherus(Wetmore). Puerto Rican Nightjar. Setochalcisnoctitherus Wetmore, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 32: 235. (Bayam6n, Puerto Rico.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest. Distribution.--Residenton PuertoRico, wherenow restrictedto the southwesternportion of the island. Notes.--Also known as PuertoRican Whip-poor-will. Reynard(1962) documentedvocal differencesbetween this form andC. vociferusthat support their treatment as separate species. See also commentsunder C. vociferus. FAMILY NYCTIBIIDAE 273

Caprimulgus samrams (Salvin). Dusky Nightjar. Antrostornussaturatus Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 203. (VolcJn de Chi- riqui, Panama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1500-3100 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the central highlandsof Costa Rica, and in westernPanama (vicinity of VolcJn Barfi, westernChiriqui).

Caprimulgus cayennensisGmelin. White-tailed Nightjar. Caprirnulguscayennensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 1031. Basedmainly on "En- gouleventde Cayenne"Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 6: 545, and the "White-neckedGoat- sucker" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 2(2): 599. (in Cayennaecultis = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Second-growth Scrub (0-1000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in the LesserAntilles (Martinique, where possiblyextirpated); and in Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from northern Colombia, Venezuela (includingislands from the NetherlandsAntilles to Tobagoand Trinidad) and the Guianas southlocally to northernEcuador and northernBrazil. Accidentalin PuertoRico (sight report). Notes.--C. cayennensisand C. candicansappear to constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Caprimulgus maculicaudus(Lawrence). Spot-tailedNightjar. Stenopsisrnaculicaudus Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 459. (Para [Brazil].) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,lowland pine savanna(0-1500 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Breeds locally in the Gulf-Caribbeanlowlands of southernMexico (south- ern Veracruz,northern Oaxaca), in the Mosquitiaof northeasternNicaragua (probably also easternHonduras), and in SouthAmerica from easternColombia, Venezuelaand the Guianas southlocally, east of the Andes,to centralBolivia and southeasternBrazil. Apparentlyat leastpartly migratoryfrom the Middle Americanbreeding grounds, as there are few recordsduring the nonbreedingseason; recorded also from centralHonduras (Lake Yojoa), probablyas a transient.Presumably resident in the SouthAmerican portion of the breedingrange.

½aprimulgusindicus Latham. JungleNightjar. Caprirnulgusindicus Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 2: 588. Based on the "Indian Goatsucker"Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds (suppl.) 1: 196. (in India.) Habitat & Distribution.--Breedsin openwoodland and forestfrom Manchuriaand Japan southto India, Sri Lanka and easternChina, and wintersin a variety of woodlandand partly open habitatsfrom the Himalayas,eastern China and Japansouth to the East Indies and New Guinea. Casual in the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Accidental in Alaska ( in the Aleutians, 31 May 1977; Day et al. 1979). Notes.--Also known as Gray Nightjar.

Family NYCTIBIIDAE:

Genus NYCTIBIUS Vieillot

NyctibiusVieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 38. Type, by monotypy, "Grand Engouleventde Cayenne" Buffon = Caprirnulgusgrandis Gmelin. 274 FAMILY STEATORNITHIDAE

Nyctibius grandis (Gmelin). Great . Caprirnulgusgrandis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 1029. Basedmainly on "Le grand Tette-ch6vretachet6 du Br6sil" Brisson,Ornithologie, 2, 485, and the "Grand - sucker" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), 590. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Gallery Forest(Tropical Zone). Distribution.---Residentlocally in easternChiapas, Guatemala (Polochic and Salinasriv- ers), easternHonduras (Olancho), Nicaragua (San Emilio), Costa Rica and Panama(Carib- bean lowlandsthroughout, and Pacific lowlandsin easternPanamfi province and Dari6n), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia and southeastern Brazil.

Nyctibius griseus (Gmelin). . Caprimulgusgriseus Gmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): p. 1029. (in Cayenna-- Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest, MontaneEvergreen Forest Edge, River-edge Forest, lowland pine savanna(0-1800 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.---Residentfrom southwesternCosta Rica and easternNicaragua (recorded also in northwesternNicaragua) south to Panama,and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela,(also Trinidad and Tobago)and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to western Ecuadorand eastof the Andes to Bolivia, northernArgentina and Uruguay. Notes.--Despite a lack of abruptmorphological change, dramatic differences in vocali- zationsindicate that specificstatus is warrantedfor this speciesand N. jamaicensis.(Davis 1978, Hardy et al. 1988, Stiles and Skutch 1989).

Nyctibiusjamaicensis (Gmelin). Northern Potoo. Caprimulgusjamaicensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): p. 1029. (Jamaica.) Habitat.--Open woodland,sometimes near humansettlement (Subtropical and Tropical zones) Distribution.•Resident from southern Sinaloa, southern San Luis Potos• and southern Tamaulipassouth along both slopesof Middle Americato Caribbeanslope of easternHon- duras (includingIsla Roatfinin the Bay Islands)and Pacific slope of Central CostaRica, and in the GreaterAntilles (Jamaica,Hispaniola and Gon•ve Island). Notes.--Formerlytreated as conspecificwith N. griseus;see note under that species.They constitutea superspecies.

Family STEATORNITHIDAE: Oilbirds

Genus STEATORNIS Humboldt

SteatornisHumboldt, 1814, in Humboldtand Bonpland, Voy. Inter. Amer. 1: 416. Type, by monotypy,"Guacharo" = Steatorniscaripensis Humboldt.

Steatorniscaripensis Humboldt. . Steatorniscaripensis Humboldt, 1817, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philorn.Paris, p. 52. (cavernsof Caripe, Cumanfi,Venezuela.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest; nestsand roostsin caves;forages at night for fruits in openwoodland (0-2200 m). Distribution.---Resident in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas, and in the Andes locally southto central Bolivia. Casual (althoughprobably resident) in Panama(Canal area, easternPanamfi province, eastern Dari6n). Accidental in Costa Rica (Cerro de la Muerte). FAMILY APODIDAE 275

Order : Swifts and

Family APODIDAE: Swifts

Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE: CypseloidineSwifts

Genus Streubel CypseloidesStreubel, 1848, Isis von Oken, col. 366. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Sclater, 1865), Herniprocnefurnigata Streubel.

½ypseloidesniger (Gmelin). Black Swift. nigra Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 1025. Based on "Le Martinet de S. Domingue" Brisson,Ornithologie 2: 514, pl. 46, fig. 3. (in insulaeS. Dominici et Cayennae= Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Primarily montaneareas (except in the most northernpart of the range), for- agingover both forest and openareas; nests in crevicesor shallowcaves in steeprock faces and canyons,usually near or behindwaterfalls (occasionally in seacaves) (Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds locally from southeasternAlaska (north to the Stikine River), south-centralBritish Columbia, and southwesternAlberta souththrough the Pacific states to southernCalifornia, and from Idaho, northwestern Montana, western and central Colorado, centralUtah, southeasternArizona, north-central New Mexico, Chihuahua,Durango, Nayarit, Hidalgo,and Veracruzsouth through southern Mexico, Guatemala,and Hondurasto Costa Rica (not recordedNicaragua); and in the Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica,Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Montserrat,Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent). Migrates throughwestern North Americathrough California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico (includingBaja California, with recordsat seain the Pacific off Chiapasand Gua- temala)to CostaRica andnorthwestern Colombia, and through the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad and Guyana. Winters (presumably)in South America, but distributionunknown (Stiles and Negret 1994). Migratesin westernNorth Americathrough California, Arizona, New Mexico, andMexico (includingBaja California, with recordsat sea in the Pacific off Chiapasand Guatemala), and to the Virgin Islandsand LesserAntilles. Casualin south-coastalAlaska (Wooded Islands); sight report for Panama(Chiriqui). Sight reportsfor Florida and Texasare questionable. Notes.--Formerly placed in the monotypicgenus Nephoecetes Baird, 1858. Mayr and Short (1970) consideredC. niger and South American C. lernosiEisenmann and Lehmann, 1962, and C. fumigatus (Streubel, 1848) to constitutea superspecies.

Cypseloidesstoreri Navarro et al. White-frontedSwift. Cypseloidesstoreri Navarro et al., 1992, Wilson Bull. 104: 56. (Puerto del Gallo, Tlacotepec,Guerrero, Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest; generally near waterfalls(1500-2500 m; Subtrop- ical Zone). Distribution.--Known from five specimensfrom the mountainsof Jalisco(Autl•n), Mi- choac•n (Tac•mbaro), and Guerrero (Sierra de Atoyac). Notes--Howell and Webb (1995) treatedstoreri as a subspeciesof C. cryptus.

Cypseloidescryptus Zimmer. White-chinnedSwift. Cypseloidescryptus Zimmer, 1945, Auk 62: 588. (Inca Mine, Rio Tavara, Perfl.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Low- land EvergreenForest Edge (0-3000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). 276 FAMILY APODIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds in western and central Costa Rica (Cordillera de Guanacaste,Tres Rfos,Rara Avis), andpresumably in SouthAmerica (recorded Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador,and Peru); recordedlocally from the Caribbeanslope of Belize, Honduras(San Esteban),Nicaragua (El Recreo), and Panama(San Blas and Isla Coiba). Notes--See comments under C. storeri.

Cypseloidescherriei Ridgway. Spot-frontedSwift. Cypseloidescherriei Ridgway, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 16: 44. (Volcfin de Irazfi, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest; nests on rock ledgesnear waterfalls(900-1100 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Knownonly from CostaRica (Volcfinde Irazfi, andPuntarenas province), Colombia (Santander),Venezuela (Aragua, where nestinghas been verified), and north- western Ecuador.

Genus Oberholser

StreptoprocneOberholser, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 69. Type, by original des- ignation,Hirundo zonaris Shaw. Semicollum[subgenus] Brooke, 1970, Durban Mus. Novit. 9: 16. Type, by original designation,Acanthylis semicollaris de Saussure.

Streptoprocnerutila (Vieillot). Chestnut-collaredSwift. Hirundo rutila Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 14: 528. (No locality given = Trinidad.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Second-growth Scrub; nests on rock facesnear or behind waterfalls (occasionallyin sea caves)(800-2800 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from easternSinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, Hidalgo, and Veracruz souththrough Middle America (not reportedNicaragua), and in South America from Co- lombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, Guyana, and French Guiana (probably)south in the Andes to centralBolivia. Possiblymigratory in part, especiallythe northernMiddle Americanpop- ulations.A sight report for southwesternChihuahua. Notes.--Formerly placedin the genusChaetura or Cypseloides,but seeMar/n and Stiles (1992), who showed that rutila and its close allies share numerouscharacters with Strep- toprocne,especially in reproductiveand nestingtraits.

Streptoprocnezonaris (Shaw). White-collaredSwift. Hirundo zonarisShaw, 1796, in J. F. Miller, Cimelia Phys.,p. 100, pl. 55. (No locality given = Chapada,Mato Grosso,Brazil.) I-Iabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest,Second-growth Scrub, Pine Forest;nests on cliffs near or behindwaterfalls (0-3600 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from Guerrero,San Luis PotosLand Tamaulipassouth through Middle America (includingIsla Coiba off Panama),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, and the Guianas south to northwesternArgentina, and central and southeasternBrazil; and in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica,Hispaniola, Tortue Island, and possiblyalso the Isle of Pines). Wandersirregularly north in the LesserAntilles to Grenadaand the Grenadines.Accidental in Texas (Freeport Rockport, Padre Island), northwesternFlorida (Perdido Key), and the northernLesser Antilles (Saba); sight reports from northwesternCalifornia, Michigan (Iosco Co.), Sinaloa, Colima, Jalisco,Vieques Island (off Puerto Rico), and St. Kitts. Notes.--In the West Indies, also known as Antillean Cloud Swift. FAMILY APODIDAE 277

Streptoprocnesemicollaris (Saussure).White-naped Swift. Acanthylissemicollaris Saussure, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)11:118. (les grandesfor•ts, du Mexique = San Joaquin,near City of Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Tropical DeciduousForest, Second-growthScrub; nests on ledgesin caves (800-3400 m; Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in northern and central Mexico (recorded Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango,Nayarit, M6xico, Distrito Federal,Morelos, and Guerrero). Accidentalin Chiapas.

Subfamily CHAETURINAE: ChaeturineSwifts

GenusCHAETURA Stephens ChceturaStephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 13(2): 76. Type, by subsequentdesig- nation (Swainson,1829), Chaeturapelasgia [sic] = Hirundo pelagica Linnaeus.

Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus).Chimney Swift. Hirundo pelagica Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 192. Basedon "The American " Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 2 (app.): 8, pl. 8. (in America = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Open situationsand woodland,especially around human habitation; now nests and roostsprimarily in chimneys,originally on cliffs or in hollow trees. Distribution.--Breeds in easternNorth America eastof the Rocky Mountainsfrom east- central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Bruns- wick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland(probably) southto eastern New Mexico (probably), south-centraland southernTexas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida,and west to southeasternWyoming and eastern Colorado, with oneconfirmed breed- ing recordfor southernCalifornia (Ventura,1977); recordedin summer(and probably breed- ing) elsewherein central and southernCalifornia, and in Arizona. Wintersin westernPeru, northernChile, and in the upper Amazon basin of easternPeru and northwestern Brazil. Migrates regularlythrough the lowlandsof easternMexico, the Caribbeanslope of Middle America (includingCozumel Island, the Bay Islandsoff Honduras,and TabogaIsland off Panama,casually on the Pacificslope of easternPanama), Colombia, and western Venezuela, casuallywest to Montana, Utah, California (primarily southernportion), Arizona, and New Mexico, and throughthe Bahamas,Greater Antilles (recordedCuba, Jamaica,Hispaniola, TortueIsland, and the Virgin Islands),and the Swan and Caymanislands. Casualor accidentalin Alaska (St. GeorgeIsland in the Pribilofs),Bermuda, Greenland, and the British Isles; sight reportsfrom Alberta are questionable. Notes.-- pelagica, C. vauxi, and C. chapmani may constitutea superspecies (Mayr and Short 1970).

Chaetura vauxi (Townsend). Vaux's Swift. Cypcelus[sic] Vauxi J. K. Townsend,1839, Narr. JourneyRocky Mount., etc., p. 348. (ColumbiaRiver = Fort Vancouver,Washington.) Habitat.--Breeds primarily in matureconiferous and mixed forest,foraging and migrating also over open country; Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, TropicalDeciduous Forest, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub (Tropicalto Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds [vauxigroup] in westernNorth Americafrom southeasternAlaska (north to Haines and Skagway), southernBritish Columbia, northernIdaho, and western Montana southto central California (Santa Cruz County, probablyMonterey County), and in southwesternTamaulipas, southeastern San Luis Potosf,and Hidalgo. Recordedin summer (andprobably breeding) [group uncertain] through much of centraland southeastern Mexico. 278 FAMILY APODIDAE

Winters [vauxi group] from central Mexico (rarely from northern California) south throughoutthe breedingrange in Middle America, and in Venezuela, Migrates [vauxi group]east of the breedingrange from Idaho, Nevada,and Utah (rarely) souththrough the southwesternUnited States,Baja California, and westernMexico. Resident [richrnondigroup] from Jalisco,Veracruz, and Chiapas southto Panama (in- cludingCoiba andthe Pearlislands) and northern Venezuela (Lara to Monagas);and [gaurneri group]on the YucatanPeninsula (including Cozumel Island). Casual [vauxi group] in southernLouisiana and westernFlorida (sight reports). Notes. The three groupshave often been treatedas separatespecies, C. vauxi [Vaux's Swift], C. richrnondiRidgway, 1910 [Dusky-backedSwift], and C. gaurneriLawrence, 1882 [Yucatan Swift]. See commentsunder C. pelagica.

½haeturachapmani Hellmayr. Chapman'sSwift. Chaeturachapmani Hellmayr, 1907, Bull. Br. Ornithol.Club 19: 62. (Caparo,Trinidad.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Second-growth Scrub (0-1500 m; Tropicalto lower Temperatezones) Distribution.--Resident from eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas southlocally to southwesternand northeastern Brazil, the southernmostpopulation migratory northward. Rangescasually to (and possiblyresident in) centralPanama (Gatun, Canal area, 11 July 1911, and Mandinga, San Blas, 30 January1957). Notes.--Also known as Dark-breastedSwift. See commentsunder C. pelagica.

Chaetura brachyura (Jardine). Short-tailedSwift. Acanthylisbrachyura Jardine, 1846, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1) 18: 120. (Tobago.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, TropicalDecid- uous Forest, Second-growthScrub (0-1050 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in the LesserAntilles (St. Vincent, the populationapparently partly migratory), and from Panama(eastern Co16n, Canal area, and Dari6n), Colombia, Venezuela,Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andesto northernBolivia and central Brazil; also west of the Andes in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Accidentalin the Virgin Islands(St. Croix). Reportsfrom Grenadaare regarded as doubt- ful.

Chaetura andrei Berlepschand Hartert. Ashy-tailed Swift. Chaetura andrei Berlepschand Hartert, 1902, Novit. Zool. 9: 91. (Caicara,Orinoco River, Venezuela.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub (0-1600 m). Distribution.---Breedsin Venezuela,and from easternBrazil southto Paraguay,northern Argentina,and southernBrazil, ranging in winter from the breedingrange north, at least casually,to Venezuelaand Colombia. Accidentalin Panama(Juan Diaz, westernPanam• province, 4 August1923; Rogers 1939). Notes.--Also known as Andre'sSwift. Althoughthe nominateform may be a of C. vauxi, the subspeciesC. a. rneridionalis,the form recordedin Panama,may be a separatespecies, C. rneridionalisHellmayr, 1907 [Sick's Swift] (Marin 1997).

Chaetura spinicauda(Temminck). Band-rumped Swift. Cypselusspinicaudus Temminck, 1839, PlanchesColor., livr. 102, Tabl. M6th., p. 57. Based on "Hirondelle h queue pointue de Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 726, fig. 1. (Cayenne.) FAMILY APODIDAE 279

Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1000 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southwesternCosta Rica (El General, T6rraba, and Golfo Dulce regions) and Panama,and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador, and east of the Andes to Amazonian Brazil.

Chaetura cinereiventrisSclater. Gray-rumped Swift. Chceturacinereiventris Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Amer. Birds, p. 283. (Bahia, Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, River-edge Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1800 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [sclateri group]in the LesserAntilles (Grenada),from the Ca- ribbean slope of Nicaraguaand Costa Rica southto westernPanama (western Bocas del Toro), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, at least locally, west of the Andes to westernEcuador, and east of the Andes to northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil; and [cinereiventrisgroup] in northeasternArgentina and southeastern Brazil. Notes.--Groups: C. sclateri Pelzeln, 1916 [Ash-rumpedSwift] and C. cinereiventris [Gray-rumpedSwift]. Chaetura cinereiventrisand C. martinica constitutea superspecies (Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Chaetura martinica (Hermann). Lesser Antillean Swift. Hirundo martinica Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., p. 229. (Martinique, West Indies.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Resident in the LesserAntilles (Guadeloupe,Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, andSt. Vincent);doubtfully recorded from Nevis (sightreport). Reports from Trinidad are erroneous,being basedon specimensactually taken on Dominica. Notes.--See comments under C. cinereiventris.

GenusHIRUNDAPUS Hodgson Hirund- Hodgson, 1837, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 5 (1836): 780. Type, by original designation,Cypselus (Chaetura) nudipesHodgson.

Hirundapus caudacutus(Latham). White-throatedNeedletail. Hirundo caudacutaLatham, 1802, Index Ornithol., suppl. (1801), p. 57. (Nova Hol- landia = New South Wales, Australia.) Habitat.--Montane forest;nests in hollow trees;in migration and winter in forestedand open regions. Distribution.--Breeds in the Himalayasand from Siberia southto Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea, and Japan,and wintersfrom India and Taiwan southto Australiaand Tasmania. Casualin the westernAleutians (Attu, ),Europe, the ShetlandIslands, and New Zealand. Notes.--Also known as White-throated Needle-tailed Swift.

Genus AERODRAMUS Oberholser

AerodrarnusOberholser, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia58: 179, 182. Type, by original designation,Collocalia innorninataHume = Hirundofuciphaga Thun- berg. Notes.--We follow Lee et al. (1996) in maintaining the genus Aerodrarnus; see also Browning (1993). 280 FAMILY APODIDAE

Aerodramus bartschi (Mearns). Guam Swiftlet. Collocalia bartschiMearns, 1909, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 36, p. 476. (Guam.) Habitat.--Steep valleys on tropicalislands; nests in cavesor behindwaterfalls. Distribution.--Resident on the island of Guam, at least formerly, and in the northern Mariana Islands(Saipan, TinJan, Agiguan, formerly Rota). Introduced(in 1962) and estab- lished in Hawaii (Halava Valley, Oahu, breedingin 1989). Notes.--Formerly (A.O.U. 1983) treatedas part of the speciesA. vanikorensis,but Brown- ing (1993) has shown that the speciesin the A.O.U. area is distinct, and has presented evidencethat the speciesis establishedwhere introducedin Hawaii.

SubfamilyAPODINAE: Apodine Swifts

GenusAPUS Scopoli Apus Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 483. Type, by tautonymy,Hirundo apus Linnaeus. TachymarptisRoberts, 1922, Ann. TransvaalMus., 8, p. 216. Type, by original des- ignation,Hitundo melba Linnaeus.

Apus apus (Linnaeus).Common Swift. HirundoApus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 192. (in Europa:altis = Sweden.) Habitat.---Nests in tree cavities and in cliffs. Distribution.--Breeds from northernEurasia southto northernAfrica, Arabia, Iraq, the Himalayas, and northeasternChina, and wintersin the southernhalf of Africa. Accidentalin Alaska (St. Paul Island,in the Pribilofs,28 June1950; Kenyonand Phillips 1965); a sightreport from Barbadosis questionable. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Swift.

Apus pacificus (Latham). Fork-tailed Swift. Hirundopacifica Latham, 1802, Index Ornithol.,suppl., (1801) p. lviii. (Nova Hollandia = New South Wales, Australia.) Habitat.--A wide variety of habitatsfrom seacoaststo mountains,generally nesting in colonieson cliffs, and in caves,buildings or tree cavities. Distribution.--Breeds from eastern Siberia and Kamchatka south to northern India, the Malay Peninsula,and southernChina. Wintersfrom the Himalayasand Malay Peninsulasouth to New Guinea,Australia, and New Zealand. Rangescasually (primarily in summerand fall) to the Pribilof (St. George,St. Paul) and westernAleutian (Attu, , Shemya) islands;a sight report from Middleton Island in the Gulf of Alaska. Accidental in the Seychellesand Marshall Islands. Notes.--Also known as White-rumped Swift, a name now generally restrictedto the African speciesA. caffer (Lichtenstein,1823).

Apus melba (Linnaeus).Alpine Swift. Hirundo Melba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 192. (ad fretum Herculeam = Gibraltar.) Habitat.--Nests on cliffs and buildings. Distribution.--Breeds from southernEurope and India southto southernAfrica, Mad- agascar,and Sri Lanka, andwinters generally throughout the breedingrange, the northernmost populationsbeing partly migratory. Accidentalin the LesserAntilles (Barbados,September 1955, after a hurricane;Bond 1959: 11) and PuertoRico (9 July 1987, photograph;1987, Amer. Birds 41: 1492); a sight report for St. Lucia. Notes.--Sometimesplaced in the genusTachymarptis (Sibley and Monroe 1990). FAMILY APODIDAE 281

Genus AERONAUTES Hartert

AgronautesHartert, 1892, Cat. BirdsBr. Mus. 16: xiii, 436, 459. Type, by monotypy, Cypselusmelanoleucus Baird -- Acanthylissaxatalis Woodhouse.

Aeronautes saxatalis (Woodhouse). White-throated Swift. Acanthylissaxatalis Woodhouse, 1853, in Sitgreaves,Rep. Exped.Zuni Colo. Rivers, p. 64. (InscriptionRock, New Mexico.) Habitat.--Primarily mountainouscountry, especially near cliffs and canyons,foraging over forestand open situations;nests in cliffs, occasionallyin buildingsand on seacliffs (Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from extreme south-centralBritish Columbia, Idaho, Montana, and southwesternSouth Dakota south through the Pacificand southwestern states (including the ChannelIslands off California)to southernBaja California(a questionablesight record of nestingon GuadalupeIsland in 1892,unreported there since 1922), eastto westernNebraska, northeasternand centralNew Mexico, and westernTexas (to Val VerdeCounty), and south throughthe interior of Mexico to Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Honduras. Wintersfrom centralCalifornia, central Arizona, and, rarely, southern New Mexico (ca- suallyfarther north) southto the limits of the breedingrange in Middle America. Casual in Kansasand easternand southernTexas. Accidentalin coastalBritish Columbia, Missouri(Cape Giraudeau), Arkansas (Hot Springs),and Michigan;sight reports for North Dakota and the DominicanRepublic.

Genus PANYPTILA Cabanis

PanyptilaCabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch.13: 345. Type, by originaldesignation, Hirundo cayennensisGmelin.

Panyptila cayennensis(Gmelin). LesserSwallow-tailed Swift. Hirundo cayennensisGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 1024. Basedon "Le Martinet h collierblanc" Buffon,Hist. Nat. Ois. 6: 671, and "Martinet h collierde Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 725, fig. 2. (in Cayenna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (0-1200 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentfrom southernVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, and Chiapas(both slopes)south locally on the Caribbeanslope of Belize, Guatemala(also Pacific slope), Honduras,and Nicaragua,in CostaRica (Caribbeanslope, and Golfo Dulce region on the Pacific), and Panama(both slopes),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, To- bago, Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to northwesternPeru, and east of the Andes to northern Bolivia and east-central Brazil. Notes.--Also known as CayenneSwift.

Panyptila sanctihieronymiSalvin. Great Swallow-tailed Swift. Panyptilasancti-hieronymi Salvin, 1863, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 190, pl. 23. (San Geronimo, [Baja] Verapaz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--MontaneEvergreen Forest, Pine Forest, Secondary Forest, Arid MontaneScrub (900-1850 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentin the highlandsand Pacificslope of Nayarit, Jalisco,Colima, Michoac•n, M6xico, Guerrero,Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, and Honduras. Casual in north-centralNicaragua (El Corozo, Nueva Segovia);sight reportsfor Costa Rica. Notes.--Also known as Geronimo Swift. 282 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Genus Gosse TachornisGosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica,p. 58 (footnote).Type, by monotypy,Tachornis phoenicobia Gosse.

Tachornisphoenicobia Gosse.Antillean Palm-Swift. Tachornisphcenicobia Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica,p. 58 (footnote). (Jamaica.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Second-growth Scrub; nestsin coloniesin palm trees. Distribution.--Resident on Cuba, the Isle of Pines,Hispaniola (including Saona and Beata islands, and ile-•-Vache), and Jamaica. Accidentalin the FloridaKeys (Key West),July-August 1972 (Robertsonand Woolfenden 1992); a sightreport for PuertoRico.

Family TROCHILIDAE: Hummingbirds Notes.--For recognitionof subfamilies,see Bleiweiss et al. (1994).

Subfamily PHAETHORNITHINAE: Hermits

Genus Boie Glaucis Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 545. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), G. braziliensis(Lath.) = Trochilushirsutus Gmelin. Notes.--Gill and Gerwin (1989), basedon allozymedata, recommendedthe mergerof Threnetes into Glaucis.

Glaucis aenea Lawrence. Bronzy . Glaucis ceneusLawrence, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 19 (1867): 232. (Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-800 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentfrom the Caribbeanslope of Nicaraguasouth through Costa Rica (both slopes)to western Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, western Veraguas);and the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. Notes.--Glaucis aenea and G. hirsuta are closelyrelated and constitutea superspecies (Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Glaucis hirsuta (Gmelin). Rufous-breastedHermit. Trochilushirsutus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 490. Basedin part on "Le Colibry du Br6sil" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 670. (in Brasilia = northeasternBrazil.) Habitat.lTropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, River-edge Forest (0- 1100 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from central and eastern Panama (from Coc16 and western Pan- amfi provinceeastward), eastern Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, Tobago, and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia and central Brazil; and in the Lesser Antilles on Grenada. Notes.--See comments under G. aenea.

Genus THRENETES Gould ThrenetesGould, 1852, Monogr.Trochil., pt. 4, pl. [14 and 15]. Type, by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilusleucurus Linnaeus. Notes.--See note under Glaucis. FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 283

Threnetes ruckeri (Bourcier). Band-tailed . TrochilusRuckeri Bourcier,1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 46. (No locality given = Esmeraldas, Ecuador.) Itabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1050 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbeanslope of southernBelize, easternGuatemala, Honduras,and Nicaragua,and in CostaRica (both slopes,except dry northwest),Panama, Colombia, western Venezuela, and western Ecuador. Notes.--Threnetes ruckeri and the South American T. leucurus(Linnaeus, 1766) constitute a superspecies.

Genus Swainson PhcethornisSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag.(n.s.) 1: 441. Type, by original designation, "Troch. superciliosusof Authors" = Trochilussuperciliosus Linnaeus. PygrnornisBonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)6: 250. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus interrnediusLesson -- Trochilus longuernareusLesson.

Phaethornisguy (Lesson).. TrochilusGuy Lesson, 1833, Les Trochil., p. 119, Index, p. xiv. (Brazil, error = Ven- ezuela.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (800-2000 m, locally to 350 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica, Panama, and South America from Colombia, northernVenezuela, and Trinidad southon western slope of the Andes to westernColombia and on easternslope to southernPeru.

Phaethornis superciliosus(Linnaeus). Long-tailed Hermit. Trochilussuperciliosus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 189.Based on "Le Colibry a longuequeue de Cayenne"Brisson, Ornithologie 3: 686, pl. 35, fig. 5. (in Cayania = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical De- ciduousForest (0-1400 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [griseoventergroup] in westernMexico from west-centralNay- arit (near Tepic and San Blas) southto Jalisco(Sierra de Autlfin, Mineral San Sebastian) andColima (Cerro Grande); [mexicanus group] in Guerreroand western Oaxaca; [longirostris group]on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from Veracruz,Tabasco, northern Oaxaca, and Chiapas (Arroyode la Playas,) south through Central America to Nicaragua,on bothslopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and in northern Colombia and northwesternVenezuela; [baroni group]in SouthAmerica westof the Andesin westernEcuador and northwesternPeru; and [superciliosusgroup] in South America east of the Andes from northernColombia and southern Venezuela south to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Notes.--Groups:P. griseoventerPhillips, 1962 [JaliscoHermit], P. mexicanusHartert, 1897 [Hartert'sHermit], P. longirostrisDeLattre, 1843 [Long-tailedHermit], P. baroni Hartert, 1897 [Baron'sHermit], and P. superciliosus[Rusty-breasted Hermit]. At leastthe three northern groups shouldprobably be treatedas species;Howell and Webb (1995) treatedgriseoventer and mex- icanustogether as a speciesunder the lattername. Hinckelmann (1996) recognizedall Central Americanpopulations as P. longirostris,distinct from superciliosusand baroni.

Phaethornisanthophilus (Bourcier).Pale-bellied Hermit. Trochilusanthophilus Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 6: 71. (la val16esup6rieure de la Madeleine,r6gion temp6r6e, la Colombie = upperMagdalena Valley, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-900 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). 284 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Distribution.--Resident from easternPanama (eastern San Blas, easternPanamfi province) east throughnorthern Colombia to northernVenezuela.

Phaethornis longuemareus (Lesson).. TrochilusLonguemareus Lesson, 1832, Les Trochil., p. 15; 1833, p. 160, pl. 2, 62. (Cayenne.) Habitat--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [adolphigroup] on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America from Veracruz, northernOaxaca, Tabasco,Chiapas, Campeche, and QuintanaRoo south throughBelize and easternGuatemala to Honduras,on both slopesin Nicaragua(rare on Pacific slope),Costa Rica (rare in dry northwest),and Panama,and in westernColombia andwestern Ecuador; and [longuemareusgroup] in SouthAmerica from northernColombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad south, east of the Andes, to central Peru and Amazonian Brazil. Notes.--The groupsperhaps should be recognizedas distinctspecies, P. adolphi Gould, 1857 [Boucard'sHermit] and P. longuemareus[Little Hermit]. Theseforms belong to a well definedgroup of small species(Gill and Gerwin 1989) that may be recognizableat the genericlevel as PygrnornisBonaparte, 1854 (as treatedby Howell and Webb 1995).

Genus Reichenbach

EutoxeresReichenbach, 1849, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. XL [generic descriptiononly]; speciesadded, Gould, 1851,Monogr. Trochil., pt. 2, pl. [5 and6]. Type,by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilusaquila "Lodd." = Bourcier.

Eutoxeres aquila (Bourcier). White-tipped Sicklebill. TrochilusAquila (LoddigesMS) Bourcier,1847, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 42. (Nou- velle Grenade,les environsde Bogota = vicinity of Bogotfi,Colombia.) Habitat--Humid Montane,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-2100 m; upperTrop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from centralCosta Rica southlocally throughPanama, and in South America on westernslope of the Andes from westernColombia southto western Ecuadorand on easternslope from Colombiasouth to northernPeru.

Subfamily : Typical Hummingbirds

Genus ANDRODON Gould

AndrodonGould, 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)12: 247. Type, by monotypy,Androdon aequatorialis Gould.

Androdon aequatorialis Gould. Tooth-billedHummingbird. Androdoncequatorialis Gould, 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12: 247. (Ecuador.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (750-1550 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from eastern Panama (eastern Dari6n) and Colombia (east to MagdalenaValley) southalong the Pacificcoast to northwesternEcuador.

Genus DORYFERA Gould DoryferaGould, 1847,Proc. Zool. Soc.London, p. 95. Type,by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilusludovicae Bourcier and Mulsant. Helianthea ot HemistephaniaReichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Beil. zu Extrah.): 12. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus ludovicce Bourcier and Mulsant. FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 285

Doryfera !udovicae(Bourcier and Mulsant). Green-frontedLancebill. Trochilusludovicce Bourcier and Mulsant, 1847, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon 10: [136]. (Colombia = Buena Vista, 4500 feet, EasternAndes above Villavicencio, Colombia.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, usually associatedwith rushing streamsand wa- terfalls (750-2800 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof central Costa Rica (primarily the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central), Panama(Chiriqui, Veraguas,eastern Dari6n), and in the Andes of South America from Colombia and western Venezuela south to northern Bolivia.

Genus PHAEOCHROA Gould

PhceochroaGould, 1861,Introd. Trochil., p. 54. Type,by subsequentdesignation (Elliot, 1879), Trochilus cuvierii DeLattre and Bourcier.

Phaeochroa cuvierii (DeLattre and Bourcier). Scaly-breastedHummingbird. Trochilus Cuvierii DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 9: 310. (isthme de Panamaet Teleman,Am6rique centrale.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Second-growthScrub, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1200 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident [roberti group] on the Caribbean slope from easternChiapas, northernGuatemala, and Belize southto northeasternCosta Rica (PuertoViejo de SarapiquO; and [cuvierii group]from centralCosta Rica (primarily on the Pacific slope)south through Panama(both slopes)to northernColombia. Notes.--Groups: P. roberti (Salvin, 1861) [Robert'sHummingbird] and P. cuvierii [Cu- vier's ].

Genus CAMPYLOPTERUS Swainson

CampylopterusSwainson, 1827, Zool. J. 3: 358. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), C. latipennis(Lath.) = Trochiluslargipennis Boddaert. Reichenbach,1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Bell. zu Beitr.): 11. Type, by monotypy,P. campylopteraReichenbach = Ornismyapampa Lesson= Trochiluscurvipennis Dep- pe.

Campylopteruscurvipennis (Deppe). Wedge-tailedSabrewing. Trochiluscurvipennis "Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz.S•iugeth. V6gel, etc., Mex., p. 1, no. 32. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, SecondaryForest (0-1400 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [curvipennisgroup] on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from south- easternSan Luis Potos' and southernTamaulipas south through Veracruz and northeastern Puebla to northernOaxaca; and [pampa group] in the Yucatan Peninsula,Tabasco, north- easternChiapas, Guatemala (P6ten and Alta Verapaz),Belize, and easternHonduras (Olan- cho). Notes.--Also knownas Curve-winged . Groups: C. curvipennis[Curve-winged Sabrewing]and C. pampa (Lesson, 1832) [Wedge-tailedSabrewing]. Campylopterus cur- vipennisand C. excellensmay be conspecific;they constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). Further study of this complex is needed.

Campylopterusexcellens (Wetmore). Long-tailed Sabrewing. Pampapampa excellensWetmore, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.54: 207. (VolcSnsan Martin, 3300 feet, Tuxtla Mountains, Vera Cruz, M6xico.) 286 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

ttabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1050 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southernVeracruz (Sierra de los Tuxtlas and JesfisCarranza) and northwesternChiapas. Notes.--Recognitionof C. excellensas a distinctspecies follows Lowery and Dalquest (1951). See commentsunder C. curvipennis.

Campylopterusrufus Lesson.. Carnpylopterusrufus Lesson, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 3: 73. (No locality given = Guatemala.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (950-2000 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southeasternOaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas),Chiapas, cen- tral Guatemala,and E1 Salvador.Records from Oaxaca west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec are doubtful (Binford 1989).

Campylopterushemileucurus (Deppe). Violet Sabrewing. Trochilushernileucurus "Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz.S•iugeth. V6gel, etc., Mex., p. 1, no. 33. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (900-2400 m; upperTropical and Subtropical,oc- casionally lower Tropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in the foothills and highlandsof Middle America from southern Mexico (Guerrero, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco,and Chiapas) and Belize southto western Panama(ChiriquL Veraguas,Herrera, Los Santos),ranging in nonbreedingseason to lower elevations,occasionally to sea level.

GenusFLORISUGA Bonaparte Florisuga Bonaparte,March 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(1): 73. Type, by subsequent designation(Bonaparte, April 1850), Trochilusrnellivorus Linnaeus.

Florisuga mellivora (Linnaeus). White-necked Jacobin. Trochilusrnellivorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 121. Basedon "The White- belly'd Humming Bird" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 35, pl. 35, upperfig. (in India, error = Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-900 m; Tropical and, locally, lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America from southern Veracruzand northernOaxaca souththrough Chiapas, northern Guatemala, and Belize to Honduras,on both slopesof Nicaragua,Costa Rica (rare in dry northwest),and Panama, and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Accidental in the southern Lesser Antilles (Carriacou) and Netherlands Antilles (Aruba, Curacao).

Genus COLIBRI Spix Colibri Spix, 1824, Avium Spec.Nov. Bras. 1: 80. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilusserrirostris Vieillot.

Colibri delphinae (Lesson).Brown Violet-ear. OrnisrnyaDelphinee Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris]2: 44. (No localitygiven = Santa F6 de Bogotfi, Colombia.) FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 287

Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest(600-2500 m; Upper Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident locally in foothills on the Caribbeanslope of Middle America from southernBelize and easternGuatemala south to Costa Rica and Panama(locally in highlandson bothslopes), and locally in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, on the westernslope of the Andes to northwesternEcuador and on the easternslope to centralBolivia, also widely scatteredrecords in northernand eastern Brazil.

Colibri thalassinus (Swainson). Green Violet-ear. Trochilusthalassinus Swainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 441. (Temiscaltipec,Mex- ico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest,Second-growth Scrub (1400-3000 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones, in SouthAmerica also TemperateZone). Distribution.--Resident [thalassinusgroup] from Jalisco,Guanajuato, San Luis Potosf, and Veracruzsouth through the highlandsof southernMexico and Belize to Guatemala,E1 Salvador,Honduras, and northwesternNicaragua; and [cyanotusgroup] in the mountainsof CostaRica and westernPanama (ChiriquL Veraguas);and in montaneSouth America from Colombia and northern Venezuela south in Western Andes to western Ecuador and in Eastern Andes to central Bolivia. Ranges[thalassinus group] rarely north to Texas,casually to Arkansas(four records). Accidental[thalassinus group] in Ontario,Michigan, Missouri,Alabama, and North Car- olina (Asheville); sight reportsfor southernBaja California and Yucatfin.Reports from California are not adequatelydocumented. Notes.--Groups:C. thalassinus[Green Violet-ear] and C. cyanotusBoutclef, 1843 [Moun- tain Violet-ear].

Genus Boie AnthracothoraxBoie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 545. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Elliot, 1879), Trochilusviolicauda Boddaert = Trochilus viridigula Boddaert.

Anthracothoraxprevostii (Lesson).Green-breasted Mango. Trochilusprevostii Lesson, 1832, Hist. Nat. Colibris,livr. 13, p. 87, pl. 24. (No locality given -- Veracruz,Mexico; Cory, 1918, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Set. 13.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest,Gallery Forest,(0-1000 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident [prevostiigroup] from San Luis Potos•and southernTamaulipas southto northernOaxaca, Veracruz, and Chiapas,and alongboth slopesof Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula and larger islandsoffshore, Hunting Cay off Belize, the Bay Islandsoff Honduras,and on Providenciaand San Andr6sislands in the CaribbeanSea off Nicaragua)to centralCosta Rica and northwesternPanama (Bocas del Toro), also in central and northeasternColombia and northernVenezuela; and [iridescensgroup] in the arid Pacific lowlands from western Ecuador south to northwestern Peru. Northeasternmost populationsin Mexico are migratoryto southernMexico. Accidental [prevostiigroup] in southernTexas (CorpusChristi; 6-27 Jan. 1992; 1992, Amer. Birds 46: 289; photographin DeBenedictis1994b). Notes.--Also known as Prevost'sMango. The iridescensgroup may be a species,A. iridescens(Gould, 1861) [EcuadorianMango], or (e.g., Hilty and Brown 1986) a subspecies of A. nigricollis (Sibley and Monroe 1990). Anthracothoraxnigricollis, A. veraguensis,and A. prevostii are closelyrelated and constitutea superspecies.

Anthracothoraxnigricollis (Vieillot). Black-throatedMango. Trochilusnigricollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 7: 349. (Brazil.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Second-growthScrub (0-1000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). 288 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Distribution.--Resident in central and eastern Panama (from the Canal area eastward), and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia, Paraguay,and northeasternArgentina. Notes.--See commentsunder A. prevostii.

Anthracothorax veraguensisReichenbach. . Anthracothoraxveraguensis Reichenbach, 1855, Trochil. Enum., p. 9, pl. 794, fig. 4848. (Veragua,designated as David, ChiriquLby Wetmore, 1968, Smiths.Misc. Coll. 150, pt. 2, p. 292.) Habitat.--SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in the Pacific lowlandsof westernPanama (possibly also south- westernCosta Rica) from Chiriqu• east to southernCoc16, and on the Caribbeanslope in Bocas del Toro and the Canal area. Notes.--Formerly treated as a subspeciesof A. prevostii, but see Olson (1993a). See commentsunder A. prevostii.

Anthracothorax dominicus (Linnaeus).. Trochilusdominicus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 191. Basedon "Le Colibry de S. Domingue" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 672, pl. 35, fig. 4. (in Dominica = His- paniola.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Secondary Forest (0-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola(including Gonhve, Tortue, and Beataislands, and ile-h-Vache), central and western Puerto Rico (including Vieques, Culebra, and Culebrita islands), and the Virgin Islands (Anegada, formerly on St. Thomas and St. John).

Anthracothorax viridis (Audebert and Vieillot). . Trochilus viridis Audebert and Vieillot, 1801, Ois. Dor6s 1: 34, pl. 15. (iles de l'Am6rique Septentrionale= Puerto Rico.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico. Accidental in the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas).

Anthracothorax mango (Linnaeus).. TrochilusMango Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 121. Basedon Mellivora mango Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 45, pl. 49, fig. 1. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest. Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica.

Genus Boie Eulampis Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 547. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), E. aurata (Audebert)i.e. Gmelin = Trochilusjugularis Linnaeus. Anthracothorax•l SericotesReichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Beil. zu Extrah.): 11. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilusholosericeus Linnaeus.

Eulampis jugularis (Linnaeus). Purple-throatedCarib. Trochilusjugularis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 190. Based on the "Red- breastedHumming-bird" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 118, pl. 266, fig. 1. (in Cayenna,Surinamo, error = LesserAntilles.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1100 m). Distributiøn'--Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Saba, St. Eustatius,St. Kitts, Nevis, Mont- serrat,Antigua, Guadeloupe,Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent). FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 289

Casual in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix, St. John), Barbuda, Dtsirade, iles des Saintes, and Bequia; sight reportsfor Barbadosand Grenada. Notes.--Also known as Garnet-throatedHummingbird, a name now restrictedto Larn- prolairna rharni.

Eulampis holosericeus(Linnaeus). Green-throatedCarib. Trochilus holosericeusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 120. Based on "The Black-belly'dGreen Humming Bird" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 36, pl. 36. (in America = Lesser Antilles.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Residentin PuertoRico (primarilyeastern), the Virgin Islands,and Lesser Antilles (southto St. Vincent, Barbados,the northernGrenadines, and Grenada). Accidentalon Tobago(specimen, USNM). Notes.--Also known as Emerald-throatedHummingbird. Formerly placed in the mono- typic genusSericotes.

Genus CHRYSOLAMPIS Boie

ChrysolampisBoie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 546. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Trochilus "rnoschita"[= rnosquitus]Linnaeus.

Chrysolampismosquitus (Linnaeus). Ruby-topaz Hummingbird. TrochilusMosquitus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 120. Based on Trochilus rectricibusa•qualibus ferrugineis Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici 2: [?]. (in Indiis, error = Surinam.) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland(0- 1300 m). Distribution.--Residentfrom Colombia,Venezuela (including islands from the Nether- landsAntilles east to Tobagoand Trinidad), and the Guianassouth to extremeeastern Bolivia and southeasternBrazil (generallyabsent from Amazonia). Accidentalin Panama(El Real, Dari6n,27 January1985, photographin VIREO; Braun and Wolf 1987). A sightreport for Grenada.

GenusORTHORHYNCUS Lac6p•de OrthorhyncusLac6p•de, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 9. Type,by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Trochilus cristatusLinnaeus.

Orthorhyncuscristatus (Linnaeus). Antillean Crested Hummingbird. Trochiluscristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 121. Basedon "The Crested Humming Bird" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 37, pl. 37. (in America = Barbados, Lesser Antilles.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Residentin PuertoRico (includingon Viequesand Culebraislands), the Virgin Islands,and LesserAntilles southto Grenada. A specimenobtained in Texas (GalvestonIsland, February 1967; Pulich 1968) is of questionableorigin (DeBenedictis1992, T.O.S. 1995).

Genus KLAIS Reichenbach

Basilinna B Klais Reichenbach,1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Beil. zu Extrah.): 13. Type, by monotypy, Trochilusguimeti Bourcier. 290 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Klais guimeti (Bourcier). Violet-headed Hummingbird. Trochilus Guimeti Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 6: 72. (h Caracas,capitale de V6nezu61a, la Colombie = Caracas, Venezuela.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (300-1400 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones, rarely lower Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbeanslope of easternHonduras (west to the Sula Valley) andNicaragua, in CostaRica (Caribbeanslope and the Pacificsouthwest) and Panama (both slopes),and in South America from easternColombia and western and northern Venezuela south to central Bolivia and extreme western Brazil.

GenusABEILLIA Bonaparte AbelIlia Bonaparte,1850, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(1): 79. Type, by original designation, AbelIlia typica Bonaparte= Ornisrnyaabeillei Lessonand DeLattre.

Abeillia abeillei (DeLattre and Lesson).Emerald-chinned Hummingbird. OrnismyaAbeillei DeLattre and Lesson, in Lesson and DeLattre, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 16. (Jalapa [Veracruz].) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (1000-1850 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.---Residentin the highlandsfrom Veracruz, southeasternOaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas),and Chiapassouth through the highlandsof Guatemala,E1 Salvador, and westernHonduras to north-centralNicaragua.

Genus Lesson LophornisLesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches,p. xxxvii. Type, by subsequentdes- ignation(G. R. Gray, 1840), L. ornata (L.) Less.Ois. M., pl. 41 = Trochilusornatus Boddaert. PaphosiaMulsant and J. and E. Verreaux,1866, M6m. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 12: 219. Type, by monotypy,Ornismya helenae DeLattre.

Lophornis brachylophaMoore. Short-crestedCoquette. Lophornisdelattrei brachylophaMoore, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 62: 103. (San Vicente de Benitez, altitude 1500 feet, Guerrero, M6xico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (500-1350 m;. Distribution.--Resident locally in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero. Notes.--Banks (1990b) providedrationale for treatingL. brachylophaas a speciesdistinct from L. delattrei.

Lophornis delattrei (Lesson).Rufous-crested Coquette. Ornismya(Lophorinus) De Lattrei Lesson,1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 19. (No locality given -- Peru.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge (0-2000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentlocally in centralCosta Rica (San Jos6region, known from four specimens;unrecorded since 1906) and Panama(throughout, but most frequentin central Panama);and the upperMagdalena Valley of Colombiaand along the baseof the Eastern Andes from northern Colombia to central Bolivia.

Lophornis helenae (DeLattre). Black-crestedCoquette. OrnismyaHelence DeLattre, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris]6: 133. (Vera-Pax,propte, Petinck in republicaGuatimala = Vera Paz, Guatemala.) FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 291

Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest(300-1450 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle Americafrom Veracruz, northernOaxaca, and Chiapas(also Pacific slope) south to centralCosta Rica (on Caribbean slope,vagrant to the vicinity of San Jos6and the Pacificslope). Reportsfrom southernTexas are erroneous(T.O.S. 1995). Notes.--This speciesand the following are often placedin the genusPaphosia.

Lophornisadorabilis Salvin. White-crestedCoquette. Lophornisadorabilis Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc.London, p. 207. (Bugaba,Chiriquf, Panama.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub(300-1200 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in centraland southwesternCosta Rica (north to the Cordillera Central)and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqu0; a reportfrom Isla C6baco,Panama, is considered doubtful. Notes.--Also known as AdorableCoquette. See commentsunder L. helenae.

GenusDISCOSURA Bonaparte DiscosuraBonaparte, 1850, Consp.Gen. Avium. 1(1): 84. Type, by subsequentdes- ignation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochiluslongicaudus Gmelin. PopelairiaReichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol.1 (Bell.zu Extrah.):12. Type, by monotypy, Popelairia tricholophaReichenbach = Trochiluspopelairii Du Bus de Gisignies.

Discosura conversii (Bourcier and Mulsant). Green Thomtail. TrochilusConversii Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys.Nat. Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon 9: 313, pl. [9]. (Bogota, Colombia.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (700- 1400 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin CostaRica (Caribbeanslope north to the CordilleraCentral), locally in Panama(recorded eastern Chiriquf, Veraguas, Coc16, the Canal area,eastern Pan- amgprovince, and eastern Dari6n), and on the Pacificslope of westernColombia and western Ecuador. Notes.--Oftenplaced in thegenus Popelairia Reichenbach, 1854 (e.g., Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Genus Gould ChlorostilbonGould, 1853, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 5, pl. [14] andtext. Type, by monotypy, Chlorostilbonprasinus Gould (not other authors)= Trochiluspucherani Bourcier = Ornisrnyaaureo-ventris d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. • RiccordiaReichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol.1 (Beil. zu Extrah.):8. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Riccordiaramondii Reichenbach = Ornismya ricordii Gervais.

Chlorostilbonauriceps (Gould). Golden-crownedEmerald. Trochilusauriceps Gould, 1852, Jardine'sContr. Orn., p. 137. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest Edge (0- 1800 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distributiøn'--Residenton the Pacific slopefrom Sinaloa southto southernOaxaca (Waiat), and inland to southernMorelos. Notes.--Formerly considereda subspeciesof C. canivetii, but see Howell (1993). See comments under C. canivetii. 292 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Chlorostilbonforficatus Ridgway. . Chlorostilbonforficatus Ridgway, 1885, Descr.New SpeciesBirds, CozumelIs., p. 3 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, SecondaryForest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on CozumelIsland, rarely on Isla Mujeres, QuintanaRoo, Mex- ico. Historical reportsfrom Isla Holbox are unreliable. Notes.--Formerly considereda subspeciesof C. canivetii, but see Howell (1993). See comments under C. canivetii.

Chlorostilbon canivetii (Lesson). Canivet's Emerald. Ornismyacanivetii Lesson, 1832, Hist. Nat. Colibris, livr. 13, p. 174, pl. 37, 38. (Br6sil, error = Jalapa,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest Edge, Second-growthScrub, SecondaryForest, TropicalLowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1900 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from San Luis Potosiand southern Tamaulipassouth through northern and southeasternOaxaca to northern Guatemala and Belize (including Holbox Island off the Yucatan peninsula,and the Bay and Hog islands off Honduras),and on both slopesof Middle America from southeasternChiapas, western and southernGuatemala, E1 Salvador,and Hondurassouth to Nicaraguaand northernCosta Rica (primarily Guanacaste,but also to central plateauregion). Notes.--This speciesformerly includedC. auricepsand C. forficatus;the complexwas known as Fork-tailed Emerald. It presentlyincudes C. osberti Gould, 1860, and C. salvini Cabanisand Heine, 1860, which Howell (1993) recommendedcombining as a species,C. salvini [Salvin'sEmerald]. The expandedC. canivetiisometimes (Eisenmann 1955) includes C. assimilis,and that complex along with severalSouth American forms has been merged (Meyer de Schauensee1966)under the comprehensivename C. mellisugus(Linnaeus, 1758), Blue-tailed Emerald. See Stiles (1996a).

Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence. . Chlorostilbonassimilis Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 292. (Atlantic side of the Isthmusof Panama,along the line of the PanamaRailroad.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest (0-800 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southwesternCosta Rica (north to the T6rraba region) and Panama (Pacific slope east to western Dari6n, including Coiba, Pearl, and many smaller islands),also Caribbeanslope in Bocasdel Toro and Canal area. Notes.--Also known as Allied Emerald. See comments under C. canivetii.

Chlorostilbon ricordii (Gervais). . OrnismyaRicordii Gervais, 1835, Mag. Zool. [Paris] 5: cl. 2, pl. 41, 42. (Santiagode Cuba = ,Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Pine Forest (0-1200 m). Distribution.--Resident in the Bahamas(Abaco, including offshore cays, Grand Bahama, Andros, and Green Cay), and on Cuba (including offshorecays) and the Isle of Pines. Sight reports from southernand east-centralFlorida are unsubstantiated(DeBenedictis 1991, Robertson and Woolfenden 1992).

Chlorostilbon bracei (Lawrence). Brace's Emerald. SporadinusBracei Lawrence, 1877, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1: 50. (New Providence, Bahama Islands.) Habitat.--Unknown. FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 293

Distribution.--EXTINCT; formerly residenton New ProvidenceIsland in the Bahamas (Abaco, whereknown from the type specimenonly, althoughfossils from the type locality are probablyreferable to this species). Notes.--For recognitionof this form as a species,see Gravesand Olson (1987).

Chlorostilbon swainsonii (Lesson).. OrnismyaSwainsonii Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat., Ois.-Mouches,p. "xvij" [= xvii]; 1830, p. 197, pl. 70. (le Br6sil, error = Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest,Second-growth Scrub (0-2400 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola;reports from Gon•ve Island are unsubstantiated.

Chlorostilbon maugaeus (Audebert and Vieillot). . TrochilusMaugceus Audebert and Vieillot, 1801, Ois. Dor6s 1: 77, 79, pl. 37, 38. (Puerto Rico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical De- ciduousForest, SecondaryForest, Second-growthScrub (0-1000 m) Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico.

Genus Swainson CynanthusSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1:441. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Stone, 1907), Cynanthuslatirostris Swainson. PhceoptilaGould, 1861, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 5, text to pl. 340. Type, by original designation,Cyanomyia sordida Gould.

Cynanthussordidus (Gould). . Cyanornyia(?) sordidaGould, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)4: 97. ([stateof] Oaxaca, Mexico; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 338.) Habitat.--Arid Montane Scrub, Gallery Forest (900-2250 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from eastern Michoacfin, M6xico, and Morelos south to Oaxaca and Puebla.

Cynanthuslatirostris Swainson.Broad-billed Hummingbird. Cynanthuslatirostris Swainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1:441. (Tablelandof Mexico = valley of M6xico, near Mexico City.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest (0-2100 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds [latirostris group] from western Sonora, southeasternArizona, southwesternNew Mexico (GuadalupeCanyon), northern Chihuahua, western Texas (Brew- ster County, casually),and Tamaulipassouth through Mexico (includingthe Tres Mafias Islands)to northernVeracruz, Hidalgo, and Puebla. Winters[latirostris group] from centralSonora, Chihuahua, and Tamaulipas south through the breedingrange, casually north to southernArizona. Resident[doubledayi group] in the Pacific lowlands of southernGuerrero, southernOa- xaca, and westernChiapas. Casual[latirostris group] north to Baja California,California (to SonomaCounty), Utah, centralArizona, central and easternTexas, and southernLouisiana; sight reports to southern Nevada and centralNew Mexico. Accidentalin southernOntario, Michigan, and Illinois; a sightreport for SouthCarolina. Notes.--Groups:C. latirostris[Broad-billed Hummingbird] and C. doubledayi(Bourcier, 1847) [Doubleday'sHummingbird]. Howell and Webb (1995) suggestedthat the two groups shouldbe treatedas species. 294 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Genus CYANOPHAIA Reichenbach CyanophaiaReichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol.1 (Beil. zu Extrah.):10. Type,by sub- sequentdesignation (G. R. Gray,1855), Trochilus bicolor "Linn." [= Gmelin].

Cyanophaiabicolor (Gmelin). Blue-headedHummingbird. Trochilusbicolor Gmelin, 1788, Syst.Nat. 1(1): 496. Basedin part on "Saphir-6mer- aude" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 6: 26, andthe "Sapphireand Emerald Humming-bird" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 1(2): 775. (in Guadeloupe,error = Dominica.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident on Dominica and Martinique,in the LesserAntilles.

Genus THALURANIA Gould Thalurania Gould, 1848, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 13. Type, by subsequentdesig- nation(G. R. Gray, 1855), TrochilusfurcatusGmelin.

Thalurania ridgwayi Nelson.Mexican . Thaluraniaridgwayi Nelson, 1900, Auk, 17, p. 262. (San Sebastian,Jalisco, M6xico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (200-2100 m). Distribufion.--Pacific slopeof Nayarit, westernJalisco, and Colima. Notes.-•Escalante-Pliegoand Peterson (1992) providedreasons for treatingT. ridgwayi and T. fannyi as speciesdistinct from T. colombica.

Thalurania colombica (Bourcier). Violet-crowned Woodnymph. OrnisrnyaColombica Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris],6, p. 2. (in Colombie= San Agustfn,Magdalena Valley, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-1900 m). Distribution.--Lowlands[townsendi group] of Caribbeanslope from Guatemalaand Be- lize south to Costa Rica and western and central Panama(east to Canal area and eastern Panamfiprovince); lowlands to 1900m [colombicagroup] of northernColombia and western Venezuela. Notes.--Groups:T. townsendiRidgway, 1888 [Violet-crownedWoodnymph], and T. col- ornbica[Colombian Woodnymph]. See Thaluraniaridgwayi.

Thaluraniafannyi (DeLattreand Bourcier).Green-crowned Woodnymph. TrochilusFannyi DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris],9, p. 310. (Rfo Dagua, near Buenaventura,Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (0-800 m). Distribution.--[fannyigroup] eastern Panama (eastern Co16n, Dari6n, and easternSan Blas) and northwesternColombia; and [hypochloragroup] Pacific slope of southwestern Colombia south to northwestern Peru. Notes.--Groups:T. fannyi [Green-crowned Woodnymph], and T. hypochloraGould 1871 [Emerald-belliedWoodnymph]. See Thalurania ridgwayi.

Genus PANTERPE Cabanis and Heine PanterpeCabanis and Heine, 1860, Mus. Heineanum 3:43 (footnote).Type, by original designation,Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine. FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 295

Panterpe insignis Cabanisand Heine. Fiery-throatedHummingbird. Panterpe insignisCabanis and Heine, 1860, Mus. Heineanum3:43 (footnote).(Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Second-growthScrub, Paramo Grassland (1400-3100 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in Costa Rica (cordillerasde Talamancaand Central) and western Panama (western Chiriquf and westernBocas del Toro).

Genus DAMOPttlLA Reichenbach Damophila Reichenbach,1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Beil. zu Extrah.): 7. Type, by subsequent designation(Elliot, 1879), T. julie Bourcier = Ornismyiajulie Bourcier.

Damophilajulie (Bourcier).Violet-bellied Hummingbird. OrnisrnyiaJulie Bourcier,1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris]5: 373. (Tunja en Colorable= Tunja, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Tropical Decid- uous Forest (0-900 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in central and easternPanama (from northernCoc16 and the Canal area eastward),western Colombia, and westernEcuador; specimens reported from "Costa Rica" are probablymislabeled (Stiles and Skutch 1989).

Genus LEPIDOPYGA Reichenbach Agyrtria •/Lepidopyga Reichenbach,1855, Trochil. Enum., p. 7. Type, by subsequent designation(Ridgway, 1911), Trochilusgoudoti Bourcier.

Lepidopygacoeruleogularis (Gould). Sapphire-throatedHummingbird. Trochilus( ?) cteruleogularisGould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1850), p. 163. (Near David, on the north sideof the Cordillera,Veragua [Chiriquf, Panama].) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub(0-700 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in Panama(the Pacificlowlands from westernChiriqu/eastward, including Isla Coiba, and the Caribbeanlowlands in the Canal area and San Blas) and northernColombia; an old specimenfrom "Costa Rica" is probablymislabeled, but there is a sightreport from CostaRica (Stiles and Skutch 1989).

Genus Bole HylocharisBoie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 546. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), H. sapphirina(Gm.) Boie = Trochilussapphirinus Gmelin. BasilinnaBoie, 1831, Isis yon Oken, col. 546. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilusleucotis Vieillot.

Hylocharis grayi (DeLattre and Bourcier). Blue-headedSapphire. Trochilus Grayi DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 9: 307. (Popayfin, Nouvelle-Grenade [= Colombia].) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Mangrove Forest (0-2000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from extremeeastern Panama (near Jaquein southernDari6n) souththrough western and central Colombia to northwesternEcuador.

Hylocharis eliciae (Bourcier and Mulsant). Blue-throatedGoldentail. TrochilusElicite Bourcierand Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys.Nat. Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon 9: 314. (No locality given.) 296 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1100 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Veracruz,Oaxaca, and Chiapassouth along both slopesof CentralAmerica to Panama(including Isla Coiba)and northwestern Colombia (northwestern Choc6).

Hylocharis !eucotis(Vieillot). White-earedHummingbird. Trochilusleucotis Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 23: 428. (au Br6sil, error = Orizaba, Veracruz.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest (900-3100 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from southern Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n, andTamaulipas south through the highlandsof Mexico, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north-centralNicaragua. Recorded irregularly in summer(and probably breed- ing) in the mountainsof southwesternNew Mexico (AnimasMountains) and western Texas (Big Bend, GuadalupeMountains); northernmost populations are migratorysouthward. Casual in southernTexas. Accidental in Mississippi. Notes.--Hylocharis leucotisand H. xantusii may constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970). Howell and Webb (1995) placedthese two speciesin the genusBasilinna.

Hylocharisxantusii (Lawrence).Xantus's Hummingbird. XantusiiLawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 109. (CapeSt. Lucas, SouthCalifornia = San Nicolfis, 10 miles northeastof Cape San Lucas, Baja Cali- fornia.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub (0-1900 m; Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Residentin southernBaja California,casually north to lat. 29ø N., in- cludingislands in the Gulf of Californianorth to Isla San Jos6. Accidentalin California (Ventura,Anza-Borrego Desert); seeHainebach (1992). Notes.--See comments under H. leucotis.

Genus GOI•MANIA Nelson Nelson, 1911, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 56(21): 1. Type, by original des- ignation,Goldmania violiceps Nelson.

Goldmania violicepsNelson. Violet-cappedHummingbird. Goldmaniavioliceps Nelson, 1911, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 56(21): 1. (Cerro Azul, 3000 feet, northwestof Chepo, Panama.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (600-1000 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (eastern Co16n, eastern Panamfi province and easternDari6n) and extreme northwesternColombia.

Genus GOETHALSIA Nelson GoethalsiaNelson, 1912, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 60(3): 6. Type, by originaldesig- nation, Goethalsia bella Nelson.

Goethalsia bella Nelson. Rufous-cheekedHummingbird. Goethalsia bella Nelson, 1912, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 60(3): 7. (Cana, at 2,000 feet altitude, eastern Panama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (600-150 m; upperTropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in extreme easternPanama (cerros Pirre and Sapo in eastern Dari6n) and adjacentnorthwestern Colombia (Alturas del Nique in Choc6). Notes.--Also known as . FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 297

Genus TROCHILUS Linnaeus TrochilusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1:119. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Trochiluspolytrnus Linnaeus.

Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus. Streamertail. TrochilusPolytrnus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 120. Based mainly on Po- lytrnusviridans aureo varie splendens,etc. Brown, Jamaica,p. 145, and the "Long- tailedBlack-cap Humming Bird" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 34, pl. 34. (in America = Jamaica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident [polytrnusgroup] in westernand central Jamaica(west of the Morant River); and [scitulusgroup] in easternJamaica (John Crow Mountains,and eastof the Morant River). Notes.--The two groupsdiffer in bill color,display, and vocalizations,with an apparent narrowhybrid zone betweenthem; someauthors suggest that thesebe recognizedas distinct species,T. polytrnus[Western Streamertail] and T. scitulus(Brewster and Bangs, 1901) [Eastern Streamertail]. For discussions,see Schuchmann(1978) and Gill et al. (1973).

Genus AMAZILIA Lesson Arnazilia Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant (2)7: col. 757. Type, by subsequentdes- ignation (Stone, 1918), Ornisrniacinnamontea Less[on] (= O. rutila DeLattre) = Ornisrnyarutila DeLattre. SaucerottiaBonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(1): 77. Type, by original desig- nation, typica Bonaparte = Trochilussaucerrottei DeLattre andBourcier. Heine, 1863, J. Ornithol. 11: 194. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus arnabilis Gould.

Amazilia candida (Bourcier and Mulsant). White-bellied Emerald. Trochiluscandidus Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon 9: 326. (Cobfin,Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest (0-1600 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident (mostly)from southeasternSan Luis Potosfand northernVera- cruz southalong the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America (includingthe YucatanPen- insula,also Pacific lowlands of Chiapasand Guatemala)to Honduras,and Nicaragua,where also in north-centralhighlands, and, probablyonly as a vagrant,Costa Rica (southto Peninsula).There are winter recordsfor the Pacific slope of Oaxaca (Binford 1989).

Amazilia luciae (Lawrence). Honduran Emerald. ThaurnatiasLucite Lawrence, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia19: 233. (Hon- duras.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in Honduras (Caribbean lowlands from Cofradfa east to Cata- camas).

Amazilia amabilis (Gould). Blue-chestedHummingbird. Trochilus ( ?) arnabilis Gould, 1853, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1851), p. 115. (New Grenada = Colombia.) Habitat. TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (Tropical and low- er Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbeanslope of Nicaraguaand Costa Rica, and in 298 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Panama(Caribbean slope throughout, and Pacific slopefrom easternPanamfi province east- ward), Colombia (east to the Magdalena Valley, and south along the Pacific coast) and western Ecuador. Notes.--Arnazilia arnabilisand A. decora constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Amazilia alecora(Salvin). CharmingHummingbird. Polyerata decora Salvin, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)7: 377. (westernslopes of the Volcano of Chiriqui [Panama].) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest (Tropical and low- er Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope of southwesternCosta Rica (El General- T6rraba-GolfoDulce region) and extremewestern Panama (western Chiriquf). Notes.--See comments under A. arnabilis.

Amazilia boucardi (Mulsant). MangroveHummingbird. Arena BoucardiMulsant, 1877, Descr.Esp. Nouv. Trochil., p. 6. (PuntaArenas, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Mangrove Forest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific coastof CostaRica (Gulf of Nicoya to Golfo Dulce region). Notes.--Also known as Boucard'sHummingbird.

Amazilia cyanocephala(Lesson). Azure-crowned Hummingbird. Ornisrnyacyanocephalus Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches,p. xlv. (Le Br6sil, error = Veracruz, Veracruz.) Habitat.--[cyanocephala group]Pine-Oak Forest, Pine Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest (600-1800 m); [chlorostephanagroup] lowland pine savanna(100 m); (Tropical and Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Breeds [cyanocephalagroup] from southernTamaulipas south, primarily in the foothills, through Veracruz, northern and southeasternOaxaca, Chiapas, southern Quintana Roo, central and eastern Guatemala, Belize, E1 Salvador, and Honduras to north- central Nicaragua. Resident[chlorostephana group] in Hondurasand northeasternNicaragua. Winters[cyanocephala group] generally in the breedingrange, occurring also in lowland habitats (recorded San Luis Potosf and Quintana Roo). Notes.--Also known as Red-billed Azurecrown. Groups: A. cyanocephala [Azure- crownedHummingbird] and A. chlorostephanaHowell, 1965 [MosquitiaHummingbird]. Arnazilia rnicrorhyncha(Elliot, 1876) [Small-billed Azurecrown],is now regardedas being basedon an aberrantspecimen of A. cyanocephala(Monroe 1968).

Amazilia cyanifrons(Bourcier). Indigo-capped Hummingbird. Trochilus cyanifronsBourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 6: 100. (Ybagu6, Nouvelle- Grenade -- Ibague, Colombia.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest,Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Tropical Lowland Ever- green Forest Edge (400-2000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in northernColombia (Atlfintico and the Magdalena Valley to Norte de Santander);one specimenknown from northwesternCosta Rica (Volcfin Mira- valles). Notes.--Also known as Blue-fronted Hummingbird. This form is known from Middle America only from the singlespecimen taken in CostaRica anddescribed as a new species, A. alfaroana Underwood, 1896. The type closely resemblesA. cyanifrons and does not appear to be a hybrid between any Middle American species of Arnazilia. The FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 299 unique specimenof alfaroana is tentatively consideredto representa subspeciesof A. cyanifrons(Stiles and Skutch 1989); its statuscan be clarified only by additional data.

Amazilia beryllina (Deppe). Berylline Hummingbird. Trochilus beryllinus "Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. S•ugeth. V•gel, etc., Mex., p. 1. (M6xico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Pine Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest, SecondaryForest (0-3100 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternArizona (Huachuca Mountains), Sonora, and southernChihuahua south through western Mexico (east to Durango, Guanajuato,Tlaxcala, Puebla, and west-centralVeracruz), Guatemala, and E1 Salvador to central Honduras. Accidentalin southwesternNew Mexico (GuadalupeCanyon); a sightreport for western Texas. Notes.--Hybridizationbetween A. beryllinaand A. cyanurahad been reported from south- central Guatemala(Patulul) and E1 Salvador,but verificationof hybridizationis lacking (Howell and Webb 1995). Amazilia sumichrasti Salvin, 1891, is based on an individual of A. beryllina taken at SantaEfigenia, Oaxaca (Friedmannet al. 1950).

Amazilia cyanura Gould. Blue-tailed Hummingbird. Amazilia cyanura Gould, 1859, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 18, pl. [12] and text. (Realejo, Nicaragua.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen ForestEdge (0-1500 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton the Pacificslope from centralChiapas to westernNicaragua (also locally on the Caribbeanslope of Honduras). Casualin CostaRica (nearSan Jos6and Finca La Selva), possiblya rare andlocal resident. Notes.--Arnazilia cyanuraand A. saucerrotteiappear to constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). See commentsunder A. beryllina.

Amazilia saucerrottei(DeLattre and Bourcier). Steely-ventedHummingbird. TrochilusSaucerrottei DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 9: 311. (Caly, Nouvelle-Grenade -- Cali, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest, Second-growthScrub (0-2000 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in Middle America from westernand southernNicaragua south to southernCosta Rica (primarily on the Pacific slopeand in the centralplateau, south to the Dota region); and in South America in Colombia and northwesternVenezuela. Casual in Caribbean Costa Rica (). Notes.--Also known as Blue-ventedHummingbird. See commentsunder A. cyanura.

Amazilia edward (DeLattre and Bourcier). Snowy-belliedHummingbird. Trochilus Edward DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Parris]9: 308. (isthme de Panama.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1800 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [niveoventergroup] in southwesternCosta Rica (El General- T6rraba-Golfo Dulce region) and westernPanama (east to western Coc16and the Azuero Peninsula,including Isla Coiba); and [edward group] in central and easternPanama (from easternCoc16 and westernPanam• east to Dari6n, primarily on the Pacific slope, and in- cluding the Pearl, Taboga,Taboguilla, and Uravfi islands). Notes.--Also known as Snowy-breastedHummingbird. The two groups,A. niveoventer (Gould, 1851) [Snowy-belliedHummingbird] and A. edward [Edward'sHummingbird], in- tergradein central Panama (Wetmore 1968). 300 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Amazilia tzacatl (De la Llave). Rufous-tailedHummingbird. TrochilusTzacatl De la Llave, 1833, RegistroTrimestre 2(5): 48. (M6xico.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Tropical Decid- uousForest (0-1800 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [tzacatl group] from southernTamaulipas south in the Gulf- Caribbeanlowlands to northernOaxaca, Chiapas, the YucatanPeninsula, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,and Nicaragua,and on both slopesof CostaRica (rare in the arid northwest)and Panama(including many islandsoff the Pacificcoast), and in SouthAmerica from Colombia (including GorgonaIsland) east to northwesternVenezuela and southto westernEcuador; and [handleyigroup] on Isla Escudode Veraguas,off the Caribbeancoast of westernPanama. Reports[tzacatl group] from southernTexas (Brownsville) are questionable(DeBenedictis 1992), as are thosefrom the Pacific slope of Guatemala. Notes.--Also knownas Rieffer's Hummingbird. The two groupsare regardedby Wetmore (1968) as distinctspecies, A. tzacatl [Rufous-tailedHummingbird] and A. handleyiWetmore, 1963 [EscudoHummingbird].

Amazilia yucatanensis(Cabot). Buff-bellied Hummingbird. Trochilusyucatanensis Cabot, 1845, Proc. BostonSoc. Nat. Hist. 2: 74. (Yucatfin.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1250 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from Coahuila,Nuevo Le6n, and southernTexas (north to Corpus Christi) southin the Gulf-Caribbeanlowlands (including the YucatanPeninsula) to northern Guatemala (Pet6n) and Belize. Wintersregularly in southeasternTexas, southernLouisiana, southern Mississippi, and northwestern Florida. Casual or accidental in Arkansas, southernAlabama, and southeastern Florida. Notes.•Also known as Fawn-breastedHummingbird or YucatanHummingbird. A spec- imen from Hondurasreferred to this species(Monroe 1968) is apparentlya hybridA. rutila x A. tzacatl (Howell and Webb 1995). Mayr and Short (1970) consideredA. yucatanensis and A. rutila to constitutea superspecies.

Amazilia rutila (DeLattre). CinnamonHummingbird. Ornismyacinnamomea (not Ornismyacinnamomeus Gervais, 1835) Lesson,1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 5: 175. (Acapulco [Guerrero].) Ornismya rutila DeLattre, 1843, Echo Monde Savant (2)7: col. 1069. New name for Ornisrnyacinnamontea Lesson, preoccupied. Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest,Arid Lowland Scrub(0-1250 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacificslope of Middle America(including the TresMafias Islands) from central Sinaloa south to central Costa Rica; and on the Caribbean slope on the YucatanPeninsula (including Holbox, Contoy, Mujeres, and Cancunislands, and Cayo Culebra),in Belize (includingoffshore cays), in the arid interior valleysof Guatemalaand Honduras,and in the Mosquitia of easternHonduras and northeasternNicaragua. Accidentalin southernArizona (;21-23 July 1992; 1992, Amer. Birds46:1161; photographin DeBenedictis1994b) and southwesternNew Mexico (SantaTeresa, Dofia Ana County, 18-23 Sept. 1993; 1994, Amer. Birds 48: 138, photo p. 160). Notes.•See commentsunder A. yucatanensis.

Amazilia violiceps(Gould). Violet-crownedHummingbird. Cyanomyiavioliceps Gould, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)4: 97. ([state of] Oaxaca, South Mexico; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr. 43, p. 338-339.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest; in , FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 301 primarily in riparian woodland of cottonwoodsand sycamoreswith dense understory(0- 2200 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from northernSonora, southeastern Arizona (Huachucaand Chir- icahuamountains), southwestern New Mexico (GuadalupeCanyon), and westernChihuahua southto Guerreroand (at least seasonally)northwestern Oaxaca. Northernmost populations are migratory southward. Casual or accidentalin central southernCalifornia (Sonoma,Los Angeles, and Ventura counties), central Arizona, southernNew Mexico, western Texas (El Paso), and Veracruz; a sight report from Baja California. Notes.--The nameA. verticalis (W. Deppe, 1830), often used for this species,has been relegatedto the synonymyof A. cyanocephala(see Phillips 1965). Arnazilia violicepsand A. viridifronsare sometimesconsidered conspecific, but apparentsympatry in Guerreroand Oaxaca without intergradationseems to supporttheir statusas full species(Binford 1989).

Amazilia viridifrons (Elliot). Green-frontedHummingbird. Cyanornyiaviridifrons Elliot, 1871, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)8: 267. (Putla [de Guerrero, Oaxaca], Mexico; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr. 43, p. 339.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Add Lowland Scrub,Arid MontaneScrub, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1550 m; Tropical and lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident [viridifronsgroup] on the Pacific slopeof southernMexico from central Guerrerosouth to westernOaxaca, and in easternOaxaca and westernChiapas (east to Tonalfi and Ocozocoautla);[wagneri group] in southernOaxaca. Notes.--Groups:A. viridifrons [Green-frontedHummingbird] and A. wagneri Phillips, 1965 [Cinnamon-sidedHummingbird]. The form wagneri may representa distinct species (Howell 1993, Howell and Webb 1995). See commentsunder A. violiceps.

Genus EUPHERUSA Gould EupherusaGould, 1857, Monogr.Trochil., pt. 14, pl. [12] and text. Type, by monotypy, Ornisrnyaexirnia DeLattre.

Eupherusa eximia (DeLattre). Stripe-tailedHummingbird. Ornismyaeximia DeLattre, 1843, Echo Monde Savant (2)7: col. 1069. (Guatemala= Cobfin,Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, SecondaryForest, Montane Evergreen Forest (800-2000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof Middle Americafrom Puebla,Veracruz, north- em and southeasternOaxaca, and Chiapassouth through eastern Guatemala, Belize, and Hondurasto north-centralNicaragua, and in the interiorhighlands of CostaRica andwestern Panama(east to Veraguas). Winters to lower elevations.

Eupherusa cyanophrysRowley and Orr. Blue-cappedHummingbird. Eupherusacyanophrys Rowley and Orr, 1964, Condor 66: 82. (11 miles southof [San Pedro] Juchatengo,4700 feet, Oaxaca, M6xico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest (1200-2600 m; Sub- tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in southernOaxaca (Sierra de Miahuatlfin).

Eupherusapoliocerca Elliot. White-tailed Hummingbird. Eupherusapoliocerca Elliot, 1871,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)8: 266. (Putla[de Guerrero, Oaxaca], Mexico; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr. 43, p. 339.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Montane Evergreen Forest (900-1400 m; Sub- tropical Zone). 302 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Distribution.--Resident in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero and western Oaxaca. Reportsof this speciesfrom Puebla (Friedmannet al. 1950) are questionable.

Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence. Black-bellied Hummingbird. Eupherusanigriventris Lawrence, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 19 (1867): 232. (Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (900-2000 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in CostaRica (primarily centralhighlands) and westernPanama (east to Veraguas,mostly on the Caribbeanslope).

Genus ELVIRA Mulsant, Verreaux and Verreaux Elvira Mulsant, and J. and E. Verreaux, 1866, M6m. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 12: 176. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus (Thaurnatias) chionura Gould.

Elvira chionura (Gould). White-tailed Emerald. Trochilus (Thaurnatias?)chionura Gould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1850), p. 162. (Chiriqui near David, provinceof Veragua,at an altitude of from 2000 to 3000 feet [Chiriquf, Panama].) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (900-2000 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof southwesternCosta Rica (north to the Dota Mountains) and westernPanama (Chiriquf, Veraguas,and easternCoc16).

Elvira cupreiceps(Lawrence). Coppery-headed Emerald. Eupherusacupreiceps Lawrence, 1866, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 8: 348. (Barranca, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (700-1500 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Residentin the highlandsof CostaRica (primarilyon the Caribbeanslope of the Cordillera Central, and in the cordilleras de Tilarfin and Guanacaste).

Genus Gould Microchera Gould, 1858, Monogr.Trochil., pt. 16, pl. [12] and text. Type, by original designation,Mellisuga albo-coronataLawrence.

Microchera albocoronata (Lawrence). . Mellisuga albo-coronataLawrence, 1855, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 6... 137, pl. 4. (Belen, Veraguas,New Grenada[= Panama].) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Montane EvergreenForest Edge (300-1000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbean slope of easternHonduras (Olancho, sight reports),Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and westernPanama (Veraguas, western Co16n, Coc16, and western Panamfiprovince).

Genus CHALYBURA Reichenbach Agyrtria • ChalyburaReichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Beil. zu Extrah.): 10. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Elliot, 1879), Trochilusbuffonii Lesson.

Chalybura buffonii (Lesson).White-vented Plumeleteer. TrochilusBuffonii Lesson, 1832, Les Trochil., p. 31, pl. 5. (Brazil, error = Bogotfi region, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest(0-900 m; TropicalZone). FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 303

Distribution.--Resident [buffoniigroup] in Panama(from westernPanamfi province on the Pacific slopeto the Canal areain the Caribbeanlowlands eastward), western and northern Colombia, and western and northern Venezuela (east to Miranda and Gufirico); [caeruleoo gaster group] in southeasternColombia (from western Arauca to Meta); and [intermedia group] in southwesternEcuador and northwesternPeru. Notes.--Groups: C. buffonii[White-vented Plumeleteer], C. intermediaE. and C. Hartert, 1894 [Ecuadorian Plumeleteer], and C. caeruleogaster (Gould, 1847) [Blue-bellied Plu- meleteer].

½halybura urochrysia (Gould). Bronze-tailedPlumeleteer. Hypuroptila urochrysiaGould, 1861, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 22, pl. [7] and text. (neigh- borhood of Panamf, error = western Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-900 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident [rnelanorrhoagroup] on the Caribbeanslope of extremeeastern Honduras(Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua,and CostaRica; and [urochrysiagroup] from Panama (locally on both slopes)and westernColombia southto northwesternEcuador. Notes.--The two groupshave been recognizedas full species,C. rnelanorrhoaSalvin, 1865 [Black-vented Plumeleteer] and C. urochrysia [Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer], but free interbreedingoccurs in northwesternPanama (Eisenmann and Howell 1962).

Genus LAMPORNIS Swainson LarnpornisSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 442. Type, by monotypy,Larnpornis amethystinusSwainson.

Lampornis viridipallens (Bourcier and Mulsant). Green-throatedMountain-gem. TrochilusViridi-pallens Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon 9: 321. (Cobfin, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest (1200-3100 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof extreme southeasternOaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas),Chiapas, Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and westernHonduras (west of the Comay- agua-Ulfia river valley). Notes.--Larnpornis viridipallens and L. sybillae constitutea superspecies(Monroe 1963a, Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Lampornis sybillae (Salvin and Godman). Green-breastedMountain-gem. Delattria sybillaeSalvin and Godman, 1892, Ibis, p. 327. (Matagalpa, Nicaragua.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest (100-2400 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof easternHonduras (east of the Comayagua- Ulfia river valley) and north-centralNicaragua. Notes.--For treatmentof L. sybillaeas a separatespecies from L. viridipallens,see Monroe (1963a). See commentsunder L. viridipallens.

Lampornisamethystinus Swainson. Amethyst-throated Hummingbird. Larnpornisarnethystinus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 442. (Temiscaltipec[= Temascaltepec]and Real del Monte, [M6xico,] Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest (900-3400 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from southernNayarit, Jalisco,southeastern San Luis Potosf,and southernTamaulipas south through the highlandsof southernMexico, Guatemala,and E1 Salvador to central Honduras. 304 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Notes.-•Populationsirregularly distributed from Michoacfinto Oaxacaconsisting of blu- ish-throatedrather than pink-throatedmales may representa species,L. rnargaritae(Salvin and Godman, 1889) [Margaret's Hummingbird], distinct from L. arnethystinus(Binford 1989).

Lampornis clemenciae(Lesson). Blue-throated Hummingbird. OrnismyaClemenciae Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches,p. xlv; 1830, p. 216, pl. 80. (le Mexique = Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Pine Forest, Montane EvergreenForest Edge, in migration also visiting flowersin open situationsand gardens;in United States,breeds primarily in moist, woodedcanyons (1500-3400 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from northernSonora, southeastern Arizona, Chihuahua,and west- ern Texassouth through Coahuila, Durango, and westernMexico to Oaxacaand (possibly) Chiapas.Recorded (mostly in summer)in southwesternand central Colorado. Winters from southernSonora (casually southeasternArizona) and Chihuahuasouth throughthe breedingrange in Mexico. Migratescasually east to New Mexico andsouthern Texas (Rockport and Corpus Christi area southward). Accidentalin south-centralCalifornia (a female matedto either Calypteanna or Archil- ochusalexandri raised young in 1977 and 1978 at Three Rivers, Tulare County;Baldridge et al. 1983) and Louisiana (Baton Rouge, Slidell).

Lampornishemileucus (Salvin). White-belliedMountain-gem. Oreopyra hernileucaSalvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 584. (Turrialba and Tucurruquf,Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (700-1400 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in CostaRica (in the Tilar•in, Central,and Talamanca cordilleras) and westernPanama (recorded Chiriquf and Veraguas).

Lamporniscalolaema (Salvin). Purple-throatedMountain-gem. Oreopyra calolcernaSalvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 584. (Volcfinde = Volcfin de Irazti, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (800-3200 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof westernNicaragua (Volcfin Mombacho and Volc•n Maderas,Isla de Ometepein Lago de Nicaragua)and westernand centralCosta Rica (from the Cordillera de Guanacastesouth to the Dota region and the northerntip of the Cordillerade Talamanca);also in west-centralPanama (Chiriqui west to the Fortunaarea, Veraguas,and westernCoc16). Notes.--Relationshipswithin the L. calolaema-castaneoventriscomplex are not well un- derstood.It has been suggestedby someauthors (e.g., Ridgely and Gwynne 1989) that the purple-throatedmales (calolaerna)and white-throatedmales (castaneoventris)are morphs of the samespecies; some introgression occurs in areaswhere both types are found, although they tend to maintaintheir distinctness(Stiles and Skutch1989). Until the matteris resolved, it seemsbest to treat the forms as separatespecies with limited hybridizationin the areas of sympatry.If the entirecomplex is regardedas a singlespecies, as advocatedby Wetmore (1968), the name VariableMountain-gem may be used.See commentsunder L. castaneov- entris.

Lampornis castaneoventris(Gould). White-throatedMountain-gem. Trochilus(--?) castaneoventrisGould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London(1850), p. 163. (Cordilleraof Chiriqui, at an altitudeof 6000 feet [Panama].) Habitat.--[cinereicauda group] Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (1800- FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 305

3100 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones); [castaneoventrisgroup] Montane Ever- greenForest, Secondary Forest (1250-3150 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident [cinereicaudagroup] in the highlandsof southernCosta Rica (northto the Cordillerade Talamanca);and [castaneoventrisgroup] western Panama (Volcfin de Chiriqui region of westernChiriqui east to Boquete). Notes.--The two groupsare sometimesregarded as distinctspecies, L. castaneoventris [White-throatedMountain-gem] and L. cinereicauda(Lawrence, 1867) [Gray-tailedMoun- tain-gem],but see Ridgely (1981); Stiles and Skutch(1989) treatedthese two and L. cal- olaema as allospecies.See commentsunder L. calolaema.

Genus LAMPROLAIMA Reichenbach

Heliodoxa • LarnprolairnaReichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Bell. zu Extrah.): 9. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Ornisrnyarharni Lesson.

Lamprolaima rhami (Lesson).Garnet-throated Hummingbird. OrnisrnyaRharni Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Pads] 1: 315. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest (110-3100 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from Guerreroand westernVeracruz south through Oaxaca, Chia- pas, Guatemala,and E1 Salvadorto Honduras.

Genus HELIODOXA Gould

Heliodoxa Gould, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1849), p. 95. Type, by subsequent designation(Bonaparte, 1850), Trochilusleadbeateri Boutclef.

Heliodoxa jacula Gould. Green-crownedBrilliant. Heliodoxa jacula Gould, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1849), p. 96. (Santa F6 de Bogota [Colombia].) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (500-2150 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident from Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera Central, primadly on Cadbbeanslope) south locally throughPanama and northernColombia to westernEcuador.

Genus EUGENES Gould

EugenesGould, 1856, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 12, pl. [7] and text. Type, by monotypy, Trochilusfulgens Swainson.

Eugenesfulgens (Swainson).Magnificent Hummingbird. Trochilusfulgens Swainson,1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1' 441. (Temiscaltipec,Mexico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Pine Forest, Montane EvergreenForest (1300-3300 m; Sub- tropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [fulgensgroup] in north-centralColorado (once), and from south- easternArizona, southwestern(and probably also north-central)New Mexico, and western Texas(Culberson, Jeff Davis, and Brewstercounties) south through the highlandsof Mexico, Guatemala,western E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north-centralNicaragua; recorded in sum- mer (and probablybreeding) elsewhere in southwesternand centralColorado. Winters[fulgens group] from Sonoraand Chihuahuasouth through the breedingrange in Middle America, casuallyin southernArizona and southernNew Mexico. Resident[spectabilis group] in the mountainsfrom centralCosta Rica to westernPanama (western ChiriquO. 306 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Casual[fulgens group] north to southernUtah, northernNew Mexico, northeasternKansas, and south-centralTexas; sight reports from Wyoming and easternTexas. Accidentalin Minnesota, Georgia, and Florida. Notes.--Also known asRivoli's Hummingbird.Groups: E. fulgens [Magnificentor Rivoli's Hummingbird]and E. spectabilis(Lawrence, 1867) [Admirable Hummingbird].

Genus HAPLOPHAEDIA Simon HaplophcediaSimon, 1918, Not. Travaux Sci., p. 39. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus aureliae Bourcier and Mulsant.

Haplophaediaaureliae (Bourcierand Mulsant). GreenishPuffleg. TrochilusAurelice Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon 9: 315, pl. 10. (BogotJ,Colombia.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (1400-2500 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (in easternDari6n on cerrosPirre, Malt, and Tacarcuna); and in the Andes of South America from Colombia south to northern Bolivia.

Genus HELIOTHRYX B oie Heliothryx Bole, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 547. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), H. aurita (L.) = Trochilusauritus Gmelin.

Heliothryx barroti (Bourcier).Purple-crowned Fairy. TrochilusBarroti Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 6: 72. (Carthag•ne = Cartagena, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1300 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from Tabascoand northernChiapas souththrough eastern Guatemala, Belize, and Hondurasto Nicaragua,on both slopesof Costa Rica (except the arid northwest)and Panama, and from northern Colombia south, west of the Andes, to southwestern Ecuador. Notes.--Heliothryx barroti and H. aurita (Gmelin, 1788), of South America, constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

GenusHELlOMASTER Bonaparte HeliornasterBonaparte, March 1850, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(1): 70. Type, by subsequent designation(Bonaparte, April 1850), Orn. angel. -- Ornisrnyaangelae Lesson = Trochilusfurcifer Shaw.

Heliomaster 1ongirostris(Audebert and Vieillot). Long-billed Starthroat. Trochiluslongirostris Audebert and Vieillot, 1801, Ois. Dor6s 1: 107, pl. 59. (West Indies = Trinidad.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest, SecondaryForest (0-1500 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on both slopesof Middle America from Guerreroand Veracruz south(exclusive of the YucatanPeninsula) through Middle America (rare on Pacific slope from Honduras to northwestern Costa Rica), and in South America from Colombia, Vene- zuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and central Brazil.

Heliomasterconstantii (DeLattre). Plain-cappedStarthroat. Ornisrnya Constantii DeLattre, 1843, Echo Monde Savant (2)7: col. 1069, in text. (Guatemala.) FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 307

Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Arid Lowland Scrub (0-1250 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slopeof Middle America from southernSonora southto Costa Rica (primarily the Guanacasteregion in the northwest,rarely in the E1 General-T6rrabaregion in the southwest). Casualin southeasternArizona (north to Phoenix);a sightreport for southwesternNew Mexico. Notes.--Also known as Constant's Starthroat.

Genus CALLIPHLOX Boie Ca!!iphloxBoie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 544. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilusarnethystinus Gm. = Boddaert. Philodice Mulsant, and J. and E. Verreaux, 1866, M6m. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 12: 230. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus rnitche!!ii Bourcier.

Calliphlox evelynae(Bourcier). . TrochilusEvelynce Bourcier, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 44. (Nassau,New Providence [Bahamas].) Habitat.--Secondary Forest,Second-growth Scrub, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge. Distribution.--Resident throughoutthe BahamaIslands. Casual in southernFlorida (Lantana, Homestead,Miami area). Notes.--Often treatedin the genusPhilodice.

Calliphlox bryantae(Lawrence). Magenta-throated Woodstar. bryantceLawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 8: 483. (CostaRica.) Habitat.-•Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growthScrub (700-1900 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentin the highlandsof CostaRica (from the Cordillerade Guanacaste to the centralplateau near San Jos6,the Dota Mountains,and Cerro de Talamanca),and westernPanama (Chiriqu/and Veraguas). Notes.--Also known as Costa Rican Woodstar.Frequently placed in the genusPhilodice.

Calliphlox mitchellii (Bourcier).Purple-throated Woodstar. TrochilusMitche!!ii Bourcier,1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 47. (Zimap•n [, Co- lombia] .) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Second-growth Scrub (1000-1900 m; Subtropical and lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in western Colombia and western Ecuador. Presumablyresident in easternPanama (Cana region, Cerro Pirre, easternDari6n), where known from two female specimens:13 April 1938 (Wetmore 1968; reportedas Acestrura heliodor) and 11 August 1982 (Robbinset al. 1985). Notes.--For a full discussionof these two specimens,see Robbins et al. (1985). This speciesis sometimesplaced in the genusPhilodice (e.g., Hilty and Brown 1986).

Genus DORICHA Reichenbach Ca!!iphloxB Doricha Reichenbach,1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Beil. zu Extrah.): 12. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus enicurus Vieillot. Notes.--Merged with Calothoraxby Howell and Webb (1995).

Doricha enicura (Vieillot). . Trochilus enicurus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 23: 429. (Brazil, error = Guatemala.) 308 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Second-growthScrub (1000-2100 m; Sub- tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentin the highlandsof Chiapas,Guatemala, E1 Salvador, and western Honduras (east to La Paz).

Doricha eliza (DeLattre and Lesson). . Trochilus Eliza DeLattre and Lesson, in Lesson and DeLattre, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 20. (Pas du Taureau,entra la Vera Cruz et Jalapa = Pasodel Toro, Veracruz.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub(Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentin two disjunctareas of southeasternMexico (in centralVeracruz, and the coastalscrub of the YucatanPeninsula, including Holbox Island; a sight recordfor Isla Cancun).

Genus TILMATURA Reichenbach TilrnaturaReichenbach, 1855, Trochil. Enum., p. 5. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus lepidusReichenbach = Ornisrnyadupontii Lesson.

Tilmatura dupontii (Lesson).Sparkling-tailed Hummingbird. Ornisrnyadupontii Lesson, 1832, Hist. Nat. Colibris, livr. 13, p. 100, pl. 1. (M6xico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Second-growthScrub (900- 2500 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsfrom Sinaloa,Jalisco, Colima, Michoacfin,M6x- ico, Morelos, and westernVeracruz souththrough Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas,Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north-centralNicaragua. Notes.--Placed in the genusPhilodice by Howell and Webb (1995).

GenusCALOTHORAX Gray CalothoraxG. R. Gray, 1840, List GeneraBirds, p. 13. Type, by originaldesignation, C. cyanopogon(Lesson) = Cynanthuslucifer Swainson.

Calothorax lucifer (Swainson).Lucifer Hummingbird. CynanthusLucifer Swainson,1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1' 442. (Temiscaltipec,Mexico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Arid MontaneScrub; in United States,primarily on steepdesert slopes with agave,sotol, and ocotillo adjacentto brushywashes with -producingplants such as havardpenstemon, and woolly paintbrush(1550-2750 m; upperTropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Breeds from southernArizona (CochiseCounty), southwesternNew Mex- ico (PeloncilloMountains), western Texas (Brewster County), and Nuevo Le6n southin the highlandsof Mexico to Valley of M6xico, possiblyto Morelos and Puebla. Wintersfrom northernMexico southto the limitsof thebreeding range, casually to western Veracruz,Oaxaca, and (questionably)Chiapas. Casual elsewhere in southern Arizona and southern New Mexico, and in southern Texas (east to Hays, , and Aransascounties). Notes.--Calothorax lucifer and C. pulcher appearto constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Calothorax pulcher Gould. Beautiful Hummingbird. Calothoraxpulcher Gould, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)4: 97. ([stateof] Oaxaca,in WesternMexico; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 339.) Habitat.--Arid MontaneScrub (1000-2250 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 309

Distribution.--Resident from eastern Guerrero and southern Puebla south to central Oa- xaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec);reports from Chiapasare questionable. Notes.--See commentsunder C. lucifer.

Genus ARCHILOCHUS Reichenbach SelasphorusB Archilochus Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Bell. zu Extrah.): 13. Type, by monotypy,Trochilus alexandri Bourcier [= Bourcierand Mulsant]. Notes.--See commentsunder Calypte and Stellula.

Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus).Ruby-throated Hummingbird. TrochilusColubris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 120. Basedmainly on "The Hummingbird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 65, pl. 65. (in America, imprimis septentrionali= South Carolina.) Habitat.--Deciduous or mixed woodland,second growth, parks, and opensituations with scatteredtrees, foraging also in meadows and gardens;in migration and winter, a wide variety of woodlandand open habitats. Distribution.--Breeds from central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundlandsouth, east of the Rocky Mountains,to southernTexas, the Gulf coast,and southern Florida, and west to the eastern Dakotas, central Nebraska, central Kansas, central Oklahoma, and central Texas. Wintersfrom on Pacific slopeof Mexico from southernSinaloa south,and in interior and Caribbeanslope from southernVeracruz, the YucatanPeninsula, and Oaxaca,south through Middle America (includingCozumel and Holbox islands)to central Costa Rica (southof Nicaraguamost commonly on the Pacific slope),casually to westernPanama (Chiriqui and westernPanamfi province); also small numbersfrom southeasternTexas and southernLou- isiana along Gulf Coast to northwesternFlorida, and also in southernFlorida; casual in western Cuba. Migrates through southernTexas and northeasternand north-centralMexico; regular in Cuba, especiallyin spring. Casual north to southwestern British Columbia, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, Labrador, and Newfoundland, and in California (east-centraland the Farallon Islands), eastern New Mexico, the northernBahamas (Grand Bahama,New Providence),and Bermuda;sight reportsfrom southeasternColorado and southernBaja California. Reportsfrom Grand Cay- man, Jamaica,Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico are questionable.Accidental in Alaska (St. Michael). Notes.--Although the breedingranges of A. colubrisand A. alexandri overlap slightlyin central Texas, it seemsbest to regard thesespecies as constitutinga superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant). Black-chinnedHummingbird. TrochilusAlexandri Bourcierand Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon 9: 330. (Sierra Madre [Occidental], Mexico.) Habitat.--Open woodland,scrub, desert washes, riparian woodland, chaparral, parks, and gardens,most frequentlyin arid regions. Distribution.--Breeds from south-centralBritish Columbia, Washington,central Idaho, and northwesternMontana south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, northern Chihuahua,northern Coahuila (probably), and southernTexas, and east to southwestern Wyoming, southeasternColorado, southwesternOklahoma, and central Texas (to Dallas, Navarro, and Hidalgo counties). Wintersfrom primarily along Pacific slopefrom southernSonora (casually southern Cal- ifornia) southto Michoacfin and Morelos, and also small numbersin southeasternTexas east along the Gulf coastto northwesternFlorida; casuallyalso in Georgia and SouthCarolina. Migrates throughmuch of northernMexico southof the breedingrange from easternBaja California and Sonorato westernTamaulipas, south to limit of winter range. 310 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Casual in south-coastalBritish Columbia, southernAlberta, Wyoming, Kansas,Arkansas, North Carolina, and southernFlorida, also in southernBaja California and Veracruz. Ac- cidentalin southernOntario, Massachusetts,and Tennessee;sight reports for southernSas- katchewan and Nova Scotia. Notes.--See comments under A. colubris.

Genus MELLISUGA Brisson Mellisuga Brisson,1760, Ornithologie1: 40; 3: 694. Type, by tautonymy,Mellisuga Brisson = Trochilus minimus Linnaeus.

Mellisuga rninima (Linnaeus).. Trochilus minimusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 121. Based on "The Least Humming-bird"Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 105, pl. 105. (in America = Jamaica.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-2400 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaicaand Hispaniola(including Gon•ve, Tortue, Saona, andCatalina islands, and ile-h-Vache). A sight report in Puerto Rico.

Mellisuga helenae (Lembeye).. Orthorhynchushelence (Gundlach MS) Lembeye, 1850, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 70, pl. 10, fig. 2. (Cfirdenas,Cuba.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Pine Forest Edge, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1200 m). Distribution.--Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

Genus CALYPTE Gould CalypteGould, 1856, Monogr.Trochil., pt. 11, pl. [5-7] and text. Type, by subsequent designation(Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 1875), Ornismyacostae Bourcier. Notes.--Merged with Archilochusby Howell and Webb (1995).

Calypteanna (Lesson).Anna's Hummingbird. OrnisrnyaAnna Lesson,1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches,p. "xxxj" [= xxxi]; 1830, p. 205, pl. 74. (La Californie = ,California.) Itabitat.•Open woodland,chaparral, scrubby areas, and partly opensituations, foraging also in gardensand meadows;ascends to montaneregions in summerpostbreeding season. Distribution.--Breeds in southwesternBritish Columbia (including Vancouver Island), westernWashington, western Oregon, California (west of the SierraNevada from Humboldt, Shasta,and Tehama counties southward), northwestern Baja California, and southernArizona (north to Phoenix and Superior).Recorded in summer(and probablybreeding) in southern New Mexico and western Texas (Davis Mountains). Wintersfrom central British Columbia southto central Baja California, and eastto Utah (casually), southernArizona, centralNew Mexico, northernSonora, and northern Chihuahua, casuallynorth to south-coastalAlaska, centralBritish Columbia, and westernMontana, and east to central New Mexico, northern Coahuila, and east-central and southeastern Texas, southernLouisiana, southern Mississippi, and southernAlabama. Casual or accidental in southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas,Tennessee, Florida (Tallahas- see), and Georgia.

Calypte costae (Bourcier). Costa'sHummingbird. OrnisrnyaCostae Bourcier, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris]2: 294. (la Californie = Magdalena Bay, Baja California.) FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 311

Habitat.--Desert and semi-desert,especially in washes,and arid brushyfoothills and chaparral;in migration and winter, also adjacent mountainsand in open meadows and gardens. Distribution.--Breeds from centralCalifornia (north to Monterey, Stanislaus,and Inyo counties),southern Nevada, and southwesternUtah southto southernBaja California (in- cluding the Channel Islands off California, and islandsoff the coast of Baja California), Sonora(including Tibur6n and San Esteban islands), southern Arizona, and (probably) south- westernNew Mexico; there is an isolatedbreeding attempt ( laid, nest destroyed)for southernOregon. Winters from southernCalifornia and southernArizona south to Sinaloa and Nayarit, casuallynorth to southwesternBritish Columbia, Oregon, and central Nevada, and east to central and southernTexas (Hays and Kleberg counties). Accidental in south-coastalAlaska (Anchorage); a sight report for southernAlberta.

Genus STELLULA Gould Stellula Gould, 1861, Introd. Trochil., p. 90. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus calliope Gould. Notes.--Merged with Archilochusby Howell and Webb (1995).

Stellula calliope (Gould). . Trochilus(Calothorax) Calliope Gould, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 11. (Mexico = Real del Monte, Hidalgo.) Habitat.--Open shrubbymontane forest, mountain meadows, second-growth, and willow and alder thickets;in migration and winter, also chaparral,lowland brushy areas,deserts, and semi-desertregions. Distribution.--Breeds in the mountainsfrom central interior British Columbia (also Van- couver Island) and west-centralAlberta souththrough Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and California to northernBaja California (SierraSan Pedro Mfirtir), andeast to westernMontana, westernWyoming, and Utah. Winters from southern Sinaloa south to Michoacfin, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, and east to Aguascalientes,Guanajuato, and Distrito Federal; casual, but increasinglyregular, along Gulf Coast in southeasternTexas, southernLouisiana, southernMississippi, southernAla- bama, and northwesternFlorida; one December record from western Texas (El Paso). Migrates regularly throughthe southwesternUnited States,northern Baja California, and northwesternMexico, and casuallyeast to southwesternSaskatchewan, South Dakota, west- ern Nebraska,Kansas, and westernTexas. Casual north to northeastern British Columbia. Accidental in Minnesota, Kansas, and North Carolina. Sight reportsfor southeasternAlaska and westernOklahoma.

Genus ATTHIS Reichenbach Trochilus• Atthis Reichenbach,1854, J. Ornithol. 1 (Beil. zu Extrah.): 12. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Ornismyaheloisa Lessonand DeLattre. Notes.--Merged with Selasphorusby Howell and Webb (1995).

Atthis heloisa (DeLattre and Lesson).Bumblebee Hummingbird. Ornysmia Heloisa DeLattre and Lesson, in Lesson and DeLattre, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 15. (Jalapa et Quatepu = Cofitepec,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Montane EvergreenForest Edge (1025-3800 m; Subtropical and lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsfrom southwesternChihuahua, southeastern Sin- aloa, Nayarit, Jalisco,Guanajuato, San Luis Potosf,Nuevo Le6n, and southernTamaulipas southto Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec)and westernVeracruz. Accidental in Arizona (Huachuca Mountains). 312 FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Notes.--Also known as Heloise's Hummingbird.Atthis heloisa and A. ellioti constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Atthis ellioti Ridgway. Wine-throatedHummingbird. Atthis ellioti Ridgway, 1878, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1: 8, 9, and fig. (Volcfmde Fuego, Guatemala.) I-Iabitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Second-growthScrub (900- 2650 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.---Residentin the highlandsof Chiapas,Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and Hon- duras. Notes.--See comments under A. heloisa.

Genus Swainson $elasphorusSwainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson,Fauna Bor.-Amer.2 (1831): 324, 496. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Trochilusrufus Gme- lin. Platurornis Oberholser,1974, Bird Life Texas,p. 986. Type, by original designation, Selasphorusplatycercus = Trochilusplatycercus Swainson. Notes.--See comments under Atthis.

Selasphorusplatycercus (Swainson). Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Trochilusplatycercus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 441. (No locality given = Mexico.) I-Iabitat.--Open woodland,especially pine, pine-oak, and pinyon-juniper, brushy hillsides, montanescrub, and thickets;in migrationand winter also open situationsin lowlandswhere floweringshrubs are present(Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.---Breedsin the mountainsfrom north-centralIdaho (LatahCounty), south- westernMontana, and northernWyoming southto southeasternCalifornia, northeastern Sonora, Guanajuato, M•xico, Distrito Federal, Hidalgo, Nuevo Letn, and western Texas (east to BanderaCounty); and in easternChiapas and Guatemala (rare in easternmoun- tains). Winters from the highlandsof northernMexico southto westernVeracruz and Oaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec),in the breedingrange in Chiapasand Guatemala,and rarelybut regularlyto coastalTexas and southern Louisiana, casually to southernMississippi, southernAlabama, Georgia, and also southernArizona. Migrates casually east to Nebraska, central Kansas,and easternand southeasternTexas, and west to Oregonand coastalCalifornia. Casual, primarily in summer,north to Oregon and Montana, and in fall in Kansasand Arkansas;sight reports for British Columbia and westernFlorida.

Selasphorusrufus (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird. Trochilus rufus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 497. Based mainly on the "Ruffed Honeysucker"Pennant, Arct. Zool. 2: 290. (in sinuAmericae Natka = NootkaSound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.) I-Iabitat.•Coniferous forestedge, second growth, thickets, and brushy hillsides, foraging in adjacentscrubby areas and meadows; in winter,primarily pine-oak woodland; in migration, primarily lowlandsin springbut montanemeadows in fall. Distribution.---Breeds from southernAlaska (west to Prince William Sound), southern Yukon, western and southernBritish Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte Islands), west-centralAlberta, and westernMontana south, primarily in the mountains,to northwestern California (HumboldtCounty), easternOregon, central Idaho, and westernWyoming. FAMILY TROCHILIDAE 313

Wintersprimarily from Sinaloaand Chihuahuasouth to Oaxaca,M6xico, Distrito Federal, and westernVeracruz. Also over much of the Gulf Coast region from central and eastern Texas to northwesternFlorida, casually northward(usually unsuccessfully)through much of the easternUnited States. Also casuallyto rarelyin BritishColumbia and coastal southern California. Migrates regularlythrough the southwesternUnited States,Baja California, and northern and centralMexico, casuallyeast to easternAlberta, Saskatchewan,Manitoba, SouthDakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Casual east acrossinterior eastern North Amer- ica (recordedfrom Minnesota,Wisconsin, Michigan, southernOntario, and northernNew York southto Missouri, Kentucky,and Tennessee),and along the Atlantic coast(north to Nova Scotia), some attemptingto winter. Accidental on Island and Grand Bahama. Some of theseeastern records may pertain to S. sasin. Notes.--Selasphorusrufus and S. sasinconstitute a superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Selasphorussasin (Lesson).Allen's Hummingbird.

OrnisrnyaSasin Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, p. xxx; 1830, p. 190, pl. 66, 67. (La Californie, la c6te N.-O. d'Am6rique = San Francisco,California.)

Habitat.--Chaparral, openoak woodland,riparian woodland, residential areas; in winter, montane woodland. Distribution.--Breeds from southwesternOregon south through coastal California to Ventura County. Wintersmostly in centralMexico southto Distrito Federal,perhaps north to Aguascalientes and Guanajuato,also casually along Gulf Coastin southeasternTexas, southern Louisiana, Mississippi,Alabama, and Georgia. Migrates throughsouthern Califomia and northernBaja California (includingLos Co- ronados and Cedros islands), most of northwesternand north-central Mexico, and east, at leastcasually, to southernArizona and southernNew Mexico. Residentin the ChannelIslands (off southernCalifornia), and in coastalsouthern Califomia (Los AngelesCounty, probably also OrangeCounty). Accidentalin Washington(Seattle), eastern Kansas, Massachusetts (Nantucket), and south- westernTexas; reports from Florida do not eliminate S. rufus. Notes.--See commentsunder S. rufus.

Selasphorusfiammula Salvin. VolcanoHummingbird. SelasphorusfiamrnulaSalvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 586. (Volc•n de Cartago [= Irazfi], Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Paramo Grassland,Second-growth Scrub, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (1850-2400 m; upper Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof CostaRica (Cordillera Central southalong the Cordillera de Talamanca)and western Panama (Volcfin Barfi in western Chiriquf). Notes.mThere has been much confusion regarding the status and distribution of the forms of this species.As presentlyunderstood (Stiles 1983a), the mauve-gorgetedrace fiammula breeds on the Irazfi-Turrialba massifs in central Costa Rica; S. torridus Salvin, 1870 [Heliotrope-throatedHummingbird], based on dull-gorgetedmales, breeds the length of the Cordillera de Talamancaand is now considereda subspeciesoffiarnrnula (formerly it was consideredbut a color morph). The red-gorgetedform S. simoni Carriker, 1910 [Cerise-throatedHummingbird], breeds on Volcfin Pofisand Volc•n Barba of the northem Cordillera Central and (formerly?) the Cerros de Escazti south of San Jos6; simoni is divergent in morphology (but not in displays) and was previously considereda species related to S. ardens, but it appearsto be but a distinct subspeciesof fiammula (Stiles 1983a). If any of the precedingare regardedas specificallydistinct, then Rose-throated Hummingbird would be the appropriateEnglish name for S. fiammula. See comments under S. ardens.