United States In cooperation with Department of Tennessee Agricultural Soil Survey of Agriculture Experiment Station; Tennessee Department of Natural Agriculture; United States Sevier County Area, Resources Department of Agriculture, Conservation Forest Service; and Service Sevier County Board of Tennessee Commissioners

3

How To Use This Soil Survey

The information provided in this publication can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas. The text includes descriptions of detailed soil map units and provides an explanation of the information presented in the tables, or soil reports, which are available via the Web Soil Survey of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (accessible from the Soils Web site at http://soils.usda.gov). The publication also includes a glossary of terms used in the text and tables and a list of references. Bookmarks and links in the publication allow the user to navigate from one part of the text to another. Maps showing soil lines and map unit symbols can be accessed for a particular area of interest through Web Soil Survey (by clicking on the “Soil Map” tab). The symbols on the maps represent the detailed soil map units in the area. These map units are listed in the bookmarks panel of the text. Information about the map units can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate bookmark. The bookmarks panel of the text outlines the contents of this publication. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1993. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 2001. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1993. This soil survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service; the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station; the Tennessee Department of Agriculture; the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; and the Sevier County Board of Commissioners. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Sevier County Soil Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Farming operations are still common in the mountain valleys of Sevier County. Rosman soils on the nearly level bottom in the foreground and Braddock soils on the footslopes beyond the buildings are used for hayland and pasture. The soils on the mountains in the background are in the Cataska-Junaluska-Sylco general soil map unit.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 DhD—Ditney sandy loam, 12 to 25 percent How To Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 slopes ...... 38 Contents ...... 5 Du—Dunning silty clay loam, occasionally Foreword ...... 9 flooded ...... 39 General Nature of the Survey Area ...... 11 Dv—Dunning silt loam, overwash, occasionally How This Survey Was Made ...... 14 flooded ...... 40 General Soil Map Units ...... 17 EtB—Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 41 Soil Descriptions ...... 17 EtC—Etowah loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 42 1. Decatur-Dewey-Fullerton ...... 17 FuC2—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 2. Nonaburg-Steadman-Whitesburg ...... 18 percent slopes, eroded ...... 43 3. Townley-Talbott-Muskingum...... 19 FuD2—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 4. Sequatchie-Staser-Combs ...... 19 percent slopes, eroded ...... 44 5. Braddock-Lostcove-Lonon ...... 21 FuE2—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 25 to 60 6. Cataska-Unicoi-Ditney ...... 21 percent slopes, eroded ...... 45 7. Unicoi-Northcove-Ditney ...... 22 HnB—Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 46 8. Cataska-Junaluska-Sylco ...... 23 HnC—Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 47 9. Waynesboro-Holston-Dunning ...... 24 JcD—Junaluska-Cataska complex, 12 to 25 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 25 percent slopes ...... 48 Soil Descriptions ...... 26 LeB—Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent BrB2—Braddock loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, slopes ...... 49 eroded ...... 26 LnB—Lonon gravelly loam, 2 to 5 percent BrC2—Braddock loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, slopes ...... 50 eroded ...... 26 LnC—Lonon gravelly loam, 5 to 12 percent BrD2—Braddock loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, slopes ...... 51 eroded ...... 27 LnD—Lonon gravelly loam, 12 to 25 percent CaD—Cataska channery silt loam, 12 to 25 slopes ...... 52 percent slopes ...... 28 LsC—Lostcove very cobbly loam, 5 to 12 CaE—Cataska channery silt loam, 25 to 80 percent slopes, extremely bouldery ...... 53 percent slopes ...... 29 LsD—Lostcove very cobbly loam, 12 to 25 CcE—Cataska-Sylco complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, extremely bouldery ...... 54 percent slopes ...... 31 MtC2—Montevallo channery silt loam, 5 to 12 Co—Combs loam, rarely flooded ...... 32 percent slopes, eroded ...... 54 DcB2—Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent MtD2—Montevallo channery silt loam, 12 to 25 slopes, eroded ...... 33 percent slopes, eroded ...... 55 DcC2—Decatur silt loam, 5 to 12 percent MuC2—Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, slopes, eroded ...... 33 eroded ...... 56 DcD2—Decatur silt loam, 12 to 25 percent MwE—Muskingum-Chiswell complex, 25 to 60 slopes, eroded ...... 34 percent slopes ...... 57 DeB2—Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, NnC3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 5 to 12 eroded ...... 35 percent slopes, severely eroded, rocky...... 59 DeC2—Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent NnD3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 12 to 25 slopes, eroded ...... 36 percent slopes, severely eroded, rocky...... 60 DeD2—Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent NnE3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 to 60 slopes, eroded ...... 37 percent slopes, severely eroded, rocky...... 61 6

NoF—Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 Recreation ...... 91 percent slopes, bouldery ...... 62 Wildlife Habitat ...... 92 Po—Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded ...... 63 Engineering ...... 93 Ro—Rosman sandy loam, occasionally Soil Properties ...... 99 flooded ...... 64 Engineering Index Properties ...... 99 Sb—Sequatchie loam, rarely flooded ...... 64 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 100 ShB—Shelocta silt loam, 2 to 5 percent Water Features ...... 101 slopes ...... 65 Soil Features ...... 102 ShC—Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 15 percent Classification of the Soils ...... 103 slopes ...... 66 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 103 SoD—Soco loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes ...... 67 Braddock Series ...... 103 SoE—Soco-Cataska complex, 25 to 80 Cataska Series ...... 104 percent slopes, eroded ...... 68 Chiswell Series ...... 105 St—Staser loam, occasionally flooded ...... 69 Combs Series...... 106 Su—Steadman silt loam, occasionally Decatur Series ...... 106 flooded ...... 70 Dewey Series ...... 107 TaD2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to Ditney Series ...... 108 25 percent slopes, eroded ...... 71 Dunning Series ...... 108 TaE2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to Etowah Series ...... 109 60 percent slopes, eroded ...... 73 Fullerton Series ...... 110 ToB2—Townley silt loam, 2 to 5 percent Holston Series ...... 111 slopes, eroded ...... 74 Junaluska Series ...... 112 ToC2—Townley silt loam, 5 to 12 percent Leadvale Series ...... 113 slopes, eroded ...... 75 Lonon Series ...... 114 ToD2—Townley silt loam, 12 to 25 percent Lostcove Series...... 115 slopes, eroded ...... 76 Montevallo Series ...... 116 ToE2—Townley silt loam, 25 to 60 percent Muse Series ...... 116 slopes, eroded ...... 77 Muskingum Series ...... 121 UdE—Unicoi-Ditney-Rock outcrop complex, Nonaburg Series ...... 122 30 to 80 percent slopes...... 78 Northcove Series...... 123 UnE—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 80 Pope Series ...... 123 percent slopes ...... 79 Rosman Series...... 124 Ur—Urban land ...... 80 Sequatchie Series ...... 125 W—Water...... 81 Shelocta Series ...... 126 WaB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent Soco Series ...... 127 slopes, eroded ...... 81 Staser Series ...... 128 WaC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent Steadman Series ...... 128 slopes, eroded ...... 82 Sylco Series ...... 129 WaD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent Talbott Series ...... 130 slopes, eroded ...... 83 Townley Series ...... 131 Wf—Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally Unicoi Series ...... 131 flooded ...... 84 Waynesboro Series ...... 132 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 87 Whitesburg Series ...... 133 Crops and Pasture ...... 87 References ...... 135 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 90 Glossary ...... 137 7

Tables ...... 147 Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 171 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 148 Table 10.—Building Site Development ...... 175 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 149 Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 182 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 149 Table 12.—Construction Materials ...... 188 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Table 13.—Water Management ...... 193 of the Soils ...... 150 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 200 Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical of Crops and Pasture ...... 152 Properties of the Soils ...... 210 Table 6.—Prime Farmland ...... 156 Table 16.—Water Features ...... 214 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Table 17.—Soil Features ...... 218 Productivity ...... 157 Table 18.—Classification of the Soils...... 221 Table 8.—Recreational Development ...... 166

Issued 2004

9

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

James E. Ford State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

11

Soil Survey of Sevier County Area, Tennessee

By Clarence T. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Clarence T. Conner and Richard L. Livingston, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Arthur G. Dunn, Sevier County Soil Scientist

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station; Tennessee Department of Agriculture; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; and Sevier County Board of Commissioners

SEVIER COUNTY is located in eastern Tennessee (fig. 1). The physiography of the survey area is highly variable because it lies within both the Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys and the Blue Ridge Major Land Resource Areas. The survey area covers 255,100 acres, or about 399 square miles. It is bounded on the east by Cocke County, on the north by Jefferson County, on the west by Blount and Knox Counties, and on the south by the Great Smoky Figure 1.—Location of Sevier County in Tennessee. Mountains National Park. About 127,500 acres of Sevier County lies within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This acreage is not included in the soil survey. It is included as part of the soil survey area of History and Economic Development the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This section was prepared by Beulah D. Lynn, Sevier County In 1990, Sevierville, the county seat, had a Historian. population of about 7,200. It is the largest town in the county. Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge, the next largest The section of Sevier County lying north of the towns, have populations of 3,500 and 3,000, French Broad River was perhaps the site of the first respectively. The population of Sevier County, settlement in 1783. The early settlers, mostly from according to the 1990 U.S. Census, is about 51,000. Virginia and North Carolina, were of English, Scotch- This soil survey updates the survey of the private Irish, and German descent. These settlers arrived lands of Sevier County published in 1956 (3). It before the land was ceded by the Cherokee Indians. provides additional information and has larger maps, Because Indian towns and villages were near the which show the soils in greater detail. settlers, friction between the two groups was inevitable. General John Sevier inflicted a severe General Nature of the Survey Area defeat on the Cherokee Indians at Body’s Creek on December 16, 1780, shortly after the Battle of King’s This section gives general information about the Mountain. The Indian lands were partially ceded by the survey area. It describes the history and economic Treaty of Dumplin Creek in 1785. After this treaty, development; physiography, geology, and drainage; settlement into the area south of the French Broad and climate. River spread rapidly. 12 Soil Survey

Sevier County has the distinction of having three extended to McCookville in 1920. Undergoing several birthdays, one in 1785 under the State of Franklin, one changes of ownership, the railroad discontinued in 1794 under the Territory South of the River Ohio, service in the 1950’s. The county did not acquire and one in 1796 under the State of Tennessee. significant industry in the 20th century until Cherokee Sevierville, which is the county seat of Sevier County Textiles Mills moved to Sevierville in 1953. In recent and almost as old as the county itself, was established years industry has been promoted by the building of in 1795. Both the county and the town were named for modern industrial parks in the Sevierville area. General John Sevier. Tourism has developed into a major industry with Topography played a major role in the settlement of the establishment of the Great Smoky Mountains the county. The northern one-third of the county is an National Park. Chapman Highway, which links the area of fertile river bottom land and gentle rolling park to Knoxville, was completed in the 1950’s. ridges. In this area, the soil is productive, rainfall is Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge have flourished to such abundant, temperatures are mild, and several creeks an extent that they have become important tourist and two rivers traverse the land. For these reasons, attractions in themselves and important employers in the northern part of the county was considered the county. excellent farmland and was naturally settled first. Beyond the rich river bottoms is the hilly middle section of the county. This area is drained by the West Physiography, Geology, and Drainage Fork, the main East Fork (also known as the Middle This section was prepared by Arthur Grant Dunn, Sevier County Prong), and the Little East Fork of the Little Pigeon Soil Scientist. River. Although this area has some good farmland, it was considered less suitable for farming. After the Sevier County lies within two Major Land Resource land in the middle hills was claimed, settlers were Areas (MLRAs). The southern two-thirds of the survey forced deeper into the Great Smoky Mountains. They area is within the Blue Ridge MLRA, and the northern first made homes along the creek bottoms and in the third is within the Southern Appalachian Ridges and coves and then on the sides of the great mountains. Valleys MLRA. These two MLRAs differ greatly in their Some of the mountain peaks are more than 6,000 feet physiographic features and geological composition. in height. The mountains are wrapped in a deep, The Blue Ridge is comprised of mountains and mysterious, blue-gray haze. The Cherokee Indians foothills and has higher elevations. It is characterized called this area the “land of the smoke.” In this area, by high relief due to past geologic uplifting, the the soil is rich along the creek beds and in the coves dissection of streams, and mass wasting on the steep where there is much flat land. Temperatures generally slopes. Within the survey area, elevations vary from are cooler, and rainfall is almost universally heavier. 4,077 feet on Cove Mountain to approximately 1,000 The most important industry in the 19th century was feet at the lower stream levels. The higher elevations gristmills, several of which flourished in the county. An are along the main part of the Great Smoky Mountains iron works was built by Isaac Love in 1817 and was in range within the park. This area has several peaks operation until the Civil War. During the Civil War, both exceeding 6,000 feet in elevation. Included among Union and Confederate troops occupied the county at these peaks is Clingman’s Dome, the highest point in different times. Economic disruption and provisioning Tennessee, at an elevation of 6,642 feet. of the armies brought on extreme privation. In post- Coves are a unique physiographic feature of the war years, the county returned to a mainly agricultural Blue Ridge. They are gently sloping to steep, concave economy. areas that are surrounded by mountains. Colluvium At the turn of the 20th century, more than half of from upland sources and alluvium from streams cover Sevier County was forested. Large oaks, hemlocks, the narrower coves. Wears Valley is a prominent chestnuts, maples, birches, white pine, ashes, broad cove in the survey area. The valley’s bottom is poplars, and cherries were abundant. Soon after 1900, composed of limestone and calcareous shale, which large northern-based commercial lumber companies are normally found within the Ridges and Valleys began buying large quantities of land and carrying on MLRA. The surrounding mountains are rock types massive timber-cutting operations until the associated with the Blue Ridge. establishment of the National Park in 1934. The underlying geology of the Blue Ridge in the Growth of industry and commerce was hampered survey area consists mainly of rocks that have been by a lack of good roads and railroads, even into the highly folded and faulted and have undergone various 20th century. The Knoxville, Sevierville, and Eastern degrees of metamorphism. These rocks are mainly Railroad (KS&E) came to Sevierville in 1909 and Precambrian in age. Although a number of geologic Sevier County Area, Tennessee 13

formations have been identified through investigations direction as the rock outcrops. The Tellico and the and mapping, they are commonly interbedded with Ottosee Shale Formations underlie the shale hill area. other rock types. The major rock types include fine- to This area has been highly dissected by streams that coarse-grained metasandstone, quartzite, have cut deep, narrow V-shaped valleys and by metasiltstone, phyllite, slate, and metagraywacke. In places where the uplands have eroded into low the lower foothills along the northern edge of the Blue rounded knobs. Ridge, the degree of metamorphism is less noticeable. The geologic characteristics of the Ridges and The rock types in this area are similar to those in the Valleys have a major influence on drainage patterns. Ridges and Valleys MLRA. They include In the limestone valley area, the karst topography conglomerate, sandstone, shale, dolomite, and produces a deranged drainage pattern, where streams limestone. They are mainly Cambrian in age. enter sinkholes and flow through subterranean The mountainous and hilly terrain of the Blue Ridge caverns. In the limestone and shale ridge and valley has been highly dissected by perennial and area, the variation in geologic resistance forms a trellis intermittent streams. The dominant drainage pattern in drainage pattern, where the main streams occupy the the Blue Ridge is dendritic. Dendritic drainage has a valleys and the minor tributaries are forced into right tree-like pattern that forms as tributaries branch and angles with the main stream channels. The shale hill branch again upstream from a main stream. This area has a dendritic drainage pattern since the pattern develops on landscapes composed of geology is relatively uniform. relatively uniform rock material. The larger streams Three major rivers drain the Ridges and Valleys— have a meandering pattern that is controlled in part by the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River, the Little variations in the bedrock geology. In the Blue Ridge, Pigeon River, and the French Broad River. The two these streams include the Little Pigeon River and the Pigeon Rivers enter the Ridges and Valleys from the West Prong of the Little Pigeon River, along with the Blue Ridge. The rivers run northwest and converge at major creeks of this province. Some of the creeks in Sevierville, then drain into the French Broad River. this province are Bird, Dudley, Dunn, Webb, Walden, The French Broad River enters the county in the and Cove Creeks. The creeks drain into the Pigeon northeastern part at the Jefferson County line. Rivers, which drain into the adjacent Ridges and Valleys MLRA. Climate The Southern Ridges and Valleys is an area of alternating parallel ridges and valleys in the Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation northwestern part of Sevier County. The alternating for the survey area as recorded at Gatlinburg, ridges and valleys parallel the strikes of the underlying Tennessee, during the period of 1971 to 2000. Table 2 folded and faulted bedrock. This area extends in a shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the northeast-southwest direction that is parallel and last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the adjacent to the Blue Ridge. The elevation of the ridges length of the growing season. is generally lower and more uniform in the Ridges and In winter, the average temperature is 38.3 degrees Valleys than in the Blue Ridge. Within the Ridges and F. The average daily minimum temperature is 26.4 Valleys, there are three distinct major physiographic degrees. The lowest temperature on record is -18, subdivisions—the limestone valley area, the limestone recorded on January 21, 1985. In summer, the and shale ridge and valley area, and the shale hill average temperature is 71.6 degrees and the average area. The limestone valley area consists of low-lying daily maximum temperature is 83.5 degrees. The ridges and valleys underlain by dolomitic limestone of highest temperature ever recorded is 106, which the Knox Group. The relief is generally rolling to hilly. occurred on June 30, 1936. This area is characterized by karst topography— Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They hummocky landscapes with sinkholes. This are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, topography develops in limestone regions that have a growing degree days accumulate by the amount that humid climate. The limestone and shale ridge and the average temperature each day exceeds a base valley area consists of a series of parallel low ridges temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly and broad valleys. It is underlain by folded, accumulation is used to schedule single or successive interbedded shale, sandstone, and limestone of the plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring Conasauga Group and the Rome Formation. The and the first freeze in fall. different rocks outcrop in layers trending in a The average annual total precipitation is somewhat northeast-southwest direction. The ridges, major variable across the county. At Gatlinburg, about 57.15 streams, and many of the roads follow the same inches falls in a typical year. In general, precipitation is 14 Soil Survey

lowest over the northernmost parts of the county, miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind where between 40 and 45 inches of precipitation falls. of landform or with a segment of the landform. By To the south precipitation increases, and the observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the foothills of the Great Smokies receive between 55 and survey area and relating their position to specific 65 inches of precipitation annually. Of these amounts, segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a around 50 percent usually falls in May through concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, October, which is the growing season for most crops during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist in most of the county. The heaviest 1-day amount of to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the precipitation at Gatlinburg during the period of record kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location was 5.34 inches, recorded on July 26, 1943. on the landscape. Thunderstorms occur on about 47 days each year, Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge and most occur between May and August. into one another as their characteristics gradually The average seasonal snowfall also is quite change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, variable across the county and is dependent on soil scientists must determine the boundaries between elevation. The mean annual snowfall is 9.3 inches at the soils. They can observe only a limited number of Gatlinburg. The foothills of the Smokies receive soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, between 10 and 20 inches annually. At Gatlinburg, the supplemented by an understanding of the soil- greatest snow depth at any one time during the period vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to of record was 16 inches, recorded on March 3, 1942. verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to On average, at Gatlinburg about 4 days per year have determine the boundaries. at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. In the foothills, 5 Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the to 20 days per year is normal. The heaviest 1-day soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, snowfall on record was 16.0 inches, recorded on texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and March 13, 1993. amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, The average relative humidity in midafternoon is reaction, and other features that enable them to about 59 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey average at dawn is about 86 percent. The sun shines area and determining their properties, the soil 64 percent of the time possible in summer and 42 scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each northeast. Average windspeed is highest, between 8 taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with and 9 miles per hour, from January to April. precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. How This Survey Was Made Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind This survey was made to provide information about and character of soil properties and the arrangement the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists The information includes a description of the soils and classified and named the soils in the survey area, they miscellaneous areas and their location and a compared the individual soils with similar soils in the discussion of their suitability, limitations, and same taxonomic class in other areas so that they management for specified uses. Soil scientists could confirm data and assemble additional data observed the steepness, length, and shape of the based on experience and research. slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. of the soils in the area generally are collected for They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. scientists interpret the data from these analyses and The profile extends from the surface down into the tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The the soil properties to determine the expected behavior unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all living organisms and has not been changed by other of the soils are field tested through observation of the biological activity. soils in different uses and under different levels of The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey management. Some interpretations are modified to fit area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the local conditions, and some new interpretations are geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and from other sources, such as research information, Sevier County Area, Tennessee 15

production records, and field experience of specialists. After soil scientists located and identified the For example, data on crop yields under defined levels significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, of management are assembled from farm records and they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of photographs and identified each as a specific map soil. unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, Predictions about soil behavior are based not only roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating on soil properties but also on such variables as boundaries accurately. climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are The descriptions, names, and delineations of the predictable over long periods of time, but they are not soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those predictable from year to year. For example, soil of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of within certain depths in most years, but they cannot mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey predict that a high water table will always be at a areas. specific level in the soil on a specific date.

17

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map shows broad areas that have Minor soils (including Etowah, Waynesboro, Talbott, a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each and Steadman): 5 to 15 percent map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural Soil Characteristics landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major Decatur soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or Surface layer: Dark reddish brown silt loam miscellaneous areas. The components of one map Subsoil: Dark reddish brown clay unit can occur in another but in a different pattern. Slope range: 2 to 25 percent The general soil map can be used to compare the Drainage class: Well drained suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Landform position: Summits and side slopes Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can Dewey be identified. Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable Surface layer: Dark reddish brown silt loam for planning the management of a farm or field or for Subsurface layer: Reddish brown clay loam selecting a site for a road or building or other Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; lower part—red and structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from dark red clay place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other Slope range: 2 to 25 percent characteristics that affect management. Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Soil Descriptions Landform position: Summits and side slopes Fullerton 1. Decatur-Dewey-Fullerton Surface layer: Brown gravelly silt loam Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown gravelly silt loam Gently sloping to steep, well drained, very deep soils Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red gravelly clay; lower that have clayey subsoils; formed in residuum from part—red gravelly clay limestone, in old alluvium overlying residuum from Slope range: 5 to 60 percent limestone, and in residuum weathered from cherty Drainage class: Well drained dolomite Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Setting Use and Management Location in the survey area: Mostly in the northwestern part; north of Boyds Creek and the Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and cultivated crops French Broad River and in a broad valley north of Cropland Shields and English Mountains Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and Landform: High stream terraces and upland ridges soil fertility Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Pasture and hayland Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 6 percent Management concerns: Slope and soil fertility Composition Woodland Decatur soils: 50 to 55 percent Dewey soils: 20 to 25 percent Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Fullerton soils: 10 to 15 percent use, and plant competition 18 Soil Survey

Urban development Underlying material: Yellowish brown silt loam that has light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and Management concerns: Slope, restricted permeability yellowish brown masses of iron concentration in the subsoil, shrink-swell potential, and low Slope range: 0 to 3 percent strength Drainage class: Moderately well drained Seasonal high water table: At a depth of 24 to 36 2. Nonaburg-Steadman-Whitesburg inches Flooding: Occasional Nearly level to steep, well drained and moderately well Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches drained, shallow to very deep soils that have clayey or Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes loamy subsoils; formed in residuum weathered from Whitesburg calcareous shale and in alluvium washed from materials weathered from mixed sedimentary and Surface layer: Brown silt loam metamorphic rocks and calcareous shale Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay loam that has pale Setting brown and strong brown masses of iron concentration Location in the survey area: Mostly in the north-central Underlying material: Yellowish brown silty clay loam part; south of Boyds Creek and the French Broad that has light brownish gray masses of iron River; dissecting the survey area in a southwest- depletion and yellowish brown masses of iron northeast direction concentration Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Bedrock: Soft calcareous shale Landform: Upland ridges and adjacent flood plains and Slope range: 1 to 5 percent drainageways Drainage class: Moderately well drained Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Seasonal high water table: At a depth of 24 to 48 Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 30 inches percent Flooding: Occasional Composition Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Landform position: Linear slopes of drainageways Nonaburg soils: 50 to 55 percent Steadman soils: 20 to 25 percent Use and Management Whitesburg soils: 15 to 20 percent Minor soils (including Townley, Leadvale, Muse, and Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland Dunning): 5 to 15 percent Cropland Soil Characteristics Management concerns: Nonaburg—hazard of erosion, shallow root zone, depth to bedrock, low available Nonaburg water capacity, and soil fertility; Steadman and Surface layer: Brown channery silt loam Whitesburg—flooding and wetness Subsurface layer: Strong brown channery silt loam Pasture and hayland Subsoil: Strong brown channery silty clay Bedrock: Upper part—soft fractured calcareous shale; Management concerns: Nonaburg—slope, equipment lower part—hard calcareous shale use, and soil fertility; Steadman and Whitesburg— Slope range: 5 to 60 percent flooding and equipment use Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches Landform position: Ridge summits and side slopes Management concerns: Nonaburg—equipment use, seedling mortality, and windthrow hazard; Steadman Steadman and Whitesburg—plant competition Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam Urban development Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; lower part—yellowish brown silt loam that has brownish Management concerns: Nonaburg—slope, depth to gray masses of iron depletion and yellowish brown bedrock, and shrink-swell potential; Steadman masses of iron concentration and Whitesburg—flooding and wetness Sevier County Area, Tennessee 19

3. Townley-Talbott-Muskingum Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Gently sloping to steep, well drained, moderately deep Use and Management soils that have loamy or clayey subsoils; formed in residuum weathered from shale, siltstone, limestone, Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland or sandstone Cropland Setting Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and soil fertility Location in the survey area: Mostly in the northwestern part, including Whittle Mountain and Pasture and hayland Bays Mountain along the Knox County line, in the Management concerns: Slope, equipment use, low Kodak area, and northwest of Poor Valley available water capacity, and soil fertility Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: Ridges Woodland Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 5 percent use, seedling mortality, and windthrow hazard Composition Urban development Townley soils: 50 to 55 percent Management concerns: Townley—slope, depth to Talbott soils: 15 to 20 percent bedrock, restricted permeability, and shrink-swell Muskingum soils: 10 to 15 percent potential; Talbott and Muskingum—slope and Minor inclusions (including Chiswell, Dewey, and depth to bedrock Steadman soils and Rock outcrop): 10 to 20 percent 4. Sequatchie-Staser-Combs Soil Characteristics Nearly level, well drained, very deep soils that have Townley loamy subsoils; formed in alluvium from materials Surface layer: Brown silt loam weathered from mixed sedimentary and metamorphic Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown and yellowish red rocks; along low stream terraces and flood plains of clay major streams Bedrock: Soft, fractured shale Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Setting Drainage class: Well drained Location in the survey area: Along the West and Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Middle Forks of the Little Pigeon River and along Landform position: Summits and side slopes the Little Pigeon, Pigeon, and French Broad Talbott Rivers Landscape: Ridges and Valleys (fig. 2) Surface layer: Brown silty clay loam Landform: Low stream terraces and flood plains of Subsoil: Yellowish red clay major streams Bedrock: Hard limestone Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Slope range: 10 to 60 percent Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 3 percent Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Composition Landform position: Summits and side slopes Sequatchie soils: 50 to 55 percent Muskingum Staser soils: 15 to 20 percent Combs soils: 10 to 15 percent Surface layer: Brown channery loam Minor soils (including Dunning, Steadman, Holston, Subsoil: Upper part—brown channery loam; lower Leadvale, and Waynesboro): 5 to 15 percent part—brown loam Underlying material: Brown channery loam Soil Characteristics Bedrock: Soft, fractured fine-grained sandstone Sequatchie Slope range: 25 to 60 percent Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer: Dark brown loam 20 Soil Survey

Figure 2.—Typical landscape of the Sequatchie-Staser-Combs general soil map unit. Nonaburg soils are in the background.

Subsurface layer: Brown loam Seasonal high water table: At a depth of 36 to 48 Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown clay loam; lower inches part—strong brown loam Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Underlying material: Strong brown sandy loam Landform position: Linear slopes of broad flood plains Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Drainage class: Well drained Combs Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than 72 Surface layer: Dark brown loam inches Subsurface layer: Very dark grayish brown sandy Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches loam Landform position: Linear slopes of low stream Subsoil: Dark yellowish brown sandy loam terraces Underlying material: Dark yellowish brown sandy loam Staser Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer: Dark brown loam Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than 60 Subsurface layer: Very dark grayish brown and dark inches brown loam Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Subsoil: Upper part—brown loam; lower part—dark Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes of yellowish brown fine sandy loam broad flood plains Underlying material: Dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Use and Management Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Well drained Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and row crops Sevier County Area, Tennessee 21

Cropland Subsoil: Upper part—brown and strong brown very cobbly clay loam; lower part—strong brown and Management concerns: Flooding and soil fertility yellowish brown very cobbly loam Pasture and hayland Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Flooding and soil fertility Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Woodland Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes of colluvial fans Management concerns: Plant competition Lonon Urban development Surface layer: Brown gravelly loam Management concerns: Flooding Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown gravelly loam Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay loam; middle 5. Braddock-Lostcove-Lonon part—yellowish red gravelly clay loam; lower part—yellowish red gravelly loam Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained, very Slope range: 2 to 25 percent deep soils that have clayey or loamy subsoils; formed Drainage class: Well drained in colluvium and alluvium from materials weathered Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches from metasedimentary rocks Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes of colluvial or alluvial fans Setting Use and Management Location in the survey area: Mostly in the southern half; south and east of Webb Mountain in the Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland, and some Rocky Flats area, south of Bluff Mountain, north of cultivated crops English Mountain, and in the Wear Cove area Cropland Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: High stream terraces and colluvial or Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and alluvial fans at the base of mountains and in coves soil fertility Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Pasture and hayland Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 5 percent Management concerns: Slope, equipment use, and Composition soil fertility Braddock soils: 50 to 55 percent Woodland Lostcove soils: 20 to 25 percent Lonon soils: 10 to 15 percent Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Minor soils (including Northcove, Ditney, Junaluska, use, seedling mortality, and plant competition Soco, Cataska, Unicoi, Pope, and Steadman): 5 to Urban development 20 percent Management concerns: Braddock and Lonon—slope Soil Characteristics and restricted permeability; Lostcove—slope, Braddock restricted permeability, and boulders and stones on the surface Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown loam Subsurface layer: Strong brown gravelly clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—red gravelly clay; lower part— red clay 6. Cataska-Unicoi-Ditney Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Moderately steep to very steep, well drained and Drainage class: Well drained excessively drained, shallow and moderately deep Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches soils that have loamy subsoils; formed in residuum Landform position: Summits, side slopes, and weathered from metasedimentary rocks footslopes of stream terraces and colluvial fans Lostcove Setting Surface layer: Brown very cobbly loam Location in the survey area: Mostly in the southern 22 Soil Survey

half; aligned in an area along Hatcher, Pine, Cropland Shields, and Dixon Mountains Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and Landscape: Blue Ridge depth to bedrock Landform: Ridges Slope range: 12 to 80 percent Pasture and hayland Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 12 Management concerns: Slope and equipment use percent Woodland Composition Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Cataska soils: 50 to 55 percent use, seedling mortality, and windthrow hazard Unicoi soils: 20 to 25 percent Ditney soils: 10 to 15 percent Urban development Minor inclusions (including Junaluska, Soco, Management concerns: Slope and depth to bedrock Braddock, Lonon, Northcove, Pope, and Steadman soils and Rock outcrop): 5 to 20 percent 7. Unicoi-Northcove-Ditney Soil Characteristics Moderately steep to very steep, well drained and Cataska excessively drained, shallow to very deep soils that have loamy subsoils; formed in residuum and Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt colluvium from metasedimentary rocks loam Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very channery Setting silt loam; lower part—dark yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam Location in the survey area: In the southern half; on Bedrock: Soft, fractured metasiltstone Chilhowee, Webb, Cove, and English Mountains Slope range: 12 to 80 percent Landscape: Blue Ridge Drainage class: Excessively drained Landform: Upland ridges and colluvial fans and coves Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Slope range: 12 to 80 percent Landform position: Summits and side slopes Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 8 percent Unicoi Composition Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown gravelly sandy Unicoi soils: 50 to 55 percent loam Northcove soils: 20 to 25 percent Subsoil: Yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam Ditney soils: 10 to 15 percent Bedrock: Hard, fractured metasandstone Minor inclusions (including Soco, Cataska, Junaluska, Slope range: 30 to 80 percent and Lostcove soils and Rock outcrop): 5 to 20 Drainage class: Excessively drained percent Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Soil Characteristics Ditney Unicoi Surface layer: Brown sandy loam Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown gravelly sandy Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam loam Subsoil: Yellowish brown and strong brown sandy Subsoil: Yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam loam Bedrock: Hard, fractured metasandstone Underlying material: Strong brown sandy loam Slope range: 30 to 80 percent Bedrock: Hard metasandstone Drainage class: Excessively drained Slope range: 12 to 80 percent Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Landform position: Summits and side slopes of upland Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches ridges Landform position: Summits and side slopes Northcove Use and Management Surface layer: Dark brown stony sandy loam Major Uses: Woodland Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown very Sevier County Area, Tennessee 23

cobbly sandy loam; middle part—yellowish brown Slope range: 12 to 80 percent very cobbly loam; lower part—yellowish brown Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 26 extremely cobbly loam percent Slope range: 35 to 50 percent Composition Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Cataska soils: 50 to 55 percent Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes of Junaluska soils: 20 to 25 percent colluvial fans and coves Sylco soils: 10 to 15 percent Minor soils (including Ditney, Soco, Unicoi, and Ditney Steadman): 5 to 20 percent Surface layer: Brown sandy loam Soil Characteristics Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam Subsoil: Yellowish brown and strong brown sandy Cataska loam Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt Underlying material: Strong brown sandy loam loam Bedrock: Hard metasandstone Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very channery Slope range: 12 to 80 percent silt loam; lower part—dark yellowish brown Drainage class: Well drained extremely channery silt loam Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Bedrock: Soft, fractured metasiltstone Landform position: Summits and side slopes of upland Slope range: 12 to 80 percent ridges Drainage class: Excessively drained Use and Management Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Major Uses: Woodland Junaluska Cropland Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown silty clay loam; depth to bedrock lower part—strong brown and yellowish red Pasture and hayland channery silty clay loam Bedrock: Soft, fractured metasiltstone Management concerns: Slope and equipment use Slope range: 12 to 25 percent Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Landform position: Summits and side slopes use, seedling mortality, and windthrow hazard Sylco Urban development Surface layer: Yellowish brown channery silt loam Management concerns: Unicoi and Ditney—slope and Subsoil: Strong brown very channery silt loam depth to bedrock; Northcove—slope, depth to Soft bedrock: Soft, fractured metasiltstone bedrock, and boulders and stones on the surface Hard bedrock: Hard metasiltstone Slope range: 25 to 80 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 8. Cataska-Junaluska-Sylco Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Moderately steep to very steep, well drained and excessively drained, shallow and moderately deep Use and Management soils that have loamy subsoils; formed in residuum Major Uses: Woodland from metasedimentary rocks Cropland Setting Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and Location in the survey area: On most of the mountains depth to bedrock in the southern half Pasture and hayland Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Management concerns: Slope and equipment use 24

Woodland Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown loam Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown and strong Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment brown clay loam; lower part—strong brown and use, seedling mortality, and windthrow hazard yellowish red clay Urban development Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Slope and depth to bedrock Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes of high 9. Waynesboro-Holston-Dunning stream terraces Dunning Nearly level to moderately steep, well drained and poorly drained, very deep soils that have loamy or Surface layer: Very dark gray silty clay loam clayey subsoils; formed in old alluvium on stream Subsoil: Dark gray clay that has strong brown and terraces and in recent alluvium on flood plains yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Underlying material: Dark gray gravelly clay that has Setting yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Location in the survey area: In major river bends on Drainage class: Poorly drained the south side of the French Broad River and Seasonal high water table: From the surface to a along the Little Pigeon River and its tributaries depth of 6 inches Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform: High stream terraces and narrow Landform position: Linear slopes and depressions of drainageways flood plains Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 5 percent Use and Management Composition Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, and row crops Waynesboro soils: 50 to 55 percent Cropland Holston soils: 20 to 25 percent Management concerns: Waynesboro and Holston— Dunning soils: 10 to 15 percent hazard of erosion and slope; Dunning—flooding Minor soils (including Dewey, Fullerton, Etowah, and wetness Leadvale, Combs, Sequatchie, and Staser): 5 to 20 percent Pasture and hayland Soil Characteristics Management concerns: Waynesboro and Holston— slope and equipment use; Dunning—flooding and Waynesboro wetness Surface layer: Brown loam Woodland Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; middle part—dark red clay; lower part—dark red gravelly clay Management concerns: Waynesboro and Holston— Slope range: 2 to 25 percent hazard of erosion and equipment use; Dunning— Drainage class: Well drained equipment use, seedling mortality, windthrow Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches hazard, and plant competition Landform position: Summits and side slopes of high Urban development stream terraces Management concerns: Waynesboro and Holston— Holston slope and restricted permeability; Dunning— Surface layer: Brown loam flooding and wetness 25

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the complex that it was impractical to make enough survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section, observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous along with the maps, can be used to determine the areas on the landscape. suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They The presence of included areas in a map unit in no also can be used to plan the management needed for way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the those uses. More information about each map unit is data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure given under the heading “Use and Management of the taxonomic classes but rather to separate the Soils.” landscape into landforms or landform segments that A map unit delineation on a map represents an area have similar use and management requirements. The dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or delineation of such segments on the map provides miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and sufficient information for the development of resource named according to the taxonomic classification of the plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for soils and miscellaneous areas. the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic general facts about the unit and gives the principal variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of hazards and limitations to be considered in planning some observed properties may extend beyond the for specific uses. limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and and arrangement. some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of Most included soils have properties similar to those erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus On the basis of such differences, a soil series is they do not affect use and management. These are divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, that affects use or management. For example, Etowah however, have properties and behavioral loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, is a phase of the Etowah characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to series. require different management. These are called Some map units are made up of two or more major contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are are in small areas and could not be mapped complexes. A complex consists of two or more soils or separately because of the scale used. Some small miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous such small areas that they cannot be shown areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of The included areas of contrasting soils or the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit in all areas. Junaluska-Cataska complex, 12 to 25 descriptions. A few included areas may not have been percent slopes, is an example. observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such 26 Soil Survey

areas have little or no soil material and support little or Use and Management no vegetation. Urban land is an example. Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent Cropland of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the Suitability: Well suited soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for Management measures and considerations: many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Soil Descriptions tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. BrB2—Braddock loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded Pasture and hayland Suitability: Well suited Setting Management measures and considerations: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landscape: Blue Ridge grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform: High stream terraces schedule are important management practices. Landform position: Summits and footslopes • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated recommendations helps to increase the availability of Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Braddock soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Drainage class: Well drained • See table 7 for specific information concerning Permeability: Moderate potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Available water capacity: Moderate or high Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Urban development inches Suitability: Moderately suited Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches careful planning and design of septic tank absorption fields may be required. Typical Profile • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements Surface layer: helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown loam swelling. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Subsurface layer: local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil 5 to 11 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam strength. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 11 to 34 inches—red gravelly clay 34 to 60 inches—red clay Land capability classification: 2e Minor Soils Similar soils: BrC2—Braddock loam, 5 to 12 percent • Intermingled areas of Lonon soils slopes, eroded • Intermingled areas of Braddock soils that have widely scattered stones on the surface Setting Dissimilar soils: Landscape: Blue Ridge • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils Landform: High stream terraces and colluvial fans Sevier County Area, Tennessee 27

Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Braddock soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent schedule are important management practices. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability: Well suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Flooding: None competition from undesirable species. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • See table 7 for specific information concerning Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Typical Profile Urban development Surface layer: Suitability: Moderately suited 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Management measures and considerations: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Subsurface layer: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption 5 to 11 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam fields may be required. Subsoil: • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements 11 to 34 inches—red gravelly clay helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and 34 to 60 inches—red clay swelling. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Minor Soils local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Similar soils: • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Intermingled areas of Lonon soils to minimize the damage from surface water and • Intermingled areas of Braddock soils that have prevent erosion. widely scattered stones on the surface Interpretive Group Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils Land capability classification: 3e

Use and Management BrD2—Braddock loam, 12 to 25 percent Cropland slopes, eroded Suitability: Moderately suited Setting Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when Landscape: Blue Ridge conventional tillage is used. Landform: High stream terraces and colluvial fans • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Landform position: Side slopes and footslopes contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres tilth. Composition • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Braddock soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Pasture and hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for pasture: Well suited Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Drainage class: Well drained 28 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderate recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Moderate or high nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Woodland inches Flooding: None Suitability: Moderately suited Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Typical Profile and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Surface layer: vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown loam used. Subsurface layer: • The slope generally limits only the use of large 5 to 11 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short enough that the use of conventional equipment is Subsoil: possible. 11 to 34 inches—red gravelly clay • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by 34 to 60 inches—red clay increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower Minor Soils moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Similar soils: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Intermingled areas of Lonon soils competition from undesirable species. • Intermingled areas of Braddock soils that have • See table 7 for specific information concerning widely scattered stones on the surface potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils Suitability: Poorly suited Use and Management Management measures and considerations: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Cropland • Designing structures and septic tank absorption fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Suitability: Poorly suited building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Management measures and considerations: performance. • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main • Constructing roads on the contour and providing limitations affecting cultivated crops. adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • The potential for erosion is greater when help to maintain road stability. conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Interpretive Group contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Land capability classification: 4e control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, CaD—Cataska channery silt loam, 12 to grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. 25 percent slopes Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landscape: Blue Ridge Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform position: Summits and side slopes hay crops. Shape of areas: Irregular • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Cataska soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Sevier County Area, Tennessee 29

Soil Properties and Qualities recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Woodland Available water capacity: Very low Suitability: Moderately suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Flooding: None roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Typical Profile vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Surface layer: • The slope generally limits only the use of large 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short loam enough that the use of conventional equipment is Subsoil: possible. 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the loam limited rooting depth and very low available water 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely capacity. Available moisture may be further reduced channery silt loam on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Bedrock: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Minor Soils applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments throughout than the Cataska soil Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Sylco soils Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe a depth of more than 40 inches limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Use and Management • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Cropland fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Suitability: Unsuited performance. Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields. the hazard of erosion, the slope, the shallow rooting These limitations are difficult and expensive to zone, the depth to bedrock, and the very low available overcome. water capacity. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Pasture and hayland adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Land capability classification: 7s hayland due to the shallow rooting depth and very low available water capacity. • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting CaE—Cataska channery silt loam, 25 to hay crops. 80 percent slopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Setting schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landscape: Blue Ridge 30 Soil Survey

Landform: Ridges Pasture and hayland Landform position: Side slopes Suitability: Poorly suited Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland because of the slope, shallow rooting depth, Composition and very low available water capacity. Cataska soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Soil Properties and Qualities grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Excessively drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Very low nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Woodland Flooding: None Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Suitability: Poorly suited Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Typical Profile minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water quality. Surface layer: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent loam access roads through the use of gravel, installing Subsoil: water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and loam reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely are no longer used. channery silt loam • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional equipment. Bedrock: • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done by hand. Minor Soils • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Similar soils: limited rooting depth and very low available water • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock capacity. Available moisture may be further reduced fragments throughout than the Cataska soil on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Dissimilar soils: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the • Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Sylco soils limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at applying a carefully regulated thinning program. a depth of more than 40 inches • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Use and Management Urban development Cropland Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are the hazard of erosion, the slope, the shallow rooting difficult and expensive to overcome. zone, the depth to bedrock, and the very low available Interpretive Group water capacity. Land capability classification: 7s Sevier County Area, Tennessee 31

CcE—Cataska-Sylco complex, 25 to 80 Minor Soils percent slopes Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Setting fragments throughout than the Cataska and Sylco soils Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Dissimilar soils: Landform position: Summits and side slopes • Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils Shape of areas: Irregular • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres a depth of more than 40 inches Composition Use and Management Cataska soil and similar soils: 40 to 50 percent Cropland Sylco soil and similar soils: 35 to 45 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the slope, the shallow rooting Drainage class: Cataska—excessively drained; zone, the depth to bedrock, and the very low or low Sylco—somewhat excessively drained available water capacity. Permeability: Cataska—moderately rapid or rapid; Sylco—moderately rapid Pasture and hayland Available water capacity: Cataska—very low; Sylco— Suitability: Poorly suited low Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • These soils are difficult to manage for pasture and inches hayland because of the slope, shallow rooting depth, Flooding: None and very low or low available water capacity. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Depth to bedrock: Cataska—10 to 20 inches; Sylco— hay crops. 20 to 40 inches • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Typical Profile grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Cataska • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Surface layer: recommendations helps to increase the availability of 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt nutrients and maximize productivity. loam Woodland Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt Management measures and considerations: loam • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water channery silt loam quality. Bedrock: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent access roads through the use of gravel, installing Sylco water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Surface layer: minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and 0 to 2 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Subsoil: • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional 2 to 25 inches—strong brown very channery silt loam equipment. Bedrock: • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas 25 to 33 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done 33 inches—hard metasiltstone by hand. 32 Soil Survey

• Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Subsoil: limited rooting depth and very low or low available 23 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam water capacity. Available moisture may be further Underlying material: reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement 48 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Minor Soils • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Similar soils: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by • Sequatchie soils on adjacent stream terraces applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • Scattered areas of Etowah and Holston soils on • See table 7 for specific information concerning adjacent high terraces potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: Urban development • Moderately well drained and poorly drained soils in Suitability: Poorly suited the slightly concave landform positions Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe Use and Management limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 7s • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Pasture and hayland Co—Combs loam, rarely flooded Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • There is a potential for hay crop damage from Landscape: Ridges and Valleys flooding. Landform: Broad flood plains • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Shape of areas: Elongated schedule are important management practices. Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Slope range: 0 to 2 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Combs soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • This soil has few limitations affecting forest management. Drainage class: Well drained • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Permeability: Moderately rapid competition from undesirable species. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • See table 7 for specific information concerning Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. inches Flooding: Rare Urban development Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral Suitability: Unsuited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management measures and considerations: • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Typical Profile This limitation is difficult and expensive to overcome. A Surface layer: site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. 0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam Interpretive Group Subsurface layer: 11 to 23 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam Land capability classification: 2w Sevier County Area, Tennessee 33

DcB2—Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent Management measures and considerations: slopes, eroded • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Setting • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landscape: Ridges and Valleys recommendations helps to increase the availability of Landform: High stream terraces and upland ridges nutrients and maximize productivity. Landform position: Summits Woodland Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Decatur soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent management. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Soil Properties and Qualities • See table 7 for specific information concerning Drainage class: Well drained potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Permeability: Moderate Urban development Available water capacity: Moderate or high Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Moderately suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches fields may be required. • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements Typical Profile helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and Surface layer: swelling. 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Subsoil: strength. 8 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown clay Interpretive Group Minor Soils Land capability classification: 2e Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Dewey, Etowah, and Fullerton soils DcC2—Decatur silt loam, 5 to 12 percent Dissimilar soils: slopes, eroded • Narrow areas of Steadman and Sequatchie soils along drainageways and in depressions Setting Use and Management Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: High stream terraces and upland ridges Cropland Landform position: Summits and side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Well suited Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Composition contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Decatur soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Soil Properties and Qualities grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Drainage class: Well drained Pasture and hayland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high 34 Soil Survey

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant inches competition from undesirable species. Flooding: None • See table 7 for specific information concerning Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Moderately suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Subsoil: fields may be required. 8 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown clay • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements Minor Soils helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Similar soils: • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for • Intermingled areas of Dewey, Etowah, and Fullerton local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil soils strength. Dissimilar soils: • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Narrow areas of Steadman and Sequatchie soils to minimize the damage from surface water and along drainageways and in depressions prevent erosion. Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 3e Cropland Suitability: Moderately suited DcD2—Decatur silt loam, 12 to 25 percent Management measures and considerations: slopes, eroded • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Setting • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Landscape: Ridges and Valleys control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landform: High stream terraces and upland ridges tilth. Landform position: Side slopes • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Shape of areas: Irregular grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability for pasture: Well suited Decatur soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Soil Properties and Qualities equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Drainage class: Well drained grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Permeability: Moderate schedule are important management practices. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 recommendations helps to increase the availability of inches nutrients and maximize productivity. Flooding: None Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Woodland Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Well suited Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Surface layer: management. 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam Sevier County Area, Tennessee 35

Subsoil: enough that the use of conventional equipment is 8 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown clay possible. • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Minor Soils increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower Similar soils: moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be • Intermingled areas of Dewey, Etowah, and Fullerton made until a desired stand is attained. soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Dissimilar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Narrow areas of Steadman and Sequatchie soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. along drainageways and in depressions • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrop at Urban development the base of slopes Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Cropland fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Suitability: Poorly suited building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Management measures and considerations: performance. • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main • Constructing roads on the contour and providing limitations affecting cultivated crops. adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • The potential for erosion is greater when help to maintain road stability. conventional tillage is used. Interpretive Group • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Land capability classification: 4e control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, DeB2—Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. slopes, eroded

Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Summits • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular hay crops. Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Dewey soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Moderately suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating inches roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Flooding: None and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Typical Profile used. • The slope generally limits only the use of large Surface layer: specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam 36 Soil Survey

Subsurface layer: • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements 8 to 20 inches—reddish brown clay loam helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Subsoil: • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for 20 to 31 inches—red clay local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil 31 to 60 inches—red and dark red clay strength. Minor Soils Interpretive Group Similar soils: Land capability classification: 2e • Intermingled areas of Decatur, Etowah, and Fullerton soils Dissimilar soils: DeC2—Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent • Narrow areas of Steadman and Sequatchie soils slopes, eroded along drainageways and in depressions Setting Use and Management Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Cropland Landform: Ridges Landform position: Summits and side slopes Suitability: Well suited Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Composition control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Dewey soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent tilth. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Flooding: None schedule are important management practices. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Typical Profile Woodland Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Subsurface layer: • This soil has few limitations affecting forest 8 to 20 inches—reddish brown clay loam management. Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 20 to 31 inches—red clay competition from undesirable species. 31 to 60 inches—red and dark red clay • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Decatur, Etowah, and Suitability: Moderately suited Fullerton soils Management measures and considerations: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Dissimilar soils: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption • Narrow areas of Steadman and Sequatchie soils fields may be required. along drainageways and in depressions Sevier County Area, Tennessee 37

Use and Management Interpretive Group Land capability classification: 3e Cropland Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: DeD2—Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent • The potential for erosion is greater when slopes, eroded conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Setting contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Landscape: Ridges and Valleys control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landform: Ridges tilth. Landform position: Side slopes • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Shape of areas: Irregular grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability for pasture: Well suited Dewey soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Drainage class: Well drained • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Permeability: Moderate grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Available water capacity: Moderate or high schedule are important management practices. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of Flooding: None nutrients and maximize productivity. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Woodland Typical Profile Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • This soil has few limitations affecting forest 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam management. Subsurface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 8 to 20 inches—reddish brown clay loam competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 20 to 31 inches—red clay 31 to 60 inches—red and dark red clay Urban development Minor Soils Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the • Intermingled areas of Decatur, Etowah, and careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Fullerton soils fields may be required. Dissimilar soils: • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements • Narrow areas of Steadman and Sequatchie soils helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and along drainageways and in depressions swelling. • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrop at • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for the base of slopes local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Use and Management • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Cropland to minimize the damage from surface water and prevent erosion. Suitability: Poorly suited 38 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main performance. limitations affecting cultivated crops. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • The potential for erosion is greater when adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, conventional tillage is used. help to maintain road stability. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Interpretive Group contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Land capability classification: 4e tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. DhD—Ditney sandy loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Setting Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landscape: Blue Ridge Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform position: Summits and side slopes hay crops. Shape of areas: Irregular • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Size of areas: 10 to 90 acres grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Composition • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Ditney soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Moderately suited Permeability: Moderately rapid Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Low or moderate • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks inches and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Flooding: None disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches used. Typical Profile • The slope generally limits only the use of large specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short Surface layer: enough that the use of conventional equipment is 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam possible. Subsurface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by 4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be Subsoil: made until a desired stand is attained. 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant sandy loam competition from undesirable species. Underlying material: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 29 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Bedrock: Urban development 36 inches—hard metasandstone Suitability: Poorly suited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Similar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Soco soils fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock fragments throughout than the Ditney soil Sevier County Area, Tennessee 39

Dissimilar soils: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Intermingled areas of Unicoi soils competition from undesirable species. • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Use and Management Urban development Cropland Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main • Designing structures and septic tank absorption limitations affecting cultivated crops. fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • The potential for erosion is greater when building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil conventional tillage is used. performance. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Constructing roads on the contour and providing contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil help to maintain road stability. tilth. Interpretive Group • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Land capability classification: 6e Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Du—Dunning silty clay loam, Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited occasionally flooded Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Setting hay crops. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform: Flood plains grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform position: Linear slopes and depressions schedule are important management practices. Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres recommendations helps to increase the availability of Slope range: 0 to 2 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Dunning soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Suitability: Moderately suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Management measures and considerations: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Soil Properties and Qualities roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Drainage class: Poorly drained and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Permeability: Slow disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Available water capacity: High vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Depth to seasonal high water table: 0 to 6 inches from used. December to May • The slope generally limits only the use of large Flooding: Occasional specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline enough that the use of conventional equipment is Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches possible. • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Typical Profile increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower Surface layer: moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be 0 to 12 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam made until a desired stand is attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Subsoil: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 12 to 34 inches—dark gray clay that has strong brown applying a carefully regulated thinning program. and yellowish brown masses of iron concentration 40 Soil Survey

Underlying material: wetness. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a 34 to 60 inches—dark gray gravelly clay that has desired stand is attained. yellowish brown masses of iron concentration • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of soil wetness. This hazard may be reduced by applying Minor Soils a carefully regulated thinning program. Similar soils: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Intermingled areas of soils that have a lighter competition from undesirable species. colored surface layer than the Dunning soil • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Dunning soils that have a potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. buried surface layer Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Leadvale soils Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils • Flooding and wetness are severe limitations • Intermingled areas of somewhat poorly drained soils affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to Use and Management flooding and wetness should be selected. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability classification: 3w Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are wetness and flooding. • Wetness delays planting and hinders harvesting Dv—Dunning silt loam, overwash, operations in most years. occasionally flooded • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability: Moderately suited Landform: Flood plains Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear slopes and depressions • The main limitations affecting pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Oval or irregular are wetness and flooding. Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Slope range: 0 to 2 percent soil compaction and loss of productivity. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Dunning soil and similar soils: 80 to 90 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 10 to 20 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Slow Suitability: Poorly suited Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: 0 to 12 inches • The use of equipment is severely limited by soil from December to May wetness and the surface texture. Excessive soil Flooding: Occasional damage caused by rutting and miring occurs when the Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline soil is wet. Forestry operations should be planned for Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches drier times of the year. Where possible, roads should be located on nearby soils that are better suited to Typical Profile roads. • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by soil Surface layer: wetness. Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can 0 to 3 inches—dark brown silt loam be planted on ridges helps to overcome the soil 3 to 11 inches—brown silt loam Sevier County Area, Tennessee 41

Buried surface layer: occurs when the soil is wet. Forestry operations 11 to 20 inches—dark grayish brown clay that has should be planned for drier times of the year. Where strong brown masses of iron concentration possible, roads should be located on nearby soils that are better suited to roads. Subsoil: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by soil 20 to 29 inches—very dark grayish brown clay that wetness. Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can has yellowish brown masses of iron concentration be planted on ridges helps to overcome the wetness 29 to 40 inches—grayish brown clay that has limitation. Reinforcement plantings can be made until yellowish brown masses of iron concentration a desired stand is attained. Underlying material: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of 40 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay that has soil wetness. This hazard may be reduced by applying yellowish brown masses of iron concentration a carefully regulated thinning program. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have a lighter potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. colored surface layer than the Dunning soil Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Leadvale soils Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils • Flooding and wetness are severe limitations • Intermingled areas of somewhat poorly drained soils affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to Use and Management flooding and wetness should be selected. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability classification: 3w Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are wetness and flooding. • Wetness delays planting and hinders harvesting EtB—Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes operations in most years. • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Setting Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Pasture and hayland Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans Suitability: Moderately suited Landform position: Summits, footslopes, and Management measures and considerations: toeslopes • The main limitations affecting pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Roughly oval or elongated are wetness and flooding. Size of areas: 4 to 25 acres • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in soil compaction and loss of productivity. Composition • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Etowah soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Soil Properties and Qualities recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Woodland Available water capacity: High Suitability: Poorly suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • The use of equipment is severely limited by soil Flooding: None wetness. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Excessive soil damage caused by rutting and miring Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 42 Soil Survey

Typical Profile Urban development Surface layer: Suitability: Well suited 0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam Management measures and considerations: 10 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Subsurface layer: fields may be required. 14 to 24 inches—brown clay loam • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Subsoil: local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil 24 to 60 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay strength. loam Interpretive Group Minor Soils Land capability classification: 2e Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Waynesboro soils • Intermingled areas of soils that have less clay in the EtC—Etowah loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes subsoil than the Etowah soil Dissimilar soils: Setting • Scattered small depressions that are ponded for Landscape: Ridges and Valleys short periods Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans • Intermingled areas of soils that have a cobbly or Landform position: Summits, footslopes, and gravelly surface layer toeslopes Use and Management Shape of areas: Roughly oval or elongated Size of areas: 4 to 25 acres Cropland Composition Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Etowah soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Soil Properties and Qualities control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Drainage class: Well drained • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Permeability: Moderate grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Available water capacity: High Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Pasture and hayland inches Suitability: Well suited Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Typical Profile schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Surface layer: recommendations helps to increase the availability of 0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam nutrients and maximize productivity. 10 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Woodland Subsurface layer: 14 to 24 inches—brown clay loam Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • This soil has few limitations affecting forest 24 to 60 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay management. loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Waynesboro soils Sevier County Area, Tennessee 43

• Intermingled areas of soils that have less clay in the Interpretive Group subsoil than the Etowah soil Land capability classification: 3e Dissimilar soils: • Scattered small depressions that are ponded for short periods FuC2—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 • Intermingled areas of soils that have a cobbly or percent slopes, eroded gravelly surface layer Setting Use and Management Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Cropland Landform: Ridges Suitability: Moderately suited Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular • The potential for erosion is greater when Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres conventional tillage is used. Composition • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Fullerton soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent tilth. Soil Properties and Qualities • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Pasture and hayland Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability for pasture: Well suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid equipment for harvesting hay crops. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Typical Profile grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Surface layer: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 0 to 7 inches—brown gravelly silt loam recommendations helps to increase the availability of Subsurface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam Woodland Subsoil: Suitability: Well suited 16 to 34 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay Management measures and considerations: 34 to 60 inches—red gravelly clay • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Minor Soils management. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Similar soils: competition from undesirable species. • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fragments throughout than the Fullerton soil Urban development Dissimilar soils: • Scattered depressions and sinks that are ponded for Suitability: Moderately suited short periods Management measures and considerations: • Talbott soils near slope breaks • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Use and Management strength. • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Cropland to minimize the damage from surface water and prevent erosion. Suitability: Moderately suited 44 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: FuD2—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 12 to • The potential for erosion is greater when 25 percent slopes, eroded conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Setting contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landscape: Ridges and Valleys tilth. Landform: Ridges • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landform position: Summits and side slopes grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular • The gravelly surface layer may be a hindrance to Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres tillage equipment. Composition Pasture and hayland Fullerton soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Suitability for pasture: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Drainage class: Well drained equipment for harvesting hay crops. Permeability: Moderate • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Available water capacity: Moderate or high grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 schedule are important management practices. inches • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Flooding: None recommendations helps to increase the availability of Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Woodland Typical Profile Suitability: Well suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 7 inches—brown gravelly silt loam • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Subsurface layer: management. 7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Subsoil: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 16 to 34 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 34 to 60 inches—red gravelly clay Urban development Minor Soils Suitability: Moderately suited Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock careful planning and design of septic tank absorption fragments throughout than the Fullerton soil fields may be required. Dissimilar soils: • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements • Talbott soils near slope breaks helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Use and Management • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Cropland strength. Suitability: Poorly suited • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Management measures and considerations: to minimize the damage from surface water and • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main prevent erosion. limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when Interpretive Group conventional tillage is used. Land capability classification: 3e • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Sevier County Area, Tennessee 45

control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Interpretive Group tilth. Land capability classification: 4e • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. • The gravelly surface layer may be a hindrance to FuE2—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 25 to tillage equipment. 60 percent slopes, eroded Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform position: Side slopes hay crops. Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Fullerton soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Moderately suited Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Moderate or high • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks inches and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Flooding: None disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches used. Typical Profile • The slope generally limits only the use of large specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short Surface layer: enough that the use of conventional equipment is 0 to 7 inches—brown gravelly silt loam possible. Subsurface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by 7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam increased rates of surface water runoff, lower moisture supply, and the gravelly surface texture. Subsoil: Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired 16 to 34 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay stand is attained. 34 to 60 inches—red gravelly clay • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock Urban development fragments throughout than the Fullerton soil Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Talbott soils near slope breaks • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Use and Management fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Cropland building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Suitability: Unsuited • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Management measures and considerations: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main help to maintain road stability. limitations affecting cultivated crops. 46 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland HnB—Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Setting Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landform: High stream terraces hayland because of the slope. Landform position: Summits • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular hay crops. Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. Holston soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Poorly suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to inches minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water Flooding: None quality. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Typical Profile access roads through the use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Surface layer: minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and 0 to 10 inches—brown loam reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Subsurface layer: are no longer used. 10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown loam • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional equipment. Subsoil: • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas 18 to 38 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done clay loam by hand. 38 to 60 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Minor Soils increased rates of surface water runoff, lower moisture supply, and the gravelly surface texture. Similar soils: Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired • Intermingled areas of Dewey, Etowah, and stand is attained. Waynesboro soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Dissimilar soils: competition from undesirable species. • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Use and Management Cropland Urban development Suitability: Well suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to This limitation is difficult and expensive to overcome. control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Interpretive Group • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Land capability classification: 7e grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 47

Pasture and hayland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Suitability: Well suited Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Typical Profile • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Surface layer: recommendations helps to increase the availability of 0 to 10 inches—brown loam nutrients and maximize productivity. Subsurface layer: Woodland 10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown loam Suitability: Well suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 18 to 38 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown • This soil has few limitations affecting forest clay loam management. 38 to 60 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Minor Soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of Dewey, Etowah, and Urban development Waynesboro soils Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Use and Management fields may be required. Cropland • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Suitability: Moderately suited strength. Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when Interpretive Group conventional tillage is used. Land capability classification: 2e • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil HnC—Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent tilth. slopes • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landform: High stream terraces Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres equipment for harvesting hay crops. Composition • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Holston soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent schedule are important management practices. Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability: Well suited 48 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Junaluska management. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Surface layer: competition from undesirable species. 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 3 to 12 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Urban development 12 to 29 inches—strong brown and yellowish red channery silty clay loam Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the 29 to 40 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone careful planning and design of septic tank absorption fields may be required. Cataska • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Surface layer: local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt strength. loam • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps to minimize the damage from surface water and Subsoil: prevent erosion. 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt loam Interpretive Group 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Land capability classification: 3e channery silt loam Bedrock: JcD—Junaluska-Cataska complex, 12 to 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate 25 percent slopes Minor Soils Setting Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Landscape: Blue Ridge fragments throughout than the Junaluska and Cataska Landform: Ridges soils Landform position: Summits and side slopes • Intermingled areas of Sylco soils Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at Composition a depth of more than 40 inches Junaluska soil and similar soils: 50 to 60 percent Cataska soil and similar soils: 25 to 35 percent Use and Management Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Cropland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Junaluska—well drained; Cataska— Management measures and considerations: excessively drained • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the restricted Permeability: Junaluska—moderate; Cataska— rooting depth, and the very low or low available water moderately rapid or rapid capacity are the main limitations affecting cultivated Available water capacity: Junaluska—low or crops. moderate; Cataska—very low • The potential for erosion is greater when Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 conventional tillage is used. inches • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Flooding: None contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Reaction: Junaluska—extremely acid to moderately control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil acid; Cataska—extremely acid to strongly acid tilth. Depth to bedrock: Junaluska—20 to 40 inches; • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Cataska—10 to 20 inches grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 49

Pasture and hayland Interpretive Group Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Land capability classification: 6s Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting LeB—Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent hay crops. slopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Setting schedule are important management practices. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans recommendations helps to increase the availability of Landform position: Footslopes nutrients and maximize productivity. Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Woodland Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres Suitability: Moderately suited Composition Management measures and considerations: Leadvale soil: 85 to 90 percent • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Soil Properties and Qualities disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Drainage class: Moderately well drained vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Permeability: Slow or moderately slow used. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • The slope generally limits only the use of large Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 36 inches specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short from January to April enough that the use of conventional equipment is Flooding: None possible. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Depth to bedrock: More than 48 inches limited rooting depth and very low or low available water capacity. Available moisture may be further Typical Profile reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement Surface layer: plantings can be made until a desired stand is 0 to 9 inches—brown silt loam attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Subsoil: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 9 to 17 inches—brownish yellow silt loam applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 17 to 31 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning 31 to 55 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. brownish gray masses of iron depletion Urban development Bedrock: 55 to 62 inches—soft, weakly consolidated shale Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Minor Soils • The slope and depth to bedrock are the main limitations affecting urban uses. Dissimilar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Holston and Sequatchie soils fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Intermingled areas of somewhat poorly drained soils building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Use and Management • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe Cropland limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields. These limitations are difficult and expensive to Suitability: Well suited overcome. Management measures and considerations: • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, operations. help to maintain road stability. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, 50 Soil Survey

contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Composition control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Lonon soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent tilth. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Pasture and hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Available water capacity: Moderate or high soil compaction and loss of productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Flooding: None schedule are important management practices. Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Typical Profile Woodland Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly loam Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Subsurface layer: • This soil has few limitations affecting forest 8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam management. Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 13 to 22 inches—yellowish red clay loam competition from undesirable species. 22 to 47 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning 47 to 60 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Intermingled areas of soils that have browner Management measures and considerations: subsoils than the Lonon soil • The slow permeability, wetness, and low soil • Intermingled areas of Braddock soils strength are severe limitations affecting urban uses. Dissimilar soils: These limitations are difficult and expensive to • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils overcome. • Because of the slow permeability and wetness, the Use and Management careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Cropland fields may be required. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Suitability: Well suited local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Management measures and considerations: strength. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Interpretive Group control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Land capability classification: 2e tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. LnB—Lonon gravelly loam, 2 to 5 percent Pasture and hayland slopes Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landscape: Blue Ridge grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform: Colluvial or alluvial fans schedule are important management practices. Landform position: Footslopes • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular recommendations helps to increase the availability of Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres nutrients and maximize productivity. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 51

Woodland Subsoil: 13 to 22 inches—yellowish red clay loam Suitability: Well suited 22 to 47 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam Management measures and considerations: 47 to 60 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam • This soil has few limitations affecting forest management. Minor Soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have browner potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. subsoils than the Lonon soil • Intermingled areas of Braddock soils Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils Management measures and considerations: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Use and Management careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Cropland fields may be required. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Suitability: Moderately suited local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Management measures and considerations: strength. • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Interpretive Group • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Land capability classification: 2e contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. LnC—Lonon gravelly loam, 5 to 12 • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, percent slopes grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landscape: Blue Ridge Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landform: Colluvial or alluvial fans Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular equipment for harvesting hay crops. Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Lonon soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • This soil has few limitations affecting forest inches management. Flooding: None • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid competition from undesirable species. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • See table 7 for specific information concerning Typical Profile potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly loam Suitability: Moderately suited Subsurface layer: Management measures and considerations: 8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the 52 Soil Survey

careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Dissimilar soils: fields may be required. • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Use and Management local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Cropland • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Suitability: Poorly suited to minimize the damage from surface water and Management measures and considerations: prevent erosion. • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main Interpretive Group limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when Land capability classification: 3e conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, LnD—Lonon gravelly loam, 12 to 25 contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to percent slopes control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Setting grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landscape: Blue Ridge Pasture and hayland Landform: Colluvial or alluvial fans Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Composition hay crops. Lonon soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Drainage class: Well drained recommendations helps to increase the availability of Permeability: Moderate nutrients and maximize productivity. Available water capacity: Moderate or high Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Suitability: Moderately suited Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Typical Profile disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Surface layer: vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly loam used. • The slope generally limits only the use of large Subsurface layer: specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short 8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam enough that the use of conventional equipment is Subsoil: possible. 13 to 22 inches—yellowish red clay loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 22 to 47 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam competition from undesirable species. 47 to 60 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have browner Suitability: Poorly suited subsoils than the Lonon soil Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Braddock soils • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 53

• Designing structures and septic tank absorption Dissimilar soils: fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Intermingled areas of Braddock and Lonon soils building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Use and Management • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Cropland adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the cobbly Land capability classification: 4e surface layer, and boulders on the soil surface are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Pasture and hayland LsC—Lostcove very cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, extremely bouldery Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Setting • The very cobbly surface layer and boulders on the Landscape: Blue Ridge soil surface may increase the difficulty of pasture Landform: Colluvial fans establishment and maintenance. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes • The boulders on the soil surface limit the use of Shape of areas: Elongated or roughly rectangular equipment for harvesting hay crops. Size of areas: 5 to 75 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Lostcove soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Low or moderate • The numerous boulders and stones on the soil Depth to seasonal high water table: 60 to 72 inches surface severely limit the use of equipment. Operating from October to April wheeled equipment, building access roads, harvesting Flooding: None timber, and the mechanized planting of seedlings are Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid very difficult and expensive in most places. Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the numerous boulders, stones, and cobbles on and in the Typical Profile surface layer. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Surface layer: competition from undesirable species. 0 to 8 inches—brown very cobbly loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 8 to 31 inches—brown and strong brown very cobbly Urban development clay loam 31 to 72 inches—strong brown and yellowish brown Suitability: Poorly suited very cobbly loam Management measures and considerations: • Boulders and stones on the soil surface are severe Minor Soils limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils that have fewer Interpretive Group boulders on the surface • Intermingled areas of Northcove soils Land capability classification: 7s 54 Soil Survey

LsD—Lostcove very cobbly loam, 12 to Management measures and considerations: 25 percent slopes, extremely bouldery • The very cobbly surface layer and boulders on the soil surface may increase the difficulty of pasture establishment and maintenance. Setting • The slope and boulders on the soil surface limit the Landscape: Blue Ridge use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Landform: Colluvial fans • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Shape of areas: Elongated or roughly rectangular schedule are important management practices. Size of areas: 5 to 75 acres • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Composition nutrients and maximize productivity. Lostcove soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Woodland Dissimilar soils: 10 to 20 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • The numerous boulders and stones on the soil Permeability: Moderate surface severely limit the use of equipment. Operating Available water capacity: Low or moderate wheeled equipment, building access roads, harvesting Depth to seasonal high water table: 60 to 72 inches timber, and the mechanized planting of seedlings are from October to April very difficult and expensive in most places. Flooding: None • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid numerous boulders, stones, and cobbles on and in the Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches surface layer. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Typical Profile competition from undesirable species. Surface layer: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 0 to 8 inches—brown very cobbly loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Subsoil: Urban development 8 to 31 inches—brown and strong brown very cobbly Suitability: Poorly suited clay loam Management measures and considerations: 31 to 72 inches—strong brown and yellowish brown • Boulders and stones on the soil surface and the very cobbly loam slope are severe limitations affecting urban uses. Minor Soils These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils that have fewer Interpretive Group boulders on the surface Land capability classification: 7s • Intermingled areas of Northcove soils Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Braddock and Lonon soils MtC2—Montevallo channery silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded Use and Management Cropland Setting Suitability: Unsuited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the cobbly Landform position: Summits and side slopes surface layer, and boulders on the soil surface are the Shape of areas: Irregular main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Montevallo soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Sevier County Area, Tennessee 55

Soil Properties and Qualities available water capacity are the main limitations affecting pasture and hayland. Drainage class: Well drained • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Permeability: Moderate equipment for harvesting hay crops. Available water capacity: Very low or low • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting inches schedule are important management practices. Flooding: None • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid recommendations helps to increase the availability of Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches nutrients and maximize productivity. Typical Profile Woodland Surface layer: Suitability: Well suited 0 to 5 inches—brown channery silt loam Management measures and considerations: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Subsoil: limited rooting depth and very low or low available 5 to 17 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt water capacity. Reinforcement plantings can be made loam until a desired stand is attained. Bedrock: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 17 to 38 inches—soft, fractured shale limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 38 inches—hard shale applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments throughout than the Montevallo soil Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Depth to bedrock is a severe limitation affecting • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at urban uses. This limitation is difficult and expensive to a depth of less than 10 inches overcome. • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Intermingled areas of Nonaburg soils to minimize the damage from surface water and prevent erosion. Use and Management Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 4e Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: • Susceptibility to erosion, the shallow rooting zone, MtD2—Montevallo channery silt loam, 12 and the very low or low available water capacity are to 25 percent slopes, eroded the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when Setting conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Landscape: Ridges and Valleys contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Landform: Ridges control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landform position: Summits and side slopes tilth. Shape of areas: Irregular • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Composition Pasture and hayland Montevallo soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • The shallow rooting depth and very low or low Drainage class: Well drained 56 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderate • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Available water capacity: Very low or low hay crops. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Flooding: None schedule are important management practices. Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Typical Profile Woodland Surface layer: Suitability: Moderately suited 0 to 5 inches—brown channery silt loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 5 to 17 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks loam and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Bedrock: vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer 17 to 38 inches—soft, fractured shale used. 38 inches—hard shale • The slope generally limits only the use of large Minor Soils specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short enough that the use of conventional equipment is Similar soils: possible. • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the fragments throughout than the Montevallo soil limited rooting depth and very low or low available Dissimilar soils: water capacity. Available moisture may be further • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement a depth of less than 10 inches plantings can be made until a desired stand is • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop attained. • Intermingled areas of Nonaburg soils • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Use and Management applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Cropland potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Suitability: Poorly suited Urban development Management measures and considerations: • Susceptibility to erosion, the shallow rooting zone, Suitability: Poorly suited the very low or low available water capacity, and the Management measures and considerations: slope are the main limitations affecting cultivated • Depth to bedrock and the slope are severe crops. limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are • The potential for erosion is greater when difficult and expensive to overcome. conventional tillage is used. Interpretive Group • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Land capability classification: 6e control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, MuC2—Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. slopes, eroded

Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability: Poorly suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: Colluvial fans • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes hayland because of the slope, shallow rooting depth, Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular and very low or low available water capacity. Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres Sevier County Area, Tennessee 57

Composition Management measures and considerations: • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Muse soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent equipment for harvesting hay crops. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Qualities schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Slow recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: High nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Woodland inches Flooding: None Suitability: Well suited Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 40 inches • This soil has few limitations affecting forest management. Typical Profile • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Surface layer: competition from undesirable species. 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Subsurface layer: 6 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam Urban development Subsoil: Suitability: Moderately suited 14 to 38 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay Management measures and considerations: 38 to 53 inches—strong brown silty clay • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Underlying material: fields may be required. 53 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and Minor Soils swelling. Similar soils: • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for • Intermingled areas of soils that have loamy textures local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil in the subsoil strength. • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps fragments throughout than the Muse soil to minimize the damage from surface water and prevent erosion. Dissimilar soils: • Townley soils on adjacent side slopes Interpretive Group Land capability classification: 3e Use and Management Cropland MwE—Muskingum-Chiswell complex, 25 Suitability: Moderately suited to 60 percent slopes Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when Setting conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Landscape: Ridges and Valleys contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Landform: Ridges control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landform position: Summits and side slopes tilth. Shape of areas: Irregular • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Composition Pasture and hayland Muskingum soil and similar soils: 50 to 60 percent Suitability for pasture: Well suited Chiswell soil and similar soils: 30 to 40 percent Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent 58 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Unsuited Available water capacity: Muskingum—low or Management measures and considerations: moderate; Chiswell—very low • Susceptibility to erosion, the restricted rooting zone, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 the very low or low available water capacity, and the inches slope are the main limitations affecting cultivated Flooding: None crops. Reaction: Muskingum—very strongly acid to moderately acid; Chiswell—extremely acid to Pasture and hayland moderately acid Depth to bedrock: Muskingum—20 to 40 inches; Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Chiswell—10 to 20 inches Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • These soils are difficult to manage for pasture and hayland because of the slope, shallow rooting depth, Muskingum and low available water capacity. Surface layer: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting 0 to 3 inches—brown channery loam hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Subsoil: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 3 to 10 inches—brown channery loam schedule are important management practices. 10 to 22 inches—brown loam • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Underlying material: recommendations helps to increase the availability of 22 to 29 inches—brown channery loam nutrients and maximize productivity. Bedrock: Woodland 29 to 40 inches—soft, fractured fine-grained Suitability: Poorly suited sandstone Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Chiswell minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water Surface layer: quality. 0 to 2 inches—dark brown channery loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Subsoil: access roads through the use of gravel, installing 2 to 16 inches—yellowish brown and brown very water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that channery loam minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and Bedrock: reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 16 to 60 inches—soft, fractured interbedded siltstone are no longer used. and fine-grained sandstone • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional equipment. Minor Soils • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done Similar soils: by hand. • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the fragments throughout than the Muskingum and limited rooting depth and very low or low available Chiswell soils water capacity. Available moisture may be further • Intermingled areas of soils that have redder colors in reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement the subsoil than the Muskingum and Chiswell soils plantings can be made until a desired stand is Dissimilar soils: attained. • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the a depth of more than 40 inches limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 59

• See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that are moderately eroded Suitability: Unsuited • Widely scattered areas of limestone or shale rock Management measures and considerations: outcrop • Depth to bedrock and the slope are severe limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are Dissimilar soils: difficult and expensive to overcome. • Townley soils on ridge summits Use and Management Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 7e Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: NnC3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 5 to • Susceptibility to erosion, the restricted rooting zone, 12 percent slopes, severely eroded, and the very low available water capacity are the main rocky limitations affecting cultivated crops. Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Summits • The shallow rooting depth and very low available Shape of areas: Irregular water capacity are the main limitations affecting Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres pasture and hayland. • The slope and scattered areas of rock outcrop limit Composition the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Nonaburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Soil Properties and Qualities recommendations helps to increase the availability of Drainage class: Well drained nutrients and maximize productivity. Permeability: Moderately slow Woodland Available water capacity: Very low Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Moderately suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline limited rooting depth and very low available water Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches capacity. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Typical Profile • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Surface layer: applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 0 to 2 inches—brown channery silt loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Subsurface layer: competition from undesirable species. 2 to 6 inches—strong brown channery silt loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Subsoil: 6 to 14 inches—strong brown channery silty clay Urban development Bedrock: Suitability: Poorly suited 14 to 41 inches—soft, fractured calcareous shale Management measures and considerations: 41 inches—hard calcareous shale • Depth to bedrock is a severe limitation affecting 60 Soil Survey

urban uses. This limitation is difficult and expensive to Dissimilar soils: overcome. • Townley soils on ridge summits • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Use and Management to minimize the damage from surface water and prevent erosion. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 6s • Susceptibility to erosion, the restricted rooting zone, the very low available water capacity, and the slope NnD3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 12 are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded, Pasture and hayland rocky Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landscape: Ridges and Valleys hayland because of the slope, shallow rooting depth, Landform: Ridges and very low available water capacity. Landform position: Summits and side slopes • The slope and scattered areas of rock outcrop limit Shape of areas: Irregular the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. Nonaburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Suitability: Moderately suited Available water capacity: Very low Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating inches roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Flooding: None and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Typical Profile • The slope generally limits only the use of large Surface layer: specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short 0 to 2 inches—brown channery silt loam enough that the use of conventional equipment is possible. Subsurface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 2 to 6 inches—strong brown channery silt loam limited rooting depth and very low available water Subsoil: capacity. Available moisture may be further reduced 6 to 14 inches—strong brown channery silty clay on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Bedrock: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 14 to 41 inches—soft, fractured calcareous shale limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 41 inches—hard calcareous shale applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that are moderately potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. eroded Urban development • Widely scattered areas of limestone or shale rock outcrop Suitability: Poorly suited Sevier County Area, Tennessee 61

Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe • Townley soils on ridge summits limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are Use and Management difficult and expensive to overcome. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability classification: 7s Management measures and considerations: • Susceptibility to erosion, the restricted rooting zone, NnE3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 the very low available water capacity, and the slope to 60 percent slopes, severely eroded, are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. rocky Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Setting Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landform position: Summits and side slopes hayland because of the slope, shallow rooting depth, Shape of areas: Irregular and very low available water capacity. Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres • The slope and scattered areas of rock outcrop limit the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Composition • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Nonaburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Soil Properties and Qualities recommendations helps to increase the availability of Drainage class: Well drained nutrients and maximize productivity. Permeability: Moderately slow Woodland Available water capacity: Very low Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Poorly suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches quality. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Typical Profile roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Surface layer: access roads through the use of gravel, installing 0 to 2 inches—brown channery silt loam water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and Subsurface layer: reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 2 to 6 inches—strong brown channery silt loam are no longer used. Subsoil: • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional 6 to 14 inches—strong brown channery silty clay equipment. • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas Bedrock: that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done 14 to 41 inches—soft, fractured calcareous shale by hand. 41 inches—hard calcareous shale • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the limited rooting depth and very low available water Minor Soils capacity. Available moisture may be further reduced Similar soils: on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement plantings can • Intermingled areas of soils that are moderately be made until a desired stand is attained. eroded • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the • Widely scattered areas of limestone or shale rock limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by outcrop applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 62 Soil Survey

• Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Northcove soils that have potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fewer stones on the surface Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Intermingled areas of Braddock and Lonon soils Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are Cropland difficult and expensive to overcome. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the stony surface Land capability classification: 7s layer, and boulders on the soil surface are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. NoF—Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to Pasture and hayland 50 percent slopes, bouldery Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Setting Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Blue Ridge • The stony surface layer and boulders on the soil Landform: Colluvial fans and coves surface may increase the difficulty of pasture Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes establishment and maintenance. Shape of areas: Long and narrow or roughly • The slope and boulders on the soil surface limit the rectangular use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. Northcove soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderately rapid Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Low or moderate • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water inches quality. Flooding: None • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches access roads through the use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Typical Profile minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and Surface layer: reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 0 to 5 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam are no longer used. • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional Subsoil: equipment. 5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas sandy loam that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done 18 to 40 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam by hand. Underlying material: • The numerous boulders and stones on the soil 40 to 72 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly surface severely limit the use of equipment. sandy loam • Operating wheeled equipment, building access Sevier County Area, Tennessee 63

roads, harvesting timber, and the mechanized planting 24 to 32 inches—strong brown cobbly sandy of seedlings are very difficult and expensive in most loam places. Underlying material: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 32 to 60 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loamy sand numerous boulders and stones on and in the surface layer. Minor Soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Similar soils: competition from undesirable species. • Sequatchie soils on adjacent low stream terraces • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock Suitability: Unsuited fragments throughout than the Pope soil Management measures and considerations: • Boulders and stones on the soil surface and the Use and Management slope are severe limitations affecting urban uses. Cropland These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Land capability classification: 7s Pasture and hayland Po—Pope sandy loam, occasionally Suitability for pasture: Well suited flooded Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • There is a potential for hay crop damage from flooding. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform: Narrow flood plains grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes schedule are important management practices. Shape of areas: Elongated • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres recommendations helps to increase the availability of Slope range: 0 to 3 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Pope soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • This soil has few limitations affecting forest management. Drainage class: Well drained • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid competition from undesirable species. Available water capacity: Moderate • See table 7 for specific information concerning Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 60 potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. inches Flooding: Occasional Urban development Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Suitability: Unsuited Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. This limitation is difficult and expensive to overcome. A Surface layer: site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: 4 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish Land capability classification: 2w brown sandy loam 64 Soil Survey

Ro—Rosman sandy loam, occasionally Pasture and hayland flooded Suitability for pasture: Well suited Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Setting Management measures and considerations: • There is a potential for hay crop damage from Landscape: Blue Ridge flooding. Landform: Flood plains • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular schedule are important management practices. Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Slope range: 0 to 2 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Composition nutrients and maximize productivity. Rosman soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Woodland Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Well suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Drainage class: Well drained management. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Available water capacity: Moderate or high competition from undesirable species. Depth to seasonal high water table: 48 to more than • See table 7 for specific information concerning 60 inches from December to April potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Flooding: Occasional Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid Urban development Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more Suitability: Unsuited Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Surface layer: This limitation is difficult and expensive to overcome. A 0 to 10 inches—dark brown sandy loam site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. 10 to 19 inches—dark brown sandy loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: 19 to 49 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown Land capability classification: 2w sandy loam Underlying material: Sb—Sequatchie loam, rarely flooded 49 to 64 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy sand Minor Soils Setting Similar soils: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Intermingled soils that have lighter colored surface Landform: Low stream terraces layers than the Rosman soil Landform position: Linear slopes Shape of areas: Elongated or roughly rectangular Dissimilar soils: Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres • Moderately well drained soils in the slightly concave Slope range: 0 to 3 percent landform positions • Soils that have sandy textures throughout, along Composition riverbanks and streambanks • Braddock soils on adjacent high stream terraces Sequatchie soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Use and Management Cropland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Available water capacity: Moderate or high Sevier County Area, Tennessee 65

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Urban development inches Suitability: Unsuited Flooding: Rare Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches This limitation is difficult and expensive to overcome. A Typical Profile site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. Surface layer: Interpretive Group 0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam Land capability classification: 1 Subsurface layer: 10 to 17 inches—brown loam ShB—Shelocta silt loam, 2 to 5 percent Subsoil: slopes 17 to 33 inches—strong brown clay loam 33 to 51 inches—strong brown loam Setting Underlying material: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys 51 to 62 inches—strong brown sandy loam Landform: Colluvial fans and coves Minor Soils Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Similar soils: Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres • Staser soils on adjacent flood plains Composition Dissimilar soils: • Steadman soils on adjacent flood plains Shelocta soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Sequatchie soils that are occasionally flooded Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. inches Flooding: None Pasture and hayland Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Suitability: Well suited Depth to bedrock: More than 48 inches Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • There is a potential for hay crop damage from flooding. Surface layer: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsoil: schedule are important management practices. 10 to 17 inches—strong brown silty clay loam • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 17 to 48 inches—strong brown channery silty clay recommendations helps to increase the availability of loam nutrients and maximize productivity. 48 to 60 inches—strong brown channery silt loam Woodland Minor Soils Suitability: Well suited Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in • This soil has few limitations affecting forest the subsoil than the Shelocta soil management. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Dissimilar soils: competition from undesirable species. • Steadman soils on adjacent flood plains • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fragments throughout than the Shelocta soil 66 Soil Survey

Use and Management Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Cropland Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres Suitability: Well suited Composition Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Shelocta soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Soil Properties and Qualities tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Drainage class: Well drained grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Pasture and hayland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Well suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to bedrock: More than 48 inches schedule are important management practices. Typical Profile • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Surface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam Subsoil: Woodland 10 to 17 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Suitability: Well suited 17 to 48 inches—strong brown channery silty clay Management measures and considerations: loam • This soil has few limitations affecting forest 48 to 60 inches—strong brown channery silt loam management. Minor Soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. the subsoil than the Shelocta soil Urban development Dissimilar soils: • Steadman soils on adjacent flood plains Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock Management measures and considerations: fragments throughout than the Shelocta soil • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Use and Management fields may be required. Cropland • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Suitability: Moderately suited strength. Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when Interpretive Group conventional tillage is used. Land capability classification: 2e • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil ShC—Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 15 percent tilth. slopes • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landform: Colluvial fans and coves Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Sevier County Area, Tennessee 67

Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of inches equipment for harvesting hay crops. Flooding: None • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches schedule are important management practices. Typical Profile • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Surface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Woodland Subsoil: 2 to 29 inches—yellowish brown, brownish yellow, and Suitability: Well suited strong brown loam Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Underlying material: management. 29 to 34 inches—strong brown loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Bedrock: competition from undesirable species. 34 to 50 inches—soft metasandstone • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock Suitability: Moderately suited fragments throughout than the Soco soil Management measures and considerations: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Dissimilar soils: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Cataska, Ditney, and Unicoi fields may be required. soils • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Use and Management local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Cropland • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Suitability: Poorly suited to minimize the damage from surface water and Management measures and considerations: prevent erosion. • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main Interpretive Group limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when Land capability classification: 3e conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, SoD—Soco loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Setting • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landscape: Blue Ridge grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landform: Ridges Pasture and hayland Landform position: Summits and side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Soco soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent hay crops. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Qualities schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderately rapid recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Moderate or high nutrients and maximize productivity. 68 Soil Survey

Woodland Cataska soil: 25 to 40 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Drainage class: Soco—well drained; Cataska— roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks excessively drained and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Permeability: Soco—moderately rapid; Cataska— disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing moderately rapid or rapid vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Available water capacity: Soco—moderate or high; used. Cataska—very low • The slope generally limits only the use of large Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short inches enough that the use of conventional equipment is Flooding: None possible. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Depth to bedrock: Soco—20 to 40 inches; Cataska— increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower 10 to 20 inches moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Typical Profile • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Soco applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Surface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 2 to 29 inches—yellowish brown, brownish yellow, and strong brown loam Urban development Underlying material: Suitability: Poorly suited 29 to 34 inches—strong brown loam Management measures and considerations: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Bedrock: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption 34 to 50 inches—soft metasandstone fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Cataska building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Surface layer: • Constructing roads on the contour and providing 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, loam help to maintain road stability. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt loam Land capability classification: 6e 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam SoE—Soco-Cataska complex, 25 to 80 Bedrock: percent slopes, eroded 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate

Setting Minor Soils Landscape: Blue Ridge Dissimilar soils: Landform: Ridges • Intermingled areas of Ditney, Junaluska, Sylco, and Landform position: Side slopes Unicoi soils Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres Use and Management Composition Cropland Soco soil: 50 to 70 percent Suitability: Unsuited Sevier County Area, Tennessee 69

Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Susceptibility to erosion, the restricted rooting zone, • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe the very low available water capacity, and the slope limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. difficult and expensive to overcome. Pasture and hayland Interpretive Group Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Land capability classification: 7s Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: • These soils are difficult to manage for pasture and St—Staser loam, occasionally flooded hayland because of the slope and very low available water capacity. Setting • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landscape: Ridges and Valleys hay crops. Landform: Flood plains • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform position: Linear slopes grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Shape of areas: Long and narrow or roughly schedule are important management practices. rectangular • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres recommendations helps to increase the availability of Slope range: 0 to 2 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Staser soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Soil Properties and Qualities minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water Drainage class: Well drained quality. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: High roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Depth to seasonal high water table: 36 to 48 inches access roads through the use of gravel, installing from December to March water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Flooding: Occasional minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more are no longer used. • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional Typical Profile equipment. Surface layer: • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas 0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done by hand. Subsurface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 11 to 36 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark limited rooting depth and very low available water brown loam capacity. Available moisture may be further reduced Subsoil: on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement plantings can 36 to 46 inches—brown loam be made until a desired stand is attained. 46 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the loam limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Underlying material: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 60 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy competition from undesirable species. loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Combs soils on or near riverbanks Suitability: Unsuited • Sequatchie soils on adjacent stream terraces 70 Soil Survey

Dissimilar soils: Composition • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils Steadman soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Use and Management Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Cropland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Well suited Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Available water capacity: High Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 36 inches Pasture and hayland from December to April Suitability for pasture: Well suited Flooding: Occasional Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly alkaline Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more • There is a potential for hay crop damage from Typical Profile flooding. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Surface layer: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam schedule are important management practices. Subsoil: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 9 to 20 inches—yellowish brown silt loam recommendations helps to increase the availability of 20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has nutrients and maximize productivity. light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and Woodland yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Suitability: Well suited Underlying material: Management measures and considerations: 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has • This soil has few limitations affecting forest light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and management. yellowish brown masses of iron concentration • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled soils that have less silt in the subsoil than the Steadman soil Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Pope soils Management measures and considerations: • Sequatchie soils on low stream terraces • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. • Dunning soils in depressions This limitation is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. Use and Management Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Well suited Land capability classification: 2w Management measures and considerations: • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Su—Steadman silt loam, occasionally • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting flooded operations. Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landform: Flood plains and drainageways Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes • There is a potential for hay crop damage from Shape of areas: Long and narrow or irregular flooding. Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Slope range: 0 to 3 percent soil compaction and loss of productivity. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 71

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Typical Profile grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Talbott schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Surface layer: recommendations helps to increase the availability of 0 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam nutrients and maximize productivity. Subsoil: Woodland 6 to 32 inches—yellowish red clay Suitability: Well suited Bedrock: Management measures and considerations: 32 inches—hard limestone • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Rock outcrop management. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of competition from undesirable species. exposed limestone and areas that have less than 2 or • See table 7 for specific information concerning 3 inches of soil over limestone bedrock. It is scattered potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. throughout the map unit. Most outcrops protrude from a few inches to about 24 inches above the surface. Urban development Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. Suitability: Unsuited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: • Flooding and wetness are severe limitations Dissimilar soils: affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to a depth of more than 40 inches flooding should be selected. • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Decatur soils • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Interpretive Group depth of less than 20 inches Land capability classification: 2w Use and Management Cropland TaD2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes, eroded Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the restricted Setting rooting zone, and the presence of rock outcrops are Landscape: Ridges and Valleys the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Landform: Ridges Pasture and hayland Landform position: Summits and side slopes (fig. 3) Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • The slope and areas of rock outcrop limit the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Talbott soil: 55 to 75 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Rock outcrop: 20 to 35 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Properties and Qualities of the Talbott Soil recommendations helps to increase the availability of Drainage class: Well drained nutrients and maximize productivity. Permeability: Moderately slow Woodland Available water capacity: Low or moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Moderately suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches and culverts, using logging methods that minimize 72 Soil Survey

Figure 3.—An area of Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes, eroded. The extensive areas of rock outcrop are a severe limitation affecting management practices that require the frequent use of equipment.

disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by the vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer surface texture, increased rates of surface water used. runoff, and a lower moisture supply. Reinforcement • Damage to tree roots from soil compaction and plantings can be made until a desired stand is rutting can occur when the soil is wet. Forestry attained. operations should be planned for drier times of the • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the year. limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by • The slope generally limits only the use of large applying a carefully regulated thinning program. specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant enough that the use of conventional equipment is competition from undesirable species. possible. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 73

• See table 7 for specific information concerning exposed limestone and areas that have less than 2 or potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 3 inches of soil over limestone bedrock. It is scattered throughout the map unit. Most outcrops protrude from Urban development a few inches to about 12 inches above the surface. Suitability: Unsuited Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. Management measures and considerations: Minor Soils • The slope, areas of rock outcrop, and depth to bedrock are severe limitations affecting urban uses. Dissimilar soils: These limitations are difficult and expensive to • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at overcome. a depth of more than 40 inches • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Decatur soils Interpretive Group • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Land capability classification: Talbott—6e; Rock depth of less than 20 inches outcrop—8s Use and Management TaE2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 25 Cropland to 60 percent slopes, eroded Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Setting • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the restricted rooting zone, and the presence of rock outcrops are Landscape: Ridges and Valleys the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Landform: Ridges Landform position: Side slopes Pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Composition Management measures and considerations: • The slope and areas of rock outcrop may increase Talbott soil: 55 to 75 percent the difficulty of pasture establishment and Rock outcrop: 20 to 35 percent maintenance. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent • The slope and areas of rock outcrop limit the use of Properties and Qualities of the Talbott Soil equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Drainage class: Well drained grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Permeability: Moderately slow schedule are important management practices. Available water capacity: Low or moderate • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 recommendations helps to increase the availability of inches nutrients and maximize productivity. Flooding: None Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid Woodland Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Suitability: Poorly suited Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Talbott minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water Surface layer: quality. 0 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Subsoil: access roads through the use of gravel, installing 6 to 32 inches—yellowish red clay water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Bedrock: minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and 32 inches—hard limestone reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Rock outcrop • Damage to tree roots from soil compaction and Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of rutting can occur when the soil is wet. Forestry 74 Soil Survey

operations should be planned for drier times of the Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid year. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional equipment. Typical Profile • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas Surface layer: that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam by hand. • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by the Subsoil: surface texture, increased rates of surface water 5 to 30 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay runoff, and a lower moisture supply. Reinforcement Bedrock: plantings can be made until a desired stand is 30 to 50 inches—soft, fractured shale attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Minor Soils limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Dissimilar soils: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Intermingled areas of Nonaburg and Montevallo competition from undesirable species. soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning Use and Management potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Cropland Urban development Suitability: Well suited Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • The slope, areas of rock outcrop, and depth to contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to bedrock are severe limitations affecting urban uses. control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil These limitations are difficult and expensive to tilth. overcome. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Interpretive Group grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Land capability classification: Talbott—7e; Rock Pasture and hayland outcrop—8s Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: ToB2—Townley silt loam, 2 to 5 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred slopes, eroded grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Setting recommendations helps to increase the availability of Landscape: Ridges and Valleys nutrients and maximize productivity. Landform: Ridges Woodland Landform position: Summits Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Well suited Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Management measures and considerations: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Composition limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Townley soil: 85 to 95 percent applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Soil Properties and Qualities • See table 7 for specific information concerning Drainage class: Well drained potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Permeability: Slow Urban development Available water capacity: Low or moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Poorly suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Because of the slow permeability and depth to Sevier County Area, Tennessee 75

bedrock, the careful planning and design of septic tank Use and Management absorption fields may be required. Cropland • The difficulty in excavating for dwellings with basements is increased by the depth to bedrock. Suitability: Moderately suited • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements Management measures and considerations: helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and • The potential for erosion is greater when swelling. conventional tillage is used. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to strength. control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Interpretive Group • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Land capability classification: 2e grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Pasture and hayland ToC2—Townley silt loam, 5 to 12 percent Suitability for pasture: Well suited slopes, eroded Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Setting equipment for harvesting hay crops. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform: Ridges grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform position: Summits and side slopes schedule are important management practices. Shape of areas: Irregular • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Townley soil: 85 to 95 percent Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Soil Properties and Qualities limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Drainage class: Well drained applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Permeability: Slow • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Available water capacity: Low or moderate competition from undesirable species. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • See table 7 for specific information concerning inches potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Flooding: None Urban development Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Because of the slow permeability and depth to Surface layer: bedrock, the careful planning and design of septic tank 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam absorption fields is required. • The difficulty in excavating for dwellings with Subsoil: basements is increased by the depth to bedrock. 5 to 30 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements Bedrock: helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and 30 to 50 inches—soft, fractured shale swelling. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Minor Soils local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Dissimilar soils: strength. • Intermingled areas of Nonaburg and Montevallo • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps soils 76 Soil Survey

to minimize the damage from surface water and • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, prevent erosion. contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Interpretive Group tilth. Land capability classification: 3e • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips.

ToD2—Townley silt loam, 12 to 25 percent Pasture and hayland slopes, eroded Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Setting Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform: Ridges hay crops. Landform position: Summits and side slopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Shape of areas: Irregular grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Composition recommendations helps to increase the availability of Townley soil: 85 to 95 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Moderately suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Slow • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: Low or moderate roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 and culverts, using logging methods that minimize inches disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Flooding: None vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid used. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The slope generally limits only the use of large Typical Profile specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short enough that the use of conventional equipment is Surface layer: possible. 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Subsoil: increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower 5 to 30 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay moisture supply. Available moisture may be further reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement Bedrock: plantings can be made until a desired stand is 30 to 50 inches—soft, fractured shale attained. Minor Soils • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Dissimilar soils: applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • Intermingled areas of Nonaburg and Montevallo • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant soils competition from undesirable species. Use and Management • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Cropland Urban development Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Poorly suited • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main Management measures and considerations: limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • The potential for erosion is greater when • Designing structures and septic tank absorption conventional tillage is used. fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Sevier County Area, Tennessee 77

building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Use and Management performance. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Cropland adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability: Unsuited help to maintain road stability. Management measures and considerations: • The difficulty in excavating for dwellings with • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main basements is increased by the depth to bedrock. limitations affecting cultivated crops. • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements helps to prevent damage caused by shrinking and Pasture and hayland swelling. Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Land capability classification: 4e Management measures and considerations: • The slope may increase the difficulty of pasture establishment and maintenance. ToE2—Townley silt loam, 25 to 60 percent • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting slopes, eroded hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Setting grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landform: Ridges recommendations helps to increase the availability of Landform position: Side slopes nutrients and maximize productivity. Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Woodland Composition Suitability: Poorly suited Townley soil: 85 to 95 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water Soil Properties and Qualities quality. Drainage class: Well drained • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Permeability: Slow roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Available water capacity: Low or moderate access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that inches minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and Flooding: None reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid are no longer used. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional equipment. Typical Profile • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas Surface layer: that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam by hand. • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Subsoil: increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower 5 to 30 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay moisture supply. Available moisture may be further Bedrock: reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement 30 to 50 inches—soft, fractured shale plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Minor Soils • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Dissimilar soils: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by • Intermingled areas of Nonaburg and Montevallo applying a carefully regulated thinning program. soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Widely scattered areas of shale rock outcrop competition from undesirable species. 78 Soil Survey

• See table 7 for specific information concerning Bedrock: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 12 inches—hard, fractured metasandstone Urban development Ditney Suitability: Unsuited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Subsurface layer: This limitation is difficult and expensive to overcome. 4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown Land capability classification: 7e sandy loam Underlying material: UdE—Unicoi-Ditney-Rock outcrop 29 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy loam complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes Bedrock: 36 inches—hard metasandstone Setting Rock outcrop Landscape: Blue Ridge Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of Landform: Ridges exposed sandstone or quartzite and areas that have Landform position: Summits and side slopes less than 2 or 3 inches of soil over bedrock. It is Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular scattered throughout the map unit. Most outcrops Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres protrude from a few inches to about 24 inches above Composition the surface. Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. Unicoi soil and similar soils: 40 to 60 percent Ditney soil and similar soils: 25 to 40 percent Minor Soils Rock outcrop: 15 to 30 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Properties and Qualities fragments throughout than the Unicoi and Ditney soils of the Unicoi and Ditney Soils • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at depths of 20 to 40 inches and that have more rock Drainage class: Unicoi—excessively drained; Ditney— fragments throughout than the Unicoi and Ditney soils well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Dissimilar soils: Available water capacity: Unicoi—very low; Ditney— • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at low or moderate a depth of more than 40 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Intermingled areas of Soco soils inches Flooding: None Use and Management Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Cropland Depth to bedrock: Unicoi—7 to 20 inches; Ditney—20 to 40 inches Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the restricted rooting zone, and the presence of rock outcrops are Unicoi the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Surface layer: 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly sandy Pasture and hayland loam Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Subsoil: Suitability for hayland: Unsuited 2 to 12 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly sandy Management measures and considerations: loam • This map unit is difficult to manage for pasture and Sevier County Area, Tennessee 79

hayland because of the slope, areas of rock outcrop, UnE—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 30 shallow rooting depth, and very low or low available to 80 percent slopes water capacity. • The slope and areas of rock outcrop limit the use of Setting equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landscape: Blue Ridge grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform: Ridges schedule are important management practices. Landform position: Summits and side slopes • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular recommendations helps to increase the availability of Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Unicoi soil and similar soils: 50 to 70 percent Rock outcrop: 25 to 45 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Properties and Qualities of the Unicoi Soil minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water Drainage class: Excessively drained quality. Permeability: Moderately rapid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: Very low roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 access roads through the use of gravel, installing inches water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Flooding: None minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches are no longer used. • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional Typical Profile equipment. Unicoi • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done Surface layer: by hand. 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly sandy • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the loam limited rooting depth and very low or low available Subsoil: water capacity. Available moisture may be further 2 to 12 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly sandy reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement loam plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Bedrock: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 12 inches—hard, fractured metasandstone limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Rock outcrop applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. exposed sandstone or quartzite and areas that have less than 2 or 3 inches of soil over bedrock. It is Urban development scattered throughout the map unit and also occurs as vertical bluffs ranging from 10 to about 300 feet in Suitability: Unsuited height on Bluff Mountain and English Mountain. Most Management measures and considerations: outcrops protrude from a few inches to about 24 • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe inches above the surface. Rock outcrop supports little limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are or no vegetation. difficult and expensive to overcome. Minor Soils Interpretive Group Similar soils: Land capability classification: Unicoi and Ditney—7s; • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Rock outcrop—8s fragments throughout than the Unicoi soil 80 Soil Survey

Dissimilar soils: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at applying a carefully regulated thinning program. a depth of more than 40 inches • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Ditney and Soco soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Urban development Use and Management Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Unsuited • The slope, areas of rock outcrop, and depth to Management measures and considerations: bedrock are severe limitations affecting urban uses. • Susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the restricted These limitations are difficult and expensive to rooting zone, and the areas of rock outcrop are the overcome. main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Interpretive Group Pasture and hayland Land capability classification: Unicoi—7s; Rock Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited outcrop—8s Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for pasture and Ur—Urban land hayland because of the slope, areas of rock outcrop, shallow rooting depth, and very low available water Setting capacity. • The slope and areas of rock outcrop limit the use of Urban land consists of areas where the surface is equipment for harvesting hay crops. covered by asphalt, concrete, buildings, and other • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred impervious surfaces. Parking lots, shopping centers, grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting office buildings, and industrial areas are included in schedule are important management practices. most areas. Most of this map unit is located on • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test smooth, broad stream terraces that range from about recommendations helps to increase the availability of 10 to 30 feet above the present stream level. The nutrients and maximize productivity. largest areas are along the West and Middle Prongs of the Little Pigeon River, within or near the city limits of Woodland Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, and Sevierville. Stream Suitability: Poorly suited channels and drainage patterns have been altered in Management measures and considerations: some areas in order to control flooding. Most areas • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to are roughly oval or rectangular in shape and range minimize the hazard of erosion and maintain water from about 5 to 50 acres in size. Slopes range from 0 quality. to 3 percent. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Composition roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent access roads through the use of gravel, installing Urban land: 75 to 85 percent water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent minimize disturbance to the surface layer, and Properties and Qualities reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Examination and identification of properties and • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional qualities of Urban land is impractical. equipment. Minor Soils • Logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and planting can be done Dissimilar soils: by hand. • Small areas of Steadman, Sequatchie, and Staser • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the soils in most delineations and areas of Lostcove soils limited rooting depth and very low available water in the Gatlinburg area capacity. Available moisture may be further reduced • Small areas immediately adjacent to streams that on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement plantings can are flooded be made until a desired stand is attained. • Areas of soils that have been covered with loamy or • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the extremely channery fill material Sevier County Area, Tennessee 81

• Areas of soils that have been disturbed during Typical Profile development Surface layer: • Areas where fill material has been borrowed or 0 to 9 inches—brown loam landshaping has removed 20 to 60 inches or more of the soil and underlying material Subsoil: 9 to 20 inches—red clay Use and Management 20 to 72 inches—dark red clay Most areas of this map unit are used for urban Minor Soils development. Areas of included soils and fill material Similar soils: may be suited for uses other than urban uses. The • Intermingled areas of Decatur, Dewey, and Holston small size and location of these areas may be a soils limitation for some uses. Intensive onsite • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have a investigations are needed to determine the potential gravelly or cobbly surface layer and limitations for any proposed use. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Group • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a Land capability classification: None assigned depth of less than 60 inches Use and Management W—Water Cropland This map unit consists of bodies of water, such as Suitability: Well suited lakes and ponds, and occurs throughout the survey Management measures and considerations: area. It also includes areas of perennial streams that • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, are wide enough to be shown within double lines on contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to the detailed soil maps. control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil No land capability classification is assigned. tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. WaB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent Pasture and hayland slopes, eroded Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landscape: Ridges and Valleys grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform: High stream terraces schedule are important management practices. Landform position: Summits • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Shape of areas: Oval or irregular recommendations helps to increase the availability of Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres nutrients and maximize productivity. Woodland Composition Suitability: Well suited Waynesboro soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent • This soil has few limitations affecting forest management. Soil Properties and Qualities • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Drainage class: Well drained competition from undesirable species. Permeability: Moderate • See table 7 for specific information concerning Available water capacity: Moderate or high potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Urban development inches Flooding: None Suitability: Well suited Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the 82 Soil Survey

careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Use and Management fields may be required. Cropland • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Suitability: Moderately suited strength. Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when Interpretive Group conventional tillage is used. Land capability classification: 2e • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil WaC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent tilth. slopes, eroded • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for pasture: Well suited (fig. 4) Landform: High stream terraces Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Oval or irregular • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Size of areas: 5 to 40 acres equipment for harvesting hay crops. Composition • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Waynesboro soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent schedule are important management practices. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability: Well suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Flooding: None management. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Typical Profile potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 9 inches—brown loam Suitability: Moderately suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 9 to 20 inches—red clay • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the 20 to 72 inches—dark red clay careful planning and design of septic tank absorption fields may be required. Minor Soils • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Similar soils: local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil • Intermingled areas of Decatur, Dewey, and Holston strength. soils • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have a to minimize the damage from surface water and gravelly or cobbly surface layer prevent erosion. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Group • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches Land capability classification: 3e Sevier County Area, Tennessee 83

Figure 4.—An area of Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded. This soil is well suited to pasture.

WaD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 percent slopes, eroded inches Flooding: None Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Setting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Typical Profile Landform: High stream terraces Landform position: Side slopes Surface layer: Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular 0 to 9 inches—brown loam Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Subsoil: Composition 9 to 20 inches—red clay 20 to 72 inches—dark red clay Waynesboro soil and similar soils: 80 to 90 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 to 20 percent Minor Soils Similar soils: Soil Properties and Qualities • Intermingled areas of Decatur, Dewey, and Holston Drainage class: Well drained soils Permeability: Moderate • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have a Available water capacity: Moderate or high gravelly or cobbly surface layer 84 Soil Survey

Dissimilar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a Suitability: Poorly suited depth of less than 60 inches Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Cropland fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Suitability: Poorly suited building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Management measures and considerations: performance. • Susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main • Constructing roads on the contour and providing limitations affecting cultivated crops. adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • The potential for erosion is greater when help to maintain road stability. conventional tillage is used. Interpretive Group • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Land capability classification: 4e control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Wf—Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. flooded Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landform: Drainageways Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear slopes • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Shape of areas: Long and narrow hay crops. Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Slope range: 1 to 5 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Composition • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Whitesburg soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Moderately well drained Suitability: Moderately suited Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 48 inches roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks from December to March and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Flooding: Occasional disturbance to the surface layer, and reestablishing Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches used. • The slope generally limits only the use of large Typical Profile specialized equipment. Slopes are typically short enough that the use of conventional equipment is Surface layer: possible. 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Subsoil: increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower 4 to 18 inches—yellowish brown silt loam moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be 18 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that made until a desired stand is attained. has pale brown and strong brown masses of iron • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant concentration competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Underlying material: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 25 to 53 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that Sevier County Area, Tennessee 85

has light brownish gray masses of iron depletion • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in and yellowish brown masses of iron concentration soil compaction and loss of productivity. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Bedrock: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 53 to 60 inches—soft calcareous shale schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Minor Soils recommendations helps to increase the availability of Similar soils: nutrients and maximize productivity. • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils Woodland Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Well suited • Nonaburg soils on adjacent uplands Management measures and considerations: • Dunning soils in depressional areas • This soil has few limitations affecting forest management. Use and Management • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Cropland competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Suitability: Well suited potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Management measures and considerations: • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Urban development • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting Suitability: Unsuited operations. Management measures and considerations: • Flooding and wetness are severe limitations Pasture and hayland affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and Suitability for pasture: Well suited expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited flooding should be selected. Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • There is a potential for hay crop damage from flooding. Land capability classification: 2w

87

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of classification used by the Natural Resources the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust Conservation Service is explained, and prime land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural farmland is described. resources and the environment. Also, it can help to Planners of management systems for individual prevent soil-related failures in land uses. fields or farms should consider the detailed In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, information given in the description of each soil under conservationists, engineers, and others collect the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific extensive field data about the nature and behavioral information can be obtained from the local office of the characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Natural Resources Conservation Service or the erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that Cooperative Extension Service. affect various soil uses and management. Field According to the 1987 Census of Agriculture, experience and collected data on soil properties and 78,192 acres in the survey area were used for crops performance are used as a basis in predicting soil and pasture. Of this total, 14,644 acres were used behavior. only for pasture or grazing and 88 acres were irrigated Information in this section can be used to plan the land. use and management of soils for crops and pasture; Farming is competing with other land uses in the as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, survey area. The acreage in crops and pasture is highways and other transportation systems, and parks decreasing as more land is used for urban and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. development. The 1987 Census shows a 12 percent It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations decrease in harvested cropland and a 10 percent of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent decrease in total cropland, including grazing land and construction failures caused by unfavorable soil other cropland for the same period. In 1982, the properties. county had 1,176 farms and the average size of a Planners and others using soil survey information farm was 80 acres. In 1987, the county had 953 farms can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on and the average size of a farm was 82 acres. During productivity and on the environment in all or part of the this 5-year period, the number of farms decreased by survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain 223, but the average farm size remained or create a land use pattern in harmony with the approximately the same. Much of the acreage natural soil. being developed was well suited to crops and Contractors can use this survey to locate sources pastures. In general, the soils in the survey area that of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use are well suited to crops and pasture are also well it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very suited to urban development, with the exception of firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. areas subject to flooding. Data on specific soils in Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and the soil survey can be used in determining future others may also find this survey useful. The survey land use priorities. Potential productive capacity of can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and the soil for agricultural products should be weighed locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, against the limitations and potential for non-farm playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. development. Protecting the soils used for cultivated crops from Crops and Pasture damaging erosion is not difficult. Most of this cropland is on nearly level or gently sloping bottom lands and General management needed for crops and stream terraces. pasture is suggested in this section. The estimated On livestock farms, which require pasture and hay, yields of the main crops and pasture plants are listed including legumes and grasses in the cropping system for each soil, the system of land capability reduces the hazard of erosion on sloping land, 88 Soil Survey

provides nitrogen, and improves tilth for the following commercially on a small acreage in the survey area. crops. Because there is a large vegetable canning and In areas of Dewey, Decatur, and Fullerton soils, warehouse operation in the county, the potential is most slopes are so short that terracing is not practical. good for expanding the acreage for the production of On these soils, a cropping system that provides a adapted vegetables and fruits. substantial plant cover is required for erosion control The latest information and suggestions on growing unless minimum tillage is practiced. Minimizing tillage specialty crops can be obtained from the local office of and leaving crop residue on the surface conserve the Cooperative Extension Service or the Natural moisture and reduce the hazards of runoff and Resources Conservation Service. erosion. Yields per Acre Diversions reduce the length of slope, thus minimizing runoff and erosion. They are effective on The average yields per acre that can be expected sites having steep or long slopes above soils on of the principal crops under a high level of toeslopes. management are shown in table 5. In any given year, Contouring and contour stripcropping are effective yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in erosion-control practices in the survey area. They are the table because of variations in rainfall and other best adapted to soils that have fairly smooth, uniform climatic factors. The land capability classification of slopes, including many areas of Dewey, Decatur, and each map unit also is shown in the table. Absence of a Etowah soils. yield indicates that the crop is not suited or is not Information on the design of erosion-control commonly grown in that soil map unit. practices for each kind of soil is contained in the “Field The yields are based mainly on the experience and Office Technical Guide,” which is available at the office records of farmers, conservationists, and extension of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and Soil drainage is not a management concern on results of field trials and demonstrations are also most of the acreage used for crops and pasture in the considered. survey area. There are about 400 acres of poorly The management needed to obtain the indicated drained Dunning soils and 1,800 acres of poorly yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil drained Dunning soils, overwash, in the survey area. and the crop. Management can include drainage, About half of these soils are in native forest. Artificial erosion control, and protection from flooding; the drainage has been used on some of these soils and is proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- needed if they are used for crops and pasture. A yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; combination of surface drainage and tile drainage is control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; needed on these soils if they are intensively row favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, cropped. Finding adequate outlets for tile drainage is phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each difficult in many areas of these soils. crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, Most soils on uplands are naturally very strongly and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures acid or strongly acid. Unless previously limed, these the smallest possible loss. soils require applications of ground limestone in order The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity to raise the pH level sufficiently for good growth of of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are crops that grow best on slightly acid or neutral soils. likely to increase as new production technology is Available phosphorous and potash levels are naturally developed. The productivity of a given soil compared low in most of these soils. with that of other soils, however, is not likely to The soils on flood plains, such as Steadman and change. Whitesburg soils, are moderately acid to mildly Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown alkaline and are naturally higher in plant nutrients than in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed the soils on uplands. because the acreage of such crops is small. The local On all soils, additions of lime and fertilizer should be office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service based on soil tests, on the needs of the crop, and on or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide the expected level of yields. The soil testing laboratory information about the management and productivity of of the Cooperative Extension Service can help in the soils for those crops. determining the kinds and amounts of fertilizer and Land Capability Classification lime to be applied. Specialty crops, including vegetables, fruits, and Land capability classification shows, in a general greenhouse and nursery plants, are now grown way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 89

Crops that require special management are excluded. survey area is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map The soils are grouped according to their limitations for Units” and in the yields table. field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for Prime Farmland crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important and generally expensive landforming that would farmland defined by the U.S. Department of change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is substitute for interpretations designed to show limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes suitability and limitations of groups of soils for that responsible levels of government, as well as woodland and for engineering purposes. individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise In the capability system, soils are generally grouped use of our Nation’s prime farmland. at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department Only class and subclass are used in this survey. of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of Capability classes, the broadest groups, are physical and chemical characteristics for producing designated by numerals 1 through 8. The numerals food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, choices for practical use. The classes are defined as pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not follows: urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are use. those needed for the soil to economically produce Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce sustained high yields of crops when proper the choice of plants or that require moderate management, including water management, and conservation practices. acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce prime farmland has an adequate and dependable the choice of plants or that require special supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a conservation practices, or both. favorable temperature and growing season, Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable management, or both. to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or Class 5 soils are not likely to erode but have other saturated with water for long periods, and it either is limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. not frequently flooded during the growing season or Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make is protected from flooding. The slope ranges mainly them generally unsuitable for cultivation. from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed information about Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make the criteria for prime farmland is available at the them unsuitable for cultivation. local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have Service. limitations that nearly preclude their use for About 38,800 acres in the survey area, or nearly 15 commercial crop production. percent of the total acreage, meets the soil Capability subclasses are soil groups within one requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, this land are throughout the county, but most are in the w, or s, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The northern part, mainly in general soil map units 1, 2, 4, letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of 5, and 9, which are described under the heading erosion unless close-growing plant cover is “General Soil Map Units.” About 15,000 acres of this maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil prime farmland is used for crops. The crops grown on interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some this land, mainly corn and soybeans, account for an soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial estimated two-thirds of the county’s total agricultural drainage); and s shows that the soil is limited mainly income each year. because it is shallow, droughty, or stony. A recent trend in land use in some parts of the In class 1 there are no subclasses because the survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland soils of this class have few limitations. to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime The capability classification of the map units in this farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal 90 Soil Survey

lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, under ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. indicates that erosion-control measures are needed in The map units in the survey area that are certain silvicultural activities. A rating of severe considered prime farmland are listed in table 6. This indicates that special precautions are needed to list does not constitute a recommendation for a control erosion in most silvicultural activities. particular land use. On some soils included in the list, Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. generally needed in woodland management or Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the corrective measures. The extent of each listed map surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the the surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use normal conditions the kind of equipment and season and management are described under the heading of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted Woodland Management and Productivity because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, Joseph H. Paugh, Forester, Natural Resources Conservation the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 Service, helped prepare this section. to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that equipment use is severely restricted either as to the Woodland makes up 127,500 acres, or about 51 kind of equipment that can be used or the season of percent, of the total acreage of Sevier County. Most of use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment this woodland is privately owned. use for more than 3 months. Oak-hickory, which covers 61,400 acres, is the Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally most common forest type and grows on the upland occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by soils. The loblolly-shortleaf pine type, which covers the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic 14,200 acres, grows throughout the county and is conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for often planted in eroded areas. The oak-pine type is on seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, the remaining 51,900 acres and typically occurs on depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of dry ridges and steep, south- and west-facing slopes. the period when the water table is high, rock Sevier County is in an area of Tennessee where fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, average woodland growth is 36 cubic feet per acre per and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that year. The greatest growth potential is normally on the seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under lower third of the north- and east- facing slopes, where normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 growth may reach 120 cubic feet per acre per year. percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some Besides economic value, woodland values include problems from seedling mortality can be expected. wildlife habitat, recreation, natural beauty, and Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is watershed protection. 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that Table 7 can be used by woodland owners or forest seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. precautions are important. Replanting may be Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. In necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the percent. degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be management. uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will enough for adequate root anchorage. The main occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that been burned or overgrazed are also subject to under normal conditions no trees are blown down by erosion. Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do the percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates that that no particular prevention measures are needed some trees can be blown down during periods when Sevier County Area, Tennessee 91

the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A The soils in Sevier County generally are fairly rating of severe indicates that many trees can be suitable for recreational activities. Attention should be blown down during these periods. given to soil depth, permeability, texture, slope, Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to surface stones, and drainage in developing recreation which undesirable species are expected to invade and enterprises. Most problems associated with soil grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The characteristics can be overcome by careful site main factors that affect plant competition are depth to selection and planning. the water table and the available water capacity. A The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8 rating of slight indicates that competition from according to limitations that affect their suitability for undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the Planted seedlings can become established without surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that Not considered in the ratings, but important in competition may delay the establishment of desirable evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of species. Competition may hamper stand development, the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. competition can be expected to prevent regeneration The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent unless precautionary measures are applied. and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also The potential productivity of merchantable or important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index recreational uses by the duration and intensity of and as a volume number. The site index is the flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In average height, in feet, that dominant and codominant planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of trees of a given species attain in a specified number of the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of years. The site index applies to fully stocked, even- flooding is essential. aged, unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are In the table, the degree of soil limitation is those that woodland managers generally favor in expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are means that soil properties are generally favorable and selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, that limitations are minor and easily overcome. and marketability. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or The volume of wood fiber, a number, is the yield alleviated by planning, design, or special likely to be produced by the most important trees. This maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year, unfavorable and that limitations can be offset only by indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully costly soil reclamation, special design, intensive stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. maintenance, limited use, or a combination of these The first species listed under common trees for a measures. soil is the indicator species for that soil. The information in the table can be supplemented Suggested trees to plant are those that are suitable by other information in this survey, for example, for commercial wood production. interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table 11 and interpretations for dwellings without basements and for local roads and streets in table 10. Recreation Camp areas require site preparation, such as Joseph H. Paugh, Forester, Natural Resources Conservation shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, Service, helped prepare this section. stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp Sevier County has potential for a wide variety of areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some recreational activities. It has high potential for water vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and sports areas, vacation cabins, vacation farms, riding are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of stables, campgrounds, picnicking and field sports use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, areas, golf courses, warm-water fishing, small game absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not hunting, and natural, scenic, and historic areas. It has dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders medium potential for cold-water fishing, shooting can greatly increase the cost of constructing preserves, and big game and waterfowl hunting. campsites. 92 Soil Survey

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most improved for use as wildlife habitat if the availability of vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and food, water, and cover that wildlife need was parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm increased. when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to The streams, lakes, and ponds of Sevier County flooding during the period of use, and do not have support crappie, bream, smallmouth bass, trout, and slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of catfish. Non-game species, such as carp, buffalo, and shaping sites or of building access roads and parking drum, are also abundant, especially in lakes. areas. Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that Playgrounds require soils that can withstand is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level affect the construction of water impoundments. The and are not wet or subject to flooding during the kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the season of use. The surface is free of stones and amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock the appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing or a hardpan should be considered. plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding of desirable plants. should require little or no cutting and filling. The best In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty according to their potential for providing habitat for when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used once a year during the period of use. They have in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils the surface. that are suitable for establishing, improving, or Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be determining the intensity of management needed for required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are each element of the habitat. firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element They have moderate slopes and no stones or or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or boulders on the surface. The suitability of the soil for maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils. and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be established, improved, or maintained in most places. Wildlife Habitat Moderately intensive management is required for Gerald Montgomery, Biologist, Natural Resources Conservation satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that Service, helped prepare this section. limitations are severe for the designated element or kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or Sevier County has a diverse population of wildlife maintained in most places, but management is difficult and fish. The abundance and distribution of any and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates particular species depend on the main use, amount of that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are water, and kind of vegetation in a given area. Species very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be that prefer the open land of cropland, pasture, brushy expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat fencerows, thickets, and scattered woodlots include is impractical or impossible. cottontail rabbit, bobwhite quail, mourning dove, The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the meadowlark, eastern bluebird, groundhog, and following paragraphs. cardinal. These species are most abundant where Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and there is a diversity of vegetative conditions. Species seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties that prefer the forested conditions of woodlots and and features that affect the growth of grain and seed timber tracts include whitetail deer, grey squirrel, crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface raccoon, and a variety of non-game birds. Shallow layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, lakes and other wetlands provide breeding habitat for surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and wood ducks and resting and feeding areas for other soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of migratory waterfowl. These wetlands are important to grain and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, soybeans, furbearers, such as mink and muskrat, and to aquatic and barley. non-game birds. Most areas in the county could be Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial Sevier County Area, Tennessee 93

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes and wild herbaceous plants. are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous are also considerations. Examples of grasses and plants. legumes are fescue, lovegrass, orchardgrass, clover, Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy annual lespedeza, and alfalfa. or swampy shallow water areas. Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil Engineering properties and features that affect the growth of these plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the This section provides information for planning land surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, uses related to urban development and to water surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given wild herbaceous plants are crabgrass, goldenrod, for building site development, sanitary facilities, beggarweed, and partridge pea. construction materials, and water management. The Hardwood trees and woody understory produce ratings are based on observed performance of the nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and soils and on the estimated data and test data in the foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the “Soil Properties” section. growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the Information in this section is intended for land use root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, ash, planning site investigations prior to design and sweetgum, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and walnut. construction. The information, however, has Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable limitations. For example, estimates and other data for planting on soils rated good are shrub lespedeza, generally apply only to that part of the soil within a autumn-olive, and crabapple. depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil areas of different soils may be included within the properties and features that affect the growth of mapped areas of a specific soil. coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth The information is not site specific and does not of the root zone, available water capacity, and eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper. the design and construction of engineering works. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild Government ordinances and regulations that herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. restrict certain land uses or impose specific design Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. criteria were not considered in preparing the Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants information in this section. Local ordinances and are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, regulations should be considered in planning, in site salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of selection, and in design. wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, rushes, Soil properties, site features, and observed sedges, and reeds. performance were considered in determining the Shallow water areas have an average depth of less ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are survey, determinations were made about grain-size created by dams, levees, or other water-control distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, structures. Soil properties and features affecting depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural of shallow water areas are marshes, lake shorelines, soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were and ponds. collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed in the following paragraphs. cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with available water capacity, and other behavioral grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas characteristics affecting engineering uses. 94 Soil Survey

This information can be used to evaluate the walls or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by potential of areas for residential, commercial, soil texture and depth to the water table. industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary Dwellings and small commercial buildings are estimates of construction conditions; evaluate structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank made for small commercial buildings without absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed basements, for dwellings with basements, and for onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate dwellings without basements. The ratings are based potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; on soil properties, site features, and observed plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, terraces, and other structures for soil and water and shrinking and swelling can cause the movement conservation; and predict performance of proposed of footings. A high water table, depth to bedrock, large small structures and pavements by comparing the stones, slope, and flooding affect the ease of performance of existing similar structures on the same excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading or similar soils. that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are The information in the tables, along with the soil not considered. maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface this survey, can be used to make additional and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. interpretations. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil special meaning in soil science and are defined in the material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills Glossary. are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and Building Site Development observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil a high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil with and without basements, small commercial strength (as inferred from the engineering buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, and landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if depth to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting soil properties and site features are generally capacity. favorable for the indicated use and limitations are Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and maintained. The ratings are based on soil and special planning, design, or maintenance is properties, site features, and observed performance of needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to severe if soil properties or site features are so bedrock, and the available water capacity in the upper unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, design, significant increases in construction costs, and slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or possibly increased maintenance are required. Special organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability feasibility studies may be required where the soil after vegetation is established. limitations are severe. Sanitary Facilities Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations observed performance of the soils. The ease of are considered slight if soil properties and site features digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the are generally favorable for the indicated use and depth to bedrock or a very firm dense layer; stone limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the year soil properties or site features are not favorable for the that excavations can be made is affected by the depth indicated use and special planning, design, or to a seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features Sevier County Area, Tennessee 95

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, special design, significant increases in construction flooding, and large stones. costs, and possibly increased maintenance are Excessive seepage resulting from rapid required. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high The table also shows the suitability of the soils for enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution indicates that soil properties and site features are results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater favorable for the use and good performance and low overtops the lagoon. Slope and bedrock can cause maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil construction problems, and large stones can hinder properties and site features are moderately favorable compaction of the lagoon floor. for the use and one or more soil properties or site Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is features make the soil less desirable than the soils disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste properties or site features are unfavorable for the use is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which successive layers on the surface of the soil. The effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- site features, and observed performance of the soils. water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and should be considered. flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones The ratings in the table are based on soil and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with properties, site features, and observed performance of installation. the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding absorption fields, including excessively slow affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside boulders, and soil reaction affect trench landfills. seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. water table is near the surface. There must be Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field used to cover compacted solid waste in an area to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, require that this material be of a certain thickness. transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the affect the ease of removing and spreading the material solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides wind erosion. is required to minimize seepage and contamination of After soil material has been removed, the soil ground water. material remaining in the borrow area must be thick The table gives ratings for the natural soil that enough over bedrock or the water table to permit makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer are excavated to provide material for the layer generally has the best workability, more organic embankments. The ratings are based on soil matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from properties, site features, and observed performance of the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, final cover. 96 Soil Survey

Construction Materials are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications for each use vary widely. In the table, only the Table 12 gives information about the soils as a probability of finding material in suitable quantity is source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable excavation of the material. source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source soil properties and site features that affect the removal of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), compaction, minor processing, and other standard the thickness of suitable material, and the content of construction practices are assumed. Each soil is rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index place and used in road embankments in another properties. place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is feet high and less exacting in design than higher up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at embankments. least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, The ratings are for the soil material below the large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting gravel. suitability within their profile. The table showing Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation engineering index properties provides detailed can be established and maintained. The upper 40 information about each soil layer. This information can inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also help to determine the suitability of each layer for use evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized area. with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by The ratings are based on soil properties, site such properties as soil reaction, available water features, and observed performance of the soils. The capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected in place after it has been compacted and drained is by slope, a water table, rock fragments, and bedrock. determined by its strength (as inferred from the Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones potential. and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes Soils rated good contain significant amounts of of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water not so wet that excavation is difficult. table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water table at or 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but near the surface. the material is less than 3 feet thick. The surface layer of most soils is generally Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter commercial use with a minimum of processing. They content. Organic matter greatly increases the Sevier County Area, Tennessee 97

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts plant growth. that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds Water Management that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment Table 13 gives information on the soil properties ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the and site features that affect water management. The original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of considered slight if soil properties and site features are large stones affect the ease of excavation. generally favorable for the indicated use and Drainage is the removal of excess surface and limitations are minor and are easily overcome; subsurface water from the soil. How easily and moderate if soil properties or site features are not effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to favorable for the indicated use and special planning, bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties to a high water table or depth of standing water if the or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to soil is subject to ponding; slope; and susceptibility to overcome that special design, significant increase in flooding. Excavating and grading and the stability of construction costs, and possibly increased ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a maintenance are required. cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of This table also gives for each soil the restrictive cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity. diversions, and grassed waterways. Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or ratings. embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low Irrigation is the controlled application of water to seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The seepage potential is determined by the permeability of design and management of an irrigation system are the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other affected by depth to the water table, the need for permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake storage capacity of the reservoir area. rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised construction of a system is affected by large stones structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is high, constructed to impound water or to protect land affected by the depth of the root zone and soil against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a reaction. source of material for embankment fill. The ratings Terraces and diversions are embankments or a apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a combination of channels and ridges constructed depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will across a slope to control erosion and conserve be uniformly mixed and compacted during moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large construction. stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a severe hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an depth even greater than the height of the embankment excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability can affect performance and safety of the adversely affect maintenance. embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is Grassed waterways are natural or constructed needed to determine these properties. channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct Soil material in embankments must be resistant to surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features the construction of grassed waterways. A low available include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted content of stones or boulders. A high water table permeability adversely affect the growth and affects the amount of usable material. It also affects maintenance of the grass after construction. trafficability.

99

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during properties that affect their use as construction the course of the soil survey. The data and the material. Soils are classified according to grain-size estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in are explained on the following pages. diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, Estimates of soil properties are based on field and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting observations, verify properties that cannot be engineering properties of two groups can have a dual estimated accurately by field observation, and help to classification, for example, CL-ML. characterize key soils. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables those properties that affect roadway construction and include the range of grain-size distribution and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified physical and chemical properties of the major layers of in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and given. plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other Engineering Index Properties extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a classification and of the range of index properties for percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most percentages are estimates determined mainly by soils have layers of contrasting properties within the converting volume percentage in the field to weight upper 5 or 6 feet. percentage. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated layer is indicated. The range in depth and information sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 on other properties of each layer are given for each inches in diameter based on an oven dry weight. The soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Morphology.” Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 Texture is given in the standard terms used by the millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 field. millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles estimates are based on test data from the survey area coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an or from nearby areas and on field examination. appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. and plasticity index are generally rounded to the Classification of the soils is determined according to nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and the Unified soil classification system (2) and the Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 system adopted by the American Association of State percentage points) across classification boundaries, Highway and Transportation Officials (1). the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the The Unified system classifies soils according to table. 100 Soil Survey

Physical and Chemical Properties density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to Table 15 shows estimates of some characteristics be grown and in the design and management of and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an are given for the major layers of each soil in the estimate of the quantity of water actually available to survey area. The estimates are based on field plants at any given time. observations and on test data for these and similar Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of soils. an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in volume change between the water content of the clod 1 1 diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of at /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 table as percent change for the whole soil. Volume millimeters in diameter. change is influenced by the amount and type of clay The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the minerals in the soil. fertility and physical condition of the soil. They Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink- determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and swell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell low if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and operations. swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (oven dry) other structures and to plant roots. Special design per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is commonly is needed. at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and 1 at /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the of each major horizon is based on many field tests. estimated moist bulk density of each major soil For many soils, values have been verified by horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in potential, available water capacity, total pore space, determining the risk of corrosion. and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in soil indicates the pore space available for water and the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict table, the estimated content of organic matter is water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. organic matter, and soil structure. The content of organic matter in a soil can be Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit maintained or increased by returning crop residue to water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of the soil. Organic matter affects the available water downward movement of water when the soil is capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of saturated. They are based on soil characteristics nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, Erosion factors are shown in table as the K factor and texture. Permeability is considered in the design (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill fields. erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in Available water capacity refers to the quantity of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the water that the soil is capable of storing for use by Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to plants. The capacity for water storage is given in predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, properties that affect the retention of water and the sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and depth of the root zone. The most important properties permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the Sevier County Area, Tennessee 101

more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by Table 16 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper water. limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits whole soil. The estimates are modified by the are based mainly on observations of the water table at presence of rock fragments. selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine- namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic earth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for size. less than a month is not considered a water table. Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water Unless a drainage system is installed, the water is that can occur without affecting crop productivity over removed only by percolation, transpiration, or a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per evaporation. Table 16 indicates surface water depth year. and the duration and frequency of ponding. Duration is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to Water Features 7 days, long if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, rare, Table 16 gives estimates of various water features. occasional, and frequent. None means that ponding is The estimates are used in land use planning that not probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under involves engineering considerations. unusual weather conditions (the chance of ponding is Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years groups according to the rate of water infiltration when (the chance of ponding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); the soils are not protected by vegetation, are and frequent that it occurs, on the average, more than thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- once in 2 years (the chance of ponding is more than duration storms. 50 percent in any year). The four hydrologic soil groups are: Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes of water transmission. is considered ponding rather than flooding. Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours, moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. moderately coarse texture. These soils have a Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare, moderate rate of water transmission. occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather layer that impedes the downward movement of water conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but possible These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. under unusual weather conditions (the chance of Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); occasional that (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These it occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that frequent that it is likely to occur often under normal have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent material. These soils have a very slow rate of water in all months in any year); and very frequent that it is transmission. likely to occur very often under normal weather The months in the table indicate the portion of the conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 year in which the feature is most likely to be a percent in all months of any year). concern. The information is based on evidence in the soil Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay 102

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic organic matter, and depth to the water table are the matter content with increasing depth; and little or no most important factors considered in evaluating the horizon development. potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is Also considered are local information about the not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, clayey soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on soils that have a high water table in winter are the the extent of flooding based on soil data is less most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very specific than that provided by detailed engineering gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing flood frequency levels. cause damage to pavements and other rigid structures. Soil Features Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or Table 17 gives estimates of various soil features. weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of The estimates are used in land use planning that corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors involves engineering considerations. as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium properties that significantly impede the movement of content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the water and air through the soil or that restrict roots or soil. Special site examination and design may be otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment. needed if the combination of factors results in a Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense severe hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in layers, and frozen layers. The table indicates the installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers hardness and thickness of the restrictive layer, both of is more susceptible to corrosion than the steel or which significantly affect the ease of excavation. concrete in installations that are entirely within one Depth to top is the vertical distance from the soil kind of soil or within one soil layer. surface to the upper boundary of the restrictive layer. For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of extract. strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, Temperature, texture, density, permeability, content of acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract 103

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories on the basis of physical and chemical properties and (4). Beginning with the broadest, these categories are other characteristics that affect management. the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and Generally, the properties are those of horizons below series. Classification is based on soil properties plow depth where there is much biological activity. observed in the field or inferred from those Among the properties and characteristics considered observations or from laboratory measurements. Table are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature 18 shows the classification of the soils in the survey regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name area. The categories are defined in the following consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms paragraphs. that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy, ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults. differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family forming processes and the degree of soil formation. that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical example is Ultisol. composition, and arrangement in the profile. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil genesis and are important to plant growth or Soil Series and Their Morphology properties that reflect the most important variables In this section, each soil series recognized in the within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, and the material in which it formed are identified for meaning humid, plus ult, from Ultisol). each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, described. The detailed description of each soil arrangement, and degree of development of horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature (6). Many of the technical terms used in the regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (4) and in great group is identified by the name of a suborder “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (5). Unless otherwise and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An indicated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. example is Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal Following the pedon description is the range of horizonation, plus udults, the suborder of the Ultisols important characteristics of the soils in the series. that has a udic moisture regime). The map units of each soil series are described in SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the most Braddock Series extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some Depth class: Very deep properties that are not representative of the great Drainage class: Well drained group but do not indicate transitions to any other Permeability: Moderate taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium more adjectives preceding the name of the great Landscape: Blue Ridge group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that Landform: High stream terraces and colluvial fans typifies the great group. An example is Typic Landform position: Summits, side slopes, and Hapludults. footslopes 104 Soil Survey

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent in the upper part of the profile; 5 to 60 percent, by Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, mesic Typic volume, in the lower part of the profile Hapludults Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, except where surface layers have been Typical Pedon limed Braddock loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded (fig. 5); Ap horizon: about 4.7 miles south of the intersection of U.S. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Highway 441 and State Route 66 on U.S. Highway chroma of 3 or 4 441, about 8.1 miles southwest on U.S. Highway 321, Texture—loam about 0.6 mile southeast on Roberson Road, 0.4 mile northeast on Valley Home Road, 0.05 mile northwest BA horizon: to a site in a road bank; USGS Wear Cove Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 43 minutes chroma of 4 or 6 16 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 37 minutes 36 Texture—clay loam in the fine-earth fraction seconds W. Bt horizon: Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Color—hue of 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma loam; moderate medium granular structure; of 6 or 8 friable; many fine roots; common fine continuous Mottles—none to common in shades of brown or tubular pores; 10 percent rounded phyllite and yellow quartzite gravel, by volume; moderately acid; clear Texture—clay or clay loam in the fine-earth wavy boundary. fraction BA—5 to 11 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly Braddock soils in Sevier County are considered clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular taxadjuncts to the series because they are in a blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; kaolinitic mineralogy class. This difference, however, common fine continuous tubular pores; 20 percent does not significantly affect the use and management rounded phyllite and quartzite gravel, by volume; of the soils. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—11 to 34 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) gravelly clay; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Cataska Series structure; firm; few fine roots; few fine continuous Depth class: Shallow tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay Drainage class: Excessively drained films on faces of peds; 30 percent rounded phyllite Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid and quartzite gravel, by volume; very strongly Parent material: Residuum weathered from slate and acid; clear smooth boundary. phyllite Bt2—34 to 43 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; many Landscape: Blue Ridge medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Landform: Ridges mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Landform position: Summits and side slopes structure; firm; few fine roots; common fine Slope range: 12 to 80 percent continuous tubular pores; common distinct Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, continuous clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent shallow Typic Dystrochrepts rounded phyllite and quartzite gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Bt3—43 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine Cataska channery silt loam, 25 to 80 percent slopes roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; common (fig. 6); about 3.5 miles east of the intersection of U.S. distinct continuous clay films on faces of peds; 10 Highway 441 and State Route 66 on U.S. Highway percent rounded phyllite and quartzite gravel, by 441, about 5.4 miles south on State Route 416, about volume; very strongly acid. 0.5 mile south on Birds Creek Road, 0.1 mile west on Catons Chapel Road, 0.4 mile northeast on Lilly Range in Characteristics Boulevard, in a road bank; USGS Richardson Cove Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 42 minutes Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 51 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 34 minutes 45 Content of rock fragments: 5 to 40 percent, by volume, seconds W. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 105

A—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Typical Pedon channery silt loam; moderate medium granular Chiswell channery loam in an area of Muskingum- structure; friable; common fine roots; 30 percent Chiswell complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes; about 4.5 shale channers, by volume; slightly acid; clear miles north of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 smooth boundary. and State Route 66 on State Route 66, about 6.8 Bw1—2 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very miles west on State Route 338, about 2.1 miles channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky northwest on Jim Fain Road, 0.6 mile north on Ray structure; friable; common fine roots; 45 percent Gap Road, 0.6 mile west on a dirt road to a radio shale channers, by volume; strongly acid; clear tower, 150 feet east of the radio tower near the crest smooth boundary. of the ridge; USGS Boyds Creek Topographic Bw2—8 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 56 minutes 18 seconds extremely channery silt loam; weak fine N. and long. 83 degrees 42 minutes 10 seconds W. subangular blocky structure; friable; 70 percent shale channers; strongly acid; clear smooth Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood boundary. leaves, twigs, and roots. Cr—12 to 40 inches; weathered, fractured slate. A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; Range in Characteristics many fine, medium, and coarse roots; 25 percent fine-grained sandstone and siltstone channers Thickness of solum: 10 to 20 inches and gravel, by volume; moderately acid; abrupt Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent, by Bw1—2 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very volume, in the A horizon; 30 to 70 percent, by channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky volume, in the Bw horizon structure; friable; common fine, medium, and Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout coarse roots; 35 percent siltstone and fine-grained the profile sandstone channers and gravel, by volume; A horizon: moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma Bw2—7 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very of 2 to 6; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky horizons; soil materials in this horizon have structure; friable; common fine roots; 45 percent value of 4 when mixed to a depth of 7 inches siltstone and fine-grained sandstone channers Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction and gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw horizon: Cr—16 to 60 inches; weathered, fractured and Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and interbedded siltstone and sandstone. chroma of 4 to 8 Texture—silt loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction Range in Characteristics Cr horizon: Thickness of solum: 5 to 19 inches Texture—weathered slate or phyllite Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent, by Chiswell Series volume, in the A horizon; 35 to 80 percent, by volume, in the Bw horizon Depth class: Shallow Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Drainage class: Well drained throughout the profile Permeability: Moderate A horizon: Parent material: Residuum from shale, siltstone, or Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 3 or fine-grained sandstone 4 Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction Landform: Ridges Landform position: Summits and side slopes Bw horizon: Slope range: 25 to 60 percent Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, chroma of 4 or 6 shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Texture—loam or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction 106 Soil Survey

Cr horizon: (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; massive; very friable; Texture—weathered siltstone, shale, or fine- slightly acid. grained sandstone Range in Characteristics Thickness of solum: More than 40 inches Combs Series Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Thickness of mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches Depth class: Very deep Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent, by volume, Drainage class: Well drained throughout the profile Permeability: Moderately rapid Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral throughout the Parent material: Alluvium washed from materials profile weathered from quartzite, phyllite, gneiss, schist, shale, and limestone Ap or A horizon: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3, and chroma of 2 Landform: Broad flood plains or 3 Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes Texture—loam Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Bw horizon: Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Fluventic Hapludolls of 4 or 6; thin strata with value of 3 and chroma Typical Pedon of 4 are common Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Combs loam, rarely flooded; 6.5 miles north of the intersection of State Route 66 and U.S. Highway 441 C horizon: on State Route 66, about 0.5 mile west on State Route Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma 338, about 1.4 miles south on Yarberry farm road to a of 4 or 6 flood plain, 0.2 mile south along a drainageway, 500 Texture—sandy loam or loam feet east of the drainageway and 300 feet north of the French Broad River; USGS Douglas Dam Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes 59 seconds Decatur Series N. and long. 83 degrees 35 minutes 47 seconds W. Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Ap—0 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; Permeability: Moderate weak medium granular structure; very friable; Parent material: Old alluvium or residuum weathered common fine roots; few fine continuous tubular from limestone pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys A—11 to 23 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Landform: High stream terraces and upland ridges 3/2) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Landform position: Summits and side slopes structure; very friable; few fine roots; few fine and Slope range: 2 to 25 percent common medium continuous tubular pores; 2 Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic percent quartzite gravel, by volume; moderately Paleudults acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw1—23 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Typical Pedon 4/4) sandy loam that has thin strata of dark Decatur silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded; 6.2 yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) loam; weak coarse miles north on State Route 66 from the intersection of subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine U.S Highway 411 and State Route 66, about 2.0 miles roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; 2 percent southeast and then north on Kyker Ferry Road to a quartzite gravel, by volume; moderately acid; clear farmstead and machinery shed, 400 feet north of the smooth boundary. machinery shed, in a pasture; USGS Douglas Dam Bw2—34 to 48 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 57 minutes 4/4) sandy loam that has thin strata of dark 00 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 34 minutes 07 yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) loam; weak coarse seconds W. subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt C—48 to 62 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; sandy loam that has thin strata of yellowish brown common fine roots; common fine continuous Sevier County Area, Tennessee 107

tubular pores; 2 percent chert and quartzite Typical Pedon gravel, by volume; moderately acid; abrupt Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded smooth boundary. (fig. 7); 6.2 miles north on State Route 66 from the Bt1—8 to 25 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) intersection of U.S Highway 411 and State Route 66, clay; moderate medium subangular blocky about 0.5 mile southeast on Kyker Ferry Road, 0.3 structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine mile east to a farmstead, 0.2 mile east of the continuous tubular pores; common faint farmstead, in a pasture; USGS Douglas Dam continuous clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 32 degrees 32 minutes chert and quartzite gravel, by volume; moderately 06 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 57 minutes 00 acid; clear smooth boundary. seconds W. Bt2—25 to 41 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine loam; moderate medium granular structure; continuous tubular pores; many distinct friable; many fine roots; 2 percent chert gravel, by continuous clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent volume; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. chert and quartzite gravel, by volume; moderately BA—8 to 20 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay acid; gradual smooth boundary. loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Bt3—41 to 60 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) friable; many fine roots; 2 percent chert gravel, by clay; moderate medium angular and subangular volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. blocky structure; friable; few fine continuous Bt1—20 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate tubular pores; many distinct continuous clay films medium subangular blocky structure; friable; on faces of peds; 5 percent chert and quartzite common fine roots; common fine continuous gravel, by volume; strongly acid. tubular pores; common distinct discontinuous clay Range in Characteristics films on faces of peds; 5 percent chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Bt2—31 to 40 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; few Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches medium prominent light brown (7.5YR 6/4) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky throughout the profile structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid continuous clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent throughout the profile, except where surface chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid; clear layers have been limed smooth boundary. Ap horizon: Bt3—40 to 51 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 2 or 3, and common medium prominent light brown (7.5YR chroma of 3 or 4 6/4) mottles; moderate medium angular blocky Texture—silt loam structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct continuous clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Bt horizon: chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid; clear Color—hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3, and smooth boundary. chroma of 4 or 6 Bt4—51 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate Texture—clay or silty clay medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct continuous clay films on faces of Dewey Series peds; 10 percent chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid. Depth class: Very deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Parent material: Residuum weathered from limestone Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, Landform: Ridges throughout the profile Landform position: Summits and side slopes Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Slope range: 2 to 25 percent throughout the profile, except where surface Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic layers have been limed Paleudults 108 Soil Survey

Ap horizon: structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 5 Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR and value and percent sandstone gravel, by volume; strongly chroma of 3 or 4 acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam Bw2—18 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky BA horizon: structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 5 Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4, and percent sandstone gravel, by volume; very chroma of 4 or 6 strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam C—29 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy Bt horizon: loam; common medium distinct brownish yellow Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and (10YR 6/6) mottles; massive; friable; 10 percent chroma of 6 or 8 sandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; Mottles—common or many in shades of brown or clear smooth boundary. yellow R—36 inches; unweathered arkosic metasandstone. Texture—clay or silty clay Range in Characteristics Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Ditney Series Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent, by volume, Depth class: Moderately deep in the A and Bw horizons; 10 to 20 percent, by Drainage class: Well drained volume, in the C horizon Permeability: Moderately rapid Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Parent material: Residuum weathered from arkosic the profile metasandstone, quartzite, or graywacke Landscape: Blue Ridge A horizon: Landform: Ridges Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma Landform position: Summits and side slopes of 1 to 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A Slope range: 12 to 80 percent horizons; soil materials in this horizon have Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic value of 4 or more when mixed to a depth of 7 Dystrochrepts inches Texture—sandy loam Typical Pedon BA horizon: Ditney sandy loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes (fig. 8); Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma about 4.7 miles south of the intersection of U.S. of 3 to 6 Highway 441 and State Route 66 on U.S. Highway Texture—sandy loam or loam 441, about 2.8 miles southwest on U.S. Highway 231, Bw horizon: about 0.5 mile west on Walden Creek Road, 0.5 mile Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and west on Goose Gap Road, 4.1 miles north on Bluff chroma of 3 to 8 Mountain Road, 0.8 mile west on Tower Road to a Texture—sandy loam or loam road bank; USGS Walden Creek Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 48 minutes 33 seconds C horizon: N. and long. 83 degrees 39 minutes 56 seconds W. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; Mottles—common or many in shades of brown or moderate fine granular structure; very friable; yellow many medium and few coarse roots; 5 percent Texture—sandy loam or loam sandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. R horizon: BA—4 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy Texture—unweathered arkosic metasandstone, loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; quartzite, or graywacke friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent sandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; Dunning Series clear smooth boundary. Bw1—9 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Depth class: Very deep sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Poorly drained Sevier County Area, Tennessee 109

Permeability: Slow continuous tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and 5 Parent material: Alluvium percent cobbles, by volume; many medium Landscape: Ridges and Valleys prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly Landform: Flood plains shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; Landform position: Linear slopes and depressions common fine to coarse dark reddish brown (5YR Slope range: 0 to 2 percent 3/2) concretions; slightly alkaline. Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Range in Characteristics Endoaquolls Thickness of solum: 30 to 60 inches Typical Pedon Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Dunning silty clay loam, occasionally flooded; 0.3 mile Thickness of mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches south of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, State Route 66 on U.S. Highway 441, about 0.3 mile in the upper 30 inches; less than 35 percent, by southeast on Park Road, 0.5 mile south on Ridge volume, below a depth of 30 inches Road to the City of Sevierville garage, 400 feet west Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline along a fence row, 50 feet north of the fence row in a throughout the profile hay field; USGS Pigeon Forge Topographic Ap horizon: Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 56 minutes 03 seconds Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or neutral in hue, N. and long. 83 degrees 33 minutes 26 seconds W. value of 3, and chroma of 1 to 3 Ap—0 to 12 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Texture—silty clay loam clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular Bg horizon: blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; few fine Color—hue of 10YR to 5Y or neutral in hue, value continuous tubular pores; 10 percent gravel, by of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2 volume; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—clay Bg1—12 to 19 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; iron concentration in shades of brown few fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; 10 percent gravel, by volume; few fine BCg horizon: prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) irregularly Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2, or it is neutral in hue few fine and medium dark reddish brown (5YR and has value of 4 to 6 3/2) concretions; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Texture—clay Bg2—19 to 26 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; Redoximorphic features—many masses of iron weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; concentration in shades of brown few fine roots; common fine and medium Cg horizon: continuous tubular pores; 10 percent gravel, by Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 volume; common medium distinct yellowish brown or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2, or it is neutral in hue (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron and has value of 4 to 6 concentration in the matrix; common fine and Texture—clay in the fine-earth fraction medium dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) Redoximorphic features—many masses of iron concretions; slightly alkaline; clear smooth concentration in shades of brown boundary. BCg—26 to 34 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; Etowah Series few fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; 10 percent gravel and cobbles, by volume; Depth class: Very deep many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Permeability: Moderate concentration in the matrix; common fine to Parent material: Alluvium coarse dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) concretions; Landscape: Ridges and Valleys slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans Cg—34 to 60 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) gravelly Landform position: Summits, footslopes, and clay; massive; firm; few fine roots; common fine toeslopes 110 Soil Survey

Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic throughout the profile Paleudults Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except where surface Typical Pedon layers have been limed Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; 3.6 miles north on A or Ap horizon: State Route 411 from the intersection of U.S Highway Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3, and chroma of 2 411 and State Route 66, about 0.7 mile south on State to 4 Route 416, about 0.4 mile northeast on Harrisburg Mill Texture—loam Road, 1,000 feet south of Harrisburg Mill Road, in a pasture; USGS Richardson Cove Topographic BA horizon: Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51 minutes 43 seconds Color—hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma N. and long. 83 degrees 29 minutes 37 seconds W. of 4 or 6 Texture—loam or clay loam Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; Bt horizon: moderate fine granular structure; friable; common Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. chroma of 6 or 8 A—10 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, 3/2) loam; moderate medium granular structure; or red friable; common fine roots; common fine Texture—clay loam or silty clay loam continuous tubular pores; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. BA—14 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; weak medium and fine subangular blocky Fullerton Series structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine Depth class: Very deep continuous tubular pores; strongly acid; clear Drainage class: Well drained smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate Bt1—24 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay Parent material: Residuum weathered from cherty loam; moderate medium subangular blocky dolomite structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine Landscape: Ridges and Valleys continuous tubular pores; common discontinuous Landform: Ridges clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent chert Landform position: Summits and side slopes gravel, by volume; strongly acid; clear smooth Slope range: 5 to 60 percent boundary. Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Bt2—36 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay Paleudults loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) mottles; Typical Pedon moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, tubular pores; many distinct continuous clay films eroded; 6.7 miles north on State Route 66 from the on faces of peds; 5 percent chert gravel, by intersection of U.S Highway 411 and State Route 66, volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. about 1.8 miles east on State Route 139 to Bt3—48 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay Underwood Cemetery Road, 350 feet northwest of loam; few medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) Underwood Cemetery; USGS Douglas Dam mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 58 minutes structure; friable; few fine continuous tubular 13 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 34 minutes 05 pores; many distinct continuous clay films on seconds W. faces of peds; 5 percent chert gravel, by volume; few fine iron and manganese concretions; strongly Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly silt acid. loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; few fine continuous Range in Characteristics tubular pores; 20 percent chert gravel, by volume; Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches E—7 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Sevier County Area, Tennessee 111

gravelly silt loam; moderate fine granular and A or Ap horizon: weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and common fine roots; common fine continuous chroma of 3 or 4 tubular pores; 25 percent chert gravel, by volume; Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. E horizon: BE—11 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and gravelly silt loam; common medium faint brownish chroma of 4 yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; moderate medium Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; few BE horizon: faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 20 Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and percent chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid; chroma of 4 or 6 clear smooth boundary. Mottles—few to many in shades of brown or Bt1—16 to 26 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly yellow clay; few fine distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) mottles; Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Bt horizon: friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and tubular pores; common distinct discontinuous clay chroma of 4 to 8 films on faces of peds; 20 percent chert gravel, by Mottles—few to many in shades of brown or volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. yellow Bt2—26 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly Texture—clay in the fine-earth fraction clay; common medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) and common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular Holston Series blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; many distinct Depth class: Very deep continuous clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent Drainage class: Well drained chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid; clear Permeability: Moderate smooth boundary. Parent material: Old alluvium Bt3—34 to 52 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) gravelly clay; Landscape: Ridges and Valleys many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR Landform: High stream terraces 5/8) mottles; moderate medium angular and Landform position: Summits and side slopes subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine Slope range: 2 to 12 percent continuous tubular pores; many distinct Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic continuous clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent Paleudults chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Bt4—52 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) gravelly clay; Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; 2.7 miles north many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR on State Route 66 from the intersection of U.S 5/8) mottles; moderate medium angular and Highway 411 and State Route 66, about 2.9 miles subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine northeast on State Route 338, about 0.5 mile east on continuous tubular pores; common distinct Providence Road to Providence Baptist Church, 100 continuous clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent feet west of Providence Baptist Church, in a wooded chert gravel, by volume; strongly acid. area; USGS Douglas Dam Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes 26 seconds N. and long. Range in Characteristics 83 degrees 31 minutes 26 seconds W. Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches A1—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent, by fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and volume, throughout the profile coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid pores; 2 percent rounded quartzite gravel, by throughout the profile, except where surface volume; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. layers have been limed A2—3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate 112 Soil Survey

fine granular structure; very friable; many fine, BE horizon: medium, and coarse roots; common fine Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma continuous tubular pores; 2 percent rounded of 3 to 6 quartzite gravel, by volume; moderately acid; clear Texture—loam smooth boundary. Bt horizon: BE—10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5, and loam; moderate medium subangular blocky chroma of 6 or 8 in the upper part; hue of 5YR structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 or 8 common fine continuous tubular pores; 2 percent in the lower part rounded quartzite gravel, by volume; strongly acid; Mottles—none to many in shades of brown, gradual smooth boundary. yellow, or red Bt1—18 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay Texture—clay loam in the upper part; clay in the loam; moderate medium subangular blocky lower part structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 2 Junaluska Series percent rounded quartzite gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep Bt2—27 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay Drainage class: Well drained loam; common medium distinct yellowish red Permeability: Moderate (5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular Parent material: Residuum weathered from blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common metasiltstone, slate, or thinly bedded fine continuous tubular pores; many distinct metasandstone continuous clay films on faces of peds; very Landscape: Blue Ridge strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Ridges Bt3—38 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; Landform position: Summits and side slopes many medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Slope range: 12 to 25 percent mottles; moderate medium angular blocky Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine Hapludults continuous tubular pores; many distinct Typical Pedon continuous clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Junaluska silt loam in an area of Junaluska-Cataska Bt4—48 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes; about 3.4 miles east many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) of the intersection of U.S. Highway 411 and State mottles; moderate medium angular blocky Route 66 on U.S. Highway 411, about 6.9 miles structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine southeast on State Route 416, about 0.4 mile continuous tubular pores; common distinct southeast on Richardson Cove Road, 2.1 miles south continuous clay films on faces of peds; very on Locust Ridge Road to a site in a road bank; USGS strongly acid. Richardson Cove Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 47 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 83 Range in Characteristics degrees 22 minutes 42 seconds W. Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches A—0 to 3 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, loam; moderate medium granular structure; throughout the profile friable; common fine and medium roots; 2 percent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid metasiltstone channers, by volume; very strongly throughout the profile, except where surface acid; clear smooth boundary. layers have been limed Bt1—3 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky A or Ap horizon: structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma common fine continuous tubular pores; common of 3 or 4 faint clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent Texture—loam metasiltstone channers, by volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 113

Bt2—12 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Slope range: 2 to 5 percent channery silty clay loam; moderate medium Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Fragiudults and medium roots; common fine continuous Typical Pedon tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent metasiltstone Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; from the channers, by volume; very strongly acid; clear intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State Route 66, smooth boundary. about 12.6 miles northwest on U.S. Highway 441, Bt3—22 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) about 3.9 miles northeast on State Route 338, about channery silty clay loam; moderate medium 0.7 mile southeast on Gibson Circle, 0.1 mile subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine southeast on a private driveway to a homestead, 0.5 and medium roots; common fine continuous mile southeast of the homestead along a field road to tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay the beginning of a second fence row, 100 feet films on faces of peds; 15 percent metasiltstone southeast in a field; USGS Boyds Creek Topographic channers, by volume; very strongly acid; abrupt Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 54 minutes 02 seconds smooth boundary. N. and long. 83 degrees 41 minutes 08 seconds W. Cr—29 to 40 inches; weathered, fractured Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; metasiltstone. moderate fine granular structure; friable; common Range in Characteristics fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of solum: 15 to 39 inches Bt—9 to 17 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silt Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous throughout the profile tubular pores; few distinct discontinuous clay films Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid on faces of peds; common fine and medium iron throughout the profile and manganese concretions; strongly acid; clear A or Ap horizon: smooth boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and Btx1—17 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) chroma of 3 to 6; value of 3 is limited to thin silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic upper A horizons; soil materials in this horizon structure parting to strong medium and fine have value of 4 or more when mixed to a depth subangular blocky; very firm; few fine roots on of 7 inches faces of prisms; few fine discontinuous tubular Texture—silt loam pores; few faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Bt horizon: irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and the matrix; common fine and medium iron and chroma of 4 to 8 manganese stains and concretions; very strongly Texture—silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam in the acid; clear smooth boundary. fine-earth fraction Btx2—31 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Cr horizon: clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting Texture—weathered metasiltstone, slate, or thinly to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few bedded metasandstone fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; few faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent light brownish Leadvale Series gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron depletion and few fine faint strong brown (7.5YR Depth class: Deep 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Drainage class: Moderately well drained concentration in the matrix; common fine and Permeability: Slow or moderately slow medium manganese concretions and stains; very Parent material: Residuum weathered from shale, strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. siltstone, or sandstone B´t—44 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; Landscape: Ridges and Valleys weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans few fine continuous tubular pores; few faint clay Landform position: Footslopes films on faces of peds; common medium distinct 114 Soil Survey

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped washed from metasiltstone, slate, or masses of iron depletion in the matrix; common metasandstone fine and medium manganese stains and Landscape: Blue Ridge concretions; strongly acid; abrupt smooth Landform: Colluvial or alluvial fans boundary. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Cr—55 to 62 inches; weathered, weakly consolidated Slope range: 2 to 25 percent shale. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of solum: 40 to 60 inches Depth to bedrock: 48 to more than 96 inches Lonon gravelly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; 700 feet Depth to fragipan: 16 to 38 inches northwest on Burns Road from the intersection of U.S Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, Highway 321 and Burns Road, 300 feet southwest in a throughout the profile field; USGS Wear Cove Topographic Quadrangle; lat. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid 35 degrees 43 minutes 30 seconds N. and long. 83 throughout the profile degrees 39 minutes 15 seconds W. A or Ap horizon: Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma moderate medium granular structure; friable; of 2 or 3 many fine and medium roots; common fine Texture—silt loam continuous tubular pores; 20 percent rounded gravel, by volume; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Bt horizon: boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and E—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) chroma of 6 or 8 gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine Redoximorphic features—none or few masses of continuous tubular pores; 20 percent rounded iron concentration in shades of brown; none or gravel, by volume; moderately acid; clear smooth few masses of iron depletion in shades of gray boundary. Btx horizon: Bt1—13 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and loam; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) chroma of 4 to 8 mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine Redoximorphic features—none or few masses of continuous tubular pores; common faint iron concentration in shades of brown; none or discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 5 few masses of iron depletion in shades of gray percent rounded gravel, by volume; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. B´t horizon: Bt2—22 to 47 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) gravelly Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky chroma of 4 to 8 structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay continuous tubular pores; many distinct Redoximorphic features—none or few masses of discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 30 iron concentration in shades of brown; common percent rounded gravel, by volume; strongly acid; or many masses of iron depletion in shades of clear smooth boundary. gray BC—47 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) gravelly Cr horizon: loam; few medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Texture—weathered shale, siltstone, or sandstone mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine continuous tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 15 Lonon Series percent rounded gravel, by volume; very strongly acid. Depth class: Very deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Parent material: Colluvium or alluvium weathered or Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Sevier County Area, Tennessee 115

Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly volume, to a depth of 40 inches; as much as 60 loam; moderate medium granular structure; percent, by volume, below a depth of 40 inches friable; many fine and medium roots; common fine Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid continuous tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and throughout the profile, except where surface 15 percent cobbles, by volume; strongly acid; layers have been limed abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—8 to 14 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very cobbly A or Ap horizon: clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; or 4 common fine continuous tubular pores; few faint Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent gravel and E horizon: 15 percent cobbles, by volume; moderately acid; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5, and chroma of 4 clear smooth boundary. or 6 Bt2—14 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction cobbly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium Bt horizon: roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of chroma of 6 or 8 peds; 25 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles, Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, by volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. or red Bt3—31 to 42 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Texture—clay loam in the fine-earth fraction cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky BC horizon: structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; Color—hue of 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of common fine continuous tubular pores; few fine 6 or 8 discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 20 Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles, by or red volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—loam or clay loam in the fine-earth BC—42 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very fraction cobbly loam; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine continuous Lostcove Series tubular pores; 20 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles, by volume; very strongly acid. Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate Parent material: Colluvium weathered from Thickness of solum: 30 to 60 inches metasandstone or slate Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Landscape: Blue Ridge Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent, by Landform: Colluvial fans volume, in the upper part of the profile; 35 to 80 Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes percent, by volume, in the lower part of the profile Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic throughout the profile Hapludults A or Ap horizon: Typical Pedon Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 or 4; value of 3 is limited to thin Lostcove very cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, upper A horizons; soil materials in this horizon extremely bouldery; 1.9 miles southeast on Valley have value of 4 or more when mixed to a depth View Road from the junction of U.S Highway 321 and of 7 inches Valley View Road, 700 feet east on the left fork of Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction Sugar Camp Road to a bend in the road, 800 feet south into a pasture; USGS Gatlinburg Topographic Bt horizon: Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 43 minutes 28 seconds Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and N. and long. 83 degrees 36 minutes 09 seconds W. chroma of 4 to 8 116 Soil Survey

Mottles—few to many in shades of brown or channers, by volume; moderately acid; clear yellow smooth boundary. Texture—loam or clay loam in the fine-earth Bw2—12 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fraction very channery silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine BC horizon: continuous tubular pores; 45 percent shale Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and channers, by volume; moderately acid; clear chroma of 4 to 8 smooth boundary. Mottles—few to many in shades of brown or Cr—17 to 38 inches; weathered, fractured shale. yellow R—38 inches; unweathered shale. Texture—loam or sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction Range in Characteristics Lostcove soils in Sevier County are considered Thickness of solum: 10 to 20 inches taxadjuncts to the series because they are in a mixed Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches mineralogy class. This difference, however, does not Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent, by significantly affect the use and management of the volume, in the A horizon; 35 to 80 percent, by soils. volume, in the Bw horizon Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except where surface Montevallo Series layers have been limed Depth class: Shallow A or Ap horizon: Drainage class: Well drained Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 to 6, and Permeability: Moderate chroma of 1 to 4 Parent material: Residuum weathered from acid shale Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Bw horizon: Landform: Ridges Color—hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and Landform position: Summits and side slopes chroma of 3 to 8 Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Texture—silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, thermic, loam in the fine-earth fraction shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Cr horizon: Typical Pedon Texture—weathered acid shale Montevallo channery silt loam, 5 to 12 percent R horizon: slopes, eroded; 12.6 miles northwest of the Texture—unweathered acid shale intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State Route 66 on U.S. Highway 441, about 2.3 miles northeast on State Route 338, about 1.5 miles north on Porterfield Muse Series Gap Road, 1.6 miles east on East Union Gap Road, Depth class: Very deep 0.5 mile north on Union Valley Church Road to Union Drainage class: Well drained Valley Church, 0.25 mile northeast to a road cut Permeability: Slow beside a pasture; USGS Boyds Creek Topographic Parent material: Colluvium weathered from siltstone or Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes 34 seconds shale N. and long. 83 degrees 42 minutes 45 seconds W. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt Landform: Colluvial fans loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes common fine roots; few fine continuous tubular Slope range: 5 to 12 percent pores; 25 percent shale channers, by volume; Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Hapludults Bw1—5 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very Typical Pedon channery silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded (fig. 9); and few coarse roots; common very fine and few 4.7 miles south on U.S. Highway 441 from the fine continuous tubular pores; 40 percent shale intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State Route 66, Sevier County Area, Tennessee 117

Figure 5.—Typical profile of Braddock loam. Braddock soils are well drained and very deep. They formed in alluvium and colluvium on high stream terraces and colluvial fans of the Blue Ridge landscape. Depth is marked in feet. 118 Soil Survey

Figure 6.—Typical profile of Cataska channery silt loam. Figure 7.—Typical profile of Dewey silt loam. Dewey soils are Cataska soils are excessively drained and shallow. They well drained and very deep. They formed in residuum formed in residuum weathered from slate and phyllite of weathered from limestone of the Ridges and Valleys the Blue Ridge landscape. In this profile, weathered slate landscape. Depth is marked in feet. bedrock occurs at a depth of 1.0 foot. Depth is marked in feet. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 119

Figure 8.—Typical profile of Ditney sandy loam. Ditney soils Figure 9.—Typical profile of Muse silt loam. Muse soils are are well drained and moderately deep. They formed in well drained and very deep. They formed in colluvium residuum weathered from metasandstone, quartzite, or weathered from siltstone and shale of the Ridges and graywacke of the Blue Ridge landscape. In this profile, Valleys landscape. Depth is marked in feet. hard metasandstone bedrock occurs at a depth of 3.0 feet. Depth is marked in feet. 120 Soil Survey

Figure 10.—Typical profile of Townley silt loam. Townley soils are well drained and moderately deep. They formed in residuum weathered from shale and siltstone of the Ridges and Valleys landscape. In this profile, weathered, fractured shale bedrock occurs at a depth of approximately 2.5 feet. Depth is marked in feet. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 121

about 0.5 mile north on Davis Road to a road bank AB horizon: behind Belz Mall, at the edge of a pasture; USGS Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Pigeon Forge Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 of 4 or 6 degrees 48 minutes 30 seconds N. and long. 83 Mottles—few to many in shades of brown or degrees 34 minutes 16 seconds W. yellow Texture—silt loam A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Bt horizon: moderate fine and medium granular structure; Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and friable; common fine roots; few fine and medium chroma of 4 to 8 manganese concretions; moderately acid; clear Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, wavy boundary. or red AB—6 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay silt loam; many medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky BC horizon: structure; very friable; common fine roots; few fine Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and and medium manganese concretions; strongly chroma of 4 to 8 acid; gradual smooth boundary. Mottles—common or many in shades of brown, Bt1—14 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; yellow, red, or gray common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky C horizon: structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and continuous clay films on faces of peds; few fine chroma of 4 or 6 and medium manganese concretions; strongly Mottles—common or many in shades of brown, acid; clear smooth boundary. red, or gray Bt2—28 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; Texture—silty clay or clay common medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct Muskingum Series continuous clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep BC—38 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty Drainage class: Well drained clay; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR Permeability: Moderate 4/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky Parent material: Residuum weathered from siltstone, structure; firm; few faint discontinuous clay films shale, or sandstone on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth Landscape: Ridges and Valleys boundary. Landform: Ridges C—53 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Landform position: Summits and side slopes clay; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR Slope range: 25 to 60 percent 4/6) mottles; massive; firm; common manganese Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic concentrations; very strongly acid. Dystrochrepts Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of solum: 40 to 60 inches Muskingum channery loam in an area of Muskingum- Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Chiswell complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes; 4.5 miles Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, north of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and throughout the profile State Route 66 on State Route 66, about 6.8 miles Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid west on State Route 338, about 2.1 miles northwest throughout the profile, except where surface on Jim Fain Road, 0.6 mile north on Ray Gap Road, layers have been limed 0.5 mile west on a dirt road to a radio tower, 300 feet A horizon: east of the radio tower, on a wooded side slope; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 USGS Boyds Creek Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 or 4 degrees 56 minutes 17 seconds N. and long. 83 Texture—silt loam degrees 42 minutes 07 seconds W. 122 Soil Survey

Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood Parent material: Residuum weathered from leaves, twigs, and roots. calcareous shale A—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery loam; Landscape: Ridges and Valleys weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine, Landform: Ridges medium, and coarse roots; 20 percent siltstone Landform position: Summits and side slopes and sandstone channers, by volume; strongly Slope range: 5 to 60 percent acid; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic, shallow Bw1—3 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery Ochreptic Hapludalfs loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Typical Pedon friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; 15 percent siltstone and sandstone channers, by Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. severely eroded, rocky; 4.0 miles east of the Bw2—10 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam; intersection of U.S. Highway 411 and State Route 66 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; on U.S. Highway 411, about 0.4 mile north on a gravel friable; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; 10 road to the City of Sevierville water tank, 800 feet percent siltstone and sandstone channers, by northeast on a side slope; USGS Pigeon Forge volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 52 minutes boundary. 23 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 30 minutes 15 C—22 to 29 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) channery seconds W. loam; massive; friable; 20 percent siltstone and A—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt sandstone channers, by volume; very strongly loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many acid; abrupt wavy boundary. very fine and fine roots in mat at top of the Cr—29 to 40 inches; weathered, fractured fine-grained horizon; common very fine and fine continuous sandstone. tubular pores; 25 percent shale channers, by Range in Characteristics volume; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. BA—2 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) channery Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent, by volume, throughout; common very fine and fine continuous throughout the profile tubular pores; 25 percent shale channers, by Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid volume; neutral; clear smooth boundary. throughout the profile Bt—6 to 14 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) A horizon: channery silty clay; moderate medium subangular Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and blocky structure; friable; common very fine and chroma of 2 to 4 fine roots; common very fine and fine continuous Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent shale channers, by volume; Bw horizon: neutral; clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Cr—14 to 41 inches; weathered, fractured calcareous chroma of 4 or 6 shale; few fine roots in weathered seams. Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction R—41 inches; hard calcareous shale. C horizon: Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Range in Characteristics chroma of 4 or 6 Thickness of solum: 8 to 20 inches Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches Cr horizon: Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent, by Texture—weathered siltstone, shale, or sandstone volume, in the A horizon; 10 to 35 percent, by volume, in the Bt horizon Reaction: Slightly acid or neutral throughout the profile Nonaburg Series A horizon: Depth class: Shallow Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4, and Drainage class: Well drained chroma of 2 to 4 Permeability: Moderately slow Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction Sevier County Area, Tennessee 123

BA horizon: medium and few coarse roots; 25 percent gravel Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and and 15 percent cobbles, by volume; very strongly chroma of 4 or 6 acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction Bw2—18 to 40 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very cobbly loam; moderate medium subangular Bt horizon: blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and roots; 20 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles, chroma of 4 or 6 by volume; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Mottles—few or common in shades of brown, boundary. yellow, or red C—40 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Texture—silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam in the extremely cobbly sandy loam; weak fine fine-earth fraction subangular blocky structure; very friable; 20 Cr horizon: percent gravel and 45 percent cobbles, by Texture—weathered calcareous shale volume; very strongly acid. R horizon: Range in Characteristics Texture—unweathered calcareous shale Thickness of solum: 35 to more than 60 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Northcove Series Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent, by volume, in the A horizon; 35 to 60 percent, by Depth class: Very deep volume, in the Bw horizon; 35 to 80 percent, by Drainage class: Well drained volume, in the C horizon Permeability: Moderately rapid Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Parent material: Colluvium weathered from throughout the profile metasandstone or slate A horizon: Landscape: Blue Ridge Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma Landform: Colluvial fans and coves of 2 to 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes horizons; soil materials in this horizon have Slope range: 35 to 50 percent value of 4 or more when mixed to a depth of 7 Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic inches Dystrochrepts Texture—sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction Typical Pedon BA horizon (if it occurs): Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes, Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma bouldery; 4.7 miles south of the intersection of U.S. of 3 to 6 Highway 441 and State Route 66 on U.S. Highway Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in 442, about 2.8 miles west on State Route 416, about the fine-earth fraction 0.5 mile west on Walden Creek Road, 0.5 mile north Bw horizon: on Goose Gap Road, 3.4 miles north on Bluff Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and Mountain Road, 50 feet west of Bluff Mountain Road, chroma of 4 to 8 in a bank near a sharp curve in the road; USGS Texture—sandy loam, loam, or fine sandy loam in Walden Creek Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 the fine-earth fraction degrees 47 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 39 minutes 50 seconds W. C horizon: Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves, twigs, chroma of 4 to 8 and pine needles. Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) stony sandy sand in the fine-earth fraction loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; 10 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 15 percent stones, by volume; very Pope Series strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw1—5 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth class: Very deep very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine subangular Drainage class: Well drained blocky structure; very friable; many fine and Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid 124 Soil Survey

Parent material: Alluvium Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent, by volume, Landform: Narrow flood plains throughout the profile Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Slope range: 0 to 3 percent the profile Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic A horizon: Fluventic Dystrochrepts Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 Typical Pedon or 4 Texture—sandy loam Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded; 4.3 miles east on U.S. Highway 411 from the intersection of U.S. Bw horizon: Highway 411 and State Route 66, about 7.5 miles Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and southeast on State Route 339, about 0.5 mile north on chroma of 4 or 6 Obes Branch Road to a road bank; USGS Richardson Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam in the Cove Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51 fine-earth fraction minutes 48 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 23 C horizon: minutes 52 seconds W. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; chroma of 4 or 6 moderate fine granular structure; very friable; Texture—loamy sand, sandy loam, or loam in the many fine, medium, and coarse roots; many fine fine-earth fraction continuous tubular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw1—4 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Rosman Series sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular Depth class: Very deep blocky structure; very friable; many fine, medium, Drainage class: Well drained and coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular Permeability: Moderately rapid pores; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Parent material: Loamy alluvium washed from Bw2—7 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) materials weathered from quartzite, sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky metasandstone, or phyllite structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and Landscape: Blue Ridge coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular Landform: Flood plains pores; 2 percent sandstone gravel, by volume; Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Bw3—18 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Fluventic Haplumbrepts structure; very friable; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular Typical Pedon pores; 2 percent sandstone gravel, by volume; Rosman sandy loam, occasionally flooded; 3.4 miles strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. east on U.S. Highway 411 from the intersection of U.S. Bw4—24 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Highway 411 and State Route 66, about 8.7 miles cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular south on State Route 416, about 0.3 mile east across blocky structure; very friable; few fine, medium, the bridge along the Little Pigeon River, 85 feet north and coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular of a hickory tree on the bank of the Little Pigeon River, pores; 10 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles, in a field; USGS Richardson Cove Topographic by volume; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 47 minutes 47 seconds boundary. N. and long. 83 degrees 25 minutes 32 seconds W. C—32 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) cobbly loamy sand; massive; very friable; common fine and medium and few coarse Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy continuous tubular pores; 10 percent gravel and loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; 20 percent cobbles, by volume; very strongly acid. common fine roots; few coarse and common medium continuous tubular pores; strongly acid; Range in Characteristics abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of solum: 30 to 50 inches A—10 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy Sevier County Area, Tennessee 125

loam; weak medium granular structure; very Permeability: Moderate friable; common fine and few coarse roots; many Parent material: Loamy alluvium fine and common medium continuous tubular Landscape: Ridges and Valleys pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Low stream terraces Bw1—19 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Landform position: Linear slopes 4/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Slope range: 0 to 3 percent structure; very friable; common fine and few Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Humic coarse roots; many fine and common medium Hapludults continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, by volume, Typical Pedon gravel and cobbles of sandstone as much as 4 inches across; slightly acid; clear smooth Sequatchie loam, rarely flooded; 4.5 miles north of the boundary. intersection of State Road 66 and U.S. Highway 411 Bw2—38 to 49 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; on State Road 66, about 3.5 miles west on State Road weak medium subangular blocky structure; very 338, north on a gravel road to Trundle farm, 0.8 mile friable; common fine roots; common fine and few north along a fence row, about 50 feet into a field near medium continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, by the French Broad River; USGS Boyds Creek volume, gravel and cobbles of sandstone as much Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes as 4 inches across; slightly acid; clear smooth 21 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 37 minutes 52 boundary. seconds W. C—49 to 64 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam; loamy sand; massive; very friable; few fine roots; moderate medium and fine granular structure; few coarse and common fine and medium friable; common fine roots; many fine continuous continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, by volume, tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. gravel and cobbles of sandstone as much as 4 BA—10 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; inches across; strongly acid. common medium distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) mottles in the interiors of peds; weak medium Range in Characteristics subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Thickness of solum: 35 to 60 inches or more common fine continuous tubular pores; strongly Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches acid; clear smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, Bt1—17 to 33 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay in the upper part of the solum; 0 to 35 percent, by loam; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) volume, below a depth of 50 inches mottles on faces of peds; moderate medium Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid throughout the subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; profile common fine and few medium continuous tubular pores; few faint discontinuous clay films on faces Ap or A horizon: of peds; common fine iron and manganese Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 2 or concentrations; very strongly acid; clear smooth 3 boundary. Texture—sandy loam Bt2—33 to 44 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; Bw horizon: common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma mottles on faces of peds; moderate medium of 3 to 6 subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Texture—sandy loam or loam common fine and few medium continuous tubular pores; few faint discontinuous clay films on faces C horizon: of peds; 5 percent rock fragments, by volume; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. of 3 to 6 BC—44 to 51 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; Texture—sandy loam, loam, loamy sand, or sand common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; in the fine-earth fraction moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine tubular pores; 5 percent rock Sequatchie Series fragments, by volume; common medium and fine soft iron and manganese concentrations; very Depth class: Very deep strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained C—51 to 62 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy 126 Soil Survey

loam; few fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic massive; very friable; 5 percent rock fragments, Hapludults by volume; common fine and medium iron and Typical Pedon manganese concentrations; very strongly acid. Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes; 400 feet Range in Characteristics north on Birds Creek Road from the intersection of Thickness of solum: 32 to 55 inches Shady Grove Road and Birds Creek Road, 200 feet Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches west in a field; USGS Richardson Cove Topographic Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 47 minutes 08 seconds in the A and B horizons; 5 to 30 percent, by N. and long. 83 degrees 27 minutes 08 seconds W. volume, in the C horizon Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid moderate medium granular structure; friable; throughout the profile, except where surface common fine roots; common fine continuous layers have been limed tubular pores; 10 percent siltstone and shale A or Ap horizon: channers, by volume; slightly acid; clear smooth Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3, and boundary. chroma of 2 to 4 Bt1—10 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Texture—loam clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine BA horizon: continuous tubular pores; few faint clay films on Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4, and faces of peds; common manganese stains on chroma of 3 to 6 faces of peds; 10 percent siltstone and shale Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam channers, by volume; strongly acid; clear smooth Bt horizon: boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Bt2—17 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) chroma of 4 to 8 channery silty clay loam; moderate medium Mottles—common in shades of brown subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Texture—clay loam or loam common fine continuous tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; BC horizon: common manganese stains on faces of peds; 20 Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and percent siltstone and shale channers, by volume; chroma of 4 to 8 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Mottles—common in shades of brown or yellow Bt3—31 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Texture—loam, clay loam, fine sandy loam, or channery silty clay loam; moderate medium sandy loam subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine C horizon: continuous tubular pores; few distinct Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5, and discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; few chroma of 4 or 6 manganese stains on faces of peds; 20 percent Mottles—common in shades of brown or yellow siltstone and shale channers, by volume; strongly Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam acid; clear smooth boundary. BC—48 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) channery silt loam; few medium prominent pale Shelocta Series red (2.5YR 7/2) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine continuous Depth class: Very deep tubular pores; 15 percent siltstone and shale Drainage class: Well drained channers, by volume; very strongly acid. Permeability: Moderate Range in Characteristics Parent material: Loamy colluvium weathered from sandstone or shale Thickness of solum: 40 to 60 inches or more Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Depth to bedrock: More than 48 inches Landform: Colluvial fans and coves Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent, by volume, Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes throughout the profile Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Sevier County Area, Tennessee 127

throughout the profile, except where surface metasandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly layers have been limed acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw2—8 to 15 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) Ap or A horizon: loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4, and structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; chroma of 3 or 4 2 percent metasandstone gravel, by volume; very Texture—silt loam strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt horizon: Bw3—15 to 21 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and loam; moderate medium subangular blocky chroma of 6 or 8 structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 2 Texture—silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction percent metasandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. BC horizon: BC—21 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) loam; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR chroma of 4 to 8 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky Mottles—few to many in shades of brown or structure; friable; few fine roots; 2 percent yellow metasandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly Texture—silt loam, loam, or clay loam in the fine- acid; clear smooth boundary. earth fraction C—29 to 34 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) loam; common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR Soco Series 6/8) mottles; massive; friable; 5 percent metasandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly Depth class: Moderately deep acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Cr—34 to 50 inches; weathered metasandstone. Permeability: Moderately rapid Parent material: Residuum weathered from slate, Range in Characteristics phyllite, or metasandstone Thickness of solum: 15 to 39 inches or more Landscape: Blue Ridge Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Landform: Ridges Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, Landform position: Summits and side slopes throughout the profile Slope range: 12 to 80 percent Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic the profile Dystrochrepts Typical Pedon A horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma Soco loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes; 10.7 miles south of 2 to 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State horizons; soil materials in this horizon have Route 66 on U.S. Highway 441, about 5.1 miles value of 4 or more when mixed to a depth of 7 southwest on Norton Creek Road to a homestead, 0.4 inches mile west on an unimproved road to a road bank at the Texture—loam end of a ridge; USGS Gatlinburg Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 42 minutes 51 seconds Bw horizon: N. and long. 83 degrees 34 minutes 45 seconds W. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaves, twigs, Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam in and roots. the fine-earth fraction A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; moderate fine granular structure; very BC horizon: friable; common fine and medium roots; 2 percent Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and metasandstone gravel, by volume; very strongly chroma of 4 to 8 acid; clear smooth boundary. Mottles—few or common in shades of brown or Bw1—2 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; yellow weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam in common fine and medium roots; 2 percent the fine-earth fraction 128 Soil Survey

C horizon: fine roots; common fine and few medium Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and continuous tubular pores; few fine particles of chroma of 4 to 8 charcoal; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Mottles—few or common in shades of brown or BC—46 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) yellow fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Texture—loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand in the structure; friable; few coarse and common fine fine-earth fraction and medium continuous tubular pores; few fine particles of charcoal; moderately acid; clear Cr horizon: smooth boundary. Texture—weathered slate, phyllite, or C—60 to 72 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) metasandstone fine sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine and medium and few coarse continuous Staser Series tubular pores; moderately acid. Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Parent material: Alluvium washed from materials Thickness of mollic epipedon: 24 to 45 inches weathered from mixed sedimentary and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, metamorphic rocks throughout the profile Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral throughout the Landform: Flood plains profile Landform position: Linear slopes Ap or A horizon: Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 2 or Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Cumulic 3 Hapludolls Texture—loam Typical Pedon Bw horizon: Staser loam, occasionally flooded; 1.4 miles south of Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma the intersection of U.S Highways 411 and 441 on U.S. of 3 or 4 Highway 441, about 75 feet south on Buena Drive, 0.3 Mottles—few or common in shades of brown or mile east on a field road to a tool shed, 0.3 mile north yellow of the tool shed, 100 feet west of the Little Pigeon Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam in River; USGS Pigeon Forge Topographic Quadrangle; the fine-earth fraction lat. 35 degrees 51 minutes 11 seconds N. and long. 83 BC horizon: degrees 33 minutes 47 seconds W. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma Ap—0 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; of 3 or 4 weak medium granular structure; very friable; Texture—fine sandy loam or loam common fine roots; few coarse and common C horizon: medium continuous tubular pores; moderately Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 3 or acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 4 A1—11 to 19 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Texture—fine sandy loam or loam 3/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many fine and common medium continuous tubular pores; Steadman Series moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. A2—19 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; Depth class: Very deep weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Drainage class: Moderately well drained few fine foots; many fine and common medium Permeability: Moderate continuous tubular pores; moderately acid; abrupt Parent material: Alluvium washed from materials smooth boundary. weathered from mixed sedimentary and Bw—36 to 46 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; few fine metamorphic rocks distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; weak Landscape: Ridges and Valleys medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few Landform: Flood plains and drainageways Sevier County Area, Tennessee 129

Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent, by volume, Slope range: 0 to 3 percent in the Ap and Bw horizons; 0 to 35 percent, by Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, thermic volume, in the C horizon Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline throughout the profile Typical Pedon Ap horizon: Steadman silt loam, occasionally flooded; from the Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State Route 66, or 4 about 12.6 miles northwest on U.S. Highway 441, Texture—silt loam about 3.9 miles northeast on State Route 338, about Bw horizon: 0.5 mile southeast on Gibson Circle, 0.3 mile south on Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Matthew Lane, 200 feet east of Matthew Lane in a of 4 or 6 field, 60 feet north of Boyds Creek; USGS Boyds Texture—silt loam or loam Creek Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 53 Redoximorphic features—none to common minutes 49 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 41 masses of iron concentration in shades of minutes 33 seconds W. brown; common or many masses of iron Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) depletion in shades of gray in the lower part of silt loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; the horizon few fine roots; few fine pores; slightly acid; clear C horizon: smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma Bw1—9 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt of 3 to 6 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Texture—silt loam or loam friable; few fine roots; common fine pores; Redoximorphic features—none to common moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. masses of iron concentration in shades of Bw2—16 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt brown; common or many masses of iron loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; depletion in shades of gray friable; few fine roots; common fine pores; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in Sylco Series the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep Bw3—20 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Permeability: Moderately rapid friable; few fine roots; common fine distinct light Parent material: Residuum weathered from brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped metasiltstone, slate, or phyllite masses of iron depletion and few fine distinct Landscape: Blue Ridge yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped Landform: Ridges masses of iron concentration in the matrix; Landform position: Summits and side slopes common brown and black iron and manganese Slope range: 25 to 80 percent stains and concretions; moderately acid; abrupt Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic smooth boundary. Dystrochrepts C—35 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Typical Pedon loam; massive; friable; many fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped Sylco channery silt loam in an area of Cataska-Sylco masses of iron depletion and common fine distinct complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes; 13.2 miles south of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State Route masses of iron concentration in the matrix; 66 on U.S. Highway 441, about 4.3 miles east on U.S. common brown and black iron and manganese Highway 321, about 0.2 mile north on Hidden Hill stains; moderately acid. Road, 100 feet northeast of the parking lot of Gatlinburg Community Center; USGS Mount LeConte Range in Characteristics Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 44 minutes Thickness of solum: 35 to more than 60 inches 05 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 26 minutes 45 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches seconds W. 130 Soil Survey

Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys A—0 to 2 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Landform: Ridges channery silt loam; moderate medium granular Landform position: Summits and side slopes structure; friable; common fine roots; 20 percent Slope range: 10 to 60 percent siltstone channers, by volume; very strongly acid; Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, thermic Typic clear smooth boundary. Hapludalfs Bw1—2 to 9 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very channery silt loam; weak medium subangular Typical Pedon blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium Talbott silty clay loam in an area of Talbott-Rock roots; 40 percent siltstone channers, by volume; outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes, eroded; 6.7 very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. miles north of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 Bw2—9 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very and State Route 66 on U.S. Highway 441, about 0.2 channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular mile east on State Route 139, about 0.8 mile north on blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium Bryan Road, 2,000 feet northeast in a pasture; USGS roots; 45 percent siltstone channers, by volume; Douglas Dam Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. degrees 58 minutes 10 seconds N. and long. 83 Cr—25 to 33 inches; weathered, fractured siltstone. degrees 35 minutes 29 seconds W. R—33 inches; unweathered metasiltstone. Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; Range in Characteristics moderate medium granular structure; friable; Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches common fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches boundary. Content of rock fragments: 10 to 20 percent, by Bt1—6 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; volume, in the A horizon; 15 to 50 percent, by moderate medium subangular blocky structure; volume, in the B horizon friable; common fine roots; few faint discontinuous Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear the profile smooth boundary. Bt2—22 to 32 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; A horizon: common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma mottles; strong medium subangular blocky of 3 or 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct horizons; soil materials in this horizon have discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; slightly value of 4 or more when mixed to a depth of 7 acid; abrupt smooth boundary. inches R—32 inches; unweathered limestone. Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction Bw horizon: Range in Characteristics Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches chroma of 4 to 8 Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Texture—silt loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, Cr horizon: throughout the profile Texture—weathered metasiltstone, slate, or Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid throughout the phyllite profile R horizon: Ap or A horizon: Texture—unweathered metasiltstone, slate, or Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma phyllite of 2 to 4 Texture—silty clay loam Talbott Series Bt horizon: Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, Depth class: Moderately deep and chroma of 4 to 8 Drainage class: Well drained Mottles—few or common in shades of brown or Permeability: Moderately slow yellow Parent material: Residuum weathered from limestone Texture—clay or silty clay Sevier County Area, Tennessee 131

R horizon: Range in Characteristics Texture—unweathered limestone Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Content of rock fragments: 5 to 10 percent, by volume, Townley Series in the Ap horizon; 5 to 20 percent, by volume, in the Bt horizon Depth class: Moderately deep Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Drainage class: Well drained the profile, except where surface layers have been Permeability: Slow limed Parent material: Residuum weathered from shale or siltstone Ap horizon: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Landform: Ridges chroma of 3 to 6 Landform position: Summits and side slopes Texture—silt loam Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Bt horizon: Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Color—hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Hapludults chroma of 6 or 8 Typical Pedon Mottles—few or common in shades of brown, yellow, or red Townley silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam (fig. 10); 14.7 miles northwest of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State Route 66 on U.S. Cr horizon: Highway 441, about 1.0 mile east on Old Sevierville Texture—weathered shale or siltstone Pike to Seymour Community Church, 100 feet behind Seymour Community Church in a cut bank; USGS Shooks Gap Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees Unicoi Series 53 minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 46 Depth class: Shallow minutes 23 seconds W. Drainage class: Excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Parent material: Residuum weathered from arkose, moderate fine and medium granular structure; arkosic metasandstone, or quartzite very friable; common fine and few medium and Landscape: Blue Ridge coarse roots; common fine and few medium Landform: Ridges continuous tubular pores; 5 percent shale Landform position: Summits and side slopes channers, by volume; moderately acid; abrupt Slope range: 30 to 80 percent smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Bt1—5 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; Dystrochrepts few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular Typical Pedon blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common fine Unicoi gravelly sandy loam in an area of Unicoi-Rock and medium continuous tubular pores; common outcrop complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes; 4.7 miles patchy faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent south of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and shale channers, by volume; very strongly acid; State Route 66 on U.S. Highway 441, about 2.8 miles clear smooth boundary. southwest on U.S. Highway 321, about 0.5 mile west Bt2—18 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; on Walden Creek Road, 0.5 mile north on Goose Gap common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR Road, 4.7 miles northwest on Bluff Mountain Road, 50 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky feet northwest of the intersection of Bluff Mountain structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; Road and Dupont Springs Road, on a side slope; common fine and medium continuous tubular USGS Walden Creek Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 pores; common patchy faint clay films on faces of degrees 48 minutes 24 seconds N. and long. 83 peds; 10 percent shale channers, by volume; very degrees 39 minutes 28 seconds W. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Cr—30 to 50 inches; weathered, fractured shale. Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves, twigs, and roots. 132 Soil Survey

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Typical Pedon gravelly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded; 3.4 very friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; miles east on U.S. Highway 411 from the intersection 25 percent sandstone gravel, by volume; of U.S Highway 411 and State Route 66, about 0.8 extremely acid; clear smooth boundary. mile south on State Route 416, about 0.4 mile east on Bw1—2 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Old Newport Highway, 0.1 mile south on Harrisburg gravelly sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Mill Road to a road bank; USGS Richardson Cove structure; friable; many fine, medium, and coarse Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51 minutes roots; 40 percent sandstone gravel and cobbles, 43 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 29 minutes 36 by volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth seconds W. boundary. Bw2—6 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; common gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular fine distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) mottles below a depth blocky structure; friable; 50 percent sandstone of 4 inches; weak medium granular structure; gravel and cobbles, by volume; very strongly acid; friable; many fine roots; common fine continuous abrupt wavy boundary. tubular pores; 5 percent rounded graywacke and R—12 inches; unweathered metasandstone. phyllite gravel, by volume; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Range in Characteristics Bt1—9 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate Thickness of solum: 11 to 20 inches medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches to hard bedrock fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent, by common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of volume, throughout the profile peds; 5 percent rounded graywacke and phyllite Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout gravel, by volume; strongly acid; gradual smooth the profile boundary. Bt2—20 to 39 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; A horizon: moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous of 2 to 4 tubular pores; many distinct continuous clay films Texture—sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction on faces of peds; 5 percent rounded graywacke Bw horizon: and phyllite gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and clear smooth boundary. chroma of 4 or 6 Bt3—39 to 56 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; Texture—sandy loam, loam, or fine sandy loam in moderate medium angular blocky structure; the fine-earth fraction friable; few fine roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; many distinct continuous clay films on R horizon: faces of peds; 10 percent rounded graywacke and Texture—unweathered arkose, arkosic phyllite gravel, by volume; very strongly acid; clear metasandstone, or quartzite smooth boundary. Bt4—56 to 72 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; Waynesboro Series few fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; common faint continuous clay films on Depth class: Very deep faces of peds; 10 percent rounded graywacke and Drainage class: Well drained phyllite gravel, by volume; very strongly acid. Permeability: Moderate Parent material: Old alluvium Range in Characteristics Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: High stream terraces Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic throughout the profile Paleudults Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Sevier County Area, Tennessee 133

throughout the profile, except where surface friable; few fine roots; common very fine and fine layers have been limed and few medium continuous tubular pores; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly Ap horizon: shaped masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and 5 percent shale channers, by volume; mildly chroma of 3 or 4 alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—loam Bw3—18 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Bt horizon: structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine and Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and medium continuous tubular pores; common fine chroma of 6 or 8 distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and common Mottles—none to common in shades of brown, medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) yellow, or red in the lower part of the horizon irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in Texture—clay loam or clay the matrix; 10 percent shale channers, by volume; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. C1—25 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Whitesburg Series clay loam; massive; firm; few fine and medium continuous tubular pores; common fine distinct Depth class: Deep light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped Drainage class: Moderately well drained masses of iron depletion and yellowish brown Permeability: Moderate (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Parent material: Local alluvium washed from materials concentration in the matrix; 10 percent shale weathered from shale channers, by volume; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Landscape: Ridges and Valleys boundary. Landform: Drainageways C2—34 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Landform position: Linear slopes clay loam; massive; firm; few fine and medium Slope range: 1 to 5 percent continuous tubular pores; common fine distinct Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Aquic light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped Dystric Eutrochrepts masses of iron depletion and few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped Typical Pedon masses of iron concentration in the matrix; 10 Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally flooded; 0.5 mile percent shale channers, by volume; moderately north of the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and alkaline; clear smooth boundary. State Route 66 on State Route 66, about 0.5 mile Cr—53 to 60 inches; weathered calcareous shale. north on State Route 139 to Denton’s driveway, 500 Range in Characteristics feet northeast of a homestead, in a drainageway; USGS Douglas Dam Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 Thickness of solum: 20 to 50 inches degrees 53 minutes 31 seconds N. and long. 83 Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches degrees 34 minutes 34 seconds W. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, throughout the profile Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Reaction: Slightly acid to moderately alkaline moderate fine granular structure; friable; many throughout the profile fine roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; 2 Ap horizon: percent shale channers, by volume; neutral; clear Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 smooth boundary. or 4 Bw1—4 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Texture—silt loam loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common very fine and Bw horizon: few fine and medium continuous tubular pores; 5 Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma percent shale channers; mildly alkaline; clear of 4 or 6 smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam Bw2—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Redoximorphic features—none to common loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; masses of iron concentration in shades of 134

brown; none to common masses of iron Redoximorphic features—few or common masses depletion in shades of gray of iron concentration in shades of brown; common or many masses of iron depletion in C horizon: shades of gray Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4 Cr horizon: Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam Texture—weathered calcareous shale 135

References

(1) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(3) United States Department of Agriculture. 1956. Soil survey of Sevier County, Tennessee.

(4) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(5) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1992. Keys to soil taxonomy. 5th ed. Soil Surv. Staff, Soil Manage. Support Serv. Tech. Monogr. 19.

(6) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

137

Glossary

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary subject to flooding. stream near or at its junction with its main stream. Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, centimeters) in diameter. deposited on land by streams. Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage nearby central area for transport to a processing required by one mature cow of approximately facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement month. similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or features. the entire log is suspended. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See after the removal of soil for construction and other Crown.) uses. Revegetation and erosion control are Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a extremely difficult. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by material but have different characteristics as a an accumulation of illuvial clay. result of differences in relief and drainage. Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. Available water capacity (available moisture The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. available for use by most plants. It is commonly Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of defined as the difference between the amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, soil water at field moisture capacity and the expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in other stated pH value. The term, as applied to inches, in a 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer is soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity expressed as: but is more precise in meaning. Very low ...... 0 to 2 Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by Low ...... 2 to 4 volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of Moderate ...... 4 to 6 sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as High ...... more than 6 much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less cation-exchange properties is saturated with than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, expressed as a percentage of the total cation- less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 exchange capacity. percent silt. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low other unconsolidated material or that is exposed content of iron, manganese, and clay because of at the surface. the chemical reduction of iron and manganese Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A which consists of an illuvial horizon and the type of redoximorphic depletion. overlying eluvial horizons. Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the 138 Soil Survey

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. of puddled soil material; and the manner in which Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. the soil material behaves when subject to Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly compression. Terms describing consistence are rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” centimeters) in diameter. Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 crops or summer fallow. centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material Control section. The part of the soil on which has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and classification is based. The thickness varies extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that percent. part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, and 40 or 80 inches. moved by creep, slide, or local wash and Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical deposited at the base of steep slopes. action that dissolves or weakens concrete or Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil uncoated steel. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to or so small in area that it is not practical to map improve and protect the soil between periods of them separately at the selected scale of mapping. regular crop production, or a crop grown between The pattern and proportion of the soils or trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all Cropping system. Growing crops according to a areas. planned system of rotation and management Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal practices. symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a Crop residue management. Returning crop residue plane. They typically take the form of concentric to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium organic matter content, and fertility and helps to carbonate, iron oxide, and manganese oxide are control erosion. common compounds making up concretions. If Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including formed in place, concretions of iron oxide or the living branches and their foliage. manganese oxide are generally considered a type Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations of redoximorphic concentration. tend to cave in or slough. Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that combination with needed cultural and has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per management practices. In a good conservation cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of cropping system, the soil-improving crops and digging and can affect filling and compacting. practices more than offset the effects of the soil- Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; practices in a conservation cropping system moderately deep soils, 20 to 40 inches; shallow include the use of rotations that contain grasses soils, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow soils, less and legumes and the return of crop residue to the than 10 inches. soil. Other practices include the use of green Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper surface for the specified use. tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, control. generally a terrace, built to protect downslope Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and of crop residue on the surface throughout the duration of wet periods under conditions similar to year. those under which the soil formed. Alterations of Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion the water regime by human activities, either and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to through drainage or irrigation, are not a deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes consideration unless they have significantly resistance of soil material to rupture and to changed the morphology of the soil. Seven Sevier County Area, Tennessee 139

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river excessively drained, somewhat excessively action, as a fluvial plain. drained, well drained, moderately well drained, Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a very poorly drained. These classes are defined in mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. the “Soil Survey Manual.” Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants from an area. (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition or colloidal suspension from one place to another and development because of given physical and within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material biological factors by which it may be differentiated through eluviation are eluvial; those that have from other stands. received material are illuvial. Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in porosity and content of organic matter and low or which all horizons between the upper boundary of moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher perched water table in a soil in which saturated bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under layers within 2 meters of the surface. pressure rather than to deform slowly. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by moisture. Frost action can damage roads, such processes as gravitational creep. buildings and other structures, and plant roots. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or especially to the processes or soil-forming factors animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, responsible for the formation of the solum, or true such as a fire, that exposes the surface. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, or cliff breaking the general continuity of more resulting in the reduction of iron and other gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from elements in the profile and in gray colors. erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel grass as protection against erosion. Conducts or sand for construction purposes. surface water away from cropland. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 in proper balance, for the growth of specified centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and pebble. other growth factors are favorable. Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as downhill side of the road. 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15 the material below the water table. to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely running water and through which water ordinarily flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a flagstones. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser 38 centimeters) long. depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a tillage. stream and is subject to flooding unless protected Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated artificially. 140 Soil Survey

except by blasting or by the use of special Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath equipment that is not commonly used in the soil. construction. R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. from these crops can be used to control erosion Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped until the next crop in the rotation is established. according to their runoff potential. The soil These crops return large amounts of organic properties that influence this potential are those matter to the soil. that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, when the soil is not frozen. These properties are commonly of limited summit area and having a depth to a seasonal high water table, the well defined outline; hillsides generally have infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are dependent on local usage. not considered but are separate factors in Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to predicting runoff. the surface, having distinct characteristics Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a produced by soil-forming processes. In the molten or partially molten state. Major varieties identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are represents the major horizons. Numbers or andesite, basalt, and granite. lowercase letters that follow represent Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey material is removed from an upper horizon and Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as deposited in a lower horizon. follows: Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and immediate surface of soil or other material, as decaying plant residue. contrasted with percolation, which is movement of A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the water through soil layers or material. surface in which an accumulation of humified Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be originally part of a B horizon. limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main rate at which water is applied at the surface. feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low some combination of these. content of iron and manganese oxide because of B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A transition from the overlying A to the underlying C type of redoximorphic depletion. horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or plains surrounded by levees or dikes. browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a a combination of these. strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, by small earth ridges called border dikes, or excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected borders. by soil-forming processes and does not have the Controlled flooding.—Water is released at properties typical of the overlying soil material. intervals from closely spaced field ditches and The material of a C horizon may be either like or distributed uniformly over the field. unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely material is known to differ from that in the solum, spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in letter C. only one direction. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 141

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and or manganese oxide generally are considered a under low pressure to the surface of the soil or type of redoximorphic concentration. into the soil through such applicators as emitters, Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, porous tubing, or perforated pipe. silt loam, or silt. Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for mineralogical composition, chemical composition, tree and row crops. or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or low in organic material. Its bulk density is more tile lines until the water table is raised enough to than that of organic soil. wet the soil. Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential for crop Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is production and prevention of soil damage. allowed to flow onto an area without controlled Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no distribution. natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. forming numerous depressions or small basins. Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent loam, or silty clay loam. landforms. Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface

Ksat. Saturated hydraulic conductivity. (See horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation Permeability.) and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches upper part of the subsoil. (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, adversely affect the specified use of the soil. including the texture, structure, porosity, Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, other material by percolating water. and biological properties of the various horizons, Linear extensibility. Refers to the change in length of and the thickness and arrangement of those an unconfined clod as moisture content is horizons in the soil profile. decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume follows: abundance—few, common, and many; change between the water content of the clod at size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— 1 1 /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) faint, distinct, and prominent. The size and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced measurements are of the diameter along the by the amount and type of clay minerals in the greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 soil. The volume change is the percent change for millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 the whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, resulting value is COLE, coefficient of linear more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). extensibility. Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding passes from a plastic to a liquid state. lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated than 52 percent sand particles. mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of support loads. silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary of three simple variables—hue, value, and with the surrounding soil material and cannot be chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of making up masses are calcium carbonate, 4. gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide (See Reaction, soil.) 142 Soil Survey

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly features that affect its use and management, such nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, as slope, stoniness, and flooding. magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or water. pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Plasticity index. The numerical difference between various stages of decomposition. The content of the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of organic matter in the surface layer is described as moisture content within which the soil remains follows: plastic. Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent changes from semisolid to plastic. Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent summit area that is considerably elevated (more High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent separated from them on one or more sides by escarpments. Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and depressions. Unless the soils are artificially mineral material in which soil forms. drained, the water can be removed only by Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a percolation or evapotranspiration. granule, a prism, or a block. Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a permeability, the soil may not adequately filter soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large effluent from a waste disposal system. enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse-grained soil or soil ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the meter to 10 square meters), depending on the same size. Because there is little difference in size variability of the soil. of the particles, density can be increased only Percolation. The downward movement of water slightly by compaction. through the soil. Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult through the soil adversely affects the specified or expensive to install. use. Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables producing a specified plant or sequence of plants water or air to move downward through the profile. under specific management. The rate at which a saturated soil transmits water Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending is accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil through all its horizons and into the parent physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated material. hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that “Soil Survey Manual.” In line with conventional maintains enough cover to protect the soil and usage in the engineering profession and with maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the traditional usage in published soil surveys, this desirable vegetation. This practice increases the rate of flow continues to be expressed as vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants “permeability.” Terms describing permeability, and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch measured in inches per hour, are as follows: necessary to conserve soil and water. Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches values, are: Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Sevier County Area, Tennessee 143

Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 channels from an area. The water that flows off Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 the surface of the land without sinking into the soil Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 before reaching surface streams is called ground- Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more sand and not more than 10 Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, percent clay. concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly features resulting from the accumulation of iron or sand-sized particles. manganese oxide. An indication of chemical Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from below. which iron and manganese oxide or a combination Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of removed. These zones are indications of the saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix chemical reduction of iron resulting from into an unlined auger hole. saturation. Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic deposited from suspension in water. The chief concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; dipyridyl, and other features indicating the shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are manganese compounds resulting from saturation. many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in sand is consolidated into sandstone. situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through The chemical reduction results from nearly the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a use. change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) type of redoximorphic feature. Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered almost alike, except for differences in texture of rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the the surface layer. All the soils of a series have loose earth material above the solid rock. horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, and arrangement. considered collectively. Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, clay deposit. weathered or partly weathered mineral material Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when that accumulated as consolidated rock dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and disintegrated in place. swelling can damage roads, dams, building Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical foundations, and other structures. It can also means during road construction. It is commonly on damage plant roots. the uphill side of the road. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. percent clay. Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly by plant roots. silt-sized particles. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic 144 Soil Survey

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 and have similar conservation needs or Clay ...... less than 0.002 management requirements for the major land Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C uses in the survey area. horizon, in which the processes of soil formation Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, limestone has been dissolved. and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site the material in these horizons are unlike those of based on the height of the dominant stand at an the material below the solum. The living roots and arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average plant and animal activities are largely confined to height attained by dominant and codominant trees the solum. in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 75 feet, the site index is 75. centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers wet. that interfere with or prevent tillage. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical arrangement of strips or bands that provide distance divided by horizontal distance, then vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a erosion. drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil In this survey, classes for simple slopes are as particles into compound particles or aggregates. follows: The principal forms of soil structure are—platy Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Gently sloping ...... 2 to 5 percent longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Strongly sloping ...... 5 to 12 percent rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Moderately steep ...... 12 to 25 percent and granular. Structureless soils are either single Steep ...... 25 to 60 percent grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or Very steep ...... 60 percent and higher massive (the particles adhering without any regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part practices are required to ensure satisfactory of the solum below plow depth. performance of the soil for a specific use. Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones or EB) below the surface layer. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). other equipment commonly used in construction. Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s “Ap horizon.” surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, properties resulting from the integrated effect of considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions climate and living matter acting on earthy parent of these horizons. material, as conditioned by relief over periods of Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a time. series recognized in the classification system. Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 Such soils are named for a series they strongly millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to between specified size limits. The names and that series because they differ in ways too small to sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in be of consequence in interpreting their use and the United States are as follows: behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 when one or more of their characteristics are Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 slightly outside the range defined for the family of Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 the series for which the soils are named. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight Sevier County Area, Tennessee 145

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or of a hill; part of a footslope. flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most field generally is built so that the field can be favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage rich in organic matter and is used to topdress has a deep channel that is maintained in roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. permanent sod. Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. lowlands along streams. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, Weathering. All physical and chemical changes and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the textural classes, in order of increasing proportion earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy changes result in disintegration and loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay decomposition of the material. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam coarse-grained particles that are well distributed classes may be further divided by specifying over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” normally can be easily increased in density and Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with that is too thin for the specified use. poorly graded soil. Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling the wind. emergence, and root penetration.

147

Tables 148 Soil Survey

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1971-2000 at Gatlinburg, Tennessee)

______|______Temperature | Precipitation | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |Aver- | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average | age Month |Average|Average|Average| Maximum | Minimum |number of|Average| | |number of|snow- | daily | daily | |temperature|temperature| growing | | Less | More |days with|fall |maximum|minimum| | higher | lower | degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| ______| | | | than-- | than-- | days* | | | | or more | | o__F | o__F | o__F | o__F | o__F | Units_____ | In__ | In__ | In__ | | In__ | | | | | | | | | | | January--| 47.8 | 25.1 | 36.4 | 72 | -3 | 86 | 4.91 | 3.14 | 6.76 | 9 | 3.5 | | | | | | | | | | | February-| 52.0 | 26.8 | 39.4 | 76 | 2 | 115 | 4.25 | 2.67 | 5.86 | 8 | 1.5 | | | | | | | | | | | March----| 60.9 | 33.3 | 47.1 | 83 | 11 | 264 | 5.56 | 3.44 | 7.42 | 9 | 2.2 | | | | | | | | | | | April----| 69.6 | 40.1 | 54.9 | 88 | 23 | 447 | 4.36 | 2.83 | 5.92 | 8 | 0.7 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 76.0 | 48.8 | 62.4 | 88 | 32 | 688 | 5.57 | 3.94 | 7.12 | 10 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | June-----| 82.1 | 57.2 | 69.6 | 91 | 42 | 879 | 5.82 | 3.43 | 8.10 | 9 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | July-----| 84.7 | 61.7 | 73.2 | 94 | 51 | 1,022 | 6.07 | 3.78 | 8.03 | 10 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | August---| 83.6 | 60.4 | 72.0 | 93 | 49 | 985 | 4.55 | 2.73 | 6.42 | 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | September| 78.6 | 54.5 | 66.6 | 91 | 38 | 796 | 4.63 | 2.93 | 6.27 | 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | October--| 69.4 | 41.5 | 55.5 | 84 | 25 | 474 | 2.98 | 1.36 | 4.60 | 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November-| 60.3 | 33.6 | 47.0 | 79 | 17 | 242 | 4.02 | 2.75 | 5.22 | 7 | 0.1 | | | | | | | | | | | December-| 51.0 | 27.4 | 39.2 | 74 | 6 | 117 | 4.44 | 2.53 | 6.24 | 8 | 1.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average-| 68.0 | 42.6 | 55.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme-| 98 | -18 | --- | 95 | -5 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total---| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6,115 | 57.15 |48.03 |64.74 | 98 | 9.3 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F). Sevier County Area, Tennessee 149

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1971-2000 at Gatlinburg, Tennessee)

______| |______Temperature Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- |Apr. 15 |Apr. 22 |May 10 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- |Apr. 8 |Apr. 17 |May 5 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- |Mar. 27 |Apr. 9 |Apr. 25 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- |Oct. 30 |Oct. 9 |Oct. 3 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- |Nov. 3 |Oct. 15 |Oct. 8 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- |Nov. 12 |Oct. 26 |Oct. 17 ______| | |

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1971-2000 at Gatlinburg, Tennessee)

______| Daily minimum temperature |______during growing season Probability | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than ______| 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 208 | 178 | 153 | | | 8 years in 10 | 216 | 186 | 161 | | | 5 years in 10 | 230 | 200 | 175 | | | 2 years in 10 | 244 | 215 | 190 | | | 1 year in 10 | 252 | 223 | 197 ______| | | 150 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol | | | ______| | | | | | BrB2 |Braddock loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 539 | 0.2 BrC2 |Braddock loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,460 | 1.4 BrD2 |Braddock loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,743 | 1.1 CaD |Cataska channery silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 3,559 | 1.4 CaE |Cataska channery silt loam, 25 to 80 percent slopes------| 12,864 | 5.0 CcE |Cataska-Sylco complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes------| 40,812 | 16.0 Co |Combs loam, rarely flooded------| 1,312 | 0.5 DcB2 |Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 789 | 0.3 DcC2 |Decatur silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,828 | 1.5 DcD2 |Decatur silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,201 | 0.9 DeB2 |Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 574 | 0.2 DeC2 |Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,126 | 1.2 DeD2 |Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,191 | 0.5 DhD |Ditney sandy loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 1,557 | 0.6 Du |Dunning silty clay loam, occasionally flooded------| 645 | 0.3 Dv |Dunning silt loam, overwash, occasionally flooded------| 1,926 | 0.8 EtB |Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 2,048 | 0.8 EtC |Etowah loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 909 | 0.4 FuC2 |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,236 | 0.5 FuD2 |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,242 | 0.9 FuE2 |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, eroded------| 886 | 0.3 HnB |Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,222 | 0.5 HnC |Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,822 | 0.7 JcD |Junaluska-Cataska complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 17,860 | 7.0 LeB |Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 547 | 0.2 LnB |Lonon gravelly loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 598 | 0.2 LnC |Lonon gravelly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,784 | 0.7 LnD |Lonon gravelly loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 984 | 0.4 LsC |Lostcove very cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, extremely bouldery----| 1,881 | 0.7 LsD |Lostcove very cobbly loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, extremely bouldery---| 2,126 | 0.8 MtC2 |Montevallo channery silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 702 | 0.3 MtD2 |Montevallo channery silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,035 | 0.4 MuC2 |Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 486 | 0.2 MwE |Muskingum-Chiswell complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes------| 1,647 | 0.6 NnC3 |Nonaburg channery silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, severely eroded, | | | rocky------| 685 | 0.3 NnD3 |Nonaburg channery silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded, | | | rocky------| 16,467 | 6.5 NnE3 |Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, severely eroded, | | | rocky------| 32,389 | 12.7 NoF |Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes, bouldery------| 1,576 | 0.6 Po |Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded------| 2,464 | 1.0 Ro |Rosman sandy loam, occasionally flooded------| 1,755 | 0.7 Sb |Sequatchie loam, rarely flooded------| 2,891 | 1.1 ShB |Shelocta silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,044 | 0.4 ShC |Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes------| 857 | 0.3 SoD |Soco loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 2,019 | 0.8 SoE |Soco-Cataska complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, eroded------| 320 | 0.1 St |Staser loam, occasionally flooded------| 1,824 | 0.7 Su |Steadman silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 14,899 | 5.8 TaD2 |Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,528 | 1.4 TaE2 |Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,427 | 1.0 ToB2 |Townley silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 923 | 0.4 ToC2 |Townley silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 4,081 | 1.6 ToD2 |Townley silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 639 | 0.3 ToE2 |Townley silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, eroded------| 389 | 0.2 UdE |Unicoi-Ditney-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes------| 8,632 | 3.4 UnE |Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes------| 19,221 | 7.5 Ur |Urban land------| 2,732 | 1.1 | | |

See footnote at end of table. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 151

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol | | | ______| | | | | | W |Water------| 5,620 | 2.2 WaB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,300 | 0.5 WaC2 |Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 814 | 0.3 WaD2 |Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,006 | 1.2 Wf |Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 1,457 | 0.6 | |______|______| Total------| 255,100 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. 152 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | BrB2------| 2e | 115.00 | 23.00 | 4.50 | 2.00 | --- Braddock | | | | | | | | | | | | BrC2------| 3e | 100.00 | 20.00 | 4.00 | 10.60 | --- Braddock | | | | | | | | | | | | BrD2------| 4e | 100.00 | 20.00 | 4.00 | 10.60 | --- Braddock | | | | | | | | | | | | CaD, CaE------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cataska | | | | | | | | | | | | CcE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cataska------| 7s | | | | | Sylco------| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | Co------| 2w | 135.00 | --- | 4.50 | 8.50 | 3,200.00 Combs | | | | | | | | | | | | DcB2------| 2e | 75.00 | --- | --- | 8.50 | --- Decatur | | | | | | | | | | | | DcC2------| 3e | 50.00 | --- | --- | 5.50 | --- Decatur | | | | | | | | | | | | DcD2------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | 4.50 | --- Decatur | | | | | | | | | | | | DeB2------| 2e | 85.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,400.00 Dewey | | | | | | | | | | | | DeC2------| 3e | 60.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- Dewey | | | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------| 4e | 65.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- Dewey | | | | | | | | | | | | DhD------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Ditney | | | | | | | | | | | | Du, Dv------| 3w | 120.00 | 20.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | --- Dunning | | | | | | | | | | | | EtB------| 2e | 95.00 | --- | --- | 7.00 | 2,500.00 Etowah | | | | | | | | | | | | EtC------| 3e | 85.00 | --- | --- | 6.50 | 2,350.00 Etowah | | | | | | | | | | | | FuC2------| 3e | 70.00 | --- | --- | 5.00 | 1,700.00 Fullerton | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 153

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | FuD2------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | 4.50 | --- Fullerton | | | | | | | | | | | | FuE2------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Fullerton | | | | | | | | | | | | HnB------| 2e | 90.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,300.00 Holston | | | | | | | | | | | | HnC------| 3e | 85.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,200.00 Holston | | | | | | | | | | | | JcD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Junaluska------| 6s | | | | | Cataska------| 6s | | | | | | | | | | | LeB------| 2e | 75.00 | --- | --- | 6.00 | 1,800.00 Leadvale | | | | | | | | | | | | LnB------| 2e | 85.00 | 15.00 | 4.00 | --- | --- Lonon | | | | | | | | | | | | LnC------| 3e | 85.00 | 15.00 | 4.00 | --- | --- Lonon | | | | | | | | | | | | LnD------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Lonon | | | | | | | | | | | | LsC, LsD------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Lostcove | | | | | | | | | | | | MtC2------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Montevallo | | | | | | | | | | | | MtD2------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Montevallo | | | | | | | | | | | | MuC2------| 3e | 100.00 | --- | --- | 6.50 | 2,700.00 Muse | | | | | | | | | | | | MwE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Muskingum------| 7e | | | | | Chiswell------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | NnC3------| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Nonaburg | | | | | | | | | | | | NnD3, NnE3------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Nonaburg | | | | | | | | | | | | NoF------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | 2.50 | --- Northcove | | | | | | | | | | | | Po------| 2w | 130.00 | --- | 4.00 | 8.00 | 3,000.00 Pope | | | | | | | | | | | | Ro------| 2w | 135.00 | --- | 6.00 | --- | 2,500.00 Rosman | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 154 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | Sb------| 1 | 110.00 | --- | 3.50 | 7.50 | 2,400.00 Sequatchie | | | | | | | | | | | | ShB------| 2e | 100.00 | --- | --- | 8.00 | 2,300.00 Shelocta | | | | | | | | | | | | ShC------| 3e | 100.00 | --- | --- | 8.00 | 2,300.00 Shelocta | | | | | | | | | | | | SoD------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Soco | | | | | | | | | | | | SoE: | | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Soco------| 7s | | | | | Cataska------| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | St------| 2w | 100.00 | --- | --- | 8.00 | 1,200.00 Staser | | | | | | | | | | | | Su------| 2w | 125.00 | --- | 3.50 | --- | 2,800.00 Steadman | | | | | | | | | | | | TaD2: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Talbott------| 6e | | | | | Rock outcrop------| 8s | | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Talbott------| 7e | | | | | Rock outcrop------| 8s | | | | | | | | | | | ToB2------| 2e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Townley | | | | | | | | | | | | ToC2------| 3e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Townley | | | | | | | | | | | | ToD2------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Townley | | | | | | | | | | | | ToE2------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Townley | | | | | | | | | | | | UdE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Unicoi------| 7s | | | | | Ditney------| 7s | | | | | Rock outcrop------| 8s | | | | | | | | | | | UnE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Unicoi------| 7s | | | | | Rock outcrop------| 8s | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Sevier County Area, Tennessee 155

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | WaB2------| 2e | 105.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,500.00 Waynesboro | | | | | | | | | | | | WaC2------| 3e | 90.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,200.00 Waynesboro | | | | | | | | | | | | WaD2------| 4e | 80.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- Waynesboro | | | | | | | | | | | | Wf------| 2w | 100.00 | --- | --- | 8.00 | 2,400.00 Whitesburg | | | | | | ______| | | | | |

* Animal unit month: The amount of forage required by one mature cow of approximately 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month. 156 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

______| Map | Soil name ______symbol | | BrB2 |Braddock loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded Co |Combs loam, rarely flooded DcB2 |Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded DeB2 |Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded Du |Dunning silty clay loam, occasionally flooded (if drained) Dv |Dunning silt loam, overwash, occasionally flooded (if drained) EtB |Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes HnB |Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes LeB |Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes LnB |Lonon gravelly loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Po |Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded Ro |Rosman sandy loam, occasionally flooded Sb |Sequatchie loam, rarely flooded ShB |Shelocta silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes St |Staser loam, occasionally flooded (if protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during | the growing season) Su |Steadman silt loam, occasionally flooded ToB2 |Townley silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded WaB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded Wf |Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally flooded ______| Sevier County Area, Tennessee 157 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| BrB2, BrC2: | Braddock------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 95 |172.00 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | BrD2: | Braddock------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 95 |172.00 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | CaD: | Cataska------|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | CaE: | Cataska------|Severe |Severe |Slight |chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | CcE: | Cataska------|Severe |Severe |Slight |chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | Sylco------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 |114.00 eastern | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 pine, shortleaf | pine | Co: | Combs------|Slight |Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| --- | |black walnut, | |black walnut------| --- eastern white | |northern red oak----| 90 72.00 pine, northern | |white oak------| --- oak, shortleaf | |yellow-poplar------| 115 |129.00 pine, white ash, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | 158 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| DcB2, DcC2: | Decatur------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 shortleaf pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 66 |100.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | DcD2: | Decatur------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 eastern | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 pine, loblolly | |shortleaf pine------| 66 |100.00 pine, shortleaf | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 pine | DeB2, DeC2: | Dewey------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 |114.00 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 |114.00 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | DeD2: | Dewey------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 |114.00 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 |114.00 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | DhD: | Ditney------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 |114.00 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 pine | Du, Dv: | Dunning------|Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| --- | sycamore, | |black willow------| --- baldcypress, pin | |boxelder------| --- oak, swamp white | |eastern cottonwood--| 100 |129.00 oak, sweetgum | |pin oak------| 95 86.00 | |red maple------| --- | |swamp white oak-----| --- | |sweetgum------| 95 |114.00 | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 159 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| EtB, EtC: | Etowah------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 90 |129.00 |loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 80 |129.00 yellow-poplar | |southern red oak----| 80 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | FuC2: | Fullerton------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|shortleaf pine------| 67 |100.00 |loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | FuD2: | Fullerton------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|shortleaf pine------| 67 |100.00 |loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | FuE2: | Fullerton------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|shortleaf pine------| 67 |100.00 |loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | HnB, HnC: | Holston------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 78 | 57.00 |loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 69 |114.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 86 86.00 | JcD: | Junaluska------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 65 |100.00 |Scotch pine, | |black oak------| --- eastern white | |chestnut oak------| 56 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |eastern white pine--| 86 |157.00 pine | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 66 |100.00 | |scarlet oak------| 65 43.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 68 |100.00 | |white oak------| 61 43.00 | Cataska------|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | 160 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| LeB: | Leadvale------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 shortleaf pine | |white oak------| 70 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | LnB, LnC: | Lonon------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|black oak------| --- | |eastern white pine | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 86 |157.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |red maple------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 74 57.00 | LnD: | Lonon------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|black oak------| --- | |eastern white pine | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 86 |157.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |red maple------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 74 57.00 | LsC: | Lostcove------|Slight |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| --- | |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 79 57.00 northern oak, | |red maple------| --- shortleaf pine, | |sugar maple------| 64 43.00 white oak, yellow- | |white oak------| --- poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 88 86.00 | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 161 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| LsD: | Lostcove------|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| --- | |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 79 57.00 northern oak, | |red maple------| --- shortleaf pine, | |sugar maple------| 64 43.00 white oak, yellow- | |white oak------| --- poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 88 86.00 | MtC2: | Montevallo------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Virginia pine------| 61 | 86.00 pine, | |loblolly pine------| 61 72.00 loblolly pine | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86.00 | MtD2: | Montevallo------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 61 | 86.00 pine, | |loblolly pine------| 61 72.00 loblolly pine | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86.00 | MuC2: | Muse------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 67 |100.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| 56 43.00 northern red oak, | |chestnut oak------| 62 43.00 shortleaf pine, | |red maple------| --- white oak, yellow- | |shortleaf pine------| 79 |129.00 poplar | |white oak------| 59 43.00 | |yellow-poplar------| --- | MwE: | Muskingum------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 75 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 85 |157.00 black walnut, | |northern red oak----| 78 57.00 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 80 |129.00 pine, shortleaf | |yellow-poplar------| 95 |100.00 pine, yellow- | poplar | Chiswell------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 61 | 86.00 |eastern white pine | |northern red oak----| 74 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 93 |100.00 | NnC3: | Nonaburg------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 40 --- eastern redcedar | 162 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| NnD3: | Nonaburg------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 40 --- eastern redcedar | NnE3: | Nonaburg------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 40 --- eastern redcedar | NoF: | Northcove------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |eastern white pine | |black oak------| --- | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | Po: | Pope------|Slight |Slight |Severe |American basswood---| --- | |black walnut, | |American beech------| --- eastern white | |American sycamore---| --- pine, northern red | |bitternut hickory---| --- oak, shortleaf | |blackgum------| --- pine, white ash, | |eastern hemlock-----| --- white oak, yellow- | |northern red oak----| --- poplar | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 |100.00 | Ro: | Rosman------|Slight |Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| --- | |black walnut, | |black walnut------| --- eastern white | |eastern white pine--| 100 |186.00 pine, yellow- | |northern red oak----| --- poplar | |red maple------| --- | |river birch------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 105 |114.00 | Sb: | Sequatchie------|Slight |Slight |Severe |loblolly pine------| 90 |129.00 |black walnut, | |white oak------| 80 57.00 loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 yellow-poplar | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 163 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| ShB, ShC: | Shelocta------|Slight |Slight |Severe |American beech------| --- | |black walnut, | |cucumbertree------| --- eastern white | |red maple------| 81 --- pine, northern red | |scarlet oak------| 80 57.00 oak, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 77 |129.00 pine, white ash, | |white oak------| 77 57.00 white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 99 |100.00 poplar | SoD: | Soco------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 68 57.00 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 85 |157.00 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 76 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86.00 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | SoE: | Soco------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 68 57.00 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 85 |157.00 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 76 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86.00 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | Cataska------|Severe |Severe |Slight |chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | St: | Staser------|Slight |Slight |Severe |black walnut------| --- | walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 90 |129.00 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 | 164 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| Su: | Steadman------|Slight |Slight |Severe |black walnut------| --- | |Japanese larch, | |northern red oak----| 86 72.00 Norway spruce, | |red maple------| --- black oak, | |white ash------| 85 57.00 walnut, eastern | |white oak------| 85 72.00 white pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 95 |100.00 northern red oak, | shortleaf pine, | white ash, | oak, yellow-poplar | TaD2: | Talbott------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 46 | 57.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 eastern redcedar, | |northern red oak----| 65 43.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 64 |100.00 shortleaf pine | Rock outcrop. | | TaE2: | Talbott------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 46 | 57.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 eastern redcedar, | |northern red oak----| 65 43.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 64 |100.00 shortleaf pine | Rock outcrop. | | ToB2, ToC2: | Townley------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 | --- |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 70 --- loblolly pine | |shortleaf pine------| 60 --- | ToD2: | Townley------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 70 86.00 loblolly pine | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 | ToE2: | Townley------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 70 86.00 loblolly pine | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 165 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| UdE: | Unicoi------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 50 | 72.00 pine | |chestnut oak------| 50 29.00 | |pitch pine------| 40 57.00 | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | Ditney------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 |114.00 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 pine | Rock outcrop. | | UnE: | Unicoi------|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 50 | 72.00 pine | |chestnut oak------| 50 29.00 | |pitch pine------| 40 57.00 | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | Rock outcrop. | | Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | WaB2, WaC2: | Waynesboro------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 70 57.00 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 yellow-poplar | WaD2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 70 57.00 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 yellow-poplar | Wf: | Whitesburg------|Slight |Slight |Severe |black locust------| --- | |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 75 57.00 yellow-poplar | |sweetgum------| 90 |100.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 95 |100.00 | ______166 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | BrB2: | | | | | Braddock------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | BrC2: | | | | | Braddock------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | BrD2: | | | | | Braddock------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | CaD: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | CaE: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | CcE: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Co: | | | | | Combs------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | | | flooding | | | | | DcB2: | | | | | Decatur------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | DcC2: | | | | | Decatur------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | DcD2: | | | | | Decatur------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DeB2: | | | | | Dewey------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 167

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DhD: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Du, Dv: | | | | | Dunning------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | wetness | erodes easily | wetness | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | EtB: | | | | | Etowah------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | EtC: | | | | | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | FuC2: | | | | | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | small stones | small stones | small stones | small stones | | | | | | | FuD2: | | | | | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | FuE2: | | | | | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | HnB: | | | | | Holston------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | HnC: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | JcD: | | | | | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | LeB: | | | | | Leadvale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | wetness | percs slowly | percs slowly | erodes easily | | | wetness | slope | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | LnB: | | | | | Lonon------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | 168 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | LnC: | | | | | Lonon------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | LnD: | | | | | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | LsC: | | | | | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | large stones | large stones | slope | too cobbly | large stones | small stones | small stones | large stones | large stones | small stones | | | small stones | | | | | | | LsD: | | | | | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones | too cobbly | | small stones | small stones | small stones | large stones | | | | | | MtC2: | | | | | Montevallo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | slope | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | MtD2: | | | | | Montevallo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | Muse------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | MwE: | | | | | Muskingum------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | slope | | | | | | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | NnC3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | NnD3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | NnE3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 169

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | NoF: | | | | | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Po: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | flooding | | flooding | | | | | Ro: | | | | | Rosman------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | flooding | | flooding | | | | | Sb: | | | | | Sequatchie------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | flooding | | slope | | | | | | | ShB: | | | | | Shelocta------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | ShC: | | | | | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | SoD: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | SoE: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | St: | | | | | Staser------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | flooding | | flooding | | | | | Su: | | | | | Steadman------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | percs slowly | flooding | | flooding | | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | TaD2: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | ToB2: | | | | | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | depth to rock | | | | | 170 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | | ToD2: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | ToE2: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | UdE: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | UnE: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WaB2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | WaC2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | WaD2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Wf: | | | | | Whitesburg------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | flooding | | flooding | | | slope | | ______| | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 171

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | BrB2: | | | | | | | | | | Braddock------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BrC2, BrD2: | | | | | | | | | | Braddock------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CaD, CaE: | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | CcE: | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Co: | | | | | | | | | | Combs------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DcB2, DcC2: | | | | | | | | | | Decatur------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DcD2: | | | | | | | | | | Decatur------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeB2: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Very |Very |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DhD: | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Du, Dv: | | | | | | | | | | Dunning------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good | poor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EtB: | | | | | | | | | | Etowah------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | 172 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | EtC: | | | | | | | | | | Etowah------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | FuC2: | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | FuD2: | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | FuE2: | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | HnB: | | | | | | | | | | Holston------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | HnC: | | | | | | | | | | Holston------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JcD: | | | | | | | | | | Junaluska------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | | | | Leadvale------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | LnB, LnC: | | | | | | | | | | Lonon------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LnD: | | | | | | | | | | Lonon------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LsC: | | | | | | | | | | Lostcove------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LsD: | | | | | | | | | | Lostcove------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | MtC2, MtD2: | | | | | | | | | | Montevallo------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | | | | | | Muse------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 173

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | MwE: | | | | | | | | | | Muskingum------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Chiswell------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NnC3: | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NnD3: | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NnE3: | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Fair |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NoF: | | | | | | | | | | Northcove------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | | | | | | Pope------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Ro: | | | | | | | | | | Rosman------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sb: | | | | | | | | | | Sequatchie------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ShB, ShC: | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SoD: | | | | | | | | | | Soco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SoE: | | | | | | | | | | Soco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | St: | | | | | | | | | | Staser------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | | | | Steadman------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | 174 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | TaD2: | | | | | | | | | | Talbott------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | | | | | | | Talbott------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ToB2, ToC2: | | | | | | | | | | Townley------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ToD2, ToE2: | | | | | | | | | | Townley------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | UdE: | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnE: | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2: | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | WaC2, WaD2: | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | | | | | | Whitesburg------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor ______| | | | | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 175 Table 10.—Building Site Development (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| BrB2: | Braddock------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell slope low strength | shrink-swell | BrC2: | Braddock------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | too clayey shrink-swell | slope | BrD2: | Braddock------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | CaD, CaE: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | CcE: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Co: | Combs------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | DcB2: | Decatur------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell low strength | shrink-swell | DcC2: | Decatur------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope shrink-swell | slope | 176 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| DcD2: | Decatur------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | DeB2: | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell low strength | shrink-swell | DeC2: | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope shrink-swell | slope | DeD2: | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | DhD: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Du, Dv: | Dunning------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding | wetness low strength | wetness | EtB: | Etowah------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: | low strength | EtC: | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | FuC2: | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength small stones | too clayey slope shrink-swell | slope | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 177 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| FuD2: | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | small stones | FuE2: | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | | HnB: | Holston------|Slight |Slight | HnC: | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | JcD: | Junaluska------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | depth to rock slope | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | LeB: | Leadvale------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | wetness slope low strength | wetness | LnB: | Lonon------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: | low strength | LnC: | Lonon------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | LnD: | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | 178 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| LsC: | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | large stones | small stones | LsD: | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones slope | slope | MtC2: | Montevallo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | MtD2: | Montevallo------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | MuC2: | Muse------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope | MwE: | Muskingum------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | NnC3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock slope low strength | depth to rock | NnD3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | depth to rock | slope | NnE3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 179 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| NoF: | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones slope | slope | Po: | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave flooding | Ro: | Rosman------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave flooding | Sb: | Sequatchie------|Slight |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight | flooding | ShB: | Shelocta------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: | low strength | ShC: | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | SoD: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | SoE: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | St: | Staser------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | Su: | Steadman------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | 180 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| TaD2: | Talbott------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Rock outcrop. | | TaE2: | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Rock outcrop. | | ToB2: | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey shrink-swell low strength depth to rock | depth to rock | ToC2: | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope depth to rock | depth to rock | ToD2: | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | ToE2: | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | UdE: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Rock outcrop. | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 181 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| UnE: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock large stones | depth to rock | Rock outcrop. | | Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | | WaB2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | too clayey low strength | WaC2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | too clayey slope | WaD2: | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Wf: | Whitesburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | ______182 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | BrB2: | | | | | Braddock------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | slope | hard to pack | | slope | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | BrC2: | | | | | Braddock------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | slope | hard to pack | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | BrD2: | | | | | Braddock------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | hard to pack | | slope | slope | | slope | | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | CaD, CaE: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | CcE: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Co: | | | | | Combs------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | | | | DcB2: | | | | | Decatur------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | DcC2: | | | | | Decatur------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | DcD2: | | | | | Decatur------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 183

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | DeB2: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DhD: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Du, Dv: | | | | | Dunning------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | hard to pack | percs slowly | wetness | too clayey | wetness | too clayey | wetness | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | EtB: | | | | | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | | | | EtC: | | | | | Etowah------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | too clayey | slope | | too clayey | | | | | | | FuC2: | | | | | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small stones | slope | | too clayey | | | | | | | FuD2, FuE2: | | | | | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | HnB: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | small stones | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | HnC: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | too clayey | | small stones | | | | | too clayey | | | | | 184 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | JcD: | | | | | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | LeB: | | | | | Leadvale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | wetness | depth to rock | wetness | too clayey | wetness | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | LnB: | | | | | Lonon------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too acid | slope | too acid | | | | | LnC: | | | | | Lonon------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too acid | slope | too acid | slope | | | | | | | | | LnD: | | | | | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too acid | | too acid | | | | | LsC: | | | | | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones | slope | seepage | too acid | | | | slope | | | | | | | | LsD: | | | | | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | large stones | slope | seepage | slope | | slope | | slope | too acid | | | | | | | MtC2, MtD2: | | | | | Montevallo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | Muse------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | hard to pack | | | depth to rock | wetness | too clayey | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | MwE: | | | | | Muskingum------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 185

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | MwE: | | | | | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | NnC3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | NnD3, NnE3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | NoF: | | | | | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | large stones | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | too acid | | | | | Po: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | seepage | seepage | | percs slowly | seepage | | | | | | | | Ro: | | | | | Rosman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | Sb: | | | | | Sequatchie------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | | small stones | flooding | | | | too clayey | | | | | ShB: | | | | | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | slope | small stones | | slope | | | | | | | | ShC: | | | | | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | slope | small stones | slope | slope | | | | | | | | SoD: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | 186 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | SoE: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | St: | | | | | Staser------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | Su: | | | | | Steadman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | too clayey | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | TaD2: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | ToB2: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | hard to pack | percs slowly | | | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | ToC2: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | ToD2, ToE2: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | hard to pack | slope | depth to rock | | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 187

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | UdE: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | UnE: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WaB2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | WaC2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | WaD2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | Whitesburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness | flooding | wetness | wetness | too clayey | | wetness | depth to rock | | wetness | | | | | depth to rock ______| | | | | 188 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | BrB2: | | | | Braddock------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | BrC2, BrD2: | | | | Braddock------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | CaD, CaE: | | | | Cataska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | CcE: | | | | Cataska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Sylco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Co: | | | | Combs------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | DcB2, DcC2: | | | | Decatur------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | DcD2: | | | | Decatur------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | DeB2, DeC2: | | | | Dewey------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | Dewey------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | shrink-swell | | | too clayey | slope | | | | | | | DhD: | | | | Ditney------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 189

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | Du, Dv: | | | | Dunning------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer | wetness | | | wetness | | | | EtB: | | | | Etowah------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | thin layer | | | too clayey | | | | EtC: | | | | Etowah------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | thin layer | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | FuC2: | | | | Fullerton------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | shrink-swell | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | FuD2: | | | | Fullerton------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | shrink-swell | | | small stones | slope | | | too clayey | | | | FuE2: | | | | Fullerton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | HnB, HnC: | | | | Holston------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | JcD: | | | | Junaluska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Cataska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | LeB: | | | | Leadvale------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | | thin layer | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | LnB, LnC: | | | | Lonon------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | too acid | | | | 190 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | LnD: | | | | Lonon------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | too acid | | | | LsC, LsD: | | | | Lostcove------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | MtC2, MtD2: | | | | Montevallo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | MuC2: | | | | Muse------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | MwE: | | | | Muskingum------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Chiswell------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | NnC3: | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | thin layer | thin layer | area reclaim | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer | depth to rock | | | too clayey | | | | depth to rock | | | | NnD3: | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | low strength | | | slope | depth to rock | | | too clayey | | | | depth to rock | | | | NnE3: | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | low strength | | | too clayey | slope | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | NoF: | | | | Northcove------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | slope | excess fines | excess fines | large stones | | | | too acid | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 191

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | Pope------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | Ro: | | | | Rosman------|Fair: |Probable |Probable |Fair: | wetness | | | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Sb: | | | | Sequatchie------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | ShB, ShC: | | | | Shelocta------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | SoD: | | | | Soco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | SoE: | | | | Soco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Cataska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | St: | | | | Staser------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Su: | | | | Steadman------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | too clayey | | | | TaD2: | | | | Talbott------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | depth to rock | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | Talbott------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | too clayey | depth to rock | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | 192 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | ToB2, ToC2, ToD2, ToE2: | | | | Townley------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | UdE: | | | | Unicoi------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Ditney------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | UnE: | | | | Unicoi------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2: | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | WaD2: | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | too clayey | | | | Wf: | | | | Whitesburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too clayey ______| | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 193 ______Table 13.—Water Management | Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| BrB2: | Braddock------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope | slope | BrC2, BrD2: | Braddock------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | CaD, CaE: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| | depth to rock| droughty | depth to rock| | CcE: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| | depth to rock| droughty | depth to rock| | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | droughty | Co: | Combs------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| flooding | DcB2: | Decatur------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope | slope | DcC2, DcD2: | Decatur------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | DeB2: | Dewey------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope | slope | (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______194 Soil Survey ______ly y ly ly s ck Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| DeC2, DeD2: | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | DhD: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope droughty | depth to rock| | Du, Dv: | Dunning------|Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | wetness slow refill flooding erodes easily| easi | percs slowly slowl | wetness | EtB: | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easi | slope thin layer | EtC: | Etowah------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easi | thin layer slope | FuC2, FuD2, FuE2: | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| large stones stone | piping slope | HnB: | Holston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | HnC: | Holston------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | JcD: | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| | depth to rock| ro | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 195 ______ck ly th s s ck ly y Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| JcD: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| | depth to rock| droughty | depth to rock| ro | LeB: | Leadvale------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water percs slowly erodes easily| easi | depth to rock| slope wetness rooting dep | wetness | LnB: | Lonon------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | LnC, LnD: | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | LsC: | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| stone | seepage slope droughty | droughty | LsD: | Lostcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| stone | seepage slope | droughty | MtC2, MtD2: | Montevallo------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| | depth to rock| ro | droughty | MuC2: | Muse------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack slow refill deep water| erodes easily| easi | thin layer percs slowly slowl | slope | 196 Soil Survey ______ly s ck s Table 13.—Water Management—Continued | Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| MwE: | Muskingum------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easi | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| large stones stone | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | depth to rock| thin layer ro | droughty | NoF: | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| stone | slope | droughty | Po: | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| flooding | Ro: | Rosman------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping cutbanks cave| flooding | Sb: | Sequatchie------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | ShB: | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | ShC: | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | ______Sevier County Area, Tennessee 197 ______ck ck ly ck ly ck ly ck Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| SoD: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope thin layer depth to rock| ro | SoE: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope thin layer depth to rock| ro | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| | depth to rock| droughty | depth to rock| | St: | Staser------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping slow refill deep to water| flooding | deep to water| | Su: | Steadman------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping slow refill flooding erodes easily| easi | wetness | TaD2, TaE2: | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | depth to rock| ro | Rock outcrop. | | ToB2: | Townley------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| percs slowly erodes easily| easi | depth to rock| slope ro | ToC2: | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| percs slowly erodes easily| easi | slope | depth to rock| ro | 198 Soil Survey ______ly ck s ck s Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| ToD2, ToE2: | Townley------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | slope no water deep to water| percs slowly erodes easily| easi | slope | depth to rock| ro | UdE: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| stone | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | seepage depth to rock| ro | droughty | Rock outcrop. | | UnE: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| stone | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Rock outcrop. | | Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | WaB2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope | slope piping | WaC2, WaD2: | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | piping | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 199 ______Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Wf: | Whitesburg------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping slow refill slope wetness | slope thin layer deep to water| wetness | depth to rock| wetness | ______200 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties (Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated) ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | BrB2, BrC2, BrD2:| | Braddock------| 0-5 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |85-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |16-30 3-10 | 5-60 |Gravelly clay |CH, CL |A-7 0 0-15 |80-100|55-100|40-90 |35-90 |38-56 |15-25 | loam, gravelly| | clay, clay | CaD, CaE: | Cataska------| 0-2 |Channery silt |GC-GM, CL-ML |A-4 | 3-15 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 2-12 |Very channery |GC, GC-GM |A-1, A-2 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-50 |10-40 |10-35 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 12-40 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | CcE: | Cataska------| 0-2 |Channery silt |GC-GM, CL-ML |A-4 | 3-15 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 2-12 |Very channery |GC, GC-GM |A-2, A-1 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-50 |10-40 |10-35 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 12-40 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Sylco------| 0-2 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 3-15 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 2-25 |Very channery |GC, GC-GM |A-1, A-2 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-50 |10-40 |10-35 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 25-33 |Bedrock --- | >33 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 201 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Co: | Combs------| 0-11 |Loam |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |16-30 3-10 | SC-SM, CL-ML| | 11-62 |Loam, sandy |SC-SM, SM, |A-2, A-4 0 |90-100|80-100|60-90 |30-80 |12-24 |NP-7 | loam ML, CL-ML | DcB2, DcC2, DcD2:| | Decatur------| 0-8 |Silt loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0 0-3 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 8-60 |Silty clay |CL |A-6, A-7 0 0-3 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-90 |30-48 |11-21 | loam, silty | clay, clay | DeB2, DeC2, DeD2:| | Dewey------| 0-8 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 0-3 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 8-20 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |24-34 7-13 | silty clay | loam | 20-60 |Clay, silty |CL |A-7, A-6 0 0-2 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |30-48 |11-21 | clay | DhD: | Ditney------| 0-9 |Sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 0-6 |90-100|80-95 |50-70 |25-45 |11-23 |NP-7 | 9-29 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 0-5 |90-100|80-95 |50-80 |30-60 |11-23 |NP-7 | loam, fine SC-SM, SM | sandy loam | 29-36 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 |15-30 |65-100|60-90 |45-75 |25-60 |11-23 |NP-7 | loam, cobbly SC-SM, SM | loam | >36 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Du: | Dunning------| 0-12 |Silty clay loam|CL |A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 |30-43 |11-18 | 12-60 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 --- 0-5 |75-100|60-100|55-95 |50-90 |43-66 |21-39 | clay, silty | clay loam | Dv: | Dunning------| 0-12 |Silt loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0 0-3 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 12-60 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 --- 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-90 |43-66 |21-39 | clay, silty | clay loam | 202 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | EtB, EtC: | Etowah------| 0-14 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |14-30 3-10 | SM, SC-SM | 14-24 |Silty clay |CL |A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |27-40 9-16 | loam, clay | loam, silt | loam | 24-60 |Silty clay |CL |A-6, A-7 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |30-43 |11-18 | loam, clay | loam | FuC2, FuD2, FuE2:| | Fullerton------| 0-16 |Gravelly silt |GC-GM, CL, |A-4 | 0 0-5 |65-85 |55-75 |45-70 |40-65 |18-30 4-10 | loam CL-ML, GC | 16-60 |Gravelly clay, |SM, GM, ML |A-7 0 0-10 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 |45-65 |34-49 |13-21 | gravelly silty| | clay | HnB, HnC: | Holston------| 0-18 |Loam |SC-SM, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |14-30 3-10 | ML, SM | 18-38 |Clay loam, |CL, SC-SM |A-4 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |40-90 |25-38 8-15 | sandy clay | loam | 38-60 |Clay loam, |GC, CL, SC |A-7, A-2, A-6| 0 0-15 |60-100|55-100|50-100|30-80 |30-48 |11-21 | clay, gravelly| | clay loam | JcD: | Junaluska------| 0-3 |Silt loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 3-29 |Channery silty |CL, SC |A-6 0 0-10 |75-100|60-100|45-95 |35-73 |23-38 7-15 | clay loam, | silty clay | loam, loam | 29-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 203 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | JcD: | Cataska------| 0-2 |Channery silt |GC-GM, CL-ML |A-4 | 3-15 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 2-12 |Very channery |GC, GC-GM |A-2, A-1 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-50 |10-40 |10-35 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 12-40 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | LeB: | Leadvale------| 0-9 |Silt loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 9-31 |Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML, CL|A-6, A-4 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-90 |23-38 7-14 | silty clay | loam | 31-55 |Clay, silty |CL |A-7, A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |34-50 |13-22 | clay, silty | clay loam | 55-62 |Bedrock --- | LnB, LnC, LnD: | Lonon------| 0-13 |Gravelly loam |ML, SM |A-4 | 0-1 0-5 |65-85 |55-75 |50-65 |35-55 |16-30 3-10 | 13-60 |Gravelly loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 0-5 0-10 |70-100|60-90 |50-80 |35-70 |23-38 7-15 | gravelly clay | loam, clay | loam | LsC, LsD: | Lostcove------| 0-8 |Very cobbly |GM, SC, |A-4, A-2 | 0-5 |25-45 |65-85 |45-75 |40-65 |30-50 |16-30 3-10 | loam SC-SM, SM | 8-31 |Very gravelly |GC-GM, GC, |A-6, A-2, A-4| 0-5 |10-60 |50-80 |35-70 |30-65 |25-55 |23-38 7-15 | clay loam, SC-SM, SC | very cobbly | clay loam, | very gravelly | loam | 31-72 |Very cobbly |SC, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 0-10 |30-60 |35-75 |25-65 |20-55 |15-45 |16-30 3-10 | loam, GC-GM, GC | extremely | cobbly loam | 204 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | MtC2, MtD2: | Montevallo------| 0-5 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 0-2 |60-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 5-17 |Very channery |GC-GM, SC-SM,|A-6, A-1-b, 0 0-5 |35-70 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, SC, GC A-2, A-4 | extremely | channery loam | 17-38 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >38 |Bedrock --- | MuC2: | Muse------| 0-14 |Silt loam |ML, CL, CL-ML|A-6, A-4 | 0 |80-100|70-100|60-100|55-95 |20-40 2-20 | 14-60 |Clay, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |48-66 |25-39 | clay | MwE: | Muskingum------| 0-3 |Channery loam |CL, ML, SC, |A-4 | 0 0-10 |60-80 |55-75 |50-65 |35-55 |14-30 3-10 | SM | 3-29 |Loam, channery |CL |A-4 0 0-15 |65-95 |55-90 |50-85 |40-75 |22-30 6-11 | silt loam, | channery loam | 29-40 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Chiswell------| 0-2 |Channery loam |SM, CL, ML, |A-4 | 2-10 |60-80 |55-75 |50-65 |35-55 |14-30 3-10 | SC | 2-16 |Very channery |GC, SC |A-2, A-6 0-2 0-20 |30-65 |20-50 |15-45 |10-40 |23-30 7-11 | loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 16-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3:| | Nonaburg------| 0-6 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 6-14 |Channery silty |CH, CL |A-7 0 0-5 |70-100|55-90 |50-85 |45-80 |44-66 |22-40 | clay, silty | clay | 14-41 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >41 |Bedrock --- | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 205 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | NoF: | Northcove------| 0-5 |Stony sandy |SM, SC-SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 |15-25 | 5-15 |75-90 |65-85 |40-60 |15-35 |12-23 |NP-7 | loam | 5-40 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-2-4, A-4, 5-15 |20-60 |60-90 |50-85 |30-70 |20-45 |12-30 |NP-11 | sandy loam, SC-SM, SM A-1-b | very cobbly | loam, very | flaggy loam | 40-72 |Extremely |GC-GM, GM, SM|A-2-4, A-1-b |10-20 |25-65 |50-85 |35-60 |20-50 |15-30 |12-23 |NP-7 | cobbly sandy | loam, | extremely | cobbly fine | sandy loam, | very cobbly | loam | Po: | Pope------| 0-4 |Sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 |85-100|80-100|50-70 |25-45 |11-23 |NP-7 | 4-32 |Cobbly sandy |SM, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 0-5 0-30 |75-100|65-95 |40-80 |20-50 |12-23 |NP-7 | loam, sandy ML, CL-ML | loam, fine | sandy loam | 32-60 |Cobbly loamy |SM, SC-SM |A-1, A-2 0-5 0-30 |75-100|65-95 |40-70 |15-30 |12-23 |NP-7 | sand, loamy | sand | Ro: | Rosman------| 0-19 |Sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 |90-100|85-100|55-70 |25-45 |12-23 |NP-7 | 19-49 |Sandy loam, |SC-SM, ML, SM|A-4, A-2-4 0 |90-100|85-100|50-90 |30-75 |12-23 |NP-7 | fine sandy | loam, loam | 49-64 |Loamy sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-1, A-2-4 0 0-5 |70-100|60-95 |45-70 |15-25 8-20 |NP-7 | gravelly loamy| | sand | Sb: | Sequatchie------| 0-17 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |50-75 |16-30 3-11 | 17-51 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 0 0-5 |85-100|80-100|60-95 |40-80 |23-38 7-15 | loam, fine | sandy loam | 51-62 |Sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 0 0-10 |85-100|80-95 |50-80 |30-65 |13-30 2-11 | loam, fine CL-ML, CL | sandy loam | 206 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | ShB, ShC: | Shelocta------| 0-10 |Silt loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-95 |70-90 |65-85 |16-35 3-11 | 10-48 |Silty clay |CL |A-6 0-5 |70-95 |60-90 |55-90 |50-85 |30-40 |11-16 | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 48-60 |Channery silt |CL, GC |A-4, A-6 0-5 |65-85 |55-75 |50-70 |40-60 |20-38 5-15 | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam, channery| | loam | SoD: | Soco------| 0-2 |Loam |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-90 |50-70 |13-30 |NP-7 | 2-34 |Loam, sandy |SM, CL-ML, ML|A-4 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|50-90 |30-70 |11-23 |NP-7 | loam, fine | sandy loam | 34-50 |Weathered --- | bedrock | SoE: | Soco------| 0-2 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-90 |50-70 |13-30 |NP-7 | 2-34 |Loam, sandy |ML, SM, CL-ML|A-4 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|50-90 |30-70 |11-23 |NP-7 | loam, fine | sandy loam | 34-50 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Cataska------| 0-2 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 3-15 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 2-12 |Very channery |GC-GM, GC |A-1, A-2 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-50 |10-40 |10-35 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 12-40 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | St: | Staser------| 0-36 |Loam |ML, CL-ML, CL|A-6, A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-90 |50-75 |13-30 3-11 | 36-72 |Loam, fine |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|60-95 |40-80 |20-30 5-11 | sandy loam, SC, SC-SM | silt loam | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 207 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Su: | Steadman------| 0-9 |Silt loam |ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |16-30 3-11 | 9-60 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-90 |23-40 7-17 | silty clay | loam, very | fine sandy | loam | TaD2, TaE2: | Talbott------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |80-90 |35-48 |15-25 | 6-32 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 0 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-95 |48-66 |25-39 | clay | >32 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | ToB2, ToC2, ToD2:| | ToE2: | Townley------| 0-5 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 0-2 |85-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |16-30 3-11 | 5-30 |Clay, silty |CL, CH |A-7 0 0-2 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |60-90 |43-66 |21-39 | clay, silty | clay loam | 30-50 |Weathered --- | bedrock | UdE: | Unicoi------| 0-2 |Very gravelly |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1-b | 0 0-10 |65-85 |55-75 |35-55 |15-30 |12-23 |NP-7 | sandy loam GC-GM, SC-SM| | 2-12 |Very gravelly |SM, GC-GM, |A-2, A-1-b 0-10 5-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |20-35 |12-25 |NP-8 | sandy loam, GM, SC-SM | very gravelly | loam, very | cobbly sandy | loam | >12 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | 208 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | UdE: | Ditney------| 0-9 |Sandy loam |SC-SM, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 0-6 |90-100|80-95 |50-70 |25-45 |11-23 |NP-7 | 9-29 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 0-5 |90-100|80-95 |50-80 |30-60 |11-23 |NP-7 | loam, fine SC-SM, SM | sandy loam | 29-36 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, SM, |A-2-4, A-4 0 |15-30 |65-100|60-90 |45-75 |25-60 |11-23 |NP-7 | loam, cobbly SC-SM, ML | loam | >36 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | UnE: | Unicoi------| 0-2 |Very gravelly |SC-SM, SM, |A-2, A-1-b | 0 0-10 |65-85 |55-75 |35-55 |15-30 |12-23 |NP-7 | sandy loam GM, GC-GM | 2-12 |Very gravelly |SM, SC-SM, |A-2, A-1-b 0-10 5-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |20-35 |12-25 |NP-8 | sandy loam, GC-GM, GM | very gravelly | loam, very | cobbly sandy | loam | >12 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | WaB2, WaC2, WaD2:| | Waynesboro------| 0-9 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |13-30 3-11 | 9-72 |Clay, sandy |CL |A-7, A-6 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|70-95 |45-85 |30-42 |11-17 | clay, clay | loam | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 209 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | Unified AASHTO >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Wf: | Whitesburg------| 0-4 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-6, A-4 | 0 |85-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |16-30 3-11 | 4-53 |Silty clay |CL |A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |60-90 |30-38 |11-15 | loam, silt | loam, clay | loam | 53-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | ______210 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| | | | | | | | |Erosion factors Map symbol | | | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Soil |Organic| ______and soil name |Depth|Clay | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |reaction|matter | | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | __pH | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrB2, BrC2, BrD2: | | | | | | | | | | | Braddock------| 0-5 | 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.14-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | 5-60|35-55|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.0-0.5| .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | CaD, CaE: | | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| 0-2 | 5-27|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 2-12| 5-27|1.30-1.45| 2-20 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | |12-40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | >40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | CcE: | | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| 0-2 | 5-27|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 2-12| 5-27|1.30-1.45| 2-20 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | |12-40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | >40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------| 0-2 | 5-27|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 2-25| 5-27|1.30-1.45| 2-6 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | |25-33| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | >33| --- | --- |0.00-0.01|0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Co: | | | | | | | | | | | Combs------| 0-11| 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 5.6-7.3|1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5 |11-62| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 2-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 5.6-7.3|0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | DcB2, DcC2, DcD2: | | | | | | | | | | | Decatur------| 0-8 |12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-6.0|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | 8-60|35-60|1.20-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | 4.5-6.0| --- | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | DeB2, DeC2, DeD2: | | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------| 0-8 |12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-6.0|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | 8-20|27-40|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | |20-60|45-60|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | DhD: | | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------| 0-9 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 9-29| 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | |29-36| 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.05-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .17 | .24 | | >36| --- | --- | 0.0-0.2 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Du: | | | | | | | | | | | Dunning------| 0-12|27-40|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.19-0.23| 0.0-2.9 | 5.6-7.8|2.0-10 | .37 | .37 | 5 |12-60|35-60|1.40-1.65|0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 5.6-7.8| --- | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | Dv: | | | | | | | | | | | Dunning------| 0-12|12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-6.0|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5 |12-60|35-60|1.40-1.65|0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 5.6-7.8| --- | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | EtB, EtC: | | | | | | | | | | | Etowah------| 0-14| 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 5.6-7.3|1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5 |14-24|23-35|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | |24-60|27-40|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 211

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | |Erosion factors Map symbol | | | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Soil |Organic| ______and soil name |Depth|Clay | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |reaction|matter | | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | __pH | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FuC2, FuD2, FuE2: | | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton------| 0-16|10-27|1.45-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | 5 |16-60|40-60|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | 4.5-5.5| --- | .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | HnB, HnC: | | | | | | | | | | | Holston------| 0-18| 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 5.6-7.3|1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5 |18-38|20-35|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | |38-60|27-45|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | JcD: | | | | | | | | | | | Junaluska------| 0-3 |12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-6.0|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 3 | 3-29|18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-6.0|0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 | |29-60| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| 0-2 | 5-27|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 2-12| 5-27|1.30-1.45| 2-20 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | |12-40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | >40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | | | | | Leadville------| 0-9 |12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|1.0-4.0| .32 | .32 | 4 | 9-31|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .43 | .43 | |31-55|30-50|1.45-1.55|0.06-0.6 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | |55-62| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | LnB, LnC, LnD: | | | | | | | | | | | Lonon------| 0-13| 7-27|1.35-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-6.0|0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5 |13-60|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-6.0|0.0-0.5| .15 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | LsC, LsD: | | | | | | | | | | | Lostcove------| 0-8 | 7-27|1.30-1.50| 2-6 |0.13-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-6.0|1.0-10 | .10 | .24 | 5 | 8-31|18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-6.0|0.0-1.0| .10 | .28 | |31-72| 7-27|1.30-1.65| 2-6 |0.13-0.19| --- | 3.5-6.0|0.0-1.0| .10 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | MtC2, MtD2: | | | | | | | | | | | Montevallo------| 0-5 | 7-27|1.30-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 5-17| 7-27|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.02-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-6.0|0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | |17-38| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | >38| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | | | | | | | Muse------| 0-14| 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 4 |14-60|40-60|1.45-1.55|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | MwE: | | | | | | | | | | | Muskingum------| 0-3 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-6.0|1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 3 | 3-29|18-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | |29-40| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Chiswell------| 0-2 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-6.0|1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 2 | 2-16|18-27|1.20-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-6.0|0.0-0.5| .10 | .17 | |16-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | 212 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | |Erosion factors Map symbol | | | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Soil |Organic| ______and soil name |Depth|Clay | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |reaction|matter | | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | __pH | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3: | | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------| 0-6 | 7-27|1.30-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 1 | 6-14|35-60|1.55-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.09-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | 6.1-7.8|0.0-0.5| .17 | .24 | |14-41| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | >41| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | NoF: | | | | | | | | | | | Northcove------| 0-5 | 5-18|1.30-1.50| 2-6 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-6.0|0.5-2.0| .10 | .28 | 5 | 5-40| 5-27|1.40-1.60| 2-6 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-6.0|0.0-1.0| .10 | .28 | |40-72| 5-18|1.40-1.60| 2-6 |0.03-0.05| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-6.0|0.0-0.5| .10 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| 0-4 | 5-18|1.20-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-4.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | 4-32| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5| --- | .28 | .28 | |32-60| 3-15|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5| --- | .28 | .20 | | | | | | | | | | | | Ro: | | | | | | | | | | | Rosman------| 0-19| 5-18|1.25-1.40| 2-6 |0.15-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 5.1-6.5|2.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 5 |19-49| 5-18|1.25-1.50| 2-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 5.1-6.5|0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | |49-64| 1-15|1.35-1.60| 6-20 |0.02-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 5.1-6.5|0.0-0.5| .10 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | | Sb: | | | | | | | | | | | Sequatchie------| 0-17|10-25|1.50-1.65| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|1.0-3.0| .32 | .32 | 5 |17-51|18-35|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5| --- | .24 | .28 | |51-62| 7-27|1.55-1.70| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5| --- | .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | ShB, ShC: | | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------| 0-10|10-25|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.5-5.0| .32 | .32 | 3 |10-48|27-35|1.30-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | |48-60|15-34|1.30-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.08-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .17 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | SoD: | | | | | | | | | | | Soco------| 0-2 | 7-25|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-5.5|1.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 2-34| 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-5.5|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | |34-50| --- | --- | 0.2-0.6 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | SoE: | | | | | | | | | | | Soco------| 0-2 | 7-25|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-5.5|1.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 2-34| 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.5-5.5|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | |34-50| --- | --- | 0.2-0.6 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| 0-2 | 5-27|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 2-12| 5-27|1.30-1.45| 2-20 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | |12-40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | >40| --- | --- | 0.01-2 |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | St: | | | | | | | | | | | Staser------| 0-36| 7-27|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 5.6-7.3|2.0-4.0| .32 | .32 | 5 |36-72|15-27|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 5.6-7.3| --- | .28 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | | | | | Steadman------| 0-9 |10-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.26| 0.0-2.9 | 5.1-7.8|2.0-4.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | 9-60|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 5.1-7.8|0.0-0.5| .37 | .37 | | | | | | | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 213

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | |Erosion factors Map symbol | | | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Soil |Organic| ______and soil name |Depth|Clay | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |reaction|matter | | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | __pH | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaD2, TaE2: | | | | | | | | | | | Talbott------| 0-6 |27-40|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.16| 3.0-5.9 | 5.1-6.0|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | 2 | 6-32|40-60|1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | 5.1-6.0|0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | | >32| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ToB2, ToC2: | | | | | | | | | | | Townley------| 0-5 |10-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .37 | .37 | 3 | 5-30|35-60|1.30-1.60|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | |30-50| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | ToD2, ToE2: | | | | | | | | | | | Townley------| 0-5 |10-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.5-2.0| .37 | .37 | 3 | 5-30|35-60|1.30-1.60|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | |30-50| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | UdE: | | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| 0-2 | 5-18|1.45-1.55| 2-6 |0.06-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | 1 | 2-12| 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2-6 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | >12| --- | --- | 0.0-0.2 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------| 0-9 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 9-29| 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | |29-36| 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.05-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|1.0-3.0| .17 | .24 | | >36| --- | --- | 0.0-0.2 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnE: | | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| 0-2 | 5-18|1.45-1.55| 2-6 |0.06-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | 1 | 2-12| 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2-6 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 3.6-5.5|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | >12| --- | --- | 0.0-0.2 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2, WaD2: | | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro------| 0-9 | 7-27|1.40-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | 9-72|35-50|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 4.5-5.5|0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | | | | | | | Whitesburg------| 0-4 |10-27|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 6.1-7.8|1.0-2.0| .37 | .37 | 4 | 4-53|25-35|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 6.1-7.8|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | |53-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ______| | | | | | | | | | | 214 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Water Features

(Depths of layers are in feet. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Estimates of the frequency of ponding and flooding apply to the whole year rather than to individual months. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| | | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water |Duration|Frequency| Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | depth | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrB2, BrC2, BrD2: | | | | | | | | | Braddock------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | CaD, CaE: | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | CcE: | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Sylco------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Co: | | | | | | | | | Combs------| B | | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |February | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |March | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |May | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |December | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | | | | | | | | | DcB2, DcC2, DcD2: | | | | | | | | | Decatur------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | DeB2, DeC2, DeD2: | | | | | | | | | Dewey------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | DhD: | | | | | | | | | Ditney------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Du: | | | | | | | | | Dunning------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |February |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |March |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |April |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |May |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |December |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | | | | | | | | | Dv: | | | | | | | | | Dunning------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |April |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |May |0.0-1.0| <6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | | | | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 215

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| | | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water |Duration|Frequency| Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | depth | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | EtB, EtC: | | | | | | | | | Etowah------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | FuC2, FuD2, FuE2: | | | | | | | | | Fullerton------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | HnB, HnC: | | | | | | | | | Holston------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | JcD: | | | | | | | | | Junaluska------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | | | Leadvale------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |2.0-3.0| <6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |February |2.0-3.0| <6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |March |2.0-3.0| <6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |April |2.0-3.0| <6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | LnB, LnC, LnD: | | | | | | | | | Lonon------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | LsC, LsD: | | | | | | | | | Lostcove------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |April |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |October |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |November |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | MtC2, MtD2: | | | | | | | | | Montevallo------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | | | | | Muse------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | MwE: | | | | | | | | | Muskingum------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Chiswell------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | 216 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| | | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water |Duration|Frequency| Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | depth | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3: | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | NoF: | | | | | | | | | Northcove------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | | | | | Pope------| B | | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |February | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |March | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |April | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |November | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |December | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | | | | | | | | | Ro: | | | | | | | | | Rosman------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |4.0-5.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |February |4.0-5.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March |4.0-5.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |April |4.0-5.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |December |4.0-5.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | | Sb: | | | | | | | | | Sequatchie------| B | | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |February | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |March | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |May | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | |December | --- | --- | --- | --- | None |Brief | Rare | | | | | | | | | ShB, ShC: | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | SoD: | | | | | | | | | Soco------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | SoE: | | | | | | | | | Soco------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | St: | | | | | | | | | Staser------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |February |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |December |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 217

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| | | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water |Duration|Frequency| Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | depth | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | | | Steadman------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |February |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |March |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |April |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | |December |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None |Brief | Occasional | | | | | | | | | TaD2, TaE2: | | | | | | | | | Talbott------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ToB2, ToC2, ToD2, | | | | | | | | | ToE2: | | | | | | | | | Townley------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | UdE: | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Ditney------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnE: | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| C | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2, WaD2: | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | | | | | Whitesburg------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |February |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |March |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional | |December |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | --- | None | --- | Occasional ______| | | | | | | | | 218 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | | | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | __In | | | | | | | | | | | BrB2, BrC2, BrD2: | | | | | | | Braddock------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High |Moderate | | | | | | | CaD, CaE: | | | | | | | Cataska------|Bedrock | 10-20 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | CcE: | | | | | | | Cataska------|Bedrock | 10-20 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Very strongly |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Co: | | | | | | | Combs------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Low |Low | | | | | | | DcB2, DcC2, DcD2: | | | | | | | Decatur------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | | | DeB2, DeC2, DeD2: | | | | | | | Dewey------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | | | DhD: | | | | | | | Ditney------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Very strongly |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Du, Dv: | | | | | | | Dunning------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | EtB, EtC: | | | | | | | Etowah------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | | | FuC2, FuD2, FuE2: | | | | | | | Fullerton------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | | | HnB, HnC: | | | | | | | Holston------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High | | | | | | | JcD: | | | | | | | Junaluska------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Bedrock | 10-20 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | Leadvale------|Bedrock | 48-48 | --- |Moderately | --- |Moderate |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | LnB, LnC, LnD: | | | | | | | Lonon------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 219

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | | | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | __In | | | | | | | | | | | LsC, LsD: | | | | | | | Lostcove------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | | | MtC2, MtD2: | | | | | | | Montevallo------|Bedrock | 10-20 | --- |Moderately |None |Moderate |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | | | Muse------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |High | | | | | | | MwE: | | | | | | | Muskingum------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Low |High | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Chiswell------|Bedrock | 10-20 | --- |Moderately |None |Moderate |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3: | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Bedrock | 8-20 | --- |Very strongly |None |High |Low | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | NoF: | | | | | | | Northcove------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low |High | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | | | Pope------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | | | Ro: | | | | | | | Rosman------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | Sb: | | | | | | | Sequatchie------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | | | ShB, ShC: | | | | | | | Shelocta------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Low |High | | | | | | | SoD: | | | | | | | Soco------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | SoE: | | | | | | | Soco------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Bedrock | 10-20 | --- |Moderately |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | St: | | | | | | | Staser------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | Steadman------| --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate |Low | | | | | | | TaD2, TaE2: | | | | | | | Talbott------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Very strongly | --- |High |Moderate | | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 220 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | | | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | __In | | | | | | | | | | | ToB2, ToC2: | | | | | | | Townley------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- |Moderately |None |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | ToD2, ToE2: | | | | | | | Townley------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- |Moderately | --- |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | UdE: | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 | --- |Very strongly |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Very strongly |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnE: | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 | --- |Very strongly |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | cemented | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2, WaD2: | | | | | | | Waynesboro------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |High | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | | | Whitesburg------|Bedrock | 40-60 | --- |Moderately | --- |High |Low | (paralithic) | | | cemented | | | ______| | | | | | | Sevier County Area, Tennessee 221

Table 18.—Classification of the Soils

(An asterisk in the first column indicates a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics that are outside the range of the series)

______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | *Braddock------|Clayey, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Hapludults Cataska------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Chiswell------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Combs------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls Decatur------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults Dewey------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Ditney------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Dunning------|Fine, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls Etowah------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults Fullerton------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Holston------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults Junaluska------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Leadvale------|Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Fragiudults Lonon------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults *Lostcove------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Montevallo------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, thermic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Muse------|Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Muskingum------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Nonaburg------|Clayey, mixed, thermic, shallow Ochreptic Hapludalfs Northcove------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Pope------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Rosman------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Haplumbrepts Sequatchie------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Humic Hapludults Shelocta------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Soco------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Staser------|Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Cumulic Hapludolls Steadman------|Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts Sylco------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Talbott------|Fine, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs Townley------|Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults Unicoi------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts Waynesboro------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Whitesburg------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Aquic Dystric Eutrochrepts ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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