University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange
Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School
8-1966
The Vegetation and Flora of Chilhowee Mountain
Roy Dale Thomas University of Tennessee - Knoxville
Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss
Part of the Botany Commons
Recommended Citation Thomas, Roy Dale, "The Vegetation and Flora of Chilhowee Mountain. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1966. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1615
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council:
I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Roy Dale Thomas entitled "The Vegetation and Flora of Chilhowee Mountain." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany.
A. J. Sharp, Major Professor
We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance:
Fred H. Norris, Edward E. C. Clebsch, Walter Herndon, Arthur C. Cole
Accepted for the Council:
Carolyn R. Hodges
Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School
(Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) August 5, 1966
To the Graduate Council: I am submit ting a di ssertation written by Roy Dale Thomas entitled "The Vegetation and Flora of Chilhowee Mountain." I recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy , with a major in Bo tany .
fessor
We have read thi s dissertation and recommend its acceptance:
'� � ·, . Q A <1-1l ) §/(o' ;.. /Lc_...J
v
Accepted for the Council : THE VEGETATION AND FLORA OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of The University of Tennessee
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy
by Roy Dale Thomas August 1966 AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wi she s to express grateful appreciation to
Dr. A. J. Sharp for originally suggesting the problem and for serving as major professor; to Dr. Edward E. C. Clebsch for directing the work on vegetation and for reading the manuscript and making helpful suggestions ; to Dr. Fred H. Norris and Dr. Wal ter R. Herndon, Department of Botany , and Dr. James T. Tanner and Dr . Arthur C. Cole, Department of Zo ology, all of The University of Tennessee, for serving as committee members and for their valuable suggestions and critical reading of the manuscript. The author is al so grat eful to the National Park Service for permission to collect plants on Foothills Parkway property ; to Charles Powers, formerly of the Soil Conserva tion Service, for hi s help in studying the soils; to Robert B. Neuman of U. S. Geological Survey for hi s sugges tions reg arding the geology of the area; to The University of Tennessee Computing Center for statistical computations; and to Dr. Joe A. Chapman, Carson-N ewman College , for suggestions on sampling technique and for constant encouragement in the study. Sinc ere apprec i ation is extended to tho se who helped in collection and identification of specimens, especially to ii iii Professor J. K. Underwo od for checking identifications and supplying information on dis tribution of grasses, sedges, and rushes; to Ken E. Rogers for identification of grasses, sedges, and rushe s; to Gary Morton for identification of Solidago ; and to the author's father, James E. Thomas, fo� hi s constant help in finding locations and plants on the mountain. The author wi shes to give special thank s to hi s family; to hi s wife, Barbara, for help in recording data, for her encouragement, and for typing the final drafts of the dissertation; and to hi s son, Steven, for patient endurance of hi s father's ab sence. The author gratefully acknowledges hi s indeb tedness to Dr. Wal ter R. Herndon, Dr. Raymond W. Holton, and other mem� bers of the Department of Botany for a teaching assis tant ship. The author al so thank s Mrs. Marilyn Goodenough and Mrs. Georgia Troglen for the typing and the duplicating of the dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
II. LOCATION AND AREA . . . • . 3 III . HISTORY AND LAND USE . . 9
IV . CLIMATE . . 16
v. GEOLOGY OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN 19
Geological History ...... • 19 The Geological Rel ationship of Chilhowee
Mountain and the Smokies . . . 23 Cochran Formation 39
Nichols Shale ...... 41 Nebo Quartzite . 42 Murray Shale . . 43
Hesse Quartzite . . . . . 44 Helenmode Formation 45
Shady Dolomite ...... 46 Rome Formation . 48 Chilhowee Mountain: Origin and
Relat ionship s . . . . . 49 VI . THE SOILS OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN 52
Intro duc tion ..•• 52
Soils of the Uplands ...... 54 Soils of Terrace Lands . 59 iv v CHAPTER PAGE
Soils of Colluvial Lands •. . . . 60
Soils of the Bot toml ands . . . 66
. . . . Discussion ...... '� . 67
VII. THE VEGETATION OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN . 73 Methods of Study 73 Vegetation Types . 77
Mixed Oak Cover Type • 83 Oak-Pine Cover Type 87 Second Growth Pine, South Slope, Cover
Type . . . . • o • • • • • • • • • • 89
Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type • 92 Scrub Oak Cover Type . 93
Oak-Hickory Cover Type . • 96 Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine , Selec tively Cut,
Cover Type ...... • . • . • . • 98
Lowl and Coves Cover Type . • 101
Red Oak Cover Typ e . . . . • 103
Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type ...... 104 Hemlock-White Pine Cover Type 106 Pitch Pine- Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type . . 108
Shortleaf Pine Cover Type ••110 Second Growth Pine, North Slope, Cover
Typ e ...... · · · · · · • 111
Table Mountain Pine Cover Type . . t 113 vi CHAPTER PAGE VIII. FLORA AND FLORISTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF
CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN • • . . . • ...... 116 Method of Study 116 The Relationships of the Flora of Chi lhowee Mountain to the Floras of the Smokies, the Cumb erl ands , and English Mountain 116 The Distribution of the Grasses, Sedges, and Rushe s of Chilhowee Mountain 120
Noteworthy Collections . •• ...... 121 Distribution and Habitats of the Woody Plants of Chilho wee Mountain . 128
IX. DISCUSSION ...... 147
X. SUMMARY ...... • • 0 • • • • • • • • • 154
LITERATURE CITED ...... 157 APPENDIX A. Timbers of East Tenne ssee in 1893 172 APPENDIX B. Climatological Data for the Chilhowee
Mountain Area Q 0 • • • • • • • 175
APPENDIX C. Geology and Soils of Chilhowee Mountain. • 181 APPENDIX D. Distribution of the Grasses, Sedges, and
Rushes on Chilhowee Mountain • . • 189 APPEND IX E. Summary Tables for Trees, Shrub s, Seed- ling s and Herb s in Each Cover Type 197 APPENDIX F. Vascular Plant s of Chilhowee Mountain and References Used for Their Identifica-
tion . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 304 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE I. Timbers of East Tennessee in 1893 . 173 II, Summary of the Climate of the Chilhowee Mountain Area ...... 176 III. Temperature Dat a for Knoxville, Tennessee
(1878-1963) ...... 177
IV . Soil Temperatures in Degrees Fahrenheit am a 5 Per Cent Slope in Blount County in
1962 ...... 178
v. Precipit ation in the Tenne ssee River Basin
in Inche s ...... 179 VI . Precipit ation in the Chilhowee Mountain Area;
Monthly Means in Inche s ...... • 180 VII. Rock Format ions Expo sed in the Chilhowee
Mountain Area . . . . . Q . . . 182 VIII . Clas sification of Soil Series into Higher Categories and Their Relief , Parent Material , and Degree of Horizon Differentiation . . . 185 IX . Dis tribution of the Grasses, Sedges, and
Rushes of Chilhowee Mountain . • . . . . 190
x. Trees of the Mixed Oak Cover Type 198 vii viii TABLE PAGE
XI . Shrub s of the Mixed Oak Gover Type ..•.•• 199 XII . Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Mixed
Oak Gover Type • . . • . • ...... • 201 XI II. Shrub s of the Mixed Oak Gover Type : Numb er of
Individual s per Size Glass ..•.. . • . . 202 XIV . Seedlings of the Mixed Oak Gover Type 203 XV . Herb s of the Mixed Oak Gover Type . 204 - XV It Trees of the Oak-Pine Gover Type . 206 XVII . Shrub s of the Oak-P ine Gover Type 207 XV III. Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Oak- Pine Gover Type ...... 209 XIX. Shrub s of the Oak-Pine Gover Type : Numb er of
Individual s per Size Glass ...... • 210
XX . Seedling s of the Oak-Pine Gover Type • . . • . 211
XXI . Herb s of the Oak-Pine Gover Type . . . . . 212 XX II . Trees of the Second Growth Pine, South
Slope, Gover Type ...... • . • • . 214 XXIII. Shrub s of the Second Growth Pine, South
Slope, Gover Type ...... 215 XXIV . Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Second
Growth Pine , South Slope, Gover Type • • 216 XXV . Shrub s of the Second Growth Pine, South Slope, Gover Type: Numb er of Individual s per
Size Glass ...... 217 ix TABLE PAGE XXVI . Seedlings of the Second Gro wth Pine , South Slope, Cover Type . . 218 XXV I I. Herbs of th e Sec ond Growth Pine, South
Slope, Cover Type •...... ••219 XXVIII. Trees of th e Second Growth Yellow Poplar
Cover Type ...... " . . . . . • 220 XXIXe Shrub s of the Second Growth Yellow Popl ar
Cover Type . . . . • 221 XXX . Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Second
Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type • • • • • • 222 XXXI . Shrub s of the Sec ond Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type: Number of Individuals per
Size Class . . • . . • . . . . • 223 XXXII. Seedlings of th e Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type . 224 XXXIII. Herbs of th e Second Growth Yellow Poplar
Cover Type • 225
XXXIV. Trees of th e Scrub Oak Cover Type .•22 6 XXXV . Shrub s of th e Scrub Oak Cover Type . . 227 XXXVI . Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Scrub
Oak Cover Type . • . • . • • . • . • • • • • 228 XXXVII. Shrub s of the Scrub Oak Cover Type: Number of
Individual s per Size Class .. • 229
XXXVIII . Seedling s of the Scrub Oak Cover Type • 230 X
TABLE PAGE XXXIX. Herb s of the Scrub Oak Cover Type . 231
XL. Trees of the Oak-Hickory Cover Type •...232 XLI . Shrub s of the Oak-Hickory Cover Type . . 233 XLII. Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Oak- Hickory Cover Type . 23.5 XLIII. Shrub s of the Oak-Hickory Cover Type: Numb er of Individual s per Size Class ... . 236 XLIV . Seedlings of the Oak-Hickory Cover Type . . 237 XLV . Herb s of the Oak-Hickory Cover Type 238 XLVI . Trees of the Virg inia Pine-Pitch Pine,
Selectively Cut, Cover Type ..•••••240 XLVII . Shrub s of the Virgini a Pine-Pitch Pine,
Selectively Cut, Cover Type ... .•••241 XLVIII. Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine , Selec tively Cut, Cover Type . . 243 XLIX. Shrub s of the Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine , Selec tively Cut, Cover Type: Number of
Individual s per Size Class ...... 244 L. Seedlings of the Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine ,
Sel ectively Cut, Cover Type • 24.5 LI . Herbs of the Virgini a Pine-Pitch Pine ,
Selectively Cut, Cover Type .••.•.•246
LII. Trees of the Lowl and Coves Cover Type ..•247 xi TABLE PAGE
LIII. Shrub s of the Lowland Coves Cover Type •.•• 248 LIV. Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Low-
land Coves Cover Type . . . . . • . . . 250 LV. Shrub s of the Lowl and Coves Cover Type : Numb er of
Individual s per Size Class . . • . 251 LVI . Seedlings of the Lowl and Coves Cover Type 253
LVII. Herbs of the Lowl and Coves Cover Type . . • . 254
LVIII . Trees of the Red Oak Cover Type. . . • • • 256
LIX. Shrub s of the Red Oak Cover Type . . . . • • • 257 LX . Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Red
Oak Cover Type . . . . . • . 259 LXI. Shrub s of the Red Oak Cover Type: Numb er of
Individual s per Size Class . . . 260
LXII. Seedl ings of the Red Oak Cover Type . . . 261 LXI II. Herbs of the Red Oak Cover Type 262 LXIV. Trees of the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type 264 LXV . Shrub s of' the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type . 265 LXVI . Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Mixed
Oak Fl ats Co ver Type o • • o • o • • • • • • 266 LXVII. Shrub s of the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type: Numb er
of Individual s per Si ze Class • o • • • • • 267 LXVIII. Seedl lng s of the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type 268 LXIX . Herbs of the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type 269 xii
TABLE • PAGE
LXX. Trees of the Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type . 271 LXXI . Shrub s of the Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type ...... 2 7 2 LXXII. Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Hemlock-
Whi te Pine Cover Type 0 • • • . . . 274 LXXI II. Shrub s of the Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type: Numb er of Individual s per Size Class . 275 LXXIV. Seedlings of the Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type . . 277
LXXV . Herbs of the Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type • 278 LXXVI . Trees of the Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type . 280 LXXVII. Shrub s of the Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub
Cover Type . . . . . 281 LXXVIII. Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the Pitch
Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type . . • . 282
LXXIX. Shrub s of the Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type : Number of Individual s per
Size Class • • • • • 0 \ • . . 283 LXXX . Seedlings of the Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak
Scrub Cover Type ...•.....•...284 LXXXI . Herbs of the Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub
Cover Typ e ...... 285 LXXXII. Trees of the Shortleaf Pine Cover Type . 286 LXXXIII. Shrub s of the Shortleaf Pine Cover Type 287 xiii TABLE PAGE LXXXIV. Summary of Shrubs by Life Form in the Short-
leaf Pine Cover Type o o • • • • • 288 LXXXV. Shrubs of the Shortleaf Pine Cover Type: Numb er
of Individuals per Size Class . . . • . 289 LXXXVI. Seedling s of the Shortl eaf Pine Cover Type 290 LXXXVII. Herb s of the Shortl eaf Pine Cover Type 291 LXXXVIII. Trees of the Second Growth Pine , North Slope, Cover Type ...... 292 LXXXIX . Shrub s of the Second Growth Pine, North
Slope, Cover Type • • o o o e • • • • • • • 293 XC . Summary of Shrubs by Life Form in the Second Growth Pine , North Slope, Cover Type . 294 XC I. Shrubs of the Second Growth Pine , North Slope, Cover Type� Numb erof Individuals
per Size Cl ass o •• o • • • • 295 XC II. Seedlings of the Second Growth Pine , North
Slope, Co ver Type o • • • • • • • • 296 XC III. Herbs of the Second Growth Pine , North 'Slope, Cover Type 297 XC IV . Tre es of th e Table Mountain Pine Cover Type 298
XCV. Shrubs of the Table Mo untain Pine Cover Type . 299 XC VI . Summary of Shrub s by Life Form in the
Tab1 e Mountain Pine Cover Type . . o 300 .xiv TABLE PAGE XCVIIo Shrub s of the Table Mountain Pine Cover Type : Number of Individual s per Size
Class . 0 ...... 301 XCVIII . Seedling s of the Table Mountain Pine Cover
Type ...... 302 XCIX . Herbs of the T able Mountain Pine Cover
Type ...... 303
c . Vascular Plants of Chilhowee Mountain . 30.5 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE 1. Map of the Chilhowee Mountain Area 4 2. Generalized Geological Cross Section of Chilhowee Mountain and the 3mokies { From King and
Stupka, 1950) . . . o • o • • • • • . 31 3· Geologic al Cross Sect ions of Chilhowee Mountain
in Sevier County { From King , 1964) .••.•• 33 4· Geologic al Cross Section of Chilhowee Mountain in Blount County { From Neuman and Nel son,
1965) • . . 35 5. A View of Chilhowee Mountain, Looking East from
Mills tone Gap Fire Tower (From King, 1964) .• 37 6. A View of the Walland Water Gap { From Neuman
and Nel son, 1965) o • • • o •• • • 38 7o Vegetation Map of a Portion of Chilhowee Mountain, Walden Creek Quadrangle, Sevier
c 0 unt y 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • 0 e 0 0 • • • • • . 81 8. Contour Map of a Portion of Chilhowee Mountain,
Wal den Creek Quadrangle, Sevier County . o • • 82
XV CHAPTER I
INTRODUC TION
An investigation of the pl ants of Chilhowee Mountain was undertaken to increase our knowl edge of the flora and vegetation of the mountains adjoining the Smokies and the Ridge and Valley Province and is based on field work done principally by the au thor from 1962 to 1966 . The aims of this research have been the following : (1) to determine the nature of th e flora and to make a ch ecklist of vascul ar plants of the area; (2) to compare the flora of Chilhowee Mountain wi th the floras of the Cumberl ands and of the Smokies; (3 ) to describe in detail the canopy , sub-canopy , seedlings , and herbs of each forest cover type on the mountain; and (4) to relate the vegetation to the geology and soils. No detailed previous study had been made of the Ch ilhowee Mountain are a, whi ch has a geology distinct from that of the Smokies and tha t of the Ridge and Valley Province . Thi s mountain, with an area of approximately one hundred square miles, lies to the northeast of the Smokies and ranges in elevation from 832 to 3,069 feet. A detailed study of the vegetation and- flora was made , and it forms the groundwo rk for future studies of the relationships 1 2 of the vegetation and flora of the Ridge and Valley Province to tho se of the mountains of the Southern Appalachians . CHAPTER II
LOCATION AND AREA
Chilhowee Mountain is located in Blount and Sevier counties in the middle part of easternmo st Tennessee . It runs nor theast to southwest between 35° 5o' 30" nor th lati tude and 84° 36 ' 30" west longitude at the no rtheast end in Sevier County southwe st to 35° 32' 30" north latitude and 84° 05 ' 30 " west longitude at the southwest end at Tallassee on the Little Tennessee River in Blount County . Its loca tion with respect to the counties and its position wi thin the surrounding area are shown in Figure 1. The area of Chilhowee Mountain has been mapp ed by the
U. s. Geological Survey and falls within the Waldens Creek, Wears Cove, Wildwood, Kinzel Springs, Blockhouse, Binfield, Calderwood, and Tallassee Qu adrangles . Topographic maps are av ailable for each of the above quadrangles with the excep tion of Calderwood Quadrangle wh ich soon will be available as a part of the Thunderhead Mountain Project No . 091338 of the U. S. Geological Survey. Chilhowee Mountain is situated on the central western border of the Blue Ridge Province as defined by Fenneman (1938) . Wi thin the Province to the south are the Smokies and various mountains of the foothills of the Smokies such as
3 SCALE 1:125 000 Mlu::z 3:===::EI:==:ii:==::EEE:E"'it3:== :::lFFE"'±+3E:C ==:J\ �·
1 0 ' 10 15 KILOMETERS HH H F*H e&3 p+a �..=::s::=:::::E F?H3I
CONTOUR INTERVAL !00 FEET OATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL
1i41J MAGNETIC OECLIN4TION VARIES FROM )• EAST TO 30' WEST OF TRUE NORTH
Figure 1. Map of the Chilhowee Mountain Area. 5 Hatcher Mountain and Bates Mountain. To the no rtheast is English Mountain which is geologically more closely related to Chilhowee Mountain than to its surrounding area (Chapman , 1957 ; King , 1964) . To the north and no rthwest lie the hills of the Valley and Ridge Province. Chilhowee Mountain is six miles south of Maryville and Alcoa, fifte en miles south of Knoxville, six miles south west of Sevierville, five miles northwest of Pigeon Forge, and ten miles no r thwest of Gatlinburg . It adjoins the Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the south from Look Rock to the southwest end of Chilhowee Mountain. The distance from the Park boundary increases to the no rtheast and is ab out eight miles between East End on Chilhowee Mountain and Mt. Harrison on the Park boundary . The area is accessible from U. S. Highways 129, 411 , and 441 , Tennessee Highway 73, and Foothills Parkway whi ch goes along the southeast slope of Chilhowee Mountain from Tennessee 73 at Walland to U. S. 129 at Chilhowee. U. S. Highway 129 follows the Little Tennessee River around the southwest end of Chilhowee Moun tain. U. S. 411 runs southwest to northeas t through the valley to the no rth of Chilhowe e Mountain, from Madisonville to Maryville to Sevierville, and U. S. 441 extends from Knoxville to Sevierville to Pigeon Forge and Gatlinburg to the north and then to the east of Chilhowee Mountain. Tennessee 73 from Maryville to Townsend passes through 6 Chilhowee Mountain via the Little River Water Gap at �alland. The Foothills Parkway from Chilhowee to Walland is to be extended to Gatlinburg, Cosby , and Interstate 40. Paved secondary roads connect U. S. 129, 441 , and 411 and Tennessee 73 along the northwest base of Chilhowee Mountain. Gravel and dirt roads leading from these secondary roads go to the foot slopes of Chilhowee at various pl aces along the mountain. One unpaved county ro ad cro sses Chilhowee Mountain through Murray Gap in Blount County and connects Happy Valley with Montvale Springs and Maryville. Ano ther unpaved road goes across Chilhowee Mountain at Wolfpen Gap to the Flats area to the southeast of Look Rock. An important gravel road runs from Tenne ssee 73 at Walland along the southeast base of Chilhowee Mountain through the Miller Cove to Pigeon Forge on U. S. 441 . At Benson School thi s road meets a gravel road wh ich ascends Bluff Mountain to Greentop, East End , and DuPont Sp rings. Ab andoned logging roads follow the princ ipal creeks on the mountain. Numerous sec tions of the mountain are still accessible only on foot. Examples of these are the seven miles from DuPont Springs to the Mills tone Gap Fire Tower, the seven miles between Millstone Gap Fire Tower and Walland, the four miles from Lane Gap and Mt. Nebo , the seven miles between Chilogatee Gap and Look Rock, and the five miles between Chilogatee Gap and the Little Tennessee River. 7 Chilhowee Mountain is a narrow rang e of mountains that is from two to six miles wide and is approximately thirty two miles long . The area of the mountain is approximately 64,000 acres and rises from an elevation of 823 feet at Tallassee to 3,069 feet at the state fire tower on the highest point of Greentop in Sevier County . The crest of the mountain is made up of num erous peaks and varies from 3,069 feet at Greentop in Sevier County to 2,696 feet at Cockspur in southwe st Blount County . The southeast slope of Chilhowee Mountain is rather gentle, but the no r thwest slope is very steep and , in some pl aces , almost vertical . Chilhowee Mountain is the name applied to the entire range of mountains between Little Tennessee River in Blount County and East End and Bluff Mountain in Sevier County . To the north of the main part of Chilhowee Mountain are Short Mountain, Little Mountain, Big Pine Mountain, Little Pine Mountain, Sugarlo af Mountain, and Jackson Knob whi ch
are considered a part of Chilhowee Mountain by the autho r. Practically every individual peak has a name applied to it by the local residents . Some of the more prominent peaks , gaps, and springs are named on the qu adrangle maps of the area. The drainages of the Chilhowee Mountain area are well marked on the topographic quadrangle maps of the area. The 8 creeks eventually emp ty into the French Broad River, West Prong of Little Pigeon River, Little River , or Little Tennessee River. More than half of the streams are unnamed on the maps, but are given rather consistent names by the natives. CHAPTER III
HISTORY AND LAND USE
The firs t inhab i tants of th e Chilho wee Mountain area
th at have left a historical record we re the Middle Valley
People of th e Wo odland Group of Indians th at settled in the area 1,000 years ago (Rothrock, 1946) . The Hiwassee People
later migrated into th e Little Tennessee Ri ver area in A. D.
1300 (Rothroc k, 1946) . Che ro kee Indi ans to ok possession of th e whole eastern portion of the present state of Tennessee
in 1623, and it bee arne a part of "The Chero kee Country " {G arrett and Goodpasture , 1900) . At first th e Cherokees used
th e area of Chilho wee Mountain only as a hunting ground, but later they established permanent villages all along the
Littl e Tennessee River and Hiwassee River valleys of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. Tallassee and Chilhowee, at th e base of Chilho we e Mountain in Blount County beside
th e Li ttle Tennessee River, were prominent Chero ke e village s in th e seventeenth and eighteenth centuries {H aywood, 1823) .
The Chero kees who lived and hunted on Chilhowee Mountain were kno wn as th e Chilhowee Band of Cherokees, and their
name was given to th e mountains to dis tinguish these mountains
from th e Great Iro n Mountains, th e name applied to the Smo kies (Matth ews, 1960; Rame s, 1926) . The Chilho we e
9 10 Indians called the Little Tennessee River, "Tannass ee," and the Little River, "Agiqua" (Rames, 1926). The Cherokees used the vegetation on the mountain mainly as a source of food and shelter. They cleared some l and on which the women cultivated beans, Indian corn, apples, peaches, and plums (Rames, 1926) . The Indians are reported to have burned the woods regul arly as a part of their religious superstition (Rames, 1926) . Possibly the first whi te man to see the Chilhowe e Mountain area was DeSoto, who is reported (F escue, 1946 ) to have been in the area in 1540 . By 1673 whi te men had crossed the Unaka Mount ains from Virgini a and the Carolinas into the Blount County-Sevier County area to trade wi th the Indians (Ro throck, 1946) . In 1756 settlers from Virginia built a fort on one bank of the Little Tennessee River at Cho ta, and settl ers from South Carolina built Fort Loudon on the opposite bank . Settlers were so numerous that a fort was required for pro tection; indeed, resentment of the Cherokees culminated in the des truc tion of Fort Loudon in 1760 (Elder, 1949) . Sevierville was settled in 1783 by Isaac Thomas (Matthews, 1960) . The area of Chilhowee Mount ain was still inhabited by Indians , but white peopl e were beg inning to settle in the more fertile areas including Wear's Cove by 1795 (Greve, 1964) . The gradual encro achment ll on Indian lands led to reprisals by the Chilhowee Indians, wh ich in turn caused John Sevier to lead a march from Johnson City to Georgia in the early l780 1s destroying Indian villages (Garre tt and Goodpas ture, 1900) . Sevier signed a treaty wi th the Chilhowee Indians in 1785 granting all of Chilhowee east of Walland to the wh ite settlers (Elder, 1949) . By the early nine teenth century, the Indians had been driven from Chilhowee Mountain and their villages destroyed. The villages of Tall assee and Chilhowee are now on the sites of the ancient Cherokee villages. The whi te settlers changed much of the vegetation of Chilhowee Mountain drastically. At first they cut logs for houses and cleared the fields by felling and burning trees. They "burned over" the mount ains regul arly to kill snake s and insects and to produce better crops of berries (Haywood, 1823) . The growing popul ation concentration in areas such as Sevierville, Waldens Greek, Walland, and Tuckal eechee Tavern (Townsend) led to greater demands for lumber . By 1867 Sevierville Lumber Company was do ing a thriving busi ne ss (Goodspeed Publishing Go., 1887) . At this time the Chilhowee Mountain ar ea was covered with large trees as indicated by Wetzell's (1893) timber survey of East Tennessee (Table I in Appendix A) . By 1902 there was a tannery at Walland, and che s tnut and hemlock from the surrounding area 12 were cut for the tannic ac id in the bark . By the first or second decade of the twentieth century the Little River Lumb er Comp any of Towns end was thriving . It built logging railways up Miller Cove and took timb er from Chilhowee , which sawed into boards tha t were forty-three in ches wide (Gre at Smoky Mountains Publishing Co., 1928) . At first the logging was selective; one report (Foscue , 1946) state s that only walnut, magnolia, cherry, bas swood, yellow poplar , and white pine trees with logs at least twenty inche s in diameter at the little end were cut. Since the 1920's, many lumber companies, as well as local sawmills, have cut timber from Chilhowee Mountain. The timber on most of the mountain has been cut over three or four times with the exception of small areas of hemlock in some isolated gorges. Much of the land is now owned by Vestal Lumber Comp any , McMahan Forest Indus tries, Persley Martin, and Lambert Brothers, all of whom periodically cut the timber. Because of the effect of past fires and poor forest management , several areas are now covered with cull trees and scrub vegetation. Biota on Chilhowee Mountain has served as a source of game and other food for the settlers on and around it. At first the area ab ounded in small game , bear, and deer, but now the hunters find only squirrel , rabb it, opossum, skunk , raccoon, grouse, and only occas ionally wild turkey, deer, 1 3 or bear. A larg e section of the mountain between Bearwallow Mountain and Walland is now set aside as Hunters ' Haven, a game preserve, which is stocked wi th bear, Russian boar, and various kinds of deer . Within thi s and adjoining areas the boar are doing gre at damag e to the seedlings and herbaceous vegetation. The local re sidents pick the berries of Vaccinium and Gaylussacia for food and at one time burned the mountains every few years to insure good yields of ''huckleberries. 11 The frui ts of chestnu ts and chinquapins (Castane a dentata and£. p�mila) were onc e harvested throughout the Chilhowee Mountain area by the res idents. Certain sec tions of Chilhowee Mountain have been important recreationally. During the early decades of the twentieth century, ho tels were present at DuPont Springs, Cowan Springs, Mt. Nebo Springs, Montvale Springs, and Allegheny Springs. Buildings remain only at Montvale Springs and are now a part of a Y.M.C.A. camp for boys . The thriving nature of the se ho tels can be appreci ated by the fac t that a railro ad was built to wi thin three miles of Montv al e Springs in 1871 for the purpose of bringing guests to the resort (Ro throck, 1946) . In the 1920's and 1930 's weekly trips were made by buggy from the DuPont Springs Hotel to the Seymour station on the Smoky Mountain Railway to pick up passengers. The DuPont Springs area is no w owned by 14 Frank Oates who is selling lots gradually for building both permanent and summer homes . East End on Bluff Mountain has elec tricity and telephone s and houses several permanent residents. Ano ther recreational use of Chilhowee Mountain is now made possible by the openi ng of Foothills Parkway . The scenery along this parkway is awe-inspiring and readily accessible to tourists visiting the Smokies area. Al so a large picnic area and campground have been developed by the National Park Service at Look Rock. An ob servation tower is under construc tion and plans for the campground include exp ans ion as the need arises . The Top-of- the-World Develop ment in the ne arby Fl ats area is selling private camps ites, lots for summer and permanent homes, and membership in a country club with golf and swimming privileges . Campsites and cottages are al so available for rent . Chilhowee Mountain has long been used as a source of building stones. The Scolithus tubes in the Nebo and Hesse sands tones make them attractive and easy to work into building stones. Many reports exist of mining on Chilhowee Mountain in the past, but no mining is do ne today. Several veins of gold were mined on Chilhowee Rang e ( Elder, 1949), and it was reported to be rich in iron ore , massive hematite , limonite, iron pyrites , galenite, gold, slate ( roofing ) , and building stone ( Guild, 1893) . 15 The remaining forest on Chilhowee Mountain is now a source of hardwood lumber, especially oak for hardwood flooring. Forest fire lookout towers at Look Rock, Millstone Gap, and Greentop have increased fire protection. A fire station is maintained by the state on Reed Creek between Walland and Waldens Creek. Many farmers still live on the slopes of Chilhowee and cut wood for fuel and building from their privately owned tracts. They also pasture lives tock in some of the woods and cultivate much of the marginal agricul tural land . Most of the farming is subsistence farming , and most peopl e living on the farms work in
Alcoa, Maryville, Knoxville, Oak Ridge, Sevierville, or Gatlinburg . ---
CHAPTER IV
CLIMATE
Chilhowee Mountain lies within the humid mesothermal climatic province of Thornthwaite (1948) with a classifica- ' I tion of B2r2b4 . It is in the Appalachi an Plant Growth Region with a summer deficiency in temperature (Thornthwaite and Mulford, 1937) . No weather stations are maintained on Chilhowee Mountain. The data collected from the surrounding region are useful in indicat ing probable ranges and trends . A summary of the climate of five stations in the vicini ty of Chilhowee Mountain is given in Table II in Appendix B (U. S. Department of Agricul ture, 1941) . The temperature on Chilhowee Mountain as a whole is mild wi th few extremes in winter and summer . The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded in the surrounding region are listed in Table II in Appendix B. Table III in Appendix B gives the mean monthly temperatures, mean maximum tempera tures, and me an minimum temperatures for Knoxville (Weather Trends , 1964) . Soil temperatures have been recorded at the University of Tennessee Blount Farm about ten miles from Chilhowee Mountain and are shown in Table IV in Appendix B (Weather Bureau, 1963). Temperatures were recorded at one inch and four inch depths under a gras s sod and in bare 16 17 soil . The mean (A) , maximum (B) , and minimum (C) temp eratures were higher in bare soil than under a ground cover . Both the air and soil temperatures on Chilhowee Mountain prob ably are cooler than that in the adjoining valley wh ere the tempera tures given in Tables III and IV were taken. The air temp erature, if it follows the scale of the Smokies (Shanks , 1954.a) , should be four to six degrees cooler on the top of Chilhowee Mountain than it is at its base. The soil temperature prob ab ly parallels the air temperature during the growing season (Shanks, 1956) . The Chilhowee Mountain are a receives an annual pre cipitation of from 51 .11 to 61.0 inches per year . Median and mean precipitation of the Tennessee River Basin is expressed in Table V in Appendix B (Tennessee Valley Author ity, 1965) . The Tennessee River Basin receives an av erage of 51 .58 inches of precipitation per ye ar . Sl ightly more
(54.94 inches) precipitation occurs at Sevierville, which is six miles east of the no rtheas t end of Chilhowee Mountain. The mean monthly precipitation at eight stations , three to the north (McGhee-Tyson Airport, ten miles; Knoxville, fifteen miles; Wildwood, eight miles), two to the eas t (Sevierville, six miles; Pigeon Forge, four miles), one to the southe as t (Gatlinburg , nine miles) , and two to the south (Townsend, three miles; Ab rams Creek, two miles) is 18 given in Table VI in Appendix B (Tennessee Valley Authority, 1965) . Ab rams Creek station is the closest to Chilhowee Mountain and has the highest annual precipitation. The climate of Chilhowee Mountain is assumed to be similar to that of the stations of the surrounding area. There are prob ably lower temp eratures, higher rainfall , and more snowfall as one ascends the mountain. There prob ably are great soil temperature differenc es on the no rth and south slopes, perhaps even greater than those recorded in the adjoining valley (Shanks and Norris, 1950) . Based on the expanding of young leaves (which in Liriodendron tulipi fera occurs from one to two weeks earlier at the base than at the summit of Chilhowee) the growing season must be shorter on the mountain than in the adjoining valley . CHAPTER V
GEOLOGY OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
I. GEOLOGIC AL HISTORY
The geological his tory of Chilhowee Mountain can be deduced from evidence drawn from lithology , stratigraphy , struc ture, and paleontology of the rock strata. Al l rocks on Chilhowee Mountain are sedimentary , and those sediments serve as guides on wh ich geologists base their conclusions as to the event s of the geological past. The origin of the sediments making up the sediment ary rocks of the southern App al achians , including Chilhowee Mountain, has been expl ained in two ways , each of which is still theoretical. The most common explanation of the formation of the sedimentary rocks of the southern App al achians involves the concepts of App alachia and the Appalachian Geosyncline (Brown, Monnett, and Stovall , 1958) . The formation of the App al achians embodies what is regarded as the life cycle of a typical mountain range (Putnam, 1964) . This cycle lasts about 500 million years and involves a period of geo syncl inal deposition, a time of intense deformation involving folding , faul ting, and po ssible igneous ac tivity, an interval of qui escence and widespread erosion and a final episode of 19 20 of vertical upl ift. This uplift is followed by erosion. Fenneman (1938) viewed this cycle as peneplanation followed by uplift which is followed by peneplanation. At the time of its greatest extent, the Appalachian Geo syncline is reported to have stretched from the northern Atlantic Ocean southwestward through the St. Lawrenc e region and along the present course of the Appalachians to the Gulf of Mexico (Hussey, 1947) . The rocks of the Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge provinces are said to represent sediments that were deposited throughout this trough from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico from the mass ive Appalachia to the east. Appalachia was a mass ive mountainous continent that occupied the area of the pres ent Coastal Plain and continent al shelf along the Atlantic coast. The non- sedimentary rocks of the Blue Ridge Plateau area are thought to be remnants of this continent. The folded and faulted character of the rocks in today1s southern Appal achians has been attributed to move ments during the Appalachian Revolution or Appalachian Orogeny of Paleozoic times (Spencer, 1965) . The standard textbook idea is that all sediments from the Cambrian to the Mississippian periods accumulated in this trough forming sediments up to 40 ,000 feet thick (Fenneman, 1938 ; Hussey, 1947; Brown, Monne tt and Stovall , 1958 ; Putnam, 1964; Spencer, 1965) . Johnson (1931) visualized this filling of 21 the geosyncline as occuring until the Appal achia was a peneplain and then later being uplifted gradually as streams carved their way through the strata. The exhaustive study or King (1950) or the Smokies area led him to doub t that App alachi a ever existed as pro posed by Fenneman (1938) and others , and he orrered an explanation ror the origin or the sediments which does no t accept the concep t of Appalachia. King (1950) suggested that the sediments deposited in the are a of the present-day southern Appalachians were laid down intermi ttently and no t continuously and that the times or maximum deposition in one segment or the geo sync line do no t correspond to maxima in other areas . The sediments could have been derived rrom fold ridges that arose in the inner zone or the Appal achian Geosyncline during successive orogenic periods or Paleo zoic time . These ridges were probably composed or materials or the inner zones or the geosyncline which later having been deformed and metamorpho sed formed the bas ement rocks or the Smokies. The dates for the sequence or geological events is rather well established. The primary rocks or the Ocoee Series wh ich form the Smokies originated before the Camb rian or some 500 to 800 million years ago ( King , et al ., 1958) . The Chilhowee Group which forms the Chilhowee Mountain 22 range was deposited during the Camb rian and perhaps
Precambrian times or ab out 500 million years ago ( King , 1964) . As determined by zircon sampling methods , the base ment rocks of the Smokies rang e in age from 535 to 1,140 million years ( Hadley and Goldsmith, 1963) . After the sediments were deposited various kinds of me tamorphism occurred. There was one period of metamorphism ab out 900 to 1,100 million years ag o and ano ther ab out 350 million years ago ( Long , Kulp , and Eckelmann, 1959) . The southern Appal achians occupied a section of the earth's crust tha t was mobile from the Precambrian time through the Paleozoic
Era ( Jonas , 1932) . The date of this me tamorphism was prob ab ly Late Camb rian or approximately 400 to 450 million years ago ( Jonas , 1932) . Af ter the deposition of the sediment and the changing of this sedment to rocks , the next chapter in time was that of mountain building. It took pl ace by uplift, thrusting, faul ting, and folding ( Putnam, 1964) . This mountain building occurred during the later Paleozoic era beginning in the Middle Ordovician (400 million years ago ) and continuing up to the Permian (200 million years ago ) ( King , 1950) . The mountain building perhap s lifted the Smokies to at least 20,000 feet in elevation ( King , 1964) . This uplifted surfac e has eroded continuously until the present 23 (K ing and Stupka, 1950). T1he Pleistocene continental glacial sheets did no t reach the Smokies but the rigorous climate of the Pleistocene could have produc ed arctic -like boulder fields above the timb erline in th e Smokies (K endeigh , 1961; King, 1964) . The sub sequent ero sion and soil building has been accomp anied by the development of the mantle of vegetation as it exists today.
II. THE GEOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN AND THE SMOKIES
The geology of Chilhowee Mountain was first studied by Safford (1869), Hayes (1 891), and Keith (1895) . These authors recognized that the rocks of Chilhowe e Mountain are different from tho se of the main part of the Smokies. The rocks of the Smokie s are now conside1•ed to be a part of the Ocoee Series whi ch is divided into different groups (K ing, 1964) . The Chilhowee Group which forms Chilhowee Mountain
is not a part of the Ocoee Series ( King , 1964) . This inter- pretation of the geology of Chilhowee Mountain came very gradually. Jonas (1932) studied the metamorphic rocks of the area. Wil son (19.35) investigat ed the Great Smoky Thrust Faul t in the cove areas of Blount and Sevier Counties. Moneymaker (1938 ) mapped and described the Great Smoky Formation in the Hiwassee River area of Tennessee and North 24 Carolina using much of the erroneous terminology of Keith (1895) . Resser (1938 ) examined the Camb rian rocks of the southern Appal achians and explained the stratigraphic relationships of the various rocks . Stose and Stose (1944 , 1949 ) considered in detail the relationship of the Ocoee Series of rocks to those of the Chilhowee Group . The wo rk of many of the ab ove workers was summarized in the map by Rodgers (1953) of East Tennessee. Several the ses at The University of Tennessee have contributed to an underst anding of the geology of the area. Ricketts (1942) described the geology of the Blockhouse Qu adrangle of Blount County . This thesis is very elementary , but since it takes in a great portion of Chilhowee Mountain, it does make a contribution to an unders t anding of its geology . Swingle (1949 ) analyzed the petrography of all formations of the Chilhowee Group at Walland, and he was ab le to distinguish the various formations of the Chilhowee Group on the basis of particle size and mineral content. Tucker's studies (1951 ) of the geology of Millers Cove in Blount County are especially helpful in showing the relation ship of the upper formation of the Chilhowee Group to the Shady Dolomite and the Rome Formations . Greene (1959) considered the geology of English Mountain in Jefferson, Cocke, and Sevier Counties and found it to be formed of rocks in the Chilhowee Group . 25 Studies in other areas where both the Chilhowee Group and the Ocoee Series are pres ent have aided in the under standing of their relationship . King and others (1944) described the rocks in the Shady Valley area of Johnson County, Tenne ssee. King and Ferguson (196� published a comprehensive survey of the rocks of the Unaka Rang e in no rtheast Tennessee. These studies are especially helpful because the terminology is the same as that of the Great
Smoky Mountains Project ( Hamilton, 1961; Hadley and Goldsmith, 1963; King, 1964; Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . By far the best treatment of the geology of the Chilhowe e Mountain-Smoky Mountain area is the result of extensive field work done by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation wi th the Tennessee Geology Division of the State Department of Conservation and the National Park Service in the area from 1946 to 1954. The reports of this work were issued in successive sections by the U. S. Geo logical Survey . Hamilton (1961) described the geology of the Richardson Cove and Jones Cove Quadrangles. Hadley and Goldsmith (1963) reported on the geology of the eas tern part of the Great Smokies of Tennessee and North Carolina. Their report covered English Mountain of the Chilhowee Group . King (1964) described the central part of the Smokies in Tennessee. His report covered the eastern part of Chilhowee Mountain to Millstone Gap on the Blount-Sevier county line, 26 and his divisions of the Ocoee Series and the Chilhowee Group were followed by the other workers . Neuman and Nelson (1965) described the geology of the western part of the Smokies in Tennessee. Their report inc ludes the geology of Cades Cove, Wears Cove , Tuckaleechee Cove, and Millers Cove and covered Chilhowee Mountain from the Sevier county line to the south west end of the mountain at Chilhowee Lake . The last two reports are especially useful because they cover the Chilhowee Group in det ail . They al so cover the Ocoee Series and the edge of the rocks of the Valley Provinc e so they show the struc tural position of the Chilhowee Group . Various wo rkers on the Geology of the Smokies Pro ject publishe d many pertinent papers before their final reports were published. King (1949 ) described the Camb rian rocks in the southern App al achians and fixed the base of the Camb rian at the base of the Chilhowee Group . He (King , 1950 ) also discussed the date of sedimentation and rock formation in the southern Appal achi ans and offered an al ternate theory of the origin of sediments to that of Appal achia. King and Stupka (1950 ) published a popul ar but accurate account of the process of mountain building in the Smokies. Neuman (1951 ) gave an extensive acc ount of the Great Smoky Fault. This report helps explain the movement of Chilhowee to where it is now and the origin of the 27 windows in the cove areas of the mountains. He (1955) al so studied extensively the Ordovician rocks to the north of Chilhowee Mountain. His studies showed the relationship of rocks of the Cambrian Chilhowee Group to those stratigraphi cally above them in time . King and others (1958 ) explained their concepts of stratigraphy of the various formations of rocks in the Smokies. This report cleared up much of the earlier confusion over terminology and established the terminology used in the reports of all the other writers in the Geology of the Smokies Project. Two geological quad rangle maps were prepared; Neuman (1960) described the geology of Wildwood �uadrangle, and Neuman and Wilson (1960) described that of the Blockhouse �uadrangle. Each map covers sections of Chilhowee Mountain in Blount County and includes descriptions of the adjoining Ordovician rocks and is very useful in studying stratigraphic relationships. Thus , the geology of Chilhowee Mountain has been unraveled. Two summary reports (King, 1964; Neuman and Nelson, 1965) give brief descriptions of the geology of Chilhowee Mountain. However, one must consul t mo st of the articles mentioned ab ove to understand the relationship of the Chilhowee Group to the rocks around it. The Great Smoky Mountains proper are formed largely of resistant, coarse, thick-bedded sandstone s and inter bedded slates and schists (King, 1964) . The Smokies are 28 made up of the ro cks of the Ocoee Series (Sto se and Stose, 1944, 1949 ; King, 1949 ; Rodgers, 195J) . King (1964) described the Ocoee Series as: A body of terrigeneous clas tic sedimentary rocks, which has minor interc alations of limestone and dolomite but no volcanic components or known fossils . Many of the clastic rocks are coarse grained, mo st are poorly sorted texturally and mineralogically, and few are clearly washed. Many parts are mono tonous sequences- changes from one rock type to another commonly being gradational both vertically and laterally- -with few or no mapp able key beds. Aggregate thickne ss of the series is comparable to that of all the Palezoic rocks in the adjacent Appalachian Valley . The Ocoee Series is no t usually expo sed either at its base or at its top . To the no rthwest the Ocoee Series is succeeded by the Cochr an Formation of the Chilhowee Group . To the south it is succeeded by the Murphy Marble Belt. King (1964) thus classed the Ocoee Series as a provinc ial series comp arable to other series of the Precambrian, such as the Keweenawan and the Grand Canyon. The Ocoee Series corresponds to the Ocoee conglomerate and shale described by Safford (1869) from the Ocoee River Gorge in Polk County, Tennessee . Keith's interpretation of thi s group of rocks (1895) added confusion because he did no t use the same names for identical rocks in other areas (King, 1964) . King (1964) thus synthesized information gained from all previous studies of the Ocoee Series and, based on hi s extensive field work , subdivides the Ocoee 29 Series into three groups: Snowbird Group , Great Smoky Group , and Walden Creek Group . The first two were describ ed by Keith under the same name and the last one was described by
Keith as Hiwassee slate ( King , 1964) . Theee group s are of regional extent but the formations within each group are local . The stratigraphic relationship of the formations of the groups of the Ocoee Series and the formations of the Chilhowee Group are shown in Table VI II in Appendix C. The Snowbird Group occurs in the southern foothills of the Smokies and is the oldest group . The Great Smoky Group lies conform ably on the Snowbird Group in the southwestern part of the park (King, 1964) . In the foothills to the north of the Smokies there are two formations no t classified in either of the three groups: Rich Butte Sands tone at the nor theast corner of the park and Cades Sandstone in the Cades Cove area (King, 1964) . The Walden Creek Group is expo sed in a belt about eight miles wide between the Chilhowee Group on Chilhowee Mountain and English Mountain and the Great Smoky Group . The stratigraphic relationship of the Walden Creek Group to the Great Smoky Group and the Snowbird Group is no t known. The top formation of the Walden Creek Group , Sandsuck Shale, is succeeded conformably by the Cochran Formation of the Chilhowee Group on Bluff Mountain in Sevier County . The 30 Chilhowee Group of ro cks thus follows the Walden Creek Group of the Ocoee Series in conformable stratigraphic sequenc e. However, the stratigraphic relationship of the Chilhowee Group to the remainder of the Ocoee Series is no t fully understood (King, 1964; Neuman and Nel son, 1965) . Chilhowee Mountain is made up of the Chilhowee Group of rocks wh ich is stratigraphically related to the �al den Creek Group of the Ocoee Series. The Chilhowee Group is divided into six successive formations : Cochran conglomerate, Nichols Shale, Nebo Sandstone, Murray Shale, Hesse Sandstone , and Helenmode Formation. The Chilhowee Group is followed by the Shady Dolomite and Rome Formation in small portions of Chilhowee Mountain in Blount County (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . The stratigraphic and topographic po sitions of the various formations of Chilhowee Mountain are shown in Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Figure 2, from King and Stupka (1950) , is a geological cross- section from Clingman's Dome to Chilhowee Mountain and shows the general relationship of the Chilhowee Group to the Ocoee Series. Figure 3, from King (1964) , is three consecutive cross-sec tions through Chilhowe e Mountain ne ar the northeast end in Sevier County . Figure 4, from Neuman and Nel son (1965) , is a cro ss-sec tion through Chilhowee Mountain southwe st of Walland in Blount County. Figures 5 and 6, which were drawn by Phillip B. King , show � � . � 0 0 Clingmans Dorne >. � J TENN. =� :J � � � • > Chilhowee Mtn. +5000' � 0 Wear Cove .,�·� " tl "" <:> ..f'-.."",., <:>- � <:) - 0:1:)<:><::>� <:>'� �"' � �;-..._ �r-.:;-;;,.... t;) <> <:> J', 1:) ·'I:> 0 '-"<> " ''� 0 <::! ...... ----- � <> ).:> �'<> ----::�. -;; t. � 0 \•1:)("'-- c' ""�,;;;- "" "'>' " Sea level <:.._•-- -· · �--' 0 � · -�·�·�- ' � � - _.r ..___ · '--"a o "'"'" �' � ______. .;-- , o \' -· > - ' -� -- � � � �� � � - � .::.�-...... _ ""- - - � �"" �"'-- ""�- ,<=> ·...Z' - t:. -""-"" _ - , , .;--��Jo � _: -- ---����--��=��� ==�-=�==������-- �/� � . :-._.- "' () <;) 0 "'' <::. ... ,<;:,��t <> ��� �� = ;�� � � -5000 NORTHWEST �� ��� � ������� ���������� ������ j� � ������-;GEOLOGIC SECTION� � AL� ONG LINE A·A _ o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Miles
� � Ocoeeseries Chilhowee group DLimestone �Shale Shale and siltstone, 6/a te, Sandstone, Bo� skale sandstone, and conglomerate '------�------_ __; LATER PRE-CAMBRIAN CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN
Figure 2. Generalized Geological Cross Section of Chilhowee Mountain 'vJ and the Bmokies (From King and Stupka, 1950) . 1-' 32
Legend for Figure J .
Ot Tellico Formation Ots Tellico Formation Qal Undifferentiated alluvial depo sits Cc Cochran Formation Cn Nichols Shale Cnb Hesse Sands tone Chm Hel enmode Formation Cs Shady Dolomite pC wu Wilhite Formation of the foothills area pC ss Shields Formation of the foothills area pC sh Shields Formation of the foothills area H R"
00 4000 -40
BOGLE SPRING MILLER COVE FAULT WALDEN CREEK GREAT SMOK Y FAULT -3000 3000 - FAULT \p<:ss ',--. ' ' \ \ 2000 2000 - �\ � �\ - '• p£wu Qa}, \·�pCsh 1000 ...... __ n�- JOOO
...... '.., \ -.....� '-, 0
-4000 4000 -
GUESS CREEK 300� - -3000
\ 2000 - "'\· 2000
-, - 1000 ...... ----'
� -.. ----,··--- · '-:, " 0 -- --- �. ,, :::., '\ 0 · -
4000 4000- BOGLE SPRING 0 MILLER COVE 300 WALDEN CREEK 3000- FAULT \ \ 2000 2000 -
, lOOO 1000
0 n
\)..) Figure 3· Geological Cross Sections of Chilhowee Mountain in Sevier VJ County (From King , 1964) . 34
Leg end for �igure 4 ·
Ot Tell ico Formation Ots Tellico Formation Oc Chota Formation Os Bevier Formation Oss Sevier Formation Otb Tellico Formation and Blockhouse Shal e undifferentiated Cc Cochran Formation Cn Nichols Shal e Cnb Nebo Sandstone Cm Murray Shal e Ch Hesse Quartzite Chm Helenmode Formation c ss Shady Dolomite Csd Shady Dolomite Cr Rome Formation pC wc Wilhite Formation pC w Wilhite Formation 3.5
� ::J <( "- " w T w 4000' I< u
3000'
2000'
1000'
SEA LEVEL
Figure 4· Geological Cross Sec tion of Chilhowee Mountain in Blount County (From Neuman and Nelson, 196_5) . 36
Leg end for Figure 5 Ot Tellico Formation Cc Cochran Formation pCs Sandsuck Formatio n of Walden Creek Group Cn Nichols Shale Cnb Nebo Sandstone Cm Murray Shale Ch Hesse Sandstone Bearwallow Bench English Millstone Big Pine Sugarloaf Greentop Mountain Mountain Mountain Mountain Mountain
w Figure 5. A view of Chilhowee Mountain, Looking East from Mills tone -J Gap Fire Tower (From King , 1964) . � � r./l r./l z C1 � � � � C1 0 e � � m 0 0\ � C1 z > r
Figure 6. A View of the Walland Water Gap (From Neuman and \.;J Nelson, 1965) . en 39 the topographic position of the formations of Chilhowee Mountain. Figur e 5, from King (1964) , is a view northeast along the crest of Chilhowee Mountain from Millstone Gap fire tower showing outcrops of Chilhowee Group and associated rocks. Figure 6, from Neuman and Nelson (1965) , is a view of the Little River Gap at Walland showing the outcrops of the Chilhowee Group on Mount Nebo . The view is south toward the Smokies. Little River is in the foreground with Chilhowee Mountain on each side.
III. COCHRAN FORMATION
The Cochran Conglomerate was named by Keith (1895) . The type locality is prob ably on Chilhowee Mountain along
Cochran Creek in the Tallassee Quadrangle ( Rodgers , 1953) . Keith's original description (1895) of Cochran was of a conglomerate and an overlying whi te sandstone . The two were separated by a thin unit of red sandstone and gray shale. King (1964) considered the Cochran to be hetero geneous with parts of the lower conglomerate closely related to the Sandsuck. He thus called the Cochran a formation and mapped Sandsuck in many areas whi ch Keith had called Cochran. The Cochran Formation is 1,000 to 1,250 feet thick on Chilhowee Mountain. It is the most resis tant to erosion of the formations of the Chilhowee Group , and it forms massive 40 cliffs along the northeast and east sides of Chilhowee Mountain in Sevier County . This part of the mountain is called Bluff Mountain. Some of the better known cliffs are Sunset Rock, Hotel Rock , Buzz ard 's Wash, and Devil 1s Den. Devil 's Den is a cliff with a vertical fac e at least 200 feet high. · Jackson's Knob , Sugarloaf Mountain, Little Pine Mountain, and Big Pine Mountain are outliers of the Cochran Formation to the north of the main part of Bluff Mountain. Near the southwestern part of Chilhowee Mountain outcrops of the Cochran Formation are especially abundant where the power transmission lines cross the mountain at Chilogatee
Gap (Neuman and Nel son, 1965) . The Cochran Formation is made up of sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones ( King , 1964) . These are coarse grained; the conglomeratic sands tones cont ain pebbles up to ten millimeters in diameter. The heavy mineral s of the Cochran Formation are more angul ar and more ab undant than in the higher formations of the Chilhowee Group ( Swingle, 1949) . The top forty or fifty feet of the Cochran Formation cap the rimrock of the mountain and form the ridges sloping from it. On the southeast side of the mountai n the Cochran Formation is exposed along the Bogle Spring Faul t and the Miller Cove Fault. IV . NICHOLS SHALE
Nichols shal e was named by Keith (1895) from Nichols Branch of Walden's Creek . The type locality lies west of the he ad of Nichols Branch on the slope toward Greentop, and is near the DuPont Spring s Road up Bluff Mountain between the Fire Tower Road and the East End Road. At Walland the Nichols Shale is well expo sed at a quarry on the east side of Little River (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . Along the Sevier County portion of Chilhowee Mountain, Nichols Shale outcrops are almo st continuous near the crest of the mountains except for areas near Doyl e Springs (King, 1964) . The main outcrops of Nichols Shale along the northwest face of Chilhowee Mountain are followed clo sely by the Great Smoky Faul t (Neuman, 1951). The Nichols Shale varies in dep th and composition. The area near the nor theast end of Chilhowee Mountain near Greentop contains quartzite with Scolithus fossils (King, 1964) . Near Chilogatee Gap the shale contains ribbon-like impressions called Phycosipho n (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . The Nichol s Shale varies from 400 to 1,000 feet in depth (Neuman and Wilson, 1960) . The Nichols Shale Formation is represented at the surface by a float of brown-weathered shal e chips. The 42 slopes ab ove the Cochran Formation are formed by weathering of Nichols �hale. The Nichols Shale is overlain conformably by the Nebo Sandstone . The argillaceous sandstone at the base of the Nebo marks the transition zone .
V. NEBO QUARTZITE
Nebo Quartzite was named by Keith (1895) for Mt. Nebo near Walland, Blount County. The type locality is on the northwest slope of Chilhowee Mountain at Mt. Nebo Springs on Mt. Nebo (Kinzel Springs Quadrangle) . In the Sevier County sec tion of Chilhowe e Mountain, Nebo Sandstone is found on Bench Mountain south of Greentop. There it forms a row of cliff s on the no r thwest slope of the mountain; these are especi ally prominent downstream toward the Wolfhook from Bogle Springs (King, 1964) . South of Little River in Blount County , the Nebo Quartzite is expo sed along much of the leng th of Chilhowe e Mountain (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . It forms well-defined ridges between the Cochran and Hesse. In some areas the Nebo forms jagged precipitous cliffs. The Nebo Quartzite is medium to coarse-grained. The particles are well-rounded. The even beds of quartzite weather into sharp-angled slabs (King, 1964) . A few feldspar grains are pre sent . Mo st of the formation contains Scolithus tubes (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . The formation varies from 250 to 400 feet in depth (King, 1964) . 43 The Nebo Quartzite is succeeded abruptly by the Murray Shal e. The cont ac t is no t well expo sed but it is assumed to be conformable (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) .
VI o MURRAY SHALE
Murray Shale was named for its type locality on Murray Branch of Walden's Creek {Keith, 1895) . No tributary of Walden Creek is called Murray Branch today by the local people, and the name does no t appear on maps. King {1964) located the type formation on Compton Branch, a tributary of Laurel Creek which drains into Walden Creek. Along the trail to Bogle Springs from Baker Place several cliff s of shal e occur. The stream bed of Compton Branch in the area is shale, and the soil on the nor thwest slope of Bench Mountain is full of shale chips. Murray Shale can also be seen along the Foothills Parkway near Look Rock and Murray Gap in Blount County (Laurenc e and Palmer, 1963 ). Outcrops of Murray Shal e are rare along the full leng th of Chilhowee Mountain. Its po sition is usually recognized by the shal e fragments on the soil above the Nebo Quartzite. Murray Shale is similar to Nicholas Shale. It is mainly fissile, argillaceous siltstone and fine-grained sandstone (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . Murray Shale and Nicholas Shale are differentiated on the basis of strati graphic po sition (Swingle, 1949) . 44 The fossils found in Murray Shale at Murray Gap above Montvale Springs (Keith, 1895; Laurence and Palmer, 1963) have been used to date the Chilho wee Group . These fossils are mo s tly of brachiopods and trilobites (Neuman and Nel son, 1965) .
VII . HESSE QUARTZITE
Above the Murray Shale, the prominent formation is Hesse Quartzite. It was named by Keith (1895) for Hesse Greek, a tributary of Little River, which drains the south east slopes of Chilhowee Mountain ne ar the southwest end of Miller Cove. Along the Sevier County portion of Chilhowee Mountain, Hesse Quartzite caps Bench Mountain (King, 1964) . Hesse al so forms outcrops along Mount Nebo at Walland and to the southwest. The Hesse Quartzite is light-gray medium- to coarse grained quartzite with well-sorted and well-rounded grains set in siliceous cement (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . The rocks of the Hesse Formation superficially resemble those of the Nebo Format ion. However , clo ser examination reveals differences. The Scolithus tubes are shorter and much less ab undant in the Hesse. Both Hesse and Nebo Sandstones have detrital zircon, ilmenite, and tourmaline present, but the 45 detrital grains in Hesse are more rounded than tho se in Nebo. Hesse Sands tone lacks authigenic barite and hematite found in Nebo Sandstone (Swingle, 1949) . Keith (1895 ) described the Hesse as the uppermo st stratum of the Chi lhowee Group . In discussing the Chilhowee Group in upper East Tennessee , King and his co-workers (1944) assigned the upper portion of Keith's "Hesse Quartzite" to a new formation and c alled it the Helenmode Member of the Chilhowee Group .
VIII � HELENMODE FORMATION
The Helenmode Formation is the top uni t of the Chilhowee Group of Chilhowee Mountain. Its type locality is at the Helenmode mine in Carter County , Tennessee (King, et al ., 1944) . The Helenmo de Formation forms a conformable layer between the Hesse Quartzite and the Shady Dolomite in the Miller Cove area of Blount County. It also forms out crops in the Flats area south of Look Rock. The mo st conspicuous outcrops are along the southern side of Chilhowee Mountain near Wall and High School (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . Along the remainder of the mountain such Hel enmode rocks as are found are usually out of sequenc e (King, 1964) . 46 The Helenmode Formation consists of argillaceous rocks and interbedded sands tones. It is seemingly grada tional and conformable between the Hesse Quartzite and Shady Dolomite (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . Since the Helenmode is the last of the Chilhowee Group, it shoul d be regionally related to the other sedimentary rocks of the time prior to Shady Dolomite formation. Thi s relationship is ob scured by extreme weathering and poor exposure (King and Ferguson, 1960) .
IX. SHADY DOLOMITE
The Shady Dolomite is the lowest of the great carbonate formation of the southern Appal achian region. It follows directly on the clastic rocks of the Chilhowee Group in other areas of the Southern Appal achians (King and Ferguson, 1960) and in a few scattered localities on Chilhowee Mountain. The Shady Dolomite was named by Keith (1903) for its expo sures in Shady Valley , Johnson County, Tennessee. It is widely di stributed in northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virgini a (King, et al ., 1944). The Shady Dolomite of Chilhowee Mountain area was erroneously called Knox Dolomite by Safford (1869) and Keith (1895) . Shady Dolomite forms the floor of Millers Cove (Tucker, 1951). Throughout the length of the cove it conformably 47 overlies the Helenmode Formation and is overl ain by the Rome Formation. Its best exposures are along Wolf Creek in the southwe stern part of Miller s Cove. Other outcrops can be seen on the lowest slopes of the mountain just east of Walland near Reed Creek. In Sevier County the Shady Dolomite is found only on the southeast slope of Bench Mountain and scattered along a faul t from that location to a point west of Goose Gap Community (King, 1964) . The Shady Dolomite is compo sed of dolomite of several kinds and of a few interbeds of dolomitic shale. The color is usually light gray and the texture is medium- to coarse grained. Tucker (1951 ) divided the Shady Dolomite into several layers and mapped these in Millers Cove. The average depth of the Shady Dolomi te in Millers Cove is 1,100 feet (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . The Shady Dolomite weathers readily, especially by solution. In most areas thi s weathering has led to the pro duc tion of thick layers of clay soils. Some of the clay and other insoluble materials have been chang ed to jasperoid (Swingle, 1949) . The surficial cover over the Shady Dolomite is mo s tly alluvial or colluvial The Shady Dolomite was formed in the Early Camb rian (Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . This date is derived from the ag e of fossils in formations above and below the Shady Dolomite, because there are no known fossils in it. 48 In Millers Cove the Shady Dolomite is overlain con formably by the Rome Formation.
X. ROME FORMATION
The Rome Formation was named for the rocks which under lie the Coosa Valley near Rome , Georgia ( Hayes, 1891) . The Rome Formation and its equivalents are expo sed from Alabama to Pennsylvani a. In Millers Cove area it occurs conformably on the Shady Dolomite ( Tucker, 1951) . The Rome Formation does no t occur on the Sevier County part of Chilhowee Mountain
(King, 1964) . It occurs on Chilhowee Mountain in limited areas on both sides of the Little River at Walland and in Millers Cove . These areas are of minor importance in the geology of the mountain as a whole. The Rome Formation is made up of deep-red or maroon shal e, calcareous siltstone, and fine sandstone ( Neuman and Nelson, 1965) . It has weathered deeply into thick red soils. No fo ssils are known from the Rome Formation in
Millers Cove ( Tucker, 1951) . Resser (1938) found fossils in the outcrops to the no rthwe st of Chilhowee Mountain whi ch date the Rome Formation as Early Camb rian. The Rome Formation is the youngest format ion occurring on Chilhowee Mountain. The true relationship of thi s forma tion to the young er Ordovician rocks of the Ridge and Valley
Provinc e is no t fully known ( King, 1964) . 49 XI . CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN : ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS
Precambrian and Camb rian rocks of the Ocoee Series and the Chilhowee Group were thrust no rthwe stward over the Ordovician rocks of the adjoining valley (King, 1964) . All the se rocks dip to the southeast. The movement was accompanied by folding , faulting , and uplift. The major faul ts are the Great Smoky Fault and tho se of the Millers Cove Faul t family. Along each of these no rocks of the overridden block are duplicated by tho se of the overriding block (King, 1964) . Each of the three groups of the Ocoee Series, as well as the Chilhowee Group , was moved northeast ward and upward in the period of mountain building which culminated in the Permian (King, 1950 , 1964) . The minimum thrust forward for Chilhowee Mountain was ten miles and the minimum uplift ab ove the original level was 1,000 feet (Neuman and Nel son, 1965) . Chilhowee Mountain is a struc tural block just south east of the Great Smoky Fault. Along most of the northwe st slope of Chilhowee Mountain, the Great Smoky Faul t follows closely the Nichols Shale Formation near the base of the Chilhowee Group . It forms the contac t between this group and the rocks of the valley. Along the southeast base of Chilhowee Mountain its contac t with the Ocoee Series is made at the Bogl e Springs Faul t or the Millers Cove Fault (King, 1964; Neuman, 1951) . 50 The Chilhowee Mountain block differs from the remainder of the Great Smoky thrust sheet both stratigraphically and struc turally (King, 1964) . The stratigraphic and chrono logical order of the group s might be (from lowest and oldest to highest and youngest) : the Snowbird Group , the Great Smoky Group , the Walden Creek Group , and the Chilhowee Group (Hadley, et al ,, 1955) . The Chilhowee Group is Cambrian and Early Camb rian in age. Laurenc e and Palmer (1963) defini tely dated the Murray Shal e as Early Cambrian. King (1949 ) set the base of the Cambrian at the base of the Chilhowee Group in the southern Appal achi ans. If the sediments now forming the Appalachi ans were laid down at different times at different rates in different areas as expl ained by King (1950) , then Chilhowee Mountain could have been formed in a pl ace separate from the groups of the Ocoee Series. It could have been adjoining and just succee ding the Walden Creek Group of the Ocoee Series. This would explain why the Cochran Formation rests conformably on the S andsuck Shal e of the Walden Creek Group . It would also explain why the stratigraphic position of the Chilhowe e Group in relation to the Snowbird Group and the Great Smoky Group , is no t known. The rocks of Chilhowee Mountain thus form a distinct geological group that differs from the rocks of the Smokies 51 in ag e, texture, stratigraphic sequence, and mineral content (Swingle, 1949) . The Chilhowee Group of rocks can be distinguished from the Ocoee Series from Al abama to Pennsylvania (Sto se and Stose, 1944) . No formation of rocks occurring on Chilhowee Mountain is found in the Great Smokies proper. Therefore , Chilhowee Mountain is geologi cally different from the Ordovician rocks of the valley to the no rth and the adj acent Walden Creek Group of the Camb rian Ocoee Series to the south. Chilhowee Mountain is a distinct geological unit which is more closely related geologically to English Mountain ten miles di s tant than it is to the immediately adjacent foothills belt of the Smokies. CHAPTER VI
THE SOILS OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
Ic INTRODUCTION
The soil s of Chilhowee Mountain show great diversity in depth, color, age, texture, fertility, water-supplying capacity, drainage, susceptibility to drought, and organic content. The kinds of soils present on any mountain, including Chilhowee Mountain, are affected by climate (particul arly temperature and precipitation) , living org anisms (especially the native vegetation) , nature of parent material (texture and structure and chemical and mineralogical content) , topography of the area, time that parent materials are subjected to soil formation, and man . The climate of the entire area is no t sufficiently variable to produce the great diversity of soils. The parent material , age as affected by geological ero sion, and topography are the most important fac tors contributing to soil formation on Chilhowee Mountain (El der, et al ., 1959) . The two available soil surveys (Hubb ard, et al ., 1957 ; Elder, � al ., 1959 ) present a false impression of the kinds of soils on Chilhowee Mountain. The se surveys were made of agricul tural land and less than 5 per cent of the 52 53 land on Chilhowee Mountain is agricul tural land . The remai ning 95 per cent or more of the land on Chilhowee Mountain is non- agricul tural and was mapped from aerial pho tographs . Most of the mountain soils are mapped as Ramsey and Jefferson soils. The complexi ty of the soils on Chilhowee Mountain suggested to the author that a description of these soils was ne eded to document that they are present on Chilhowee Mountain and to see if there is any correlation between plant distribution and soil types. There are soil s representative of twenty-two different series on Chilhowee Mountain. The se soil series are classi fied into higher categories, and their relief, parent material , and degree of ho rizon differentiation are given in Table VIII in Appendix C ( Elder, et al ., 1959) . The discussion of the soils which follows is arranged according to topographic position. The profiles are given for the most ab undant and mo st important series on Chilhowee Mountain. The descriptions of the soils are taken from the Blount
County Soil Survey ( Elder, et al ., 1959) , since it is more recent and more complete than the soil survey of Sevier
County ( Hubb ard, et al ., 1957) . The discussion contains information about the rel ationship of forest distribution, as the forest now exists, to the soil types. All the soil types probably developed under a deciduous forest with scattered areas affected by pine or hemlock. 54 II. SOILS OF THE UPLANDS
The soils of the upl ands were formed in place from the underlying parent material . They normally occur on ridgetops and steep slopes above the stream valleys . The soils are influenc ed by their underlying rocks from which the parent material has weathered. The underlying rocks are sands tones, quartzites, shales, and small areas of lime- stone , dolomitic limestone , and slate. Dewey and Dunmore soils are derived from the residuum of dolomitic limestone . The Talbo tt-Colbert soils develop in residual materials that weathered from argillaceous, or clayey limestone . The Sequoia, Christian, Litz, Montevallo , Teas , and Dandridge soils are derived chiefly from shales. The Dandridge, Litz, Montevallo, and Teas soils have many shale particles throughout their profiles. The Dandridge soils are derived from residuum of calcareous shales. The Litz and Montevallo soils are derived from acid shales. The Teas soils are derived from interbedded shales, sands tones, and siltstones. The Sequoia soils are derived from acid shales that contain thin lenses of limestone or calcareous shales. The Christian soils are derived from sandy shales. The Ramsey soils are derived from slates, quartzites, sands tones, and conglomerates. 55 Mos t of the upland soils that are derived from lime stone occur in the Millers Cove area. The Dunmore and Dewey series of soils occur in karst and hummocky topography . These are well-drained upland soils derived from dolomi tic limes tone. They occur as silty clay, silty clay loam, or silt loam. They are variable in color and depth to bed rock. Their rate of erosion is mo stly dependent on steepness of slope. These soils are suitable for crops and pasture . The Talbott-Colbert are shallow soils found on steep lime stone slopes. Many outcrops of lime s tone occur in the Talbott-Colbert soils. They are best suited for forest growth . All three of the se series of soils are azonal and belong to the red-yellow podzolic group . The Teas series of soils is found only on rounded or domelike hills that cro ss the center of Millers Cove. The soils are azonal litho sols that are very shallow and often extremely dry . They develop from interbedded fine-grained sandstone , siltstone , and shale. They are on steep slopes where geological erosion removes soil almost as fast as it is formed. Teas soils are pink or purplish, infertile soils best suited for forestry. The Sequoia soils are red-yellow podzolic zonal soils which develop from shal e that was originally calcareous but which is now leached of calcium. They occur on ridge tops 56
along the ri dges that ex tend no rthward from Chilhowee Mo untain.
The sub soil s are yellowish to yellowi s h-red in color. The
acid shale bedrock is two to four feet below th e surfac e.
The Li tz soils are azonal li tho sols. They occur on
steep slopes over acid shal e bedrock down slope from the
Sequoia soils. They diff er from Sequoia soils because of
topographic po sit ion. Geological ero sion is so ra pid that
Li tz soils do no t stay in plac e long enough to dev elop a profil e. The bedro ck is from six to twel v e inc hes below th e
surfac e. The soil s are ex c es siv ely drain ed and ex tremely
dry . They diff er from Dandri dg e soil s mo s tly in parent ro c k. They oc cur on slopes below the Sequoia soils and
above th e Hamblen soils. Litz sil t loams and shaly silty clay loams are best suited for fores try.
Dandri dg e soil s are azonal litho sol s derived from
calcareous shale. Th ey occur on hilly to steep topography where geological ero sion keeps pac e wi th soil forma tion.
Thes e soil s are abundant on the Black Sulfer Knob s nor•th of
Ch ilhowee Mo untain and occur on ri dg es runni ng nor• th from
Ch ilhowee Moun tain. DaP-dri dg e soils are shallow and
ex tremely dry and thus are suited only for long-ra nge for• es try o Th ey clo sely resemble Litz soil s but are more
nearly neutral . Dandri dg e soil s occur on Ch ilhow ee Moun tain
as sil t loams and shaly sil t loams . 57
The Christian series of soils are red-yellow podzolic zonal soils that occur over sandy shale bedrock that con tains some thin seams of calcareous sandstone and limestone . They occur on low hilltops and crests of low ridges in association wi th Litz, Sequoia, and Barbourville soils. These soil s are two and one-half to five feet deep with a light-colored surface soil and a red or yellowi sh-red sub soil. Suppl ies of available moisture are relatively high. These soils are rel atively low in fertility and are strongly acid but respond to fertilization so they are suitable for crops . Montevallo shaly silt loam is an azonal litho sol that develops from varieg ated but predominantly acid shale. It is lighter in color and shallower than Litz soils, and it has no calcareous material in its bedrock. It is very shallow, low in fertility, and often very dry so it is best suited to forestry. It occurs next to Sequoia and Litz soils on uplands and Muse soils of colluvial lands . On Little Mountain it is adj acent to Ramsey soils. The Ramsey series of soils as mapped make up 60 per cent or more of the soils of Chilhowee Mountain. These soil s are shallow, well-drained to excessively well-drained azonal lithosols of mountain slopes. They develop from acid sandstone , quartzite, shales, and slates. These rocks 58 weather slowly and geological erosion is so rapid that the soils are shallow. The topography is very steep with V-shaped valleys . These soils show great variat ion in texture depend- ing on steepness of slope, exposure of slope, vegetation cover, and parent material . In the Sevier County Soil
Survey (Hubb ard, 21 al ., 1957 ) the Ramsey series is mapped on Chilhowee Mountain as fine sandy loam, shaly silt loam, or rough mountainous land with Ramsey soil materi al . In the Blount County Soil Survey (Elder, et al ., 1959 ) Ramsey soils are mapp ed as slaty silt loam and stony fine sandy loam. Most of the mapp ing of Ramsey soils for both these surveys was do ne from aerial photos since this is non- agricul tur al land. A representative profile of Ramsey sil t loam as given by Elder, 21 al . (1959 ) is: 0 to 2 inche s, grayish-brown or dark grayish brown friable slaty silt loam. 2 to 9 inches, pale-brown or yellowish-brown friable silt loam. 9 inche s plus , partly weathered slate fragment s and yellowi sh-brown or brownish-yellow friable silt loam soil material . A representat ive profile for Ramsey stony fine sandy loam is (Elder, et al ., 1959) : 0 to 7 inches, yellowish-brown very friable stony fine sandy loam. 7 inche s plus, yellowi sh-brown or brownish-yellow friable sandy loam soil material mixed wi th fragment of sandstone and quartz. 59 The Ramsey soils are best suited to forestry because of topographic position, shallowness, and susceptibility to drought. These soils occur in association with Litz, Dandridge, Montevallo , and Sequoia soils of the uplands and Jefferson, Allen, Hayter , and Muse soils of colluvial lands. On mountain benches these soils are adj acent to Barbourville soils.
III. SOILS OF TERRACE LANDS
Along the Little River and Little Tennessee River in Blount County small areas of terrac e soils occur on Chilhowee Mountain. These terraces are made up of the soil s of the Sequatchie and Whi twell series. The Sequatchie soils are gray-brown podzolic zonal soils that developed under deciduous forests. They occur on low terraces and second bottoms along the rivers and smaller streams. These soils are fertile and well-suited to farming . Whi twell soils are intrazonal planosols. These imperfectly drained soils occur on flat land and have developed under deciduous forest characteristic of moist habitats. The Whitwell and Sequatchie soils develop from the same parent material but different in color, texture, consistency, and drainage. 60 IV. SOILS OF COLLUVIAL LANDS
The soils of colluvial lands occur at the base of slopes or mountain benches. Their parent material is derived from soil materials and rock fragment s that rolled or were washed from the adj acent slopes. These soil s occur along small drainway s, at the base of upland slopes, and on colluvial-alluvial fans wh ere small streams have depo sited material over flood pl ains of larger streams. The various series of soils have developed due to differences in parent material , drainage, topographic position, bedro ck, and age. Emory and Greendal e soil s are formed from materials washed from upl and limestone soil s such as Dunmore soils. Muse soils are formed from mat erials washed from Sequoia, Montevallo , Litz, and Dandridge soils and from the Ramsey soils underlain by shale. All en, Jefferson, Hayter , and Barbourville soils develop from materials that washed or rolled from Ramsey soilso Neubert soils are young soil s derived from materials washed from uplands underl ain by sandstone . Emory soils are alluvial azonal soil s that occur in small areas in Miller Cove as silt loam type . These soils are too young to have a profile. Their parent material is derived from the limestone upl ands . Emory soil s usually are underl ain by limestone bedrock at a depth of five to twelve feet. 61 Greendale soils are azonal alluvial soils on foot slopes, along intermittent drains , and on alluvial fans. They develop from material washed from Dunmore, Dewey, and Talbott-Colbert soils. On Chilhowee Mountain, these soils occur in the Walland area. The soil s of the Greendale series are young and have very little profile development. The Muse series of soils are red-yellow podzolic zonal soils represented on Chilhowee Mountain by the silt loam type. The se well-drained, deep soils develop from parent material of local alluvium and colluvium that rolled or was washed from upl ands underlain by shales and slates. They occur on foot slopes, benche s and fans below upl and soils. The Blount County Soil Survey (Elder, et al ., 1959) gives the following profile description of a characteristic Muse silt loam soil: 0 to 7 inches, yellowi sh-brown (loYR5/4) very friable silt loam; moderate fine granul ar struc ture; in virgin areas, a 1- to 2-inch surface layer is stained dark with org anic matter. 7 to 12 inche s , brownish-yellow (loYR 6/6) friable silt loam; moderate fine and medium angular blocky struc ture. 12 to 30 inches, stron-brown (7.5YR 5/8 ) friable silty clay loam; few, fine , distinct varieg ations , moderate medium an�ul ar blocky structure is less distinc t than in layer above; colluvial deposit normally more than 3 feet deep. The Muse soil s have a more highly developed profile than the Barbourville soils describ ed on page 64 and 62 ordinarily occur down stream from them. Muse soil s are strongly acid, low in org anic matter, and low in ni trogen, pho sphorus , potassium, and calcium . However, because of their high waterholding capacity, they are good agricul tural soils if properly fertilized. Muse soils are no t mapped on Chilhowee Mountain in
Sevier County ( Hubb ard, et al ., 1957) . However, Charles Powers, Soils Scientist in the Knoxville Regional Office of the Soil Conservation �ervice, visited the mountain with the author in 1965 and found extensive areas of Muse, Jefferson, and Barb ourville soils on land that is mapped as Ramsey soils in the Sevier County Soil Survey ( Hubbard, � al ., 1957) . Allen soils are red-yellow podzolic zonal soils that are represented on Chilhowee Mountain as clay loams, silt loams, fine sandy loams, and cobbly fine sandy loams. They are formed from residuum washed from uplands underlain by sandstone , quartzite, shale, slate, and, in mo st places, some limestone . These soils differ from Jefferson and Muse soils in being formed on limestone bedrock. The Allen soils, however, are mapped on the Blount area of Chilhowee Mountain in areas underlain by sandstone . A typical profile of Allen soils from the Blount County Soil Survey ( Elder, et al ., 1959) is: 63 0 to 1 inch, grayish-brown (lOYR 5/2) very friable fine sandy loam; weak fine crumb struc ture . 1 to 8 inches, pale-brown (lOYR 6/3) very friable fine sandy or sandy clay loam; moderate fine sub angul ar blocky struc ture. 12 to 17 inche s yellowi sh- red (5YR 5/5) friable clay loam; moderate medium and fine sub angular blocky struc ture. 17-44 inches, red (2.5YR 4/6 ) friable clay loam; moderate medium sub angular blocky struc ture. 44 to 60 inches, red (2.5YR 4/8 ) friable clay loam; sandy clay, or sandy clay loam; variegated or splotched with yellow and brown . All en soil s are on rolling to hilly topography and are very susceptible to erosion. In areas whe re the slope is over 15 per cent, fores try is the most feasible use of the land . Jefferson soil s are red-yellow podzolic zonal soils represented on Chilhowee Mountain by stony silt loams and fine sandy loams. They occur on foot slopes and benches at the base of mountain slopes. Their parent material s are local alluvium or colluvium from Ramsey soils. These soils prob ably make up from 20 to 30 per cent of the soils of Chilhowee Mountain. The Jefferson soils are underlain by sandstone or shale bedrock. A representative profile of Jefferson fine sandy loam from the Blount Soil Survey (Elder, et al ., 1959 ) is: 0 to 7 inches, pale-brown (lOYR 6/3) very friable fine sandy loam; weak medium crumb struc ture. 64
7 to 14 inches, yellowish-brown ( lOYR 5/6) very friable fine sandy loam or loam; weak medium granul ar struc ture. 14 to 36 inches, strong-brown (7.5YR 5/8 ) or reddi sh yellow (5YR5/8 ) friable clay loam or sandy clay loam; moderate fine and medium angular blocky struc ture. 36 to 54 inches plus, reddi sh-yellow (5YR 6/8 ) friable sandy clay loam; color ranges to yellowish red in places; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; practically all areas are underlain by shale or slate residuum at depths generally ranging from 3 to 10 feet. Jefferson soils are low in fertility and produce sui table crops only when fertilized. However, some of the most vigorous oak forests of Chilhowee Mountain grow on Jefferson soils. Hayter soils are gray-brown podzolic zonal soil s , whi ch develop from alluvium and colluvium from the uplands under- lain by shale wh ich contains calcite. Hayter soils occur in small areas along the base of Chilhowee Mountain in the Miller Cove area. The influenc e of calcite on soil characteristics produc es a much browner profile in Hayter soils than in other colluvial soils. The Hayter soil s are rel atively fertile and are farmed extensively in Cades Cove, Tuckaleechee Cove, and Miller Cove. Barbourville soils are azonal alluvial soils which develop from material transported from areas underlain by shale, slate, sandstone, and quartzite . These soils are too young for complete profil e development. They occur along 65 elongated narrow hollows and on mountain benches. A typical profile as given by Elder, et al . (1959 ) is:
0 to 10 inches, brown ( lOYR 5/3 ) or yellowish brown ( lOYR 5/4) very friable fine sandy loam.
10 to 34 inches, yellowish-brown ( lOYR 5/4) friable fine sandy loam or loam.
34 inche s plus, yellowish-brown ( lOYR 5/4) friable sandy loam or fine sandy loam; common, fine , distinct, yellow and gray mo ttles; depth of deposit generally is more than 4 feet. Barbourville soils are high in moisture availability, nutrient content, and organic matter . These are the mo st fertile soils of Chilhowee Mountain. Where topography permits, high yields of all common vegetable crops of the area are obtained. A common prac tice is to dig holes and set out tomato pl ants on 40 to 60 per cent slopes of this soil . The Barbourville soils will also pro duce sixty to one hundred bushels of Irish po tatoes per hundred pounds planted. Neubert soils are azonal alluvial soils which have developed from recent alluvium that washed from upland shale lands . The se soils are young and thus have a weak profile development . They are relatively fertile. Neubert soils are mapped in small areas of Blount County at the base of Chilhowee Mountain. 66
V. SOILS OF THE BOTTOMLANDS
Th e soil s of th e bottomlands occur on level or nearly level area s along th e streams th at are likely to overf low.
Th eir characteri stic s dep end larg el y up on th e sourc e of th e materi al and th e mixing and sorting action of th e streams.
The soil s of th e botto mlands are very young azonal alluvial soil s. Th ese botto mland soil s develop from similar materi al carri ed by th e stream s and dif fer primarily in drainag e.
Th e well - drained soil s are mapp ed as Hamblen soils. Prader soil s are always wet and thus are gray th roughout. Prader soil s are no t mapp ed on Chilhowee Mou�tain but probably occur in small local sw ampy areas.
The Staser soil s occur on Chilhow ee Mountain as th e loam typ e along Littl e Riv er , Littl e Tenne ssee Riv er, Walden
Creek , Ellijay Creek , and in small areas along all th e larger creeks . Staser soil s are well- drained and consi st of brown or grayi sh -brown materi al ra nging in texture fro m sil t lo am to fine sandy loam . Below depths of th irty to thirty -two inches th e materi al is mo ttl ed wi th yellow and gray, and th e texture is commonly finer th an that of th e surface layer.
Th e upper brown layer is often covered with rec ent depo sits.
Hamblen soil s are imp erf ec tly- drained loams in bottomlands on Chilhow ee Mountain. Th ey occur along all ma jor streams . The yellowish-brown or grayi sh -brown soil 67 material ranges in texture from sil t loam to loam. Hamblen soils are well-drained in the surface layers but below sixteen inches in depth they are mottl ed with brown, yellow, and gray. Hamblen and Staser soils are formed from general alluvium washed from Litz , Sequoia, Montevallo, Allen, Hayter, Jefferson, Barbourville, Muse, and Ramsey soils. Both Hamblen and Staser soils are slightly acid and rel atively fertile. Because of their topographic po sition and high wat er-holding capacity the bottoml and soil s are important agricul tural soils. Very small areas of the se soil s in the rich coves of Chilhowee Mountain are covered with forests of Liriodendron, Magnolia, Tsug a, and Aesculus.
VI . DISCUSSION
The soils of Chilhowee Mountain occur in four different topographic positions: uplands, terrace lands, alluvial and colluvial lands , and bot toml ands. The patt ern of vegetat ion on the mountain is related to the soils as well as to the geological formations from which the soils are derived. The rocks of Chilhowee Mountain are quartzites, sandstones, shales, and small areas of slates, dolomitic limestone , and limestone. These different kinds of rocks affect the soils that develop from them. The areas of 68 limestone that are considered to be a part of Chilhowee Mountain are found in Miller Cove ne ar Walland. The upland soils of these limes tone areas are Dewey, Dunmore, and Talbott-Colbert soils. In colluvial-alluvial areas the limes tone soils are Emory , Greendale, Hayter, and Neubert. All the se soils make up a small perc entage of the total area of Chilhowee Mountain. The effect of these limes tone soils on the original vegetation of this area is impo ssible to det ermine . Thi s area (along with similar areas of Tucka leeche e and Cades Coves) was one of the first areas of Blount County to be settled (Haywood, 1823) . Thi s was al so the center of activity of the Chilhowee Band of Cherokee Indians (Haywood, 1823) . Man has destroyed the original forest. The forests present today in the area are mixed pine and mixed oak forests. The soils derived from shal e and slate are ab undant on Chilhowee Mountain. These soils are extensively mapped in areas underl ain by Ordovician shales and slates north of Chilhowee Mountain. Many of the ridges running north from Chilhowee Mountain have the same soil series. The Nichols Shal e and Murray Shal e format ions on Chilhowee Mountain weather into these soils. The uplands underlain by shale are covered with Sequoia, Litz , Dandridge, Montevallo, Teas , and Christian soils. The se soil s vary in sand and shal e 69 content and development of profile. The di stribution of vegetation on these soils seems to be more related to soil depth and its effect on soil moisture than any other edaphic factor. Thus the thin Montevallo and Litz soils are now covered wi th Quercus marilandica, Qu ercus velutina , and Pinus virgini ana and some Pinus rigida. Nys sa sylvatica and Sassafras albidum are abundant in the understory. Ramsey soils as mapped in the two av ailable soil surveys ( Hubb ard, et al ., 1957 ; Elder, et al ., 1959 ) cover all the rough mountainous land and thus in effect cover almost all the forested land of Chilhowee Mountain. The soil surveys were made of agricul tural lands which include less than 5 per cent of the land of Chilhowee Mountain. The mountainous land was mapp ed from aerial photographs . The inadequacy of the soil surveys was realized early in this study and the aid of the Soil Conservation Service was sought . Charles Powers of the Knoxville Office helped the author survey some of the soils on Chilhowee Mountain in the summer of 1965. Mr . Powers and the author found Ramsey soils present in much smaller percentages than those indicated by the previous surveys. Many of the areas mapped as Ramsey soils were no t Ramsey soils but were Jefferson, Muse, or Barbourville soils. Ramsey soils, as studied by Mr . Powers and the author, occupy the upper parts of the north face of Chilhowee Mount ain 70 just below the crest. Thi s area is covered wi th a forest containing Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Carya ovalis, and Acer rubrum . The very dense understory is compo sed of Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron maximum! Rhododendron calen dulaceum , and Rhododendron nudiflorum. On the south slopes mo st of the upland is covered with Ramsey soils. The se soils are very sandy and extremely dry and are covered with forests of Quercus marilandica, Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea, Carya pallida , Pinus rigida, and Pinus virgini ana. The understory is made up of clumps of Kalmia latifolia and wide spread popul ations of Ilex montana, Ilex montana variety mollis, Pyrul aria pubera, Vacc inium arboreum , Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium vacillans, Smilax, and Gaylussacia baccata. Vaccinium hirsutum is a part of the understory of thi s forest south of Little River in Blount County but is ab sent north of Little River. Ramsey soils are al so present on ridges formed from rocks of the Chilhowee Group and extending out from Chilhowee Mountain. Plant dis tribution on Ramsey soils appears to be mos tly related to soil texture, depth, and water-supplying capacity. Mos t of the Ramsey soils have scrub forests growing on them. The virgin forests on Ramsey soils on south slopes were probably composed of oaks and pines or in some places nearly pure pine . 71 The intermedi ate slopes of Chilhowee Mountain are mostly covered with Jefferson and Muse soils. The Muse soil s are much more abundant than mapped in the soil surveys. Quercus prinus is very ab undant on Jefferson and Muse soils and guercus marilandica and �uercus coccinea are noticeably ab sent . The trees are large and close together and the understory contains few heath shrub s. The Barbourville soils are the mo st fertile soils on Chilhowee Mountain. Almo st every little spot of Barbourville soils has Liriodendron tulipifera growing on it. The surveys map Barbourville soils in the head of Nichols Branch near Greentop on 65 per cent or steeper slopes. At this spot the layer of soil material containing organic matter was over four feet in thickness. The area was covered with Quercus rub ra and Liriodendron tulipifera. The fertility of the Barbourville soils can be noted in the Grapeyard section of Bench Mountain. The land which is now covered with Liriodendron tulipifera trees that are twenty-four inches to thirty inches d.b.h.* was cultivated in the 1930's. Liriodendron will grow one inch or more in diameter per year on some of the Barbourville soils.
�:-d.b.h. =Diameter at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground). 72
The di stribution of plants on the mountain is affected by the various soil types. The types of soil , however, are no t as important as the amount of available moisture. The deeper soils have a higher water-supplying capacity and are covered with mesophytic forests. The thin litho sols
( Ramsey, Litz, and Montevallo) are very dry and are covered with scrubby oak-pine forests characteristic of drier habitats. CHAPTER VII
THE VEGETATION OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
I. METHODS OF STUDY
The mountain was traversed by the author on numerous walking trips during three years of extensive plant collect ing to determine the species present . This period of plant collecting, as well as a lif elong acquaintanc e with the area, has given the author a general knowl edge of the types of forests present on the mountain. The me thods of sampl ing used were cho sen to determine the compo sition of the various strata of the forest. The areas to be sampled were selec ted within a given forest type, and within this type the samples were taken at points 120 feet ap art along a compass bearing . At each point the tree, shrub , herb , and seedling strata were sampled. The total number of samples taken in each forest type varied, and the numb er is given in the discussion of each type . The plotless sampling technique of Bitterlich (1948 ) was used for stand data for cano py species representing the forest types. This metho d was explained in detail in various publications by Gro senbaugh (1952a, 1952b , 1955 , 1958) . Thi s method has been used wi th good resul ts in the Smokies (Shanks, 73 74 1954b ) and in the timber surveys of Texas and Okl ahoma (Gro senbaugh and Stover, 1957) . In the Texas study the basal area, as det ermined using the plotless sampling, checked to within 0.1 per cent of that determined by the conventional plot method. The angle gauge consisted of a meter stick with a peep sight attached at one end and a metal strip one inch wide attache d to it at a distanc e thirty-three inches from the peep sight . The trees within each plotless sample were recorded by species in six size classes. The se size classes as referred to in the tables of data in Appendix E for trees of each cover type are: (a) 0 to 6 inches d.b.h.; (b) 6 to 12 inche s d.b.h. ; (c) 12 to 18 inche s d.b.h. ; (d) 18 to 24 inches d.b.h. ; (e) 24 to 30 inche s d.b.h. ; and (f) 30 or more inche s d.b.h. The basal area figures for a tree wi thin a size clas s are given for the mean basal area for that size class rather than for the basal area of the mean diameter. For example, the basal area for a tree that is six inches d.b.h. is 28 .27 square inches; a tree nine inches d.b.h. is 63.62 square inches, and a tree twelve inche s d.b.h. is 113.1 square inches. For a tree in size class 6 to 12 inches d.b .h. (size class b) the basal area figure used is 70.65 (mean basal area) rather than 63.62 (basal area of the mean size, 9 inches ). The basal areas used for the various size classes are (in square inches) : (a) 14.135; 75 (b) 70.65; (c) 183.8; (d) 352 .45; (e) 579 .65; and (f) 1,320. The data for each cover type are summarized in a table in Appendix E giving density, relative density, frequency, size classes, mean basal area in square feet, per cent of total basal area, and coefficient of variation for the mean basal area. All woody plants with a diameter of three inches or less at one foot above the ground were sampled as shrub s. A circul ar plot sample with an area of one-fortieth of an acre was taken at each sample point . The shrub s were recorded by species in one-half inch size classes within a given plot. The size classes and mean basal area for each size class in square inche s are: (a) 0 to 0.5, 0.098; (b) 0.5 to 1.0, 0 .491; (c) 1.0 to 1.5 1.276 ; (d) 1.5 to 2.0 2.455; (e) 2.0 to 2.5, 4.125; and (f) 2.5 to 3.5, 5.989. All the stems for each species were counted and tallied. Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron maximum and some other species branch freely ; if the stems branched lower than one foot above the ground each branch was counted as an individual with a given diame ter . Low shrub s which never would have a very large diameter or height were recorded separately; these include Ceano thus americanus, Vacc inium vac illans , Vaccinium hirsutum, and Gaylussacia baccata. The data for the shrub s in each forest type are recorded in three separate tables 76
(in Appendix E) . One table gives, for each species , the dens ity (numb er per acre) , relative density, frequency, basal area (per cent of total me an square inches per acre and coefficient of variation and the mean basal area) and life form . The life form is considered as syno nymous to growth form, and , as defined by Cain and Cas tro (1959) , is "the vegetative form of the plant body.11 The canopy species (A) are tho se which form the topmost layer of the cano py of the forest type. The sub-canopy (B) are those that form a layer below the canopy but are usually at least ten fee t tall at maturity. The shrub s (C) are those which are con sistently below ten feet tall at maturity and never form large trees (Rhododendron maximum being an exception) . Vitis was the only wo ody vine (D) sampled. Toxicodendron, Parthenocissus, Smilax, and Rubus were counted as herb s . Other indigenous woody vines were no t found in sample plots.
A summary table in App endix E gives the numb er of species, numb er of individuals, per cent of total numb er, mean basal area, and per cent of basal area for each life form in each forest type , and another table in Appendix E gives the number of individual s per acre of each species to each size class in each forest type. At each sample point seedlings of woody plants were counted in a circular plot wi th an area of one -hundredth of 77 an acre. A seedling was considered to be any woody plant with a height of less than one foot that was no t obviously a stump sprout . The data for seedling s are analyzed and given for each forest type. For each species the frequency, numb er of individual s per acre, and relative density are given in tables in Appendix E. At each sample point four plots, one square me ter each, were used to sample herbs. These plots were at 900 , 180° , 270° , and 360° along the compass bearing from the center of the plotless sample with the inside edge of each plot two fee t from the center. For each plot the number of individual s of each species was listed and the per cent cover of the plot for each species was estimated. The total cover for each plot was estimated. The data for each forest type are analyzed in a table in Appendix E giving density (number of individual s per square meter) , per cent cover (in plots where it is found) , and frequency (per cent of total plots in whi ch it occurs) for each species . Some plants were immature and could be identified only to genus. All the sampling was done between April and November of 1965.
II . VEGETATION TYPES
Chilhowee Mountain lies in the southeastern part of the Deciduous Forest Formation of North America. The sub- division of the fo rmation has been assigned different names 78 by different authors. Costing (1956) called this forest the Oak-Chestnut Association and Braun (1964) designated it the
Oak-Che s tnut Region. The U. s. Forest Service ( Sternitze, 1962) has mapped Oak-Pine and Oak-Hickory forest regions in the mountains of Blount and Sevier counties. Korstian (1962) considered the forests of East Tennessee as a part of the Appalachian Highl and Region and representative types of the following group s discussed by him are found on Chilhowee Mountain: Yellow Pine Group , Eastern Whi te Pine Group , Pine Hardwoods Type Group , Oak-Hickory Type Group, and Cove and Bot toml ands Type Group . An attempt has been made by the author to relate the forests of Chilhowee Mountain to the general types described by the Society of American Foresters (1964) . The forests of Chilhowee Mountain are not adequately described within the list of 106 eastern fore st types or describ ed variants of them. The author has called the various kinds of forests present on Chilhowee Mountain "cover types" which the Society of' American Foresters (1964) define s as: "a forest type now occupying the ground, no implication being conv eyed as to whe ther it is temporary or permanent." The names given to the cover types by the author are descrip tive of the principal species found in them. The Lowl and Coves Cover Type is made up of such a complex group of species that this name was chosen over "mixed hardwoods ." 79 There are fifteen different cover types on Chilhowee Mountain. Figure 7, which is a portion of the Sevier County part of Chilhowee Mountain from the Waldens Creek Quadrangle, shows fourteen of the se fifteen cover types (Shor tleaf Pine Cover Type being found only ne ar the southwestern end of Chilhowee Mountain at Tallassee) . Figure 8 is of the same area as Figure 7 but without the cover types drawn in and with the one hundred foot contour lines more distinct. An attemp t was made to draw vegetation maps on aerial photo graphs following the methods of Avery (1960) , Mo essner (1960) , Spurr (1948 , 1960) , and Thomp son (1966) . A set of aerial photos of contac t size with stereoscopic coverage was purchased, but the se photos were taken during the dormant season so they could no t be used to differentiate cover type s. The best that could be do ne was to tell pines from hardwoods. Since no topographic map for the entire mountain on an adequate scale was avail able, the cover types were drawn on one topographic quadrangle map and the position on slope of the cover types on thi s quadr angle may be taken as representative of the remainder of the mountain. The fifteen cover types wi th the numb ers by which they are represented on the map in Figure 7 are: (1) Mixed Oak, (2) Red Oak, (3) Shortleaf Pine (re stricted to the Tallassee area and no t on the map) , (4) Oak-Hickory , (5) Mixed Oak 80
Legend for Figure 7 (1) Mixed Oak Cover Typ e (2) Red Oak Cover Type ( 3) Shortl eaf Pine Cover Type (4) Oak-Hickory Cover Type (5) Mixed Oak Fl ats Cover Type (6) Oak-Pine Cover Typ e (7) Scrub Oak Cover Type (8) Pitch Pine-Sc arlet Oak Scrub Cover Type (9) Virgini a Pi ne-Pitch Pine , Selectively Cut, Cover Type (10 ) Second Growth Pine, South Slope, Cover Type (11) Second Growth Pine , North Slope, Cover Type (12) Table Mountain Pine Cover Type (13) Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type (14) Lowl and Coves Cover Type (15) Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type •
Figure 7. Vegetation Map of a Portion of Chilhowee Mountain, Wal den Creek Quadrangle, Sevier County . 82
J::<4UUU
1 MILE
4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET --·----�---
Figure 8. Contour Map of a Portion of Chilhowee Mountain, Wal den Creek Quadrangle, Sevier County. Flats, (6 ) Oak-Pine , (7) Scrub Oak, (8) Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub , (9) Virgini a Pine-Pitch Pine, Selectively cut, (10) Second Grow th Pine , South Slope, (11) Second Growth Pine , North Slope, (12) Table Mountain Pine, (13) Hemlock Whi te Pine, (14) Lowl and Coves, and (15) Second Growth Yellow Poplar. The Second Growth Yellow Poplar , Hemlock-White Pine , Lowl and Coves, and Mixed Oak Flats cover types are found principally on lowl and sites. All the other types are found principally or exclusively on upland sites. Each of the types is discussed below in the order of the amount of area occupied from mo st to least. The data for each of the cover types are in Appendix E. Excepting the coefficient of variation, all the numb ers given in the discussions of forest types and in Tables X-XC IX in Appendix E are either perc ent- ages or means.
Mixed Oak Cover � The Mixed Oak Cover Type is the most abundant type on Chilhowee Mountain. It is found on approximately 40 per cent of the entire area of study , principally on no rthern and eastern slopes but is al so present on protec ted sites. The Mixed Oak Type occurs on all the different geological forma tions of Chilhowee Mountain where the slope expo sure is suitable, being found on a wide variety of soils but best developed on tho se of the Jefferson and Muse series. 84 None of the types of the Society of American Foresters (1964) adequately describes the Mixed Oak Cover Type on Chilhowee Mountain. Type 51 is Whi te Pine-Chestnut Oak Type whi ch occurs in coves and on mountain slopes and has up to 40 per cent whi te pine . Whi te pine is extremely rare in the Mixed Oak Cover Type on Chilhowee Mountain. Type 52 is Whi te Oak-Red Oak-Hickory and is describ ed as the Mixed Oaks Type of the Southern Appalachi ans , but ches tnut oak is no t even mentioned in this type. Type 44 is predominantly chest nu t oak wi th scarlet oak, whi te oak, black oak, post oak, pitch pine, black gum , sweet gum, and red maple as associates. The Mixed Oak Cover Typ e on the lower slopes of Chilhowee
Mountain ( north of the no rtheast- southwe st line on Figure 7, page 81 ) is like Type 44 but with no swee tgum or po st oak present . Most of the Mixed Oak Cover Type on Chilhowee Mountain is different from any of the types of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . The Mixed Oak Cover Type is rich floristically . There were sixteen diff erent species tallied in the plotless samples with a to tal basal area of 110.18 square feet per acre and
128 individual s per acre. Quercus prinus makes up almo st 52 per cent of the numb er of trees and almost 51 per cent of the total basal area. The Mixed Oak Cover Type contains thirty-five species of shrub s having 6,546 individual s per 85 acre with a total basal area of 3,024 .0 square inches per acre. Cornu s florida and Quercus prinus make up respectively 26 and 19 per cent of the basal area and 19 and 13 per cent of the individual s. Of the total numb er of shrub s sampled, 78 per cent are one -half inch or less in diameter. There are 3,858 low shrub s per acre in the Mixed Oak Cover Type: Vaccinium vacillans, 3,000 , with a frequency of 75 per cent; Gaylussacia baccata, 406 , with a frequency of 45 per cent ; Vaccinium hirsutum, 390 , wi th a· frequency of 10 per cent; and Ceano thus americanus, 58 , with a frequency of 10 per cent . The seedl ings sampled included thirty-four different species wi th a total of 14,120 seedling s per acre. Quercus prinus makes up ab out 24 per cent of the seedlings. The herbaceous layer cove!' s 30 to 40 per cent of the ground.
The herb s sampl ed included sixty-four species wi th an average of approximately twenty- three individual s per square meter. The data for the trees, shrubs, seedlings, and herb s of the Mixed Oak Cover Type are in Tables X through XV i n Appendix E. The Mixed Oak Type was sampled near DuPont Springs, near Look Rock, near Mill stone Gap, and near Lane Gap. Trees, shrub s, and seedling s were tallied in twenty plots and herbs were tallied in eighty plots. 86 The standard deviation of the mean basal area, from which the coefficient of variation is derived, is high for mo st of the trees and shrub s in each of the fore st types. Freese (1957) gave a method by which the numb er of samples required to have a low coefficient of variation and a low sampling error can be calculated:
allowable sampling = mean basal area X per cent error error desired (2 or 5 per cent) desired standard error allowable sam ling error of the mean = t value for 9 � per cent prob ability (from a standard ..1 table)
desired standard error = standard deviation square root of numb er of samples required 2 numb er of samples required = tandard deviatio desired standard 0 error v In the Mixed Oak Cover Type (see Table X in Appendix E) , Quercus prinus trees have a mean basal area of 50 .65 square feet per acre, a standard deviation of 29 .38 square feet per acre, and a coefficient of variation of 0.58 or 58 .00 per cent . A total of 3,283 samples, as calcul ated by the method given above, would be required to give a mean that is pre- cise enough to have a sampling error of 2 per cent or less with 95 per cent prob ability. A total of 520 samples would be required to have 5 per cent or less sampling error wi th 95 per cent probability. The large numb er of samples required 87 to give a precise mean basal area for each species makes the task too great for the problem. The large coefficient of variation indicates that the cover types are very variable.
Oak-Pine Cover Type About 20 per cent of the total area of Chilhowee Mountain is covered by the Oak-Pine Cover Type which is found primarily on south and southwest slopes. The Oak-P ine Cover Type occupies the crest and southwest slopes of the ridges running northwe st from Chilhowee Mountain, and it occurs on all the geological formations and is mo st plenti ful on sandy soils of the Ramsey, Jefferson, Allen, and Hayter series. Two of the Society of American Foresters (1964) types are composed of yellow pine and oak. Type 76 is Shortl eaf Pine-Oak wi th shortl eaf pine , whi te oak, scarlet oak, black jack oak, black oak, po st oak, and southern red oak present. This type does no t apply because shortleaf pine makes up less than 1 per cent of the basal area of the Oak-Pine Cover
Type on Chilhowee Mountain ( see Table XVI in Appendix E ) . Type 78 is Virginia Pine-Southern Red Oak and is said to be a transition between Virginia Pine and a hardwood climas
( Socie ty of American Foresters, 1964) . The Oak-Pine Cover Type on Chilhowee Mountain might be a variant of Type 78 in 88 which southern red oak is replaced by other oaks and in which pitch pine is more abundant than in the typical forest type . The Oak-Pine Cover Type has a wide variety of plants present. Included are sixteen species of trees with a total basal area of only 56 .06 square feet per acre. The oaks
(Quercus prinus, S· velutina, � · alba, �· rubra, and �· marilandica) make up 45 .33 per cent of the total numb er of trees and 51 .30 per cent of the total basal area. The pine s (Pinus rigida, f. virgini ana, P. echinata, and P. pungens) make up 40 .68 per cent of the numb er of trees and 36 .92 per cent of the basal area. The mean total numb er of trees per acre (106 .66) is high, but mo st of these are smaller than eighteen inches d.b.h. There are 5,988 shrub s per acre representing thirty different species. The oaks make up 20 per cent of the shrub s, but scarc ely 1 per cent are pines. The shrub s in the smallest size class include 71 per cent o.f the total numb er. There are 12,401 low shrub s per acre: Vaccinium vacillans , 3,547 , with a frequency of 67 per cent; Gaylussacia baccata, 6,210, with a frequency of 42 per cent; Vaccinium hirsutum, 2,567, with a frequency of 17 per cent; and Ceano thus americanus, 77, with a frequency of 17 per cent . There are twenty-eight different kinds of seed ling s present of which 41 per cent are oaks and only ab out 89 0.1 per cent are pines . The ground is from 20 to 30 per cent covered by herbs. This cover type is rela tively open and contains fifty-seven different kinds of herb s which average almost sixteen individuals per square meter. The data for the trees, shrubs, seedlings, and he rbs of the Oak Pine Cover Type are included in Tables XVI through XXI in Appendix E. The Oak-Pine Cover Type was sampled on the south slopes of Greentop, ne ar Look Rock, and near Millstone Gap Fire Tower. Trees, shrub s, and seedling s were tallied in twenty-four plots, and herbs were tallied in nine ty-six plots. The Oak-Pine Cover Type has been described as a transi tion stage between the second growth yellow pine and the climax oak-hickory ( Korstian, 1962) . The evidence suggests that the percentage of pine in the Oak-Pine Cover Type will decre ase in the future if no thing chang es the rate of succession. The percentage of the stand that is made up of pine is 40 .68 per cent for the trees, 1.03 per cent for the shrubs, and only 0.11 per cent for the seedlings.
Second Growth Pine , South Slope, Cover Type The Second Growth Pine Cover Type of the southern slopes makes up about 10 per cent of the total area of Chilhowee Mountain, and is found on the dry exposed sites 90 of south and western slopes. Thi s type is present over any geological formation that is covered by sandy soil of medium thickness. It develops best on south slopes covered with Jefferson soil but doe s occur on thinner soils such as tho se of the Ramsey series. Thi s cover type is restricted to areas that were once clear-cut by lumbermen, cleared by farmers, or completely cleared by fire , so that succession started from an old field stage again. The se pine stands are subcl imax to the Oak-Pine and Oak-Hickory or Mixed Oak Types which will follow (Billings, 1938 ; McQuilken, 1940 ; Duncan, 1941 ; Oosting, 1942 ; Barrett and Downs , 1943; Kramer and Decker, 1944 ; Korstian and Bilan, 1957 ; Little, 1959 ; Chaiken and Nel son, 1959 ; and Snow, 1960) . The rate of succession depend s upon the fertility of the soil, the nearness of seed sources, the presenc e of birds and rodents which carry the seeds of the hardwoods, di s turb anc es by fire and man, and many other factors. The Second Growth Pine Cover Type is probably a varia tion of the Type 79 of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . Thi s type, Virginia Pine , is suppo sed to be succeeded by shortleaf pine and then by hardwoods, but on Chilhowee Mountain it is prob ably succeeded by the Oak-Pine Cover Type. 91 The Second Growth Pine, South Slope, Cover Type is no t very rich in species present. There are nine species of trees with a total of 145.72 individual s per acre and a total basal area of 47 .95 square feet per acre. Pines (Pinus virgini ana, .f. rigida, P. pungens, and P. echinata) comprise 75 per cent of the total numb er of trees and 76 per cent of the total basal area. There are sixteen different shrub s present with a total basal area of 3,608.8 square inches per acre and a total of 5,165 individuals per acre. Pines make up almost 4 per cent of the total numb er of shrub s and ab out 25 per cent of the total basal area. Low shrub s are present in abundance. Gaylussacia baccata has 789 plants per acre and occurs in 28 per cent of the plots, and Vaccinium vacillans, having 18,389 pl ants per acre, occurs in all the plots. There are 4,368 seedlings per acre of sixteen species in the Second Growth Pine Cover Type and less than 2 per cent of these are pine . Only eight different kinds of herb s were tallied. There were fewer than four individuals per square meter and less than 10 per cent ground cover with some plots having no herb s present . The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s in this cover type are summarized in Tables XXII through XXVII in Appendix E. 92 The Second Growth Pine , South Slope, Cover Type was sampled on Greentop, on Bearwallow Mountain, and near Look Rock. Trees, shrubs, and seedlings were tallied in fourteen plots, and herb s were tallied in fifty-six plots.
Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type is the forest which covers mo st of the lowl ands of the mountain which were onc e clearcut, old fields, or completely cleared by fire. It is found along all the major streams in flat bottoms and in many of the upl and mountain benches. Thi s cover type makes up about 7 per cent of the area of Chilhowee Mountain. It occurs on bot tomland soils wi thout reg ard to soil series or geology but has its fastest development on Barbourville soils. Yellow Poplar Cover Type is Type 57 of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . The type, as described, contains yellow poplar pure or predominant with black locust, red maple, sweet birch, northern red oak, cucumbertree, sweet gum, and other moist site species. On Chilhowee Mountain the yellow poplar is alway s present in thi s type, but the other species present seem to be determined by seed source. The basal area of the type seems to be a direct func tion of site quality and age of stand. This type is considered to be
I 93 successional and on Chilhowee Mountain it probably is followed by the Lowl and Coves Cover Type on some sites and the Mixed Oak Cover Type on others. On Chilhowee Mountain Liriodendron tulipifera makes up 61 per cent of the 108 trees per acre and 59 per cent of the thirty-seven square feet of basal area per acre. There are ten other species of trees. There are 4,464 shrub s per acre of nineteen species having a total basal area of 4,044.8 square inches per acre, and no low shrub s are present. The Yellow Poplar Cover Type has sixteen different kinds of seedlings and 11 ,060 seedlings per acre. Almo st 78 per cent of these seedlings are Acer rubrum . About 60 per cent of the ground is covered by varying numb ers of the twenty eight different species of herb s present in the cover type . The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s in this forest type are summarized in Tables XXVIII through XXXII in Appendix E. The area sampled in the Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Typ e was ab ove Doyl e Springs on Wal dens Creek near Yellow Knob . The stand sampled was young and had no trees over eighteen inches in diameter .
Scrub Oak Cover Type Scrub Oak Cover Typ e is found on the south slopes of several of the mountains of the Chilhowee Mountain chain. 94 It covers about 5 per cent of the area of the mountain. Good examples of thi s stand are on the south slopes of Mt. Nebo, Cockspur Lead, and Bench Mountain. Scrub oak forests occur on Ramsey, Litz, Montevallo, Teas, and other thin soils with out regard to geological formations. These soils are subject to extreme drought and the forest present on them is mo st likely an edaphic climax. Its name comes from the scrubby nature of the blackjack oak and black oak trees. The Scrub Oak Cover Type of Chilhowee Mountain could be a variant of the Post Oak-Black Oak Type, Type 40, of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . Type 40 is composed of post oak, black oak, blackjack oak, southern red oak, shingle oak, live oak, shortleaf pine , virgini a pine, black gum , pignut hickory , mockernut hickory , sourwood, redmaple, wing ed elm, hackberry, chinquapin oak, dogwood, eastern red cedar , and yaupon. Post oak, southern red oak, shingle oak, live oak, winged elm, hackb erry , chinquapin oak, and eastern red cedar do no t occur on Chilhowee Mountain. The scat tered, yet consistent, presence of Pinus echinata among the black jack oak and black oak scrub trees suggests that the area perhaps was covered at one time wi th a shortleaf pine forest, Type 75 (Society of American Foresters, 1964) . Pine knots and reamins of large pine stumps rich in resin are present throughout the Scrub Oak Cover Type. The Scrub Oak Cover 95 Type could have developed following the extremely ho t burning of the area often enough to kill the oak-pine or pine forest that otherwise would be present . The geology, steepness of slope, and expo sure of slope are the same as tho se of the Oak-Pine Cover Type, but the soils are shallower and lower in org anic content. The Scrub Oak Cover Type is rather deficient in species present in its vegetation and contains only tho se which can survive on droughty soils. There are only nine kinds of trees present , and the se have a basal area of approximately twenty-four square feet per acre al though there are 101 pl ant s per acre. Over 75 per cent of the trees present are Quercus marilandica. Most of the trees are below twelve inches d.b.h. There are twenty different kinds of shrub s pres ent with a total basal area of 7,163.6 square inches per acre. Most of the shrub s are canopy species with Quercus marilandica accounting for over 60 per cent of the total basal area. Quercus marilandica occurs in thickets wi th plants so close together that it is almo st impossible to walk between them. The only low shrub tallied in the Scrub Oak Cover Type was Vaccinium vacillans with 9,133 pl ants per acre. Gaylussacia do es no t occur on sites as dry as thi s. There are thirteen species of seedlings present with a total of 5,630 .5 per acre, consisting mo stly of Sassafras albi dum 96
(2,216 .5 per acre) and Qu ercus marilandica (2,183.0 per acre) . Mo st of the herb s encountered in the Scrub Oak Cover Type were legumes or composites. There are nine teen different kinds of herb s present , covering 10 to 20 per cent of the soil surface. The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herbs of the Scrub Oak Cover Type are summarized in Tables XXXIV through XXXIX in Appendix E. The area sampled in the Scrub Oak Cover Type is on the south slope of the mountain between Mt. Nebo and Lane Gap. The trees, shrubs, and seedlings were tallied in eighteen plots, and the herb s were tallied in seventy-two plots.
Oak-Hickory Cover Type Oak-Hickory Cover Type occupies approximat ely 5 per cent of the area of Chilhowee Mountain, occurring on a wide variety of soils including tho se of the Ramsey, Jefferson, Allen, Hayter, and Muse series. The se oak-hickory forests al so are pres ent on the talus slopes on the north face of Chilhowee Mountain in small areas beside the Mixed Oak Cover Type and in some flat areas between the various mountain peaks. Several examples of thi s fore st also are found on east fac ing ridges that extend to the south of the main crest of Chilhowee Mountain and on some south slopes at lower elevations. Thi s cover type is not restricted to any geo logical formation. 97 No forest type described by the Society of American Foresters (1964) applies to the Oak-Hickory Cover Type of Chilhowee Mountain. Type 52 is White Oak-Red Oak-Hickory but is called the mixed oak of the Southern App alachi ans. Quercus prinus is no t a part of Type 52, but it makes up almo st 25 per cent of the trees in the Oak-Hicko ry Cover Type of Chilhowee Mountain. Sternitze (1962) , while survey ing the forests of Tennessee, mapped most of the Chilhowee Mountain area as the Oak-Hickory Forest Region which he says is made up of 50 per cent or more of upland oaks or hickories. The vegetation of the Oak-Hickory Cover Type is compo sed of nineteen species of trees and has 120. 25 trees per acre with a total basal area of 106 .02 square feet per acre. The oaks (Quercus prinus, � velutina , �· rubra, and � alb a) make up 49 .68 per cent of the plants present and 58 .56 per cent of the basal area. The hickories (Carya ovalis, Q. tomentosa, Q. pallida , and Q. ovata) make up
26 .99 per cent of the trees present and 31 .87 per cent of the basal area. Basal area percentages higher than density percentages indicate that the oaks and hickories were larger than the mean size of all the trees. There are forty kinds of shrub s present in the Oak-Hickory Cover Type with a basal area of 2,685.6 square inches per acre. Oaks and hickories comprise 30.93 per cent of the total numb er of shrub s (5,205 98 per acre) which is 61.16 per cent of the shrub s of the canopy species (2,593 per acre) . There are 6,224 low shrub s per acre: Gaylussacia baccata, 4 ,043, with 20 per cent frequency; Vaccinium vacillans, 1,930,with 53 per cent frequency; and Ceano thus americanus, 251 , with 31 per cent frequency. Mo st of the low shrub s in the areas of Oak-Hickory Cover Type are found on south and east slopes. There are twenty-ni ne different kinds of seedlings per acre with a total of 5,940.5 individual s per acre , and 34 per cent of the se are oaks and hickories. A wide variety of herb s (78 species) occurs in the Oak-Hickory Cover Type, and they average almo st seventeen per square meter and cover over 40 per cent of the soil surface. The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in Tabl es XL through XLV in Appendix E. The areas sampl ed for the Oak-Hickory Cover Type were located in a flat near Bogle Springs, on a talus slope near Greentop, on a talus slope near Lane Gap, and on an east slope near Wolfpen Gap. The trees, shrub s, and seedlings were sampled in fifteen plots, and the herb s were sampled in sixty plots.
Virgini a Pine-Pitch Pine, Selec tively Cut, Cover Type The Virginia Pine -Pitch Pine, Selectively Cut, Cover Type occurs on about 3 per cent of the land on Chilhowee 99 Mountain. It occupies the narrow crests of the mo st exposed spur ridges and mountains and is restricted to thin litho soils such as those of the Ramsey series, and it usually occurs over the Hesse, Cochran , or Nebo geological forma tions. The Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine Cover Type i s no t ade quately described by any of the type s of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . Type 79 is Virgini a Pine Type, but it is temporary and is succeeded by hardwoods. Snow (1960) says Virginia Pine is a disaster species coming in after fire on badly eroded areas or worn out old fields. Most of the studies ab out the succession from pine to hard woods have been made in the Piedmont (Billings, 1938 ; McQuilkin, 1940; Oos ting, 1942 ; Barrett and Downs, 1943 ; and Kor stian and Bilan, 1957 ) and do no t nec essarily hold true for Chilhowee Mountain. The Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine, Selectively Cut , Cover Type is characterized by old but small trees that are widely spaced. Trees with six inches d.b.h. are seventy years old. Sev eral large pine stump s with a diameter of two feet or more are pres ent in this forest. These stump s decay very slowly and thus indicate that the area has had pine s on it for two or three hundred years at least. The original forest could have been pine. The forest as it now stands is open enough to allow reproduc tion of pine 100 under the mature trees. The soil is so thin that the pine s are favored over all other trees except scarlet oak and blackjack oak. Fire, by killing the seedlings of trees and shrubs, could be a cause also of the forest remaining open. The type name indicates that it has never been clear cut. The Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine Cover Type is charac ter ized by the presence of species that will grow in the drier habitats of the Chilhowe e Mountain area. There are approxi mately ninety-five trees per acre with a total basal area of about forty-eight square feet per acre. Almost 77 per cent of the trees are pines. There are thirty-five different shrub s with a total of 9,304 per acre and a total basal area of 5,978 .4 square inches per acre. Low shrub s are abundant with 18,278 per acre about equally divided between Gaylussacia baccata and Vaccinium vacil lans. This is the area mo st popu lar wi th the natives for "blueberrying" because the frequency of Vaccinium and Gaylussacia is almost 100 per cent. The ground is at least 20 per cent covered with various combina tions of thirty- seven different herbs. Xerophyllum asphodeloides, which is reported from Tennessee for the first time , was collected in thi s cover type. The data for the trees, shrubs, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in T ables XLVI through LI in Appendix E. 101 The areas sampled by the author for this cover type were on Bearwallow Mountain and on a spur ridge toward Clear Creek from Look Rock. The trees, shrub s, and seedlings were sampled in twenty plots, and the herb s were sampled in eighty plots.
Lowl and Coves Cover Type Lowl and Coves Cover Type occurs on 3 per cent of the area of Chilhowee Mountain. It is characteristically found in coves and moist flats near the streams, but it al so occurs on mountain benches, such as the one north of Lane Gap. It develops best on deep alluvial or colluvial soils and is restricted to rather moist sites. On Chilhowee Mountain thi s type has been no ted on Barbourville, Jefferson, Hamblen, and Muse soils and on various geological forma tions, al though it is more ab undant on Nichols Shal e and Murray Shale than on the sandstone formations. The list of the Society of American Foresters (1964) does no t include a type that adequately describ es our stands. Type 58 , Yellow Poplar-Hemlock , has too much hemlock to apply to the Lowl and Coves Type, but it does have several species that are present in the Lowl and Coves Type. The Lowl and Coves Cover Type occurs in areas that have been lumbered but have never been clear cut. It prob ably is the climax forest, and the Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover 102 Type described above prob ably is succeeded by th� Lowlanq Coves Type. This cover type was named Lowl and Coves to distinguish it from Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type and to be more descriptive of the habitat than "mixed hardwoods." Thi s is no t the cove hardwoods forest of Braun (1964) because of the low percentages of Tilia, Aesculus, and other indicator species. The Lowl and Coves Cover Type is very rich floristi cally being enhanc ed by species whi ch grow favorably in moist habitats on fertile soils. There are twenty-one species of trees with only one species (Liriodendron tulipifera) having over 5 per cent of the total numb er of trees present and with each of the others having less than 6 per c�nt of the total basal area. Thi s forest has 68.69 square feet of basal area per acre at the present but is logged extensively as soon as the trees reach about twenty inche s d.b.h. There are forty-four different kinds of shrub s with a high propor tion being sub-canopy species. No low shrub s occur in the area sampled in thi s cover type. The number of seedling s per acre, 3,212.5, is low, but thirty different seedlings are present . There are fifty-three kinds of herb s pres ent which average over twenty- six plants per square meter. The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in Tables LII through LVII in Appendix E. 103
The areas sampled for the Lowland Coves Cover Typ e were located on Comptons Branch, Laurel Creek, the upper reache s of Waldens Creek , and near Lane Gap. The trees, shrub s, and seedling s were sampled in sixteen plots, and the herb s were tallied in sixty-four plots.
Red Oak Cover Type Red Oak Cover Type occupies about 2 per cent of the area of Chilhowee Mountain and is usually found on the slopes over Nichols Shale and Murray Shale. It has been no ted on Barbourville, Jefferson, and Muse soils and is restricted to north or east slopes. As the sites become drier thi s type grades into the Mixed Oak Cover Type. The Red Oak Cover Type is Type 55, Northern Red Oak, of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . It contains Quercus rubra as pure or predominant stands with some black oak, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, and yellow poplar. Type 55 (Society of American Foresters, 1964) is described as a climax forest, and the habitat is given as ridge crests and no rth slopes from 2,000 to 3,500 feet in elevation. No scarlet oak was no ted on such moist habitats on Chilhowee Mountain. The Red Oak Cover Type has nine species of trees with a total of 118 .58 individual s per acre and a basal area of 104
129 .57 square feet per acre. Que rcus rubra makes up 45 .78 per cent of the total numb er of plants and 73.06 per cent of the to tal basal area. There are thirty-four different kinds of shrub s wi th a total of 6,230 individual s per acre and a basal area of 2,824 square inches per acre . Seedlings are numerous with twenty-four different species having a total of 12, 725.5 seedlings per acre. There are only 3,440 low shrub s per acre composed of 2,040 stems of Vaccinium vacillans and 1,400 stems of Vaccinium hirsutum . The ground surface is between 20 and 30 per cent covered with various combinations of forty-seven diff erent herbs. The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in Tables LVIII through LXIII in Appendix E. The areas sampled in the Red Oak Cover Type were at the head of Nichol s Branch and on the north slope ne ar Clear Creek. The trees, shrub s, and seedlings were tallied in fourteen plots, and the herb s were sampled in fifty-six plo ts.
Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type The Mixed Oak Flats Cover Typ e occurs on approximately 1 per cent of the area. of Chilhowee Mountain and is restricted to flat or nearly fl at land between mountains or at the hea.d of streams. Thi s cover type occurs on Ramsey or Jefferson soils over various geological formations. 105 None of the types described by the Society of American Foresters (1964) adequately describes the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type . Type 52 (Whi te Oak-R ed Oak-Hickory ) has too much southern red oak in it, and Type 53 ( Whi te Oak) do es no t account for the moist site species present in the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type. Thi s type was named separately and des cribed because it occur s on sites that , according to the reports of long-time residents of the area, were once covered wi th almo st pure Cas tanea dentata woods. There are still several large, decaying logs and stump s of ches tnut present in the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type. The position that this cover type occupies in succession is no t yet clear because thi s is the first generation of species replacing ches tnut in the mountain flats. The Mixed Oak Fl ats Cover Type has 103.7 trees per acre and a basal area of 63.63 square feet per acre. O aks
(Quercus rubra, £. prinus, and £ . alba) make of 56 .63 per cent of the individual s and 62.23 per cent of the basal area of the stand . There are twenty-seven species of shrub s present . No low shrub s occur in this type. About 20 per cent of the 8,362.5 seedlings per acre are oaks. There are for ty-one kinds of herb s which cover about 20 to 30 per cent of the ground floor. The data for the trees, shrubs, herbs, and seedlings are summarized in Tables LXIV through LXIX in Appendix E. 106
The area sampled for the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type is a large flat beside Compton Branch between Bluff Mountain and Bench Mountain. This area was covered with a ches tnut forest forty to fifty years ago . The trees, shrub s, and seedlings were tallied in sixteen plots, and the herb s were tallied in sixty-four plots.
Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Typ e Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type occurs on approximately l per cent of the area of Chilhowe e Mountain. It is restricted to deep ravine s and moist coves occurring on alluvial soils at the base of steep slopes. Type 22 of the Society of American Foresters (1964) is Hemlock-Whi te Pine . Thi s is a northern forest type and is very rare in the mountains of Tenne ssee and North Carolina where it is succeeded by northern hardwoods or hemlock
( Society of American Foresters, 1964) . Type 23 is Hemlock which is described as being present in the Southern Appala chi ans. The Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type is prob ably Type 22 . The high perc entage of hemlock over whi te pine can be explained by previous cutting of the val uable whi te pine . These stands are too remo te from the tannin mills to merit the cutt ing of hemlock for tannin. Many of these areas appear to have had no hemlock cut from them. 107
Hemlock-White Pine Cover Type has the highest numb er of species of vascular plant s in it of any of the areas sampled by the author on Chilhowee Mountain. There are twenty-eight kinds of trees which together have a total of 138.69 plants per acre and a basal area of 139.74 square feet per acre. Tsug a canadensis, Pinus strobus, and Liriodendron tulipifera account for 53 .57 per cent of the individual s and 68 .92 per cent of the basal area per acre. There are fifty-two kinds of shrub s with a total of 8,718 per acre and a basal area of 8,925.6 square inche s per acre. A no ted charac teri stic of this type is the abundanc e of Rhodo dendron maximum in all size classes with a total of 2,376 plants per acre. No low shrub s occur in this type. There are twenty-eight kinds of seedlings but only 4,488 seedlings per acre. The Rhododendron layer grea�ly reduces light intensity on the ground floor throughout the year and probably eliminates many seedlings. Over 50 per cent of the seedl ings are of' f'our species (Tsuga canadensis, 22.57 per cent; g.uercus alba, 12.40 per cent; Acer rub rum, 11.14 per cent ; and Euonymus americ anus , 10.03 per cent ) • There are fifty-two kinds of herb s which include such typical herb s of moist sites as Aster cordifolius, Collinsoni a canadensis, Lobelia cardinalis, and Viola blanda. The data for the trees, shrubs, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in Tables LXX through LXXV in Appendix E. 108 The areas sampled for the Hemlock-White Pine Cover Type were on Laurel Branch below Baker Place and on Walden Creek below Doyl e Springs. The trees, shrub s, and seedlings were sampled in fifteen plots, and the herb s were sampled in sixty plots.
Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type covers approxi mately 1 per cent of the total area of Chilhowee Mountain. Thi s forest occurs on the same type of soils and slopes as the Scrub Oak Cover Type, but the species content is different . The Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Cover Type grows on sandy Ramsey soils on south or we st slopes over the Cochran, Hesse, and Nebo geological formations . Type 41 of the Society of American Foresters (1964) is Sc arlet Oak , in which scarlet oak predominates but black oak, southern red oak, pitch pine , che s tnut oak, white oak, po st oak, hickories, and sourwood are also present. On drier site s it grades into the Blackjack Oak-Po st Oak Type. The Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type probably is a variant of Type 41 but has its "scrub " charac ter due to the extremely droughty conditions and the effect of fire. The area sampled in thi s forest has been burne d over every two or three years up to ab out 1958 when fire pro tection became more intensive . The only trees present that are of timber 109
size are widely scattered individual s of fire-scarred Quercus prinus. This cover type perhap s will be repl aced by the Oak Pine Cover Type if fire protection continues . Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type does no t contain a wide variety of pl ant species. Tree and shrub species present have a very high frequenc y. There are 165 trees per acre as sampl ed by the Bit terlich metho d, but none of these are more than twelve inche s in diameter so the total basal area per acre is only 32.15 square feet. Pitch pine and scarlet oak comprise 68 .18 per cent of the total indi viduals and 67.15 per cent of the total basal area. There are 9,905 shrub s per acre with a total basal area of 6,270.8 square inches. The most ab undant shrub s present are Sassafras albi dum , Ny ssa sylvatica, and Qu ercus coccinea. Carya pallida is usually pre sent in the shrub , sub-canopy, and canopy layers. Low shrub s are abundant but occur in small thick clumps, scattered throughout the woods. There are 7,057 low shrub s per acre , including Vaccinium vacillans, Gaylu ssacia baccata, and Ceano thus americanus. There are 5,525 .5 seedlings of eleven species per acre. Almost 70 per cent of the seedlings are Sassafras and Diospyro s. There are twenty-four kinds of herb s present, of which twelve are compo sites. The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in Tables LXXVI through LXXXI in Appendix E. 110 The area sampled for· the Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Cover Type is on the southeast slope of East End on very dry soil . Thi s area has been burned regularly for at least thirty years prior to 1958 . The trees, shrubs, and seedl ings were tallied in sixteen plots, and the herbs were tallied in sixty-four plo ts.
Shortleaf Pine Cover Type Shortleaf Pine Cover Type occupies less than 1 per cent of the total area of Chilhowee Mountain. Thi s type is restricted to Jefferson, Mu se, and Ramsey soils over various geological formations on the extreme southwestern tip of Chilhowee Mountain near the Little Tenne ssee River. Shortleaf Pine Cover Typ e is Type 75 of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . In thi s type shortleaf pine is predominant and scarlet oak, whi te oak, black oak, hickories, blackjack oak, black gum , red m�le, pitch pine, and Virginia pine are its chief associates. Type 75 occupies low, well-drained ridges, and dry south slopes. The area of Chilhowee Mountain where this type is found is mapped by the U. S. Forest Service as part of the Loblolly-Shortl eaf Pine Region which extends to the southwe st into Monroe, McMinn, Polk, Bradley, and Hamilton counties (Sternitze, 1962) . The only loblolly pine found on Chilhowee Mountain by the author had been planted there. 111
There are five species of trees present in the Short leaf Pine Cover Type and each of these has a rather high frequency. The low total basal area (56.44 square feet per acre) reflects the fact that all the large trees were cut ab out six years ago . There are nineteen kinds of shrub s over 50 per cent of which are canopy species. Vaccinium arboreum is present in large numb ers in all plots and has a total of 4,040 pl ant s per acre. There are 1,650 .5 seed ling s per acre of twelve species. Compo sites account for 50 per cent of the species of herb s in thi s type. The data for trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in Tables LXXXII through LXXXVII in Appendix E. The area of Shortl eaf Pine Cover Type sampl ed was on the southwe st slopes of the mountain in Tallassee. The trees, shrub s, and herb s were sampled in sixteen plots, and the herb s were sampled in sixty-four plots.
Second Growth Pine, North Slope, Cover Type The Second Growth Pine, North Slope, Cover Type occurs on less than 1 per cent of the total area of Chilhowee Mountain. It is included as a separate type from Second Growth Pine, South Slope, Cover Type to show the difference in stand compo sition and basal area on different slopes. This cover type develops on Jefferson and Mu se soils over 112 Nichols Shal e or Murray Shale. It is restricted to no rth slopes where it is an invader of old fields . The Second Growth Pine Cover Type is temporary type which will be succeeded by the Mixed Hardwoods Type, as evidenc ed by the decreasing amount of pine in various strata. This is probably a variant of Type 79 , Virginia Pine , of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . Several specie s of plants occur in the Second Growth Pine Cover Type. There are twelve species of trees wi th a total of 205 individual s and 119.34 square feet of basal area per acre. The pines (Pinus virgini ana, f. rigida, and P. pungens) have 87.81 per cent of the individuals and 87.68 per cent of the total basal area. There are twenty-five different shrub s in thi s cover type with a total of 9,110 individual s per acre and a basal area of 2,064.8 square inches. Pines comprise only 3.57 per cent of the individual s, but Acer rubrum constitutes 57 .74 per cent of the total
numb e r . Thi s cover typ e contains 1,680 low shrub s per acre. Vaccinium vac illans is alway s present in low numb ers (1,550 per acre) , and Gaylussacia baccata is occasional (130 per per acre) . There are twenty-four different seedlings present with a total of 38 , 200 per acre. Only 4 per cent of the seedlings are pines, and 66 per cent of them are red maple. The ground is 10 to 20 per cent covered with various combina tions of the twenty-nine different herb s found in the forest. 113 The data for the trees, shrubs, seedlings, and herb s are
summarized in Tables LXXXVIII through SCIII in Appendix E. The area sampled in the Second Growth Pine, North Slope, Cover Type is located on the north slope of Bluff Mountain near Devil 1s Den and Buzzard's Roost. It is on Jefferson soil over Nichols Shale and above the ledge of Cochran Formation. The area was a pasture field for the horses stabled at the old DuPont Springs Hotel in the early 1930's. It is surrounded by mixed oak forests which were no t cleared on three sides. On the down slope side is a ring of pine trees on the Cochran Conglomerate Formation of the cliff. When the field was ab andoned, the pine s of the cliff reseeded the field faster than did the oaks. A pine forest now is thriving in a habitat normally having a mixed oak forest, but it is rapidly being invaded by hardwoods. The trees, shrubs, and seedlings were tallied in sixteen plots, and the herb s were tallied in sixty-four plots.
Table Mountain Pine Cover Type
Table Mountain Pine Cover Type occupies less than 1 per cent of the total area of Chilhowe e Mountain. Thi s type occurs on a small area of southeast slope near Horse Gap and on similar areas between Millstone Gap and Mills tone Gap Fire Tower and between Walland and Mills tone Gap Fire Tower. The old stump s and tree trunks on the crest of Sugarloaf 114
Mountain suggest that this cover type was once present there. In all cases wh ere thi s type has been found , the soil is Ramsey Sandy Loam over the Cochran Conglomerate Formation. The areas are on short slopes that give some protection from he at buildup that would kill mature trees on longer slopes. The Society of American Foresters (1964) has no type that adequately describes the Table Mountain Pine Cover Type . Table mountain pine was left out of the 120 silvicul tural leaflets published recently by the U. s. Forest Service
( Fowells, 1965) . Korstian (1962) said table mountain pine is of limited occurrenc e and is less des irable than pitch pine . Harlow and Harrar (1958 ) indicated there are pure stands of table mountain pine in the southern Appalachi ans that are suitable for timber produc tion. The Table Mountain
Pine-Heath Forest of the Smokies ( Whi ttaker, 1956 ) cont ains more he ath than is characteristic of the open stands of table mountain pine on Chilhowee Mountain. Many of the table mountain pine trees in the area sampled were old and dy ing ; ho wever, the species was found in all the strata on the forest with no indication of succession taking place. The forests are open enough for seedling s of pine to grow faster than those of oaks. The Table Mountain Pine Cover Type does no t have a very diverse flora. There are nine species of trees present, 115
all of which have a frequency of 25 per cent or more . Pinus pungens makes up 65.45 per cent of the total numb er of trees and 82.16 per cent of the total basal area. The total basal area of 132.77 square feet per acre is very high and is indicative of a mature forest that has no t been cut. Mo st of the trees are short and in no case woul d have made more than two logs each. There are twenty-four different shrub s with a to tal basal ar ea of 2,237.6 square inches per acre and 4,720 individual s per acre . Pinus pungens has 19 per cent of the individual s and 31 per cent of the total basal area of the shrub s. Low shrub s are abundant with 35,833 plants of Vaccinium vacillans and 7,285 plants of Gaylussacia baccata per acre. Seedlings of nineteen different species occur in thi s type. Over 17 per cent of the 6,8 74.5 seed- lings per acre are Pinu s pungens. There are eighteen species of herb s present with less than 10 per cent ground cover. Monotropsis odorata was collec ted in this cover type. The data for the trees, shrub s, seedlings, and herb s are summarized in Tables XC IV through XC IX in Appendix E. The areas sampled Table Mountain Pine Cover Type are on Bluff Mountain and near Mills tone Gap. Trees, shrub s, and seedling s were sampled in sixteen plots, and herb s were sampled in sixty-four plots. CHAPTER VIII
FLORA AND FLORISTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
I. METHODS OF STUDY
The author tried to secure a specimen of each of the vascular plants present on Chilhowee Mountain during the spring , summer , and fall for three years. An attempt was made to collec t in all the various habitats on the mountain. The identification of the plants was made in The University of Tennessee Herb arium . The identifications were made by use of the referenc es listed in Appendix F. All the identifications were made by the author except tho se of Solidago which were made by Gary Morton and tho se of the Gramine a, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae which were made by J. K. Underwood and Ken E. Rogers. A voucher specimen of each species collected was placed in The University of Tennessee Herbarium.
II. THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FLORA OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN TO THE FLORAS OF THE SMOKIES, THE CUMBERLANDS, AND ENGLISH MOUNTAIN
During the study the author collec ted a total of 893 different kinds of vascul ar plants on Chilhowee Mountain. This total includes 110 families, 429 genera, 870 species, 116 117 and 23 varieties or forms. These plants are listed in Table C in Appendix F. The letter " x" is placed under the Cumb erl ands and the Smokies if the plant occurs there. The checklist by Hoffman (1964) was used to indicate the plants present in Smokies, and it includes plants present on both the Tennessee and North Carolina Smokies. The dis tribution maps in The University of Tennessee Herbarium were used to det ermine if the species were present in the Cumb erl ands. The plants coll ected included: 619 plants common to the Smokies, Cumberlands, and Chilhowee; 156 plants occurring on the Smokies and Chilhowee, 60 plants on the Cumberl ands and Chilhowee, and 58 plants from Chilhowee but no t known from the Cumberl ands or Smokies. Sev eral of the plants, 116 of the 893, are no t indigenous to Tennessee and their occurrence on Chilhowee Mountain is useful primarily in comp aring habitats. The Smokies have been studied much more intensiv ely than the Cumberlands; therefore, the flora is better known. The ab sence of many of the plants from the Cumberl ands in the di s tribution maps may be due to lack of intensive studies in the area. Of the 893 kinds of plants collected on Chilhowee, 775 are found in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and 679 are found in the Cumb erl ands. 118
The plants indigenous to Chilhowee and which are known to be from the Cumb erl ands but which are no t in Hoffman 's Checklist of the Smokies (1964) are : Eragro stis capillaris, Elymu s virginicus var ..je .junus, Aristida dichotoma, A. purpurascens, Panicum dicho tomiflorum , P. flexile, P. dicho tomum , Andropogon elliottii, Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus , C arex emmonsii,_Q. gracillima, Juncus interior, Lilium canadense, Smilax bona-nox, Carya ovata var. pubescens, Quercus muhl enbergi i, Tovara virgini ana, Ranunculus fascicu laris, Dentaria multifida, Desmodium pauciflorum , D. cuspida � ' D. nut tallii, Lespedeza procumbens, L. nuttallii, Galactia regul ari s, Linum medium var. texanum , Ptelea trifoliata, Acalypha gracilens , Eupho rbia mercurialina, Celas trus scandens, Hyp ericum boreale, Viola triloba, Lysimachia nummularia, Gentiana saponaria, Apocynum canna binum , Conovolvulus spithamaeus (Calystegia spi thamea) , Phlox carolina ssp. al ata, Verbena simplex , Micheliella verticillata, Physalis he terophylla, Gratiola virgini ana, Eupatorium inc arnatum , Liatris scariosa, L. aspera, Solidago caesia, �· spacelata, Aster concolor, Polymnia canadensis, Heli anthus silphioides, H. tub ero sus, Verbesina virgini ca, Bidens polyl epsis, Helenium amarum , Sonchus asper, and Prenanthe s serpentaria. The sandy soil s of Chilhowee Mountain are similar to tho se of the Cumberlands. The Cumb erlands are 119
younger geologically than Chilhowee, but the rocks of each area are sandstones, conglomerates, and shales. The flora of Chilhowee Mountain is perhaps more closely related to that of the Cumb erlands than the ab ove list would indicate due to insufficient plant collection in the Cumberl ands. An interesting di s tribution pat tern exi sts between th the southwe stern end of Chilhowee Mountain and Cades Cove Area of the Smokies. Some indigenous plants are common to Chilhowee Mountain and the western end of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Vaccinium hirsutum occur s in great abundance on Chilhowee Mountain from Walland to the Little Tennessee River and also in Cades Cove. This plant do es no t occur on Chilhowee north of Walland in Blount or Sevier Counties and is no t present in the Sevier County or Cocke County areas of the Smokies. Vaccinium hirsutum grows in Blount County and in Monroe and Polk Counties to the south and al so in Rhea and Bledsoe counties in the Cumberlands. It is ab undant in the Mixed Oak, Oak-Hickory , and Oak-Pine Cover Types on Chilhowee Mountain. The flora of Chilhowee Mountain is very similar to that of English Mountain. In hi s study of the vegetation of English Mountain, Chapman (1957 ) listed 290 species of herbac eous agniosperms, of which 249 (86 per cent) occur on Chilhowee Mountain. Thi s close relationship of the two 120 floras is, perhaps, a reflection of the similarity of the geological formations of the two areas.
III . THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
The grasses, sedges, and rushes of Chilhowee Mountain have a varied dis tributio nal pat tern. These plants are listed and their di s tribution is indicated in Table IX in Appendix D: A, generally di stributed, common or weedy; B, generally di stributed, but infrequent; C, Appalachian extension of Northern species; D, Coastal Plain di stribution; E, rare; F, introduc ed; and G, cul tivated or ornamental , or excaped. If a species is marked for both A and B or B and E, then there is a que stion as to which di s tribution applies better . A total of 50 genera and 136 species or varieties or forms of grasses, sedges, and rushes occur on Chilhowee Mountain. Approximately 54 per cent of the se species are generally di s tributed and weedy, and almo st 43 per cent are generally di s tributed but infrequent where they do occur. None of the species is endemic to the southern Appalachi ans, but two (1.47 per cent ) (Danthonia compressa and Carex plantaginea) are southern Appal achi an extensions of a northern species. The remaining species include : twenty- four (17.65 per cent ) wi th Coastal Plain di stribution, sixteen (11.76 per cent) that are rare, twenty-eight (20.59 121 per cent) which are introduced, and seventeen (12.50 per cent) which are cultivated.
IV. NOTEWORTHY COLLECTIONS
Although Chilhowee Mountain is clo se to Knoxville, it is rather inaccessible, and the species said to be indigenous there were more assumed than ac tually known. At the beginning of this study the author found only two specimens of monocots in the University of Tennessee Herbarium that had been collected on Chilhowee Mountain. The only areas where collections had been made (according to herb arium label s) were along the major roads and trails. Since the specimens in The University of Tennessee Herbarium from Chilhowee Mountain came from less than 5 per cent of the area of the mountain, almo st every collection was a new site record. During the course of the study 379 new county collection records were made: 192 from Blount County and 187 from Sevier County . One collection, Xerophyllum asphodeloide s, was new to the state. Xerophyllum asphodeloides was reported by Gatting er (1901) to have been collec ted by Ruth in the dry woodl ands of East Tennessee. No voucher specimen for a Tennessee collection is known. Radford, Ahles, and Bell (1964) give the southeastern di stribution of Xerophyllum to be in xeric woods of North Carolina , Tennessee, Virginia, and West 122 Virgini a. ThA plant is rather common in the Central Blue Ridge of Virginia (Freer, 1950, 1958) . In the Massanutten
Mountains of the Shenando ah Valley, Xeroph�llum occurs in abundance on the dry , sandy soils on the western slopes over sandstone rocks (Artz, 1951) , where for a distance of twenty five miles, Xerophyllum forms a conspicuous part of the flora in association wi th Quercus ilicifolia, Solidago odora, Cladoni a, Pteridium aguilinum , Iris verna, Quercus maril andica, Pinus pungens , Pinus virgini ana, Rho dodendron nudiflorum , Rhodo dendron canescens, �pigaea repens, Gaul theria procumbens , Gaylussacia, and Vaccinium . All the ab ove plant s but three (Quercus ilicifolia, Rho do dendron canescens , and R. nudiflorum) occur wi th Xerophyl lum on Chilhowee Mountain. (Quercus ilicifolia and Rhododendron canescens are no t on Chilhowe e Mountain. ) Xerophyllum asphodeloides occurs along the Blount Sevier County Line on Bearwallow Mountain near Horne t, where it is found on the dry sandy crest and west slope of the mountain on thin Ramsey sandy loam soil over sandstone rocks. It is a conspicuous part of the herbac eous layer under the Virgini a Pine-Pitch Pine, Sel ectively Cut , Cover Type. Xerophyllum is al so co mmonly associated wi th the plants of the New Jersey Pine Barrens (Artz, 1951), and its occurrenc e on Chilhowee is limited to thin sandy soil under and open pine forest. 123 Disporum lanugino sum and Disporum macul atum are common in the cove forests and mixed oak forests of the north slopes of Chilhowee Mountain. Disporum macul atum has been previously collected from Hamilton, Rhea, Anderson, Blount, Grainger, Hawkins , and Cocke counties. Convallaria majuscula, which occurs in rather scat tered areas of East Tennessee, is ab undant in oak forests in the area of Look Rock on both no rthwest and southeast slopes. Convallaria was no t found in Sevier County . Clintonia umbellulata is no t very common outside the Unaka Range in East Tennessee, but it is ab undant on north slopes in Sevier and Blount counties. Trillium catebaei has been found in Tenne ssee only from Blount, Monro e, Polk, and Marion counties. Small (1933) gives the range as wo ods of the Piedmont and adjacent provinc es of Georgia to Alabama and North Carolina. Radford, Ahles, and Bell (1964) give the rang e of Trillium catebaei as the deciduous forests of the lower mountains and Piedmont of North Carolina , Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. Thi s Trillium is abundant in the Montval e Springs, Look Rock, and Wolfpen Gap areas of Blount County in the Mixed Oak Cover Type. Aplectrum hyemal e is very common on Chilhowee Mountain in Sevier and Blount counties in the Mixed Oak and Lowl and 124
Coves Cover Types. It is al so found in Tennessee in Cumb er land, Union, and Knox counties and in the Unaka Mountains from the Smokies to Unicoi County . Hexastylis shuttleworthii is rather common in the Montvale Springs area of Chilhowe e Mountain in Blount County. It has previously been collected al so from Polk and Hamilton counties in Tennessee. Corydalis sempervirens has been collec ted in Tennessee from Carter, Unicoi, and Lake counties. It occurs on the Cochran Conglomerate cliffs west of DuPont Springs on Bluff Mountain at an elevation of 2,750 feet. Corydalis occurs on the cliffs wi th Aquilegi a canadensis, Ribes cyno sb ati, Philadelphus hirsutus, Ptelea trifoliata, Hydrangea arborescens ssp. radiata, Physocarpus opulifolius, and Amelanchier laevis. Cardamine flagellif era occurs in Tennessee in Monroe, Blount, and Sevier counties. Small (1933) says this plant is usually restricted to elev ations of 3,000 to 4,000 feet in the mountain slopes and Blue Ridge of North Carolina. Thi s small mustard is abundant along the edges of small streams in the Lowl and Coves Cover Type on Chilhowee Mountain. Parnassia asarifolia has a wide distribution in the Cumb erlands and occurs al so in Sevier and Johnson counties. A large population of Parnassia asarifolia occurs in the
swamp at the Look Rock Campground. 125 Hydrangea arborescens ssp. radi ata was previously known from Tennessee only from the southwe st end of Chilhowee Mountain and the adjoining areas of the Smokies and Monroe County. Radford, Ahles, and Bell (1964) say it is rare in Tennessee, Georgia, and North Carolina . It is very common in moist coves and on no rth slopes throughout the length of Chilhowee Mount ain. There are three species of Thermopsis (� . villosa, T. fraxinifolia, and �· mollis) on Chilhowee Mountain.
Before this study , 1· villosa was known only from Davidson, Cumberl and, Blount, and Sevier counties, T. fraxinifolia from Greene and Grainger counties, and �· mollis from Grainger, Blount , Hamilton, Marion, and Franklin counties. Desmodium is represented on Chilhowe e Mountain by fourteen species. Some of these are no t very common in other areas of Tennessee. D. ochral eucum is known from Knox and Montgomery counties. D. cuspidatum occurs in Hawkins, Cumb erl and, Van Buren, and Rhea counties. D. nut tallii is found in Fentress, Dekalb , Carroll and Van Buren counties. Desmodium ob tusum (D. rigidum) is known from Knox, Hawkins, and Cumb erl and counties. On Chilhowee Mountain there are ten species of Lespedeza, eight of whi ch have a wide di s tribution in Tennessee. 1. bicolor is introduced and is planted along 126 Foothills Parkway in Blount County. L. steuvei occurs in Blount and Montgomery counties. Polygal a polygama is rare in Tennessee . Specimens in The University of Tennessee Herb arium are from Greene, Blount , and Polk counties. Polygal a polygama occurs as scattered individual s in both Sevier and Blount counties on Bearwallow Mountain. Two species of Heli anthemum occur on Chilhowee Moun tain. Heli anthemum bicknel1i and H. propinguum grow in sandy flats and on sandy south slopes in both Sevier and Blount counties. Both of these species are especially common near the waterfalls on Chilogatee Branch in Blount County . The di s tribution of the se species in Tennessee (Wilbur and Daoud, 1964) is: H. bicknellii, Blount and Knox counties; and H. propinguum , Coffee, Cumb erland, and Monroe counties. Montropsis odorata occurs in Blount and Sevier counties in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. It can be found outs ide the park on Matthew Mountain in Blount County. The author collected Montotropsis at three different sites in Sevier County . It is found on Ramsey soil under Pinus pungens on Bluff Mountain and at two locations on Bench Mountain on Ramsey soil under Quercus marilandica and Pinus rig ida. 127 Rho do dendron viscosum is recorded from Tennessee only from Gregory 's Bald in the Smokies. It is found in the Look Rock area of Chilhowee Mountain forming a complex and pre sumably hybrid popul ation with Rhododendron nudiflorum . Bartoni a virg inica is found in Tennessee in Coffee, Marion, Morgan , and Cumberland counties in the Cumb erl ands and from Gregory 's Bald (Blount County) in the Smokies. Thi s plant is very common in a swampy are a at Look Rock Campground where it grows with Parnassia asarifolia and Habernia ciliaris . Stachys riddellii occurs on Chilhowee in both Blount and Sevier counties and is very common on Bluff Mountain with
Lysimachia guadrifolia and L. tonsa. B. ridellii was pre viously reported from Anderson, Blount, Hawkins, Monroe, Rhea, Sevier, Unicoi , and Bledsoe counties. Micheliella verticillata is very common on Chilhowee Mountain, espec ially in the Bearwallow Creek area. It had been previously reported from the Cumb erland Plateau and from Knox County . Solidago is ab undant on Chilhowee Mountain with at least fifteen species present, some of which are rather un common in Tennessee . Solidago patula occurs in Claiborne , Carter , Johnson, Sevier, and Monro e counties. � · hi spida has been recorded from Montgomery and Stewart counties, and £· canadensis from Stewart, Madi son, and Roane counties. 128 Silphium compo situm is characteristically present on sandy soils on the south slopes of Chilhowee Mountain under oak-pine forests. It occupies a similar habitat on English
Mountain ( Chapman, 1957) . Silphium compositum has a rather res tricted range, being found in the mountains of Georgia,
East Tennessee, and Virginia (Champan, 1957) . Thi s species was previously reported from Polk, Monroe, Blount, and Jefferson counties in Tennessee.
V. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF THE WOODY PLANTS OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
The Pinaceae is represented by three genera and eight species on Chilhowee Mountain. Juniperus virginiana, which has its best development on loamy soils derived from lime-
stone ( Harrar and Harrar, 1946 ; Williamson, 1957) , appears as scattered individual s on soils derived from sandstone . Tsug a canadensis grows in deep ravine s and along mo st streams
as is typical in the southe rn part of its rang e ( Hough, 1960) . Some small stands of hemlock in the mo st inaccessible ravines have never been cut and thus are prob ably the only remnants of a virgin fore st left on Chilhowee Mountain. A few of the se trees have diameters of five feet at breast height. There are five native pines on Chilhowee Mountain: Pinus strobus, P. pungens, P. echinata, P. rigida, and P. virgini ana. Pinus strobus characteristically forms a white 129 pine-oak forest in the southern Appalachians (Jemison and Hepting , 1949 ; Doolittle, 1958 ; and Wilson and McQuilkin, 1963) , but this forest do es no t occur on Chilhowee Mountain. Pinus strobus grows on the Cochran Conglomerate cliff s on the northwest slope of Bluff Mountain and as a member of the Hemlock-White Pine Cover Type along the streams. Pinus Eungens appears in pure stands on some small areas of Chilhowee Mountain on the Cochran Conglomerate geological formation. It al so occurs as scattered individual s through out the forests above 2,200 feet on dry sites. Pinus echinata appears as scattered individual s on dry sites at all eleva tions on Chilhowee Mountain, but at the southwestern end of Chilhowee it grows in almo st pure stands. Here it is a part of the Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine Forest (Sternitze, 1962) . Pinus taeda was found only on planted sites. The sandy soil s with a weak profile development which are found on Chilhowee Mountain are ideal for the growth of P. echinata,
especially in the valleys (Fowells, 1965) , and perhaps shortleaf pine once was more widely di s tributed. Pinus rigida is very ab undant on all parts of the mountain on expo sed sites wi th th in soil . Pinu s virgini ana commonly occurs in old fields and on dry expo sed ridge tops and mountain crests with Pinus pungens and P. rigida. 1 30 Salix is the only genus of Salicaceae indigenous to Chilhowee Mountain. A single planted individual of Populus gile adensis occurs at the Baker place on Bluff Mountain at an elevation of 1,700 feet, and is ab out twenty inches d.b.h. , and stands in the midst of a Liriodendron woo ds. Salix nigra occurs along almo st all the streams, especially at low elevations . Salix alba grows on alluvial fans along larger streams such as Reed Creek and Walden Creek. Salix humilis was found in a wooded swamp near Bearwallow Creek. Salix sericea occurs near Chilogatee Branch. Sal ix babylonica grows only as an escape from cultivation. The Juglandac eae is represented on Chilhowee Mountain by Juglans and Carya . Juglans nigra has been described as part of the climax of the area but as no t being a "climax" species because it reproduces only in openings in forests (Brinkman, 1957�) . Juglans nigra occurs along the streams on Chilhowee and also as a tree characteristic of low gaps in the mountain crests. In the gaps there are no shrub s under Jugl ans nigra, and Eupatorium rugo sum is always pre sent. Mo st of the Jugl ans cinerea found on Chilhowe e Mountain occupies its typical habitat on stream benches or terraces (Clark, 1958 ) like that along Reed Creek. Butternut also occurs occas ionally at higher elevations on the north slope. Near the Devil 's Den on Bluff Mountain, Juglans cinerea 131 re ache s a diameter of two feet d.b.h. There are seven species
of C arya on Chilhowee Mountain: C arya illinoensis, Q.
cordiformis, Q. ovata, Q. tomentosa, Q_. glabra, Q_. ovalis,
and Q. pallida. Carya illinoensis is cultivated and lives in second growth forests at old ho mesites. Carya cordiformis grows on mo ist sites along Laurel Creek and other creeks as is typical of the species in the southern part of its rang e (Nelson, 1960) . Cary a ovata is limited to coves, east slopes, and north slope s on Chilhowee Mountain as it is in the Cumb erl ands (Fowell s, 1965) . Carya tomentosa is widely di stributed on Chilhowee Mountain, but is mo st common in mountain flats and on east slopes. In the Cumb erlands this hickory al so grows on dry sites (Fowells, 1965) . Carya glab and Carya ovalis occur mo st commonly on north slopes _:� at all elevations but are al so found in all the cover types as scattered individual s. The author could collect speci mens to fit the descriptions of each of the se species, but could no t tell the larg e trees apart in the field. The Forest Service (Little, 1953; Campbell, 1961) treats bo th the se species as Carya gl abra, and they are considered as such by the au thor in vegetation samples. Carya pallida is primarily a Costal Plain specie s (Harrar and Harrar, 1946) . It is very common on the sandy sou th and west slopes and on expo sed crests of ridges and mountains on Chilhowee. 1 32 On Chilhowee Mountain five genera of Corylaceae occur: Ostrya, Carpinus, Betula, Alnus , and Corylus. Corylus americana is generally di s tributed along the streams of Chilhowee in only rather open woods. Corylus cornuta is reported from Tennessee only from Blount, Cocke, Hawkins, Johnson, Marion, Rhea, Sullivan, and Washing ton counties
( Drumke, 1964) . The Blount County record represented one collection on Chilhowee Mountain in Miller Cove. Corylus cornuta is very ab undant on Chilhowee Mountain near Bear wallow Creek and near Hornet in both Blount and Sevier counties as a shrub in a mixed oak forest. Ostrya virginiana occurs in moist coves and along streams. It is abundant on Nichols Shal e in the west-facing cove on the mountain opposite Mt. Nebo at Walland. Carpinus carolini ana is a characteri stic sub-canopy species of forests along the larger streams. Betul a lenta is rare in the moist coves whi ch are its mo st common habitat ( Leak, 1958) , but it is very abundant on the cliff of Cochran Conglomerate all along the mountain. Betula alleghani ensis is reported to usually occur ab ove 3,000 feet in the southern App al achians ( Gilbert, 1960), but on Chilhowee Mountain it is abundant in coves and on north slopes at el evations from 1,500 to 2,800 feet. Betula nigra was found only at Tallassee beside the Little River. Alnus serrulate is very common along streams, especially tho se on the southeast slopes of Chilhowee Mountain. 133 The Fagaceae is represented by Fagus, Cas tanea, and Quercus on Chilhowee Mountain. Fagus grandifolia grows in scattered rather pure stands as a variant of the Lowl and Coves Cover Type. The typical Sugar Maple-Beech-Yellow Birch Forest Type of the Smokies (Rushmore, 1961) does no t occur on Chilhowee Mountain. Castanea dentata was once ab undant on the mountain, and is still common on all sites as a sub-canopy species which persists for several years until it is killed by the chestnut blight fungus (Endo thia parasitica) . Castanea Eumila is ab undant on the south slopes of the mountain espec ially in the oak-pine forests near Walland and near Chinquapin Church on Waldens Creek. Quercus stellata is no tably ab sent from most of Chilhowee Mountain although the Post Oak-Black Oak Type is reported to be common on sandy ridges throughout the eastern range of Quercus stellata (Fowell s, 1965) . On Chilhowee it is limited to the lower elevations near the Li ttle Tennessee River where it is rather uncommon. Quercus muhl enbergii was found only on the no rth slope of Sug arloaf Mountain. Quercus falcata is ab undant in the foothills around Chil howee Mountain but grows very sparingly above 1,400 feet on the south slopes of the mountain. Qu ercus marilandica and
� · coccinea live in identical habitats on shallow sandy soils of south and we st slopes and mountain crests . No 134 apparent differenc e exists in their di s tribution although both are not usually abundant in the same forest stand. Quercus coccinea does no t appear on north slopes on Chilhowee Mountain as it is reported to do so els ewhere (Campbell, 1957) . Quercus rubra grows best on deep , moi st, well-drained soils (Sander, 1959) , and on Chilhowee Mountain it is mo st ab undant on east and north slopes. Seedlings of Quercus rubra occur throughout all forest types. Quercus velutina is mo st ab undant on the crests of the mountains in rather protected sites. Black oak is easily injured by fire (Brinkman , 1957b) , and on the no rth slopes of Chilhowee Mountain many large cull trees have been left by the lumb er men. Quercus alba occurs mo st ab undantly on Muse soil s on no rth slopes and in mountain fl ats. Whi te oak is rather uncommon on the other drier habitats typical of the species (Gai ser, 1951 ; Minckl er, 1957) . The mo st ab undant oak and the mo st ab undant tree on Chilhowee Mountain is Quercus prinus. It al so is the species of tree s best represented in Western North Carolina (McCormack, 1956 ) and reache s its maximum size in Tennessee and North Carolina mountains (Sarg ent, 1965) . Quercus prinus is usually described as being mo st common on dry sites al though it reache s its greatest size in moist coves (Campbell , 1961). Weit zman and Trimble (1957 ) said that as site quality increases the 135 amount of chestnut oak decreases. On Chilhowee Mountain, chestnut oak is most ab undant on the north slopes, al though it is consistently present in all cover types on the south slopes. Both Ulmus and Celtis of the Ulmaceae are indigenous to Chilhowee Mountain. Ulmus al ata occurs in old fields and extends up the slopes of the mountain to an elevation of 2,000 feet. Winged elm ( Ulmus alata) is reported to be a part of the southern App alachi an Mixed Oak Type ( Shipman, 1959), but it is ab sent from this type on Chilhowe e Mountain. Ulmus rubra makes its best growth on the moist rich soils on lower slopes beside streams ( Schol z, 1958), and it occurs at elevations up to 2,000 feet in the Lowl and Coves and Hamlock-Whi te Pine Cover Types of Chilhowee Mountain. Thi s area is well within the range of Celtis occidentalis and Celtis laevigata, but both occur only as scattered individual s along streams and on lower slopes at low elevations. Morus rubra and Maclura pomifera are the only repre sentatives of Morac eae on Chilhowee Mountain. Morus occurs as scattered individual s in various forest types on the no rth slopes and along streams. Maclura grows on lower slopes at old home sites. The Santalaceae is represented on Chilhowe e Mountain by Pyrul aria pubera. Thi s interesting shrub is reported to 136 be parasitic on the roots of Kalmia latifolia (Grimm, 1957 ) and on roo ts of deciduous trees and shrub s (Strausb augh and Core, 1964; Fernald, 1950) . It is reported as being re stricted to Oak-Hickory Forests (Gleason, 1963) as well as being a dominant shrub of cove hardwood and closed oak forests and as being present in open oak and pine stands (Stupka, 1964) . Pyrul aria pubera occurs on slopes repre sentative of all expo sures and in all forest types on Chilhowee Mountain. It is mo st ab undant in moi st coves and on dry south slopes. It occurs in the Table Mountain Pine Cover Type at a di stance of one hundred feet from other deciduous plants. The distribution of Pyrul aria pubera on Chilhowee Mountain wo ul d seem to support the idea of Totten (1957 ) that there is a que stion as to whether Pyrul aria is an obligate parasite or whether it can exist independently. Pho radendron flavescens, a member of the Loranthaceae, is parasitic on Nyssa, Quercus, C arya, and Ac er on Chilhowee Mountain. It is mo st common on Quercus rubra and Carya gl abra on gentle slopes at low elev ations . The only wo ody representative of Aris tolochiaceae on Chilhowee Mountain is Aris tolochia macrophylla (A. durior), which is common in the Lowland Cove Forests on the north slopes of Chilhowee Mountain. Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Ranunculaceae, occurs under Tsug a and Liriodendron along streams in Blount County west of Walland. The two sites from whi ch Xanthorhiza is known are underlain by shale. Cocculus carolinua, Meni spermaceae , was collected only on the southwest slope of Chilhowee Mountain at an elevation of 1,000 feet near Tallassee. The Magnoliaceae is represented on Chilhowee Mountain by Magnolia and Liriodendron. Magnolia acuminata occurs as scattered individual s in mo ist coves and on no rth slopes at all elevations. One M. acuminata tree on the north slope of Sug arloaf Mountain at about 1,400 feet elevation is over five feet d.b.h. M. tripetala and M. fraseri are both ab undant as sub-canopy species in the Lowl and Coves and Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Types of Chilhowee Mountain. M. macrophylla and M. virgini ana were no t found on Chilhowee Mountain. Liriodendron tulipifera is ab undant in secondary forests on old fields at low elevations and as a charac ter istic species of the Lowl and Coves and Hemlock-White Pine Cover Types. It was prob ably a part of the original cove forests of the Chilhowee Mountain area ( Carvell and Korstian, 1955 ; Boyc e and Parry , 1958 ; and Renshaw and Doolittle, 1958) . 1�
All the Calyc anthus collec ted on Chilhowee Mountain was identified as Calycanthus fertilis variety laevigatus . Calyc anthus is a charac teri stic shrub on the crests of ridges and mountains and throughout the Oak-Pine , Oak Hickory , and Mixed Oak Cover Type s, but it reaches its greatest size in the Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type where it is associated wi th Clethra and Leucotho ;. The Anonac eae is represented on Chilhowe e Mountain by Asimina triloba. Thi s species is rather common along the borders of lowl and forests and extends up no rth slopes to elevations of 2,000 feet. It is mo st ab undant in the valleys of the Ordovician Sevier-Tellico Shale to the north of Chilhowee Mountain. There are two genera, Lindera and Sassafras, of the Laurac eae on Chilhowee Mountain. Lindera benzoin grows along streams and on nor th slopes up to 2,400 feet. Sassafras albidum is found at all elevations and on all slopes of Chilhowee Mountain. On south slopes Sassafras is a shrub or sub-canopy species along with Diospyro s. On north slopes in some are as, especially on those of Sugarloaf Mountain, Sassafras forms a part of the canopy of the Mixed Oak Cover Type . On these sites it attains a diameter of over two feet at breast height . 139 There are three genera of the Saxifragaceae on Chilhowee Mountain: Philadelphus, Hydrangea, and Ribes. Philadelphus hirsutus and K· pubescens occur in thickets along the Cochran Conglomer ate cliffs all along the north slope of Chilhowee Mountain. Philadelphus sharpianus is endemic to the southeast Tennessee area and was collected on the slopes of Mt. Nebo on Cochran Conglomerate. Hydrangea arborescens occurs on all north slopes and in moist coves in various cover type s. The subspecies radiata is very abundant in moist coves on the mountain in both Blount and Sevier counties. Ribes cynosbati was collected only from Cochran Conglomerate cliffs on the north slope of Bluff Mountain in Sevier County at an elevation of 2,750 feet. The Hamamelidaceae, as delineat ed by Fernald (1950) , is represented on Chilhowee Mountain by Hamamelis and Ligui dambar. Hamamelis virgini ana grows in two distinct habitats. Thi s specie s is common in the Mixed Oak Cover Type of coves on nor th slopes and in the Hemlock-White Pine Cover Type along streams. Hamamelis also forms large clumps on the dry crests of ridges and on the Ramsey soils on the no rth slopes near the summit of mountains in the Oak-Pine Cover Type. None of the fore st types in which Liguidamb ar char acteristically occurs (Martindale, 1958 ) is found on Chilhowee Mountain, but it occurs as scat tered individuals along the stream bank s especially in poorly drained areas. 140 Platanus occidentalis, Platanaceae, grows along the Little Tennessee and Little Rivers and along the larger streams. Platanus is sometimes found at higher elevations on dry slopes but alway s in moist areas wi th seepage water. The woody representatives of Ro saceae on Chilhowee Mountain are Physocarpus, Pyrus, Amelanchier, Rubus, Prunus, and Craetagus. Physocarpus opulifolius was found only on Cochran Conglomerate cliffs on the north slope of Bluff Mountain. Pyrus angustifolia was seen only in the swamp near Look Rock Campground. Pyrus communi s is abundant in ab andoned fields (now in forest) on the north slope ne ar Lane Gap. Amelanchier is abundant throughout the forests of Chilhowee Mountain. A. laevis is most common on rock cliffs on north slopes. A. arbore a is a sub-canopy species and is mo st common in the Oak-Pine Cover Type. Rubus occidentalis is ab undant on north slope s, in mountain gaps, and in coves in forest openings. Rubus flagellaris, R. argutus, and R. allegheniensis grow as scat tered individuals in old fiel ds and in second growth woods. Rubus odoratus, which normally occurs in the higher mountains of the Unakas, is rather common in the mixed oak woods above Montevale Springs at an elevation of approximately 2,000 feet. Craetagus is an uncommon member of second growth pine forests at low elevations on the mountain. 141 The woody representatives of Legumino sae on Chilhowee Mountain are Albizzia, Gleditsia, Cladrastis, and Robini a. Albizzia julibrissin occurs, as an escape from cultivation, along ro ads and at old homesites. Gledi tsia triacantho s grows in open deciduous woods along major streams at low elevations . Cladrastis lutea is rather common on the north slope in Blount County at elevations of 2,500 feet or more. Rob inia pseudoacacia is abundant in moist coves and along streams in its typical habitat (Roach, 1958), but it also grows as scattered individuals in all the cover types. Rob inia hi spida occurs on the dry south slopes. Robini a shrub s with purple flowers and no bristles occur near Montv al e Springs. The se plants are fif teen feet tall, and were identified by the author as Robinia � · There is great variation in the low shrubby Robini a plants occurring on the south slopes. The se plant s center around Robini a hi spida, but the flower color varies from whi te to deep lavender and the stems vary from glabrous to densely hi spi d , and are no t identifiable without further monographic work on the genus. The Rutac eae is represented on Chilhowee Mountain by Ptelea trifoliata. The ordinary habitat for Ptelea is lime stone outcrops (Shanks, 1952) , but on Bluff Mountain it is ab undant on the Cochran Conglomerate cliffs. 142 Ailanthus al tissima in the Simaroubaceae is rapidly spreading up the slopes of Chilhowee Mountain. One tree on the north slope of Sugarloaf Mountain, in a fence row, is twenty-eight years old and is thirty-two inche s d.b.h. Rhus is the only genus of the Anac ardi aceae repre sented on Chilhowee Mountain. Rhus glabra and Rhus typhina occur as scattered individual s at forest borders. Rhus copallina is ab undant on all the dry slopes and is present in the moist coves. Rhus (Toxidendron) radicans is especially ab undant on mo ist talus slopes. Ilex, Aquifoliaceae, is ab undant on Chilhowee Mountain. Ilex opac a is rather common as scattered individual s in the Hemlock-White Pine Cover Type, and is also common as a shrub in second growth pine stands . Ilex montana and Ilex montana variety mollis are ab undant on the sandy Ramsey soil s of the south and west slopes and of mountain crests. The variety mollis is always present in the pine and oak-pine forests. The Celas trac eae is represented on Chilhowee Mountain by Celastrus and Euonymus. Celastrus scandens is abundant on the rocky crest of Mt. Nebo . Euonymus obovatus is a rare plant in the Hemlock-White Pine Cover Type . Euonymus americanus is ab undant in the coves and on the north slopes. The maples (Aceraceae) , are abundant on Chilhowee Mountain. Acer negundo and Acer saccharinum are found only along streams. Acer saccharum is no t a member of the cove forests as would be expected (Godman, 1957). It was found only as a scattered shrub or sub-canopy individual ( less
than five inches d.b.h. ) in the Mixed Oak Forests and only occasionally in the coves. Acer rubrum will grow in almost any forest habitat of the area ( Hutnik and Yawney , 1961). Aesculus octandra and Aesculus glabra, Hippocas tanaceae, occur on Chilhowee Mountain as a part of the Low land Coves and Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Types. Neither of the species is very plentiful , but A. octandra is the more common of the two . The Rhamnaceae is represented on Chilhowee by Rhamnus and Ceano thus. Rhamnus carolini ana usually occurs on lime stone ( Shanks, 1952) , but is rather common on sands tone on the north slopes in some areas. Ceano thus americanus is a characteristic low shrub of the Mixed Oak, Oak-Hickory , and Oak-Pine Cover Type s, especially on soil s derived from shale. Sev eral wild grapes, Vitaceae, grow on Chilhowee Mountain. Vitis rotundifolia and Vitis aes tivalis are most common along streams and on north slopes. Vitis aestivalis is very common in the Mixed Oak Cover Type. All the species
(V. aes tivalis, V. vulpina, V. baileyana, and V. rotundi folia) occur as sc attered individual s on most sites, when no t locally abundant. 144 All the Tilia, Tiliaceae, of Chilhowee was identified by the author as Tilia heterophyl la. Thi s species occurs regul arly in coves on Chilhowee, but it is never ab undant. Stewartia ovata, Theaceae , occurs in the mixed o ak forests of Chilhowee Mountain. Several groups of thi s shrub border the trail up Bearwallow Creek to Doyle Springs. Nyssa sylvatica, Nyssaceae, is very ub iquitous in dis tribution. Its habitats range from swampy aree,s, to t:P:e dry , sandy slopes covered with Quercus marilandi ca. Several individual s of Nyssa sylv atica wi th large lob ed leaves and other varia- tions were no ted. Aralia spinosa, Araliaceae, is ab undant in the Hemlock-Whi te Pine Cover Type in some areas. It usually grows most frequently along roads through moist habitats and in steep ravine s. There are three species of Cornus, Cornaceae, on the mountain. Cornus amomum and f. al ternifolia grow along streams. Cornus florida is common in all forest types but is the mo st ab undant sub-canopy species in oak forests. Clethra acuminata, Clethraceae, is a characteristic and abundant species of the moist coves and ravine s. It is usually found wherever Magnolia fraseri grows. The Ericaceae is represented on Chilhowee Mountain by nine gerera. Rhodo dendron maximum is ab undant in coves 14.5
and at high elevations on the no rth slopes. R. catawb iense occurs only on the Cochran Conglomerate cliffs and on north slopes of expo sed ridges below them. R. cal endul aceum is common throughout the oak forests. A complex of Rho dodendron involving R. viscosum and R. nudiflorum and pos sibly hybrids and additional species, occurs on the north and south slopes near Look Rock. Kalmia latifolia is mo st common on the sandy sites of the south slopes. Lyoni a ligustrina and Leucothoe fontanesiana are most abundant in the moist coves. Oxydendrum arboreum is mo st common in oak-pine woods but reache s its greatest size in moist coves. Epigaea repens and Gaultheria procumbens are charac teri stic of sandy soils on south and west slopes. Gaylussacia and Vaccinium form complex populations, some plants of which could no t be identified to species. Gaylussacia baccata is very common. G. urs ina was found locally on north slopes in oak forests. Vaccinium vacillans is very ab undant on dry sites. V. stamineum occurs mo st commonly in oak and oak-pine forests. V. arboreum is very ab undant in the Shortleaf Pine Cover Type on southwe st slopes. V. simulatum grows on the Cochran Conglomerate cliff s on the north slope of Chilhowee Mountain. Diospyro s virgini ana, Eb enaceae , is ab undant as a shrub and sub-canopy species on the dry south slopes in forests with open canopies. It reache s its greatest develop ment in mountain benches where it attains a diameter of thirty inches at breast height. Halesia caro lina, Styrac aceae, occurs on the north slopes and in coves. The largest individual s are on Jeffer son loam soil s on the no rth slope of Sug arlo af Mountain. Fraxinus americana and Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Oleaceae, occur as scattered individual s in the cove forests. F. americana is commo n in the Mixed Oak Cover Type. Gattinger (1901) describes dense groves of Chionanthus virginicus on Chilhowee Mountain at elevations of 2,500 feet. The author found thi s species only at one old home site, but perhap s the plant was removed for the Knoxville marke t. Ligus trum vulgare is rather common in lowland forest borders as an escape from cultivation. The Bignoni aceae is represented on Chilhowee by Campsis radicans �nd Bignonia capreolata. Campsis is local and grows mo stly in forest borders. Bignonia is ab undant throughout rocky areas of oak forests. The Caprifoliaceae is represented on Chilhowee Moun tain by Lonicera, Viburnum , and Sambucus. Lonicera japonica forms dense thic kets in secondary forests but is still ab sent from the old established forests farthe st from old fields . Viburnum prunifolium and V. rufidulum occur as scattered individuals in the Mixed Oak and Oak-Pine Cover Types. V. acerifol ium is ab undant in all the forests on a wide variety of sites. Sambucus canadensis grows only along streams and in swampy areas. CHAPTER IX
DISCUSSION
Land use and logging practices, depth of soil, degree of slope, and site expo sure are app arently the controlling fac tors of the vegetational pattern on Chilhowee Mountain. The vegetation boundaries are di stinct along ridges and along boundaries between lithosols and other soils. The vegetational pattern is no t clearly related to al titude or to soil type . The pat tern of cutting of timber in the past has affected the present vegetat ional pattern on the mountain. Fro thingham (1931 ) has no ted that up to seventy-five years prior to 1931 only black walnut, black cherry , and the choicest and largest yellow poplar, whi te pine , bas swood, cucumb er tree, and whi te oak were wo rth taking from the wo ods. By 1930 the lumbermen were cutting black oak, ches tnut oak, chestnut, sug ar maple, beech, birch, silver bell, blackgum, and red maple. At present, any trees of timb er size that are no t culls are cut. More lumb er is ob taine d today from Quercus prinus than from any other species on the mountain, but prior to 1900 85 per cent of the ches tnut oak cut was for the bark alone . The cutting prac tices have increased the proportion of some species over 147 148 others. The choice species have decreased in numb er while less desirable hickories have increased in numb er and timber volume . The use of the land in the past has had an effect on the present vegetational pattern. According to the local residents, in the 1920 1s the entire south-facing slope of Chilhowee Mountain in Sevier County was covered by an almo st pure yellow pine (Pinus echinata) stand . These mature trees were clear cut. All the brush was left and later burned, and subsequently, the area was an Andropogon-�milax glauc a field. The vegetation on this area now is the Oak-P ine Cover Type or the Second Growth Pine , South Slope, Cover Type, excep t for the south slope of East End whi ch is covered with Pitch Pine-Scarl et Oak Scrub Cover Type. Thi s area was burned over regularly at one or two year interval s till the late 19501s, whi ch greatly influenc ed the vegetation occurring there at the present time . Most of the lower slopes of the mountain were cultivated in the past and are now covered with ei ther second growth pine or yellow poplar. If a seed source is available, pine occurs on south and west slopes and yellow poplar on nor th and east slopes. A wide variety of soil types is present on Chilhowee Mountain. The soils are either zonal soil s or azonal litho sols or planosols. The mo st ab undant zonal soils on the 149 mountain are tho se of the Jefferson and Muse series. Quercus prinus is widely di s tributed on Chilhowee Mountain but is mo st ab undant on the Jefferson and Muse soils. The azonal planosols are present at the bo ttom of steep slopes and are covered by Second Growth Yellow Poplar, Hemlock-White Pine , Lowl and Coves, Red Oak, or Mixed Oak Cover Types. The trees on the planosol s grow faster and larg er than thos e on the zonal soils, but thi s is probably due to a more adequate moisture-content and higher fertility of the soils. The fastest growing trees on the mountain probably are Lirioden � tulipifera trees on Barb ourville soils. In some sites yellow poplar increases in di ame ter at the rate of approxi mately an inch a year for the first thirty years. Certain vegetation types are correlated wi th the lithosols, especially soils of Ramsey series. The Pitch Pine-Scarlet Oak Scrub Cover Type, Virginia Pine-Pitch Pine , Selectively Cut, Cover Type, Scrub Oak Cover Type, and the Table Mountain Pine Cover Type occur only on Ramsey soils. The Oak-Pine Cover Type and the Second Growth Pine , South Slope, Cover Type are more common on Ramsey soils, especially at higher elevations, than on any other soil type. The di s tribution of the vege tation on Ramsey soil s coul d very we ll be associated with moisture-content of the soil whi ch is affected by soil texture, soil dep th, plant cover, and site expo sure. 150 No direct correlation can be made between the distri bution of mo st of the vegetation types on Chilhowee Mountain and the geology . The mountain is made up of alt ernating layers of sandstone or conglomerate and shale. The sandstone and conglomerates are more resistant to weathering than are the shales. As a result, the sandstone s and conglomerates
form the crests of the mountains and the prominent ridg es leading from the mountains. The soils formed from the weathering of the shales form the slopes leading from the crests of the mountains. The soils derived from shales are deeper and of finer texture and thus have a higher moisture supplying capacity than tho se derived from sandstones and conglomerates. The pattern of vegetation apparently is more closely rel ated to soil depth, as no ted in the previous paragraph, than to the geological formation under the vege tation. The only exc eption noted is that the Table Mountain Pine Cover Type occurs only on the soils underl ain by rock� of the Cochran Formation. Each of the fifteen cover types on Chilhowee Mountain was compared with the cover types of the Society of American Foresters (1964) . Some of the former are wor thy of special di scussion. The Shor tleaf Pine Cover Type on the southwe st end of Chilhowee Mountain is at its northernmost location in Tennessee except for an isolated area in Fentress County in the Cumb erl ands (Sternitze, 1962) . This type previously covered the south slopes of Chilhowee Mountain in Sevier County where only scattered individual s are now found. Table Mountain Pine Cover Type occurs in scattered areas on the Ramsey soils over the Cochran Conglomerate Formation on southeast slopes of varying steepness. Pinus pungens is the most abundant species in the canopy and reproduction stages of thi s forest. No evidence exists of this forest being replaced by ano ther cover type. Second growth pine forests were described on both north and south slopes. The second growth pine forests of the north slopes grow rapidly and have a high basal area per acre, but they are being repl ac ed by the Mixed Oak Cover Typ e which is probably climax for the area. The second growth pine forest on the south slope grows slowly, has a low basal area per acre, and shows some indication of being replac ed by the Oak-Pine Cover Type . The Second Growth Yellow Poplar Cover Type occurs on lower slopes and is apparently succeeded by the Lowland Coves Cover Type in some areas and by the Mixed Oak Cover Type in other are as. Areas of mountain flats that pre viously were covered with Cas tanea dentata were studied and classified as Mixed Oak Flats Gover Type. The replacement of Castanea dentata on these areas is primarily by Quercus prinus, �· rubra, and � · alba; thi s agrees with studies by Korstian and Stickel (1927) and Woods and Shanks (1957). 152 The dis tribution of the grasses on Chilhowee Mountain was studied. Most of the grasses on the mountain have a wide dis tribution throughout eas tern North America. No Southern App alachian endemics occur in the grass flora of
Chilhowee Mountain. Several (16.13 per cent) of the grasses have primarily a Costal Plain di s tribution. Only one grass, Danthonia compressa, occurs primarily in the north but extends down the Appalachians . The flora of Chilhowee Mount ai n when compared to that of the Cumberlands exhibits a rather close relationship. Approximately 76 per cent (679 of 893) of the species on Chilhowee Mountain occur in the Cumb erlands in Tennessee. No intensive study of the flora of the Cumberland Plat eau and the Cumberl and Mountains in Tennessee has been made. Braun (1937 ) studied the affinities of the flora of the Cumb erl ands in Kentucky and concluded that the flora of the Cumb erl ands is a part of the flora of the Southern Appal achians . Several of the species Braun (1937) used as indicators of floristic relationship s in the Cumb erlands occur on Chilhowee: wide spread Appal achian species, Xanthorhi za simplicissima; southern species at or near their northern limits, Elephantopus tomentosus , Coreopsis auriculata, Cladrastis lutea; northern species, Betula lutea and Pinus 153 strobus; we stern species, Andropogon scoparius and Sorghastrum nu tans; Coastal Plain species, Eri anthus alopecuroides, Panicum longifolium, and Pogonia divaricata. The flora of Chilhowee Mountain has essentially the same floristic relationships as tho se indicated by Braun (1937 ) for the Cumberlands. Both the Cumb erlands and Chilhowee Mountain are flori stic ally a part of the Southern Appalachi ans . CHAPTER X
SUMMARY
Chilhowee Mountain, lying between the Great Smoky Mountains and the Ridge and Valley Province, runs northeast to southwest and ranges in elevation from 823 to 3,069 feet. The soils on Chilhowee Mountain are memb ers of the same series as those of the surrounding area. However, Chilhowee Mountain is geologically distinct from the Smokies and the Ridge and Valley Provinc e. There are fifteen different cover types found on the approximately 64,000 acres of forest on the mountain. E ach of the forest cover types has been studied with respect to the various strata. Plotless sampl es were taken of the stems contributing to the canopy layer and circul ar plots with an area of one-fortieth acre each were used in sampling woody stems three inche s or less in diameter. The basal area per acre, the frequency, the density, and the relative density were given for each species in each of the groups. The seedlings were counted in one-hundredth acre plots and the density and relative frequency were given for each species. The herb s were tallied by species and the
frequency, density ( numb er per square meter) , and per cent ground cover were given. 154 155 The dis tribution of the cover type s on Chilhowee Mountain apparently is more closely related to site exposure and depth of soil than to soil type, geological formation, or al titude. The cover types on Chilhowee Mountain listed in order of decreasing ab undanc e are : (1) Mixed Oak; (2) Oak-Pine ; (3) Second Growth Pine , South Slope; (4) Second Growth Yellow Poplar; (5) Scrub Oak; (6) Oak-Hickory ; (7) Virgini a Pine-Pitch Pine , 'Selectively Cut; (8) Lowl and Coves; (9) Red Oak; (10) Mixed Oak Flats; (11) Hemlock-Whi te Pine ; (12) Pitch Pine-Sc arlet Oak Scrub; (13) Shortl eaf Pine;
(14) Second Growth Pine, North Slope; (15) Table Mountain Pine . The area covered by the Mixed Oak Flats Cover Type previously was covered wi th a Cas tanea dentata forest. The vascular flora of Chilhowee Mountain includes 110 families, 429 genera, and 893 species and varieties, of which 679 occur in the Cumberlands and 775 occur in the Smokies. Xerophyllum asphodeloides was collected for the first time from Tennessee. Other interesting co llec tions of rather uncommon plants for East Tennessee include : Vaccinium hirsutum , Disporum macul atum , Convallaria ma.juscula, Clintoni a unbellulata, Trillium catesbaei , Apl ectrum hyemale, 1\ Hexastylis shuttleworthii, Corydalis sempervirens, Cardamine fl agellifera, Parnassia asarifolia, Hydrangea arborescens ssp. radiata, Thermopsis mollis, T. villosa, T. fraxinifolia, •
156 Desmo dium ochral eucum, D. cuspidatum , D. nuttallii, D. obtusum , Lespedeza steuvei, Polygal a polygama,_ Helianthemum bicknellii, H. propinguum, Monotropsis odorata, Rhododendron viscosum , Bartonia virginica, Stachys riddellii, Micheliella verticillata, Solidago patula, �· hi spida, �· canadensis, and Silphium compo situm. The dis tribution and habitats of all the woody plant s on Chilhowee Mountain were di scussed. LITERATURE CITED LITERATURE CITED
Artz, Lena . 1951 . Xerophyllum asphodeloide s (L.) Nutt. in the Massanu tten Mount ains in Virginia. Cas tane a 16 : 124- 127 .
Avery , G. 1960. Identifying southe rn forest types on aerial pho tographs. U. s. Forest Service :Southe ast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 112. 12 p. Bailey, L. H. 1949 . Manual of cultivated plants. Revised ed. The Macmillan Comp any, New York . 1116 p. Barre tt, L. I. and A. A. Downs . 1943· Hardwood invasion in pine forests of the Piedmont Plateau. J. Agr. Res. 67: 111-128 . Billings, W. D. 1938. The structure and development of old field shortleaf pine stands and certain associated physi cal properties of the soil . Ecol . Monogr. 8:437-499 . Bitterlich, W. 1948 . Die Winkelzahlprobe. Allgemeine Forst-und Holzwirtschaftliche 59 (1/2) :4-5. Blomqui st, H. L. and H. J. Oo sting. 1959 . A gui de to the spring and early summer flora of the Piedmont , N. C. 6th Revised ed. Published by the Authors, Durham , N. C. 181 p.
Boyce, s. G. and R. E. Parry . 1958 . Effects of seedbed conditions on yellow-poplar regeneration. J. For. 56 : 751- 753 . Braun, E. Lucy. 1937 . Some relationships of the flora of the Cumb erl and Pl ateau and Cumb erl and Mountains in Kentucky . Rhodora 39 : 193-208 .
---- · =-- 1964. Deciduous forests of eas tern North America. Fac simile of the edition of 1950 . Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., New York. 596 p. *Brinkman, K. A. 1957a. Silvical charac teristics of black walnut . U. S. Forest Service Central States Forest Exp . Sta. Misc. Release 22 . 15 p. 1957b . Silvical charac teristics of black oak. U. s. Forest Service Central States Forest Exp . Sta. Misc . Rel ease 19. 14 p. 158 159 -Brown, H. E. , V. E. Monnett, and J. W. Stovall. 1958 . Introduction to geology. Ginn and Company , New York. 644 p.
Cain, s. A. and G. M. Castro. 1959 . Manual of vegetation analysis. Harper and Bro thers, Publishers, New York. 325 p. Campbell, R. A. 1957 . Silvical characteri stics of scarlet oak. U. S. Forest Service Southeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 86 . 8 p. 1961 . Silvical characteristics of chestnut oak. U. s. Forest Service Southeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 138. 12 p. Carvell, K. L. and C. F. Korstian. 1955. Produc tion and dissemination of yellow-poplar seed. J. For. 53:169-170. Chaiken, L. E. and T. C. Nel son. 1959 . Site index curves for Virginia pine . U. s. Forest Service Southeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Res. Note 135. 2 p. Chapman, J. A. 1957 . The natural vegetation of English Mountain, Tennessee. Ph D. Dis sertation. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville. 103 p • .. Clark , F. B. 1958 . Silvical characteristics of butternut. U. s. Forest Service Central States Forest Exp . Sta. Misc . Release 28 . 9 p. Cobb , B. 1956 . A field guide to the ferns and their related families of northeastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company , Bo ston. 281 p. Core, E. L. , E. E. Beckl ey, and H. A. Davis. 1944 · West Virginia grasses. West Virginia Univ . Agr . Exp . Sta. Bull. 313. 96 p. Dean, Blanche E. 1964. Ferns of Alabama and fern all ies. American Southern, North Port, Ala. 232 p. Doolittle, W. F. 1958 . Site index comparisons for sev eral forest species in the southern Appalachi ans . Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc . 22: 455-458 . Drumke, J. S. 1964. A systematic survey of Corylus in North America. Ph. D. Dissertation. Univ . of Tennessee, Knox ville, 142 p. 160 Dunc an, W. H. 1941 . The study of root development in three soil types in the Duke Forest. Ecol . Monogr. 11: 141-164. Elder, C. S. 1949 . Tennessee: a guide to the state. Hasting s House, Publishers, Inc., New York . 558 p.
Elder, J. A., s. R. Bacon, R. L. Flowers, T. R. Love, J. A. Phillips, G. M. Thomp son, and D. A. Tucker. 1959 . Soil survey of Blount County , Tennessee. U. s. Dept. of Agr. , Soil Conservation Service, Series 1957 , No . 7. 119 p. Fenneman, N. M. 1938 . Physiography of eastern United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York . 714 p. Fernald, M. L. 1950 . Gray's manual of botany . 8th ed. American Book Comp any , New York. 1632 p. Foscue , E. J. 1946 . Gatlinburg : gateway to the Great Smokies. Southern Me thodist University Press, Dallas. 20 p. Fowells, H. A. 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. U. S. Forest Service Agr . Handbook 271 . 762 p.
Freer , R. s. 1950 . A preliminary checklist of plant s of the central Virgini a Blue Ridge . Castanea 15:1-37 · 1958 . Flora of central Virginia Blue Ridge: addi tions to checklist. Castanea 23:96-109 .
• Freese, F. 1957 . A guidebook for statistical transients. U. S. Army Engineer Waterway s Exp . Sta. , Vicksburg , Mississippi. 86 p. Frothingham, E. H. 1931 . Timb er growing and logging prac tice in the Southern Appalachian Region. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 250 . 92 p. Gaiser, R. N. 1951 . Rel ation between topography , soil charac teristics, and the site index of whi te oak in southeastern Ohio . U. s. Forest Service Central States Forest Exp . Sta. Tech. Paper 121 . 12 p. Garrett, W. R. and A. V. Goodpasture . 1900. The hi s tory of Tenne ssee, its people and its institutions. Brandon Printing Co., Nashville. 351 p. Gattinger, A. 1901 . The flora of Tennessee and a philosophy of botany. Tennessee Bur . Agr., Nashville. 296 p. 161 Gilbert, A. M. 1960. Silvical characteristics of yellow birch. U. S. Forest Service Northeast. Fore st Exp . Sta. Paper 134. 18 p. Gleason, H. A. 1963. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of northeastern Uni ted States and adjacent Canada. Hafner Publishing Co., Inc., New York . 3 vol . o Godman, R. M. 1957 . Silvical char ac teristics of sugar maple. U. S. Forest Service Lake States Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 50 . 24 p. �Goodspeed Publishing Company. 1887. History of Tennessee, East Tennessee edi tion. Goodspeed Publi shing Co., Nashville. 1317 p. Great 'Smoky Mountain Publi shing Company, Inc . 1928 . The Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Tenne ssee and North Carolina . Great Smoky Mountains Publishing Company , Inc. , Knoxville. 80 p. Greene , R. C. 1959 . Geology of English Mountain and vicinity, Cocke, Jefferson and Sevier counties, Tennessee. M. S. Thesis. Univ . of Tennessee, Knoxville. 54 p. Greve, Jeanette S. 1964. The story of Gatlinburg . Brazos Printing Co., Inc., Gatlinburg . 136 p. Grimm , W. C. 1957 . The book of shrub s. Bonanz a Books , New York . 522 p. 1962. The book of trees. The Stackpole Comp any , Harrisburg , Pennsylvania. 487 p.
Gro senbaugh, L. R. 1952a. Plotless timb er estimates •.. new, fast, easy . J. For. 50 :32-37· 1952b . Shortcuts for crui sers and scalers. U. S. Forest Service Southern Forest Exp . Sta. Occasional Paper 126 . 24 p. 1955 . Better diagno sis and prescription in southern forest management . U. s. Forest Service Southern Forest Exp . Sta. Occasional Paper 145. 27 p. 1958 . Point-sampling and line-sampl ing : prob a bility theory , geometric implications synthe sis. U. S. Forest Service Southern Forest Exp . Sta. Occasional Paper 160. 34 p. 162
----��' and w. A. Stover. 1957 . Point-sampling compared with plo t sampling in southeast Texas. For. Sci. 3:2-14. Guild, J. C. 1893. Topography , geology, and mineral s of economic importanc e in East Tennessee , p. 39 to 70 . In East Tennessee []"o editor give . A. D. Smith and - Company , Chattano oga. rQ Hadley, J. B. and R. Goldsmith. 1963. Geology of the eastern Great Smoky Mountains , Tennessee and North Carolina. U. s. Geol . Surv . Prof. Paper 349-B. ll8p.
----�� ' P. B. King , R. B. Neuman, and R. Goldsmith. 1955 . Outline of the geology of the Great Smoky Mountains area, P. 390 to 427 . In Russell , R. J. (§d.J Guide s to southeastern geology . Geological Society of America, New York . Hamilton, W. B. 1961 . Geology of the Richardson Cove and Jones Cove Quadrangles, Tennessee. U. S. Geol . Surv . Prof. Paper 349-A. 55 p. Harlow, W. M. and E. S. Harrar . 1958 . Textbook of dendrology . 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York . 561 p.
Harrar , E. s. and J. G. Harrar . 1946 . Guide to southern trees. McGraw-Hill Book Comp any , Inc., New York . 712 p. Hayes, C. W. 1891 . The overthrust faults of the southern Appal achians . Geol . Soc. Amer. Bull. 2:141-154. Haywood, J. 1823. The civil and political hi s tory of the state of Tenne ssee from its earliest settlement up to the ye ar 1796 . Her skell and Brown, Knoxville. 504 p. Hitchcock , A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. 2nd ed. Revised by Agne s Chase. U. S. Dept. Agr . Misc. Pub . 200 . 1051 p. Hoffman, H. L. 1964. Check list of vascular plants of the Great Smoky Mountains . Castanea 29 :1-45· Hough, A. F. 1960. Silvical characteristics of eastern hemlock. U. S. Forest Service Northeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 132 . 23 p. Hubb ard, W. H. , M. E. Austin, C. B. Beadles, W. E. Cartwright, J. A. Elder, E. P. Whiteside , and M. M. Striker. 1957 . Soil survey of Sevier County , Tenne ssee. U. S. Dept. Agr., Soil Conservation Service, Series 1945 , No. 1. 203 p. Hutnik, R. J. and H. W. Yawney. 1961. Silvical charac ter istics of red maple. U. S. Fore st Service Northeast. Fore st Exp . Sta. Paper 142 . 18 p. Hu ssey, R. C. 1947 . Historical geology : the geological hi s tory of North America. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. 465 p. Isely, D. 1960. Weed identification and control. Iowa State University Press, Ames. 400 p. Jemison, G. M. and G. H. Hepting . 1949 . Timb er stand improvement in the southern Appal achi an region. U. s. Dept. Agr. Misc . Pub . 693. 40 p. Johnson, D. 1931 . Stream sculpture on the Atlantic Slope. Columb ia University Press, New York . 142 p. Jonas, Anna T. 1932 . Struc ture of the metamorphic belt of southern Appalachi ans. Amer. J. Sci. 24: 228-242 . Keith, A. 1895. Description of the Knoxville Sheet ( Tennessee-North Carolina) . U. S. Geol . Surv . Geol. Atlas, Folio 16 . 6 p.
----��· 1903. Description of the Cranb erry Quadrangle ( North Carolina-Tenne ssee) . U. s. Geol . Surv . Geol . Atlas, Folio 90. 9 p. Kendeigh, S. C. 1961. Animal ecology . Prentice-Hall , Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 468 p. King, P. B. 1949 . The base of the Camb rian in the southern Appal achi ans , Part 2. Amer. J. Sci. 247 :622-245 · 1950 . Tectonic framework of southeastern United States. Amer. Ass. Petroleum Geologists, Bull. 34:635- 671. 1964. Geology of the central Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. U. S. Geol. Surv . Prof. Paper 349 - C. 148 p. 164
------' and H. W. Ferguson. 1960. Geology of northeastern mo st Tennessee. U. s. Geol . Surv . Prof . Paper 311. 136 p.
----�-' H. W. Ferguson, L. C. Craig , and J. Rodgers. 1944. Geology and mangane se deposits of no rtheastern Tennessee. Tennessee Div. Geol. Bull. 52 . 275 p. , J. B. Hadley, R. B. Neuman, and W. B. Hamilton. ----�1�95=8 . Statiography of the Ocoee series, Great Smoky Mountains, Tenne ssee and North Carolina. Geol . Soc . Amer. , Bull. 69:947 -956 .
----�- ' and A. Stupka. 1950 . The Great Smoky Mountains- their geology and natural his tory . Sci. Month. 71 (1): 31-43·
• Kor stian, C. F. 1962. The Appal achian Highl and Region, p. 177 to 245 . In Barrett, J. W. [e d J Regional Silvicul ture of the Uni ted States. The Ronald Press Company, New York.
------, and M. V. Bilan. 1957 . Some furthe r evidence of competi tion between loblolly pine and associated species. J. For. 55:821-822.
----��' and P. w. Stickel . 1927. The natural replacement of blight killed chestnut. U. s. Dept. Agr. Misc . Circ . 100 . 15 p. Kramer, P. J. and J. B. Decker. 1944. Rel ation between light intensity rate of photo synthesis of loblolly pine and certain hardwoods. Plant Physiol. 19 : 350-358 . Kummer , Anna P. 1951 . Weed seedlings. Univ . of Chicago Press, Chicago . 435 p. Laurenc e, R. A. and A. R. Palmer . 1963 . Age of the Murray Shale and Hesse Quartzite on Chilhowee Mountain, Blount County, Tennessee. U. S. Geol . Surv. Paper 475-C :53-54· Leak, W. B. 1958 . Silvical charac teristics of sweet birch. U. s. Fore st Service Northeast. Forext Exp . Sta. Paper 113. 14 p. Little, E. L., Jr. 1953. Check list of native and natural ized trees of the United States ( including Alaska) . U. S. Forest Service Agr. Handbook 41 . 472 p. ... 165 Little, S. 1959 . Silvical charac teristics of pitch pine . U. S. Forest Service Northeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 119. 22 p. Long , L. E., J. L. Kulp, and F. D. Eckelmann. 1959 . Chronology of major metamorphic events in the south eastern United States. Amer . J. Sci. 257 : 585-603. McCormack, J. F. 1956 . Forest statistics for the Mountain Region of North Carolina, 1955. U. S. Forest Service Southeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Forest Survey Release 46 . 46 p. McQuilkin, W. E. 1940 . The natural establishment of pine in ab andoned fields in the Piedmont Region. Ecology 21: 137-147 . McVaugh, R. and J. H. Pyron. 1951 . The University of Georgia Press, Athens . 195 p. Martindale, D. L. 1958 . Silvical charac teristics of sweet gum . U. S. Forest Service Southeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 90. 15 p. Massey, A. B. 1960. The ferns and "fern allies" of Virginia. Virgini a Polytechnic Institute Agr . Ext. Serv. Bull . 256 . 80 p. Matthews, F. 1960. His tory of Sevier County . Revised ed. Master Pri nters, Knoxville. 55 p. Minckl er, L. S. 1957 . Silvical characteristics of whi te oak. U. S. Fore st Service Central States Forest Exp . Sta. Misc. Release 21 . 18 p. Moessner, K. E. 1960. Basic techniques in forest pho to interpretation. U. s. Forest Servi ce Intermountain Fore st and Rang e Exp . Sta. Trai ning Handbook. 73 p. Moneymaker , B. C. 1938 . Charac ter of the Great Smoky Formation in the Hiwassee River Basin of Tennessee and North Carolina. Tenn. Acad. Sci., J. 13:283-295. Nel son, T. C. 1960. Silvical charac teristics of bitt ernut hickory . U. S. Forest Service Southeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 111 . 9 p. 166 1961. Silvical charac teristics of pignut hickory . U. S. Forest Service Southeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 137 . 10 p. Neuman, R. B. 1951 . The Great Smoky Fault. Amer . J. Sci. 249 :740-754. 1955. Middle Ordovician rocks of the Tellico Sevier belt, eastern Tennessee. U. s. Geol. Surv . Prof. Paper 274-F:l4l-178 . 1960. Geology of the Wildwood Quadrangle, Tenn essee . U. s. Geol. Surv. Quadr angle Map , GQ-130 .
-- -' -- � and W. H. Nelson. 1965. Geology of the western Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. U. S. Geol . Surv . Prof. Paper 349-D. 81 p. . ______, and R. L. Wilson, 1960. Geology of the Blockhouse Quadrangle, Tennessee. U. S. Geol . Surv. Geol. Quad rangle Map, GQ-131 . Oosting , 0. J. 1942 . An ecological analysis of the plant communi ties of Piedmont North Carolina. Amer. Midl . Natur. 2b :l-126 . 1956 . The study of plant communi ties. 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman and Company , San Francisco. 440 p. Parsons , F. T. 1961 . How to know the ferns . 2nd ed. Dover Publications, Inc., New York . 215 p. Putnam, W. C. 1964. Geology . Oxford University Press, Inc., New York. 480 p. Radford, A. E. , H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell . 1964. Guide to the vascular flora of the Carolinas. The Book Exchange, University of North Carolina, Chap el Hill . 383 p.
• Rames, J. G. M. 1926 . The annal s of Tennessee to the end of the eighteenth century . Reprint of the 1853 original . Daughters of the American Revoluti on, Chattanooga. 832 p.
Renshaw, J. F. and w. T. Doolittle. 1958 . Silvical char ac teristics of yellow-poplar . U. S. Forest Servi ce South east. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 89 . 18 p. 167 Res ser, C. E. 1938 . Camb rian system (restricted) of the southern Appalachians . Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec . Paper 15. 140 p. Ricketts, J. E. 1942 . The geology of the Blockhouse Quad rangle, Blount County, Tennessee. M. s. Thesis. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville. 60 p. Roach, B. A. 1958 . Silvical charac teristics of black locust. U. s. Forest Service Central States Forest Exp . Sta. Misc . Release 30 . 15 p. Rodger s, J. 1953 . Geologic map of East Tenne ssee with explanatory text. Tenne ssee Div . Geol. Bull. 58 , pt. 2. 168 p. Rothrock, Mary U. 1946 . The French Broad-Hols ton Country : a history of Knox County, Tennessee, East Tenne ssee His torical Society, Knoxville, 573 p. Rushmore, F. M. 1961 . Silvical charac teristics of beech. U. s. Forest Service Northeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 161. 26 p. Russell, N. H. 1965. Violets (Viola) of central and eastern United States: an introduc tory study . Sida 2(1):1-113.
Safford, J. M. 1869 . Geology of Tennessee. s. C. Mercer, Nashville. 550 p.
Sander, I. L. 1957 . Silvical charac teristics of northern red oak. U. s. Fore st Service Central States Fore st Exp . Sta. Misc . Release 17. 15 p. Sargent , C. S. 1965. Manual of the trees of North America. Dover Publications, Inc., New York . 2 vol . Schol z, H. F. 1958 . Silvical charac teristics of slippery elm. U. s. Forest Service Lake States Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 59 . 14 p. Shanks, R. E. 1952. Checklist of the woody plants of Tennessee. Tenne ssee Acad. Sci ., J. 27 : 27-50 .
---- · =-- 1954a. Climates of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecology 35:354- 361 . 168 1954b. Plotless sampling trials in Appalachi an forest types. Ecology 35: 217-244 · � 1956 . Al titudinal and microclimatic rel ation ships of soil temperature under natural vegetation. Ecology 37:1-7. , and F. H. Norris. 1950 . Microclimatic variation ----�-in a small valley in East Tennessee. Ecology 31 : 532-539 . Shaver, J. M. 1954. Ferns of Tenne ssee wi th fern allies excluded. Bureau of Publications of George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville. 502 p. Shipman, R. D. 1949 . Silvical charac teristics of winged elm. U. s. Forest Service Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 103. 6 p. Small, J. K. 1933· Manual of the southeastern flora. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1554 p. 1964. Ferns of the southeastern states. Hafner Publishing Co. , Inc., New York . 517 p. Snow, A. G., Jr. 1960 . Silvical charac teristics of Virginia pine. U. S. Forest Servi ce Northeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Paper 131 . 22 p .
• Society of American Foresters. 1964. Forest cover types of North America ( exclusive of Mexico) . 1954 ed. Society of American Foresters, Washington. 67 p.
Spencer, E. W. 1965. Geology : A survey of earth science. Thomas Y. Crowell Comp any , New York . 653 p.
Spurr, s. H. 1948 . Aerial pho tographs in forestry . The Ronald Press Company, New York. 340 p. 1960 . Pho togrammetry and pho to interpretation. The Ronald Press Company , New York. 472 p .
• Sternitze, H. s. 1962. Tenne ssee forests. U. S. Forest Service Southern Forest Exp . Sta. Forest Survey Release 86 . 29 p. Stose, G. W. and A. J. Stose. 1944 · The Chilhowee group and Ocoee series of the southern App alachians. Amer. J. Sci. 242 :367-490, 401-416 . 169
-- -' -- � and A. J. Stose. 1949. Ocoee series in the southern Appal achi ans . Geol . Soc. Amer. , Bull. 60: 267-320. Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1964. Flora of West Virginia. West Virginia University Bulletin. 1075 p. Stupka, A. 1964. Trees, shrub s, and woo dy vines of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 186 p. 1965. Wild flowers in color. Harper and Row, Publishers, New York. 144 p. Swingle, G. D. 1949 . Petrography of the Chilhowee Group , near Walland, Tennessee . M. s. Thesis. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville. 35 p. Symonds, G. W. D. 1958 . The tree identification book. M. Barrows and Company , New York . 271 p. 1963. The shrub identification book. M. Barrows and Company , New York. 379 p. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1965. Precipitation in the Tennessee Riv er Basin, Annu al 1964. Report No . 0-243 . 36 p. Thomp son, M. M. 1966 . Manual of photogammetry. American Society of Pho togrammetry , Falls Church, Va. 2 vol. ,Thorntwaite, C. W. 1948 . An Appro ach toward a rational classification of climate. Geog . Rev. 38 : 55-94.
------' and R. Mulford . 1937 · Climatic provinc es and plant growth reg ions or the United States, Plate 2. In Van Dersal , W. R. , Native woody plants of the Unite�States: their ero sion-control and wildlife values. U. S. Dept. Agr . Misc . Pub . No . 303. Totten, H. R. 1937 . No tes on Buckleya and Pyrularia . ( buffalo-nut) . Elisha Mitchel Sci. Soc., J. 53 :226 . Tucker, C. A. , Jr. 1951 . The geology of Miller Cove, Blount County , Tennes�ee. M. S. Thesis. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville. 45 p. Underwood, J. K. 1�65. Tenne ssee weeds. Univers1ty of Tennessee Agr . Exp . Sta. Bull. 39 3. ll3P · 170
• U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1941 . Yearbook of agri cul ture for 1941 : climate and man. U. s. Government Printing Office, Washington. 1248 p. Weather Bureau. 1963. Climatological data, Tennessee, 1962. U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Ashe ville. 183 p.
1 Weather Trends, Inc . 1964. Climatological atlas of conti nental Uni ted States, Temperature. Weather Trends, Inc., New York. 55 p. Weitzman, S. and G. R. Trimble, Jr. 1957 . Some natural forces that govern the management of oaks. U. s. Forest Servi ce Northeast. Exp . Sta. Paper 88. 40 p. Wetzell, D. B. 1893. Timbers of East Tennessee, p. 83 to 92. In East Tennessee ffio editor giveq] . A. D. Smith and Co. , Chattanooga. Wherry , E. T. 1961. The fern guide. Doubleday and Company , Inc., Garden City, New York. 318 p. 1964. The southern fern guide. Doubleday and Company , Inc., Garden City, New York . 349 p. Whi ttaker, R. H. 1956 . Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol . Monogr. 26 :1-80. Wilbur , R. L. 1963. The leguminous plants of North Carolina. North Carolina Agr. Exp . Sta. Tech. Bull. 151 . 249 p.
, and H. s. Daoud. 1964. The genus Heli anthemum -----T(C�istaceae ) in the southeastern United States. Eli sha Mitchell Sci. Soc ., J. 80:38-43· Williamson, M. J. 1957 . Silvical charac teristics of eastern red cedar . U. S. Fore st Service Central States Exp . Sta. Misc . Release 15 . 14 p. Wilson, C. W. , Jr. 1935 . The Great Smoky Thrust Faul t in the vicinity of Tuckal eeche , Wear , and Cades Coves, Blount and Sevier Counties, Tennessee. Tenne ssee Acad. Sci ., J. 10:57-63. 171
Wilson, R. W., Jr . and W. E. McQuilkin. 1963. Silvical char ac teristics of eastern whi te pine . U. S. Forest Service Northeast. Forest Exp . Sta. Res. Paper NE-13. 29 p. Woods, F. W. and R. E. Shanks. 1950. Repl acement of chest nut in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. J. For . 55 �847 . APPENDIX A
TIMBERS OF EAST TENNESSEE IN 1893 173
TABLE I
TIMBERS OF EAST TENNESSEE IN 189 3
Height D.b.h. in in N ame Feet Feet Syc amore (Platanus occidentalis) 5 . 0 Bl ack Gum (Nyssa sylvatica) 75 3.0 Sweet Gum (Liguidamb ar styraciflua) 75 3.0 Buckeye (Aesculus octandra) 100 5 . 0 Linn {Tilia heterophylla) 75 3.0 Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) 75 3.0 Locus t (Robinia pseudoac acia) 50 2.0 Holly (Ilex opac a) 25 1 . 5 Sourwood {Oxydendrum arboreum 40 1 . 5 Ironwood (Carpinus carol ini ana) 40 0.8 Dogwood (Cornu s florida) 40 0 . 8 Whi te Pine (Pinus strobus) 125 4 - 0 Yellow Pine (Pinus echinata) 70 2.5 Hemlock {Tsug a canadnesis ) 125 4 - 0 Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) 175 8.0 Cucumb er (Magnolia acuminata) 75 4 - 0 Ash, three kinds (Fraxinus sp.) 75 4- 0 Butternu t (Jugl ans cinera) 3.0 Cherry (Prunus serotina) 100 4 . 0 174
TABLE I (continued)
Height D.b .h. in in Name Feet Feet Black Walnut ( Jugl ans nigra) 100 6.0 Birch (Betul a all eghaniensis) J.O Oak, twelve kinds (�uercus sp .) 5.0 Hickory , four kinds ( C ar;ya sp.) 125 J.O APPENDIX B
CLIMAT OLOGICAL DATA FOR THE CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN AREA TABLE II
SUMMARY OF CLIMATE OF THE CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN AREA
Mean Annual Last Killing First Killing Mean Leng th Precipi tati.on Ma.x;o Temp � Mino Temp . Fro st Frost of growing Location in inches oF. op . Mean Date Mean Date Season in da;y:s
Elkmont 63 .55 98 -10 April 24 October 17 176 Gatlinburg 52.96 106 -10 April 17 Octob er 22 188 Sevierville 47 .94 105 -12 April 10 October 23 196 Maryville 50 .40 104 - 14 April 10 October 24 197 Knoxville L1 6.85 104 -16 March 30 November 2 217
1--' -..1 0' 177
TABLE III
TEMPERATURE DATA FOR KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE (1878-1963)
Month Mean Monthly Mean Max. Mean Min. No . of or Temp . Temp . Temp . Freezing Annual oF. oF. oF. Days January 40.9 .50 .1 31 .6 17 February 42 .6 52.7 32 -4 13 March 49 .1 .59 . 9 38 .2 8 April .59 -4 70.9 47 - 8 1 May 68.2 79.9 .56 -4 0 June 76 .2 87 .4 64.9 0 July 78 .9 89 . .5 68 .2 0 August 77 -9 88 .8 67.2 0 September 72.2 8 3 .8 60.6 0 October 60.9 73.0 48 .8 1 Novemb er 48.2 .59 .2 37 .1 8 December 41.1 50 .3 31 .8 16
Annu al .59 .6 70 .4 48 .8 64 TABLE IV SOIL TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT ON A 5 PER CENT SLOPE IN BLOUNT COUNTY IN 1962
Month or Soil covered wi th grass sod Soil bare Annual 1 inch depth 4 inch dep th 1 inch depth 4 inch depth
A B c A B c A B c A B c
January 31 .5 61 5 31-7 61 5 31 .8 61 6 31 .8 61 5 February 43 -2 66 13 43 -4 67 14 43 -5 67 13 43 -7 67 14 March 44 .8 74 30 45 -2 73 30 45 -3 74 30 44 -7 73 31 April 53 .8 80 29 54 -1 81 29 53 -5 81 28 53 -7 81 28 May 77-4 94 55 77.8 95 56 76 .8 95 58 77.4 94 57 June 76 .4 90 56 76 .5 91 56 75.0 89 54 76 .4 91 55 July 78.3 93 62 78 .1 94 63 83.6 109 62 81.8 97 64 August 78.2 83 74 77·4 8 3 71 87.2 111 66 83.6 95 73 Septemb er 73.7 80 65 73-5 80 63 79 .2 109 47 76 .9 94 56 October 65.8 72 55 65.7 72 54 69.6 98 30 67.4 87 44
November 53 .2 60 48 52.4 59 47 49 .2 70 27 48 .9 61 39 I-' -.J o:> ·· •. } · -60 - · Dee ember·· · ···· ·41· { · · lD .. 41 ·2· . 57' 12 · 39 .3 70 10 38 .8 61 12 Annual 59 .8 95 5 59 .8 95 5/ 61.2 111 5 60.4 97 5
-�--�------�-� -----� �-----��- TABLE V PREC IPITATION IN THE TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN IN INCHES
Tennessee River Te-nnessee River --Little Pigeon Little- Tennessee Month Basin as a Basin Above River at River at or ,Whole . . Chattanooga Sevierville Calderwood Dam Annual ( 1890-1964) (1890 -1964) ( 19 35-1964) (1935-1964) · Me an MeeHan Mean Median Mean Medi an Mean Medi an
January 4.88 4.65 4 .57 4.23 5.0 4·3 6.3 5.6 Febru ary 4·84 4.82 4 · 71 4·47 5.0 4·7 6.2 5.8 March 5.61 5.23 5.38 5.15 5.4 5.3 6.7 6.4 April 4.48 4·39 4.20 4.15 4.2 4 ·3 5.1 5.1 May 4.08 4.10 4.04 3.80 4·0 4.0 4.1 4·0 June 4·24 4· 34 4.45 4.49 5.0 4·8 4.1 4·0 July 4.91 4 · 74 5.27 5 . 07 6.5 6 .4 6 .2 5.8 August 4.17 4.03 4.50 4.17 5.1 4.6 5.0 4·4
S ept emb e r 3.20 3.06 3.26 3.21 3·4 3.1 3·7 3·7 October 2.84 2.57 2.90 2.48 3.0 2.9 3·3 2.8 November 3-57 3 ·46 3.28 3·13 3.7 3·3 4·3 4.0
I-' D.e.c.emb,e.r. . .. .4. 4 .. 4.5,5 .. . 4.2.0 4.1.' J.8. 5.4 4·8 -.J 4.7.6 4 ..0
. . · Annual.. ·...... 51 .•,58 ...... 51 .• .6.3. ' . ' ' ..5.1 .•..11. ' . . . .5.1 .. 94 .54 . 4 . 54· 4 61.0 60.5 . , .. ,. , ,. , ,...... , .. '' .• . •' ' •. J' •. ·'. ' • '·' .••. ·' ' .• . .• ,• ' ,• ,• ' , •. ,• •. ·' TABLE VI PREC IPITATION IN THE CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN AREA ; MONTHLY MEANS IN INCHES
McGhee-Tyson Ab rams Knoxville Townsend Wildwood Sevierville Pigeon Gatlin- Month or Airport Creek Forge burg Annual 984 ft. 1400 ft. 960 ft. 1070 ft. 875 ft. 900 ft. 1030 ft. 1460 ft. 26 yrs . 19 yrs . 94 yrs • 14 y_rs . 14 y_rs. !±6 y_rs . 2!± y_rs. 39 yr s. January 4.88 5.91 _5.03 4-97 _5.10 5-39 4-78 5.05 Feb ruary 4.81 _5.61 5.05 5-33 5. 75 4· 73 4-50 5-14 March 4-73 6.09 5.08 5.29 _5.60 4· 72 4-95 5.64 April 3-70 4-79 3-92 4-85 4-36 3-75 3-39 4 .60 May 3-50 4-40 3 .62 3-94 3-34 3-75 3-39 4.60 June 3-33 4.60 3-75 4·73 4-21 4.20 4.11 5.17 July 4.82 6.12 5-17 _5.03 4.28 _5.21 4-98 6.53 August 3-46 4.89 3-27 3.82 3.18 3-95 3.98 5.29 September 2.54 3.11 2.68 2.80 2.83 2.60 2.92 3-04 Octob er 2.61 2.99 2-45 2.46 2.36 2.32 2-43 3-05 November 3-24 4-52 3.69 4-22 4-47 3-87 3-27 3-74 Decemb er 4-23 4 · 79 4-19 4-29 4-89 4.10 3.78 4.18
Annual 45 .84 _58 .00 47 -90 51.73 50 .37 48 .59 46 -45 55 -54 I-' CP 0 Inche s of snow, Annual Mean 13-70 14. 40 10.50 ---- 10.00 11.00 11.50 APPENDIX C
GEOLOGY AND SOILS OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN TABLE VII ROGK.. . F..OIWATIONS EXPOSED IN THE CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN AREA
Formation Sys tem Series Group Formation Thickne ss (feet) Paleozoic? Metadiorite Ordovician Middle Sevier formation 200-400 Ordovician Chota formation 700 Tellico formation 4,000 Blockhouse shale (with Whi tesburg limestone member at base, and Toqua sands tone member in lower part) 400 Lenoir limestone (with Douglas Lake member locally at base, and Mosheim limestone member) 25-90 Lower Knox Newala limes tone 400-2,000 Ordovician (upper part) Longview dolomite Chepultepec dolomite (merging into Jonesboro limes tone ) ? ? Rome Formation 800 I--' Cambrian Lower Shady dolomite 100 CD Camb rian 1\) Chilhowee Helenmode formation 200 TABLE VII (cont inued)
Formation Sys.t.em Serie s .Group Formation Thickness (feet) Camb rian? Lower Hesse sandstone 100-200 C e.mbrian? Murray shale .500 Nebo sands tone 2.50 Nichols shale 700 Cochr an format ion 1,000 Later Ocoee Walden Creek Sandsuck formation 2,000 Precambrian Wilhite formation J,.500 Shields formation 1,.500 Licklog (?) formation 1,.500 Unclassified Rich Butt sandstone (in east) and Cades sandstone (in west) 1,.500 Great Smoky Unnamed sands tone (southwestern area of Park only) 4,.500 I-' co \.,..) Anake esta formation J,000-4,.500 Thunderhead sandstone .5,.500-6,JOO TABLE VII ( continued)
Formation System Serie· s Gr· ou · p Formation Thickness - �- --� ------�------. ------( feet) Elkmont sand stone 1,000-8 ,000 Snowb ird Pigeon sil tstone 10, 000 Roaring Fork sandstone 7,000 Metcalf phyllite no t deter mined
1--' (l) .j::"" TABLE VIII CLASSIFIC ATION OF SOIL SERIES INTO HIGHER CATEGORIES AND THEIR RELIEF , PARENT MATERIAL, AND DEGREE OF HORIZON DIFFERENTIATION
Great soil Degree of groups Horizon and series Relief Parent material differentiation ZONAL SOILS Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils Dewey Undul ating to hills Residuum from weathering of high grade dolomitic limestone high Dunmore Undul ating to steep Residuum from weathering of clayey dolomitic limestone very high Talbo tt Undul ating to hilly Residuum from the weathering of clayey limestone high Sequoia Undulating to rolling Residuum from the we athering of acid shal es with thin lenses of limestone or calcareous shale high Christian Undul ating to hilly Residuum from the weathering of sandy shales or shaly sands tone high Allen Undulating to hilly Colluvium or local alluvium from sands tone , quartzite , and slate; some limestone in places high 1-' CJ) \Jl. TABLE VIII (continued)
Great soil Degree of groups Horizon . and series Relief Parent material differentiation Jefferson Undul ating to hilly Colluvium or local alluvium from sandstone and quartzite medium to high Muse Undul ating to hilly Colluvium or local alluvium from slates and shales medium
gray-Brown Podzolic Soils Hayter Undul ating to rolling Colluvium or local alluvium from sandstone , quartzite, slate; some limestone in pl ac es medium to low Sequatchie NeEl.rly level to Mixed alluvium mainly from sand undul ating stone, quartzite, slate, and shale; some limestone in places medium to low
INTRAZONAL SOILS
Plano sols Whitwell Nearly level Mixed alluvium mainly from sandstone, quartzite, slate, and shale ; some limestone in places medium to low
I-' CP 0' TABLE VIII ( continued)
Great soil Degree of groups Horizon and series Relief P arent rnateri al differentiation AZONAL SOILS
Lithosols Dandridge Rolling to very Residuum from weathering of steep calcareous shal e low Litz Rolling to very Residuum from weathering of acid steep shal e interbedded with lenses of calcareous shal e or limestone low
Montevallo Rolling to very Residuum from weathering of steep acid shal e low Teas Rolling to steep Residuum from weathering of interbedded dominantly acid shale and sandstone that has thin calcareous lenses low
Ramsey Rolling to very Residuum from weathering of steep quartzite, sandstone, and shale low
Alluvial 3taser Nearly level Mixed alluvium from sandstone, quartzite, shale, and slate; 1-' 0) some limestone in places very low -.J TABLE VIII ( continued)
Great soil Degree of groups Horizon and series Relief Parent material differentiation Hamblen Nearly level Mixed alluvium from sandstone , quartzite, shale, and slate; some limestone in places very low Neubert Undul ating Colluvium or local alluvium from c ale areous sandstone low to very low Emory Undul ating Colluvium or local alluvium from high-grade dolomi tic limestone low to very low Greendal e Undul ating Colluvium or local alluvium from cherty or other low-grade limestone low to very low Barb ourville Undul ating Colluvium or local alluvium from quartzite, sandstone , shale, or slate low to very low
I--' C/) C/) APPENDIX D
DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES
OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN 190
TABLE IX DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRASSES , SEDGES , AND RUSHES OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
Species A B c D E F G
GRASSES
Agrostis alb a X X X
Argrostis al tissima X X
Agrostis perennans X
Agrostis perennans var. aes tivalis X
Agrostis perennans var. aestivalis X forma atherophora
Agrostis sc ab ra X
Andropogon elliottii X
Andropogon gerardi X
Andropogon scoparius X X
Andropogon ternarius X X
Andropogon virginicus X
Aristida dicho toma X
Aristida purpurascens X
Arthraxon hispidus X X X
Arundinaria gigantea X X
Brachyelytrum erectum X
Bromus j aponicus X X 191
TABLE IX (continued)
Species A B c D E F G
Bromus seca1inus X X
C a1 amagro s tic cinnoides X X
Cinna arundinacea X
Coix 1acryma-jobi X X X
Cynodon dac ty1on X X X
Dac ty1is g1omerata X X X
Danthonia spicata X
Danthonia compress a X
Digitaria fi1iformis X
Digitaria ischaemum X X
Digitaria s anguina1is X X
Echinoch1oa crusga11i X X
Echinoch1oa frumentacea X X X
E1eusine indica X X
E1ymus virginicus X
E1ymus jejunus X
Eragro stis capi11aris X X
Eragrostis hypnoides X X
Eragrostis spec tabi1is X
Erianthus a1opecuroides X X 192
TABLE IX (continued)
Species A B c D E F G
Eul alia vimine a X X
Festuca arundinacea X X X
Festuca elatior X X X
Festuca obtusa X
Festuca octoflora X
Glyc eria melicaria X
Glyceria striata X
Holcus lanatus X X X
Hordeum pusilum X
Hordeum vulgare X X X
Leersia oryzoides X ?
Leersia virginicus X X
Leptochlo a filiformis X
Lolium mul tiflorum X X X
Lolium perenne X X X
Miscanthus sinensi s X X X
Muhlenbergia capillaris X X
Muhlenbergia schreb eri X
Muhlenbergia sobolifera X
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora X 193
TABLE IX (continued)
Species A B c D E F G
Panicum anc eps X
Panic urn boscii X
Panicum clande stinum X
P anicum commutatum X
Panic urn dicho tomiflorum X
Panicum flexile X
Panicum gattingeri X X
Panic urn lanuginosum X X
Panicum lanugino sum var. fasciclatum X X
Panic urn laxiflorum X X
Panic urn linearifolium X X
P anicum microcarpon X
Panic urn philadelphicum X X
Panicum sphaeroc arpon X
Panic urn stipit atum X
Panic urn villosissimum X X
P asp alum dilat atum X X X X
Paspalum laeve X X
Paspalum laeve var. pilosum X X
Paspalum pubiflorum var. glab rum X 194
TABLE IX ( continued)
Species A B c D E F G
Phleum pratense .X .X .X
Po a annua .X .X
Po a compress a .X .X .X
Po a cuspidata .X
Setaria genicul ata .X .X .X
Setaria glauca .X .X
Setaria viridi s .X .X
Sorghastrum ellio ttii .X .X
Sorghastrum nutans .X
Sorghum hal apens e .X .X .X
Sphenopholis nitida .X .X
Sporobolus vaginiflorus .X
Triticum aestivum .X .X .X
Triodia flava .X
Uniola latifolia .X
Uniola la.x:a .X .X
SEDGES
C are.x: barrattii .X .X
C are.x: brunnescens var. sphaeros tachya .X
C are.x: convoluta .X 195
TABLE IX (continued)
Species A B c D E F G
Carex crinita X
Carex crinita var. brevicrinis X X
Carex crinita var. gynandra X
Carex emmonsii X
Carex frankii X
Carex gracillima X
Carex intumescens X X
Carex intumescens var. fernaldii X
Carex laxiflora X X
Carex laxiflora var. purpurifera X
Carex lurida X
Carex pl ant asinea X
Carex projecta X
C arex swanii X
Carex tribuloides X
C arex virescens X
Carex vulpinoidea X
Cyperus fl avescens var. poaeformis X
Cyperus retrorsus X X 196
TABLE IX (continued)
Species A B c D E F G
Cyperus rivularis X X
Cyperus strigo sus X
Cyperus tenuifolius X
Elocharis ob tusa X
Fimbris tylis autumnal is X X
Rhyncho spora capi tellata X X X
Rhyncho spora glomerata X X
Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus X
Scirpus cyperinus X
Scirpus polyphyllus X
Scirpus rubricosus X X
S cleria ni tida X X
Scleria triglomerata X
RUSHES
Juncus effusus var . solutus X
Juncus tenuis X
Juncus interior X
Juncus debilis X
Juncus acuminatu s X
Luzul a bulbosa X
Luzula echinata X X APPENDIX E
SUMMARY TABLES FOR TREES, SHRUBS , SEEDLINGS , AND HERBS IN EACH COVER TYPE TABLE X TREES OF THE MIXED OAK COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre uency Size sq. f't./ Species (No./acre) ( %) ( �o) Classes Per cent acre c.v. Q.uercus prinus 66 .· so 51 .95 100 .00 ab c de 45 -97 50 .65 0.58 Q.uercus rubra 19 .00 14.84 90.00 abcdef' 28 .30 31 .18 1.00 C arya glabra 5.50 ' 4-30 40 .00 abed 4-95 5-45 1.90 Q.uercus alba 5.50 4-30 30.00 ab ed 4.59 5.06 2.21 Pinus strobus 0.50 0.39 5.00 f 4.16 4.58 4-48 Q.uercus velutina 6.00 4-69 40 .00 ab ed 3·74 4.12 2.35 Acer rubrum 6.50 5.08 25.00 ab c 1.65 1.82 2.21 Pinus rigida 2.00 1.56 15.00 be 1.61 1.77 2.71 Pinus virginiana 1.50 1.17 10 .00 bd 1.56 1.72 3.85 Robinia pseudoacaciP 3.50 2.72 20 .00 ab c 1.56 1.72 2.23 Nyssa sylvatica 3.00 2-34 15.00 ab 0.80 0.88 2.95 Cornus f'lorida 5.00 3-91 25.00 a 0.44 0.49 2.00 Sassafras albidum 1.00 0.78 5.00 ab 0.26 0.29 4-38 Juglans nigra 0.50 0.39 5.00 b 0.23 0.25 4-40 Oxydendrum arboreum 1.50 1.17 10 .00 a 0.14 0.15 3-20 .aaJ...e. s.. i.a ..c.ar. .ol..i.qa. . .· o.so 0.39 5.00 a 0.05 0.05 4 ·40
-
To.t.al... .. 128 .00 abcdef' 110.18 0.50
1--' ...0 ()) TABLE XI SHRUBS OF THE MIXED OAK COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life . Density Dens ity Fre uency sq. ln./ s:2ecies Form {No . iacre) (�) (y�) Per cent acre c.v. Cornus florida B 1266 19 .34 90.00 25.87 782.4 1.16 - Quercus prinus A 878 13.41 100.00 19 .23 581 .6 0.76 -. Acer rubrum A 528 8.07 95.00 11 .76 355.6 0.92 - Nys sa sylvatica A Boo 12.22 85.00 9 .66 292.0 1.1 7 ··-. Quercus rubra A 284 4· 34 90 .00 7.10 214.8 1.26 C arya glabra A 184 2.81 90.00 4· 60 139.2 1.17 Oxydendrum arboreum B 134 2.05 60.00 3·73 112.8 0.50 Robinia pseudoac ac i a A 230 3.51 80.00 3.29 99 .6 2.50 Rhododendron calendul ac eum c 700 10.69 40 .00 2.29 69 .2 2.61 Que rcus velutina A 130 1.99 60.00 1.67 50.4 1.85 Pinus virginiana A 162 2-47 40 .00 1.40 42 .4 1.92 Quercus alb a A 80 1.22 35.00 1.19 36 .0 2.84 Halesia carolina A 18 0.27 25.00 0.84 26 .8 4.07 Castanea dentata B 162 2.47 55.00 0.86 26 .0 1.58 Amelanchier arborea B 116 1.17 65.00 0.77 23.2 2.14 Vaccinium stamineum c 192 2.93 60.00 0.73 22.0 1 .29 Diospyro s virgini ana B 20 0.31 10.00 0.69 20.8 2.15 Rhododendron maximum c 30 0.46 15.00 0.67 20 .4 3·14 Vitis aestivalis D 62 0.95 35- 00 0.57 17.2 3.02 Hamamelis virginiana B 130 1.19 20.00 0.56 16 .8 2.55 Pinus rigida A 24 0.37 20 .00 0.46 14.0 2.77 Kalmia latifolia c 70 1.07 5.00 0.41 12.4 4·45 Acer pensylvanicum B 32 0 ·49 15.00 0.36 10.8 4-52 C alwo an thus fertilis c 84 1.28 10.00 0.30 9.2 3·39 1--' Viburnum acerifolium c 66 1.01 15.00 0.21 6.4 3.25 -.() -.() TABLE XI ( continued)
Relative Basal Area Life Dens ity Density Fre uency sq.in./ Species Form ( No . /acre ) (%) ( �o) Per cent acre c.v. Fraxinum americana A 24 0.37 20.00 0.21 6.4 3.25 Sassafras albidum B 46 0.70 30.00 0.15 4·4 2.55 Hydrangea arborescens c 38 0.58 10.00 0.12 3·6 4·33 Pyrul aria pubera c 34 0.52 5.00 0.11 J.2 4.62 Pinus strobus A 6 0.09 5.00 0.05 1.6 3·75 Juniperus virgini ana B 2 0.03 5.00 0.03 0.8 2.00 Carya tomentosa A 6 0.09 5.00 0.03 0.8 3 .00 Prunus sero tina A 4 0.06 10.00 0.01 0.4 3.00 Juglans nigra A 2 0.03 5.00 0.01 0.4 2.00 Rhus copallina c 2 0.03 5.00 0.01 0.4 2.00
Total 6546 3024.0 0.41
1'\) 0 0 TABLE XII
SUMMARY O:F SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THEMI XED OAK COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Number of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Numb er of Individual s of Total in. per Total Basal
-Life Form Species per acre Number acre) Area Canopy Species (A) 16 3360 51 -33 1862.0 61.57 Sub-canopy Species (B) 9 1908 29.15 998 .0 33.00 Shrub s (C) 9 1216 18 .58 146.8 4.86 Woody Vines (D) l 62 0.95 17.2 0.57
Total 35 6546 100. 01 3024.0 100.00
N 0 I-' 202
TABLE XIII SHRUBS OF THE MIXED OAK COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Total Species and Life Form a b c d e f .I.
Cornus florida (B) 876 180 82 50 44 34 1266 Quercus prinus (A) 672 74 32 32 24 44 878 Acer rub rum (A) 352 62 48 38 16 12 528 Nys sa sylvatica (A) 604 114 50 20 4 8 800 Quercus rubra (A) 192 28 28 14 10 1 2 284 C arya glabra (A) 116 32 12 10 6 8 184 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 94 10 8 10 8 134 Robinia pseudoac ac ia (A) - 198 14 4 6 230 Rho dodendron calendul aceum (C) � 698 _2 700 Qu ercus velutina (A) 98 18 8 4 2 1 30 Pinus virgini ana (A) 126 30 2 2 2 162 Quercus alb a (A) 68 6 2 ;.. 4 80 Halesia carolina (A) 10 4 4 18 Castane a dentata (B) 144 14 162 Amel anchier arborea (B) 98 12 116 Vacc inium stamineum (C) 184 8 � 192 Diospyros virginiana (B) 14 2 2 2 20 Rhodo dendron maximum (C) 18 6 2 2 2 30 Vi tis aes tivalis (D) 56 2 2 2 62 Hamamelis vir ini ana (B) 120 10 1 30 Pinus rigida {A) 14 6 4 24 Kalmia latifolia (C) 60 8 2 70 Acer pensylvanicum (B) 24 2 6 32 Calycanthus fertilis 82 2 84 Viburnum ac erifol ium (C) 66 66 Fraxinus am ericana (A) 14 10 24 S assafras albi dum (B) 46 46 Hydrangea arborescens (C) 38 38 Pyrul aria pubera (C) 34 34 Pinus strobus (A) 4 2 6 Juniperus virg iniana (B) 2 2 Carya tomentosa (A) 6 6 Prunus sero tina (A) 4 4 Jugl ans nigra (A) 2 2 Rhus coEallina (CL 2 2 To tal ,21 36 6,26 300 188 122 1 6,2�6 Per cent of Total 78 .46 10.02 4.58 2.87 1.86 2.20 203
TABLE XIV SEEDLINGS OF THE MIXED OAK COVER TYPE
Mean Numb er o:f Relative Freguency Individual s Density Species % per acre %
Acer negundo 5.00 5.0 0.04 Acer pensylvanicum 15.00 30.0 0.21 Ac er rub rum 95.00 4390 .0 31.09 Amelanchier arborea 30 .00 155.0 1.10 C arya gl ab ra 75. 00 305.0 2.16 Carya sp . 20 .00 75.0 0.53 Castanea dentata 10.00 10 .0 0.07 Cornu � :florida 85. 00 1.530.0 10 .84 Diospyros virgini ana 45 .00 19,5.0 1.38 Fraxinus americana 10.00 1,5.0 0.11 Halesia carol ina 30.00 70.0 0.,50 Hamamelis virginiana 20.00 360 .0 2.55 Ilex opac a 5.00 ,5 .0 0.04 Kalmia lati:folia 5.00 1,5.0 0.11 Liriodendron tulipi:fera 35 .00 8,5.0 0.60 Nyssa sylvatica 70 .00 78,5.0 ,5.,56 Oxydendrum arb oreum 15 .00 2,5.0 0.18 Pinus strobus 5.00 20 .0 0.14 Pinus virgini ana 40 .00 34.5.0 2.44 Prunus sero tina 10.00 35.0 0.25 Quercus alb a 35 .00 220.0 l. 56 Quercus prinus 100 .00 3385.0 23 .97 Qu ercus rubra 80 .00 860 .0 6.09 Quercus velutina 80 .00 39.5.0 2.80 Robini a pseudo acacia 20.00 6,5.0 0.46 Robini a sp . 10 .00 35.0 0.25 Rhododendron calendul ac eum 20 .00 28,5.0 2.02 Rhododendron maximum 5.00 ,5.0 0.04 Sassa:fras albidum 35.00 21,5.0 1.,52 Ulmus al at a 5.00 30.0 0.21 Ulmus rubra 5.00 10 .0 0.07 Vaccinium vacillans 5.00 10.0 0.07 Viburnum ac eri:folium 25.00 110.0 0.78 Vitis aestivalis 5.00 40 .0 0.28
Total 14120 .0 204
TABLE XV HERBS OF THE MIXED OAK COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uency Species % � Andropogon sp. 2.0 0-10 1.25 � Antennaria pl antaginifolia 8.0 10-20 8.75 Asclepias quadrifolia 2.0 0-10 2.50 Aster sp . 4.9 0-10 33 ·75 ,, Aster cordifolius 14.2 40-50 6.25 Aster mac rophyllus 40 .0 60-70 2.50 Bo trychium virgini anum 1.0 0-10 2.50 Campanul a divaricata 2.0 0-10 1.25 C arex sp. 6.8 0-10 6.25 Carex plantagine a 3.0 0-10 3·75 Chimaphila macul ata 4.0 0-10 41 .25 Clitoria mariana 1.0 0-10 2.50 Collinsoni a canadensis 1.0 0-10 2.50 Coreopsis major 1.8 0-10 11 .25 Danthonia compressa 5 .7 0-10 22.50 Desmodium nudiflorum 2.1 0-10 8.75 Dioscorea quaternata 1.5 0-10 2.50 Disporum maculatum 1.0 0-10 1.25 Epigaea ' repens 12.5 10-20 2.50 Erigeron philadelphicus 1.0 0-10 1.25 Eup atorium purpureum 1.7 0-10 13.75 Eupatorium rugosum 2.5 0-10 2.50 Galac tia volubilis 1.0 0-10 1.25 Galax aphylla 6.0 0-10 3 · 75 Gal ium latifolium 3.5 0-10 5.00 Galium triflorum 5.1 0-10 12.50 Geum canadense 2.0 0-10 3·75 Geranium macul atum 5.4 0-10 8.75 Gerardi a fl ava 2.5 0-10 21 . 25 Gil1enia trifo1iata 2.0 0-10 13.75 Hedyo tis purpurea 7.3 0-10 25.00 Heli anthus atrorub ens 2.0 0-10 2.50 Heuchera americana 1.0 0-10 2.50 Hierac ium panicu1 atum 2.6 0-10 6.25 Hypoxis hirsuta 1.0 0-10 1.25 205
TABLE XV (continued)
Density Cover Frequency Species % % Iris cristata 3.0 0-10 1.25 Iris verna 4.0 0-10 1.25 Lespedeza virginica 2.3 0-10 3·75 Lilium sp . 1.0 0-10 1.25 Luzul a echinata 1.0 0-10 3·75 Ly simachi a tonsa 2.0 0-10 1.25 Microstegium vimineum 6.0 0-10 1.25 Monotropa hypopithys 5.0 0-10 1.25 .... anif cum sp . 8.6 0-10 23 .75 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 2.5 0-10 5.00 Po a cuspidata 3.0 0-10 12.50 Polygonatum biflorum 1.0 0-10 7.50 Polystichum acrostichoides 3.0 0-10 1.25 Potentilla simplex 3 · 4 0-10 6.25 Prenanthes sp . 1.0 0-10 1.25 "' Rhus radic ans 8.5 40-50 2.50 Rubus flagellaris 1.0 0-10 3·75 Smilacina racemosa 2.8 0-10 15.00 Smilax glauc a 2.3 0-10 11 .25 Smilax ro tundifo�ia 4.0 0-10 2.50 Solidago sp. 4·3 0-10 70.00 Taenidi a integ errima 2.3 0-10 3· 75 Thal ictrum dioicum 2.0 0-10 25.00 ·- Uvularia perfoliata 17 .7 10-20 7.50 Uvul ari a sessilifolia 3·5 0-10 2.50 Vicia carolini ana 1.5 0-10 2.50 Viola sp. 1.2 0-10 5.00 Viola papilionac ea 1.0 0-10 2 .50 Unidentified 3.0 0-10 3·75
Mean Total 22.6 30-40 TABLE XVI TREES OF-PHE OA*-£INE COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Dens ity Fre�uency Size sq. ft./ Sp_ecies (No./_acre) ( �) ( o ) Classes Per cent acre c.v. - Quercus prinus 24 .17 22 .68 83.33 ab c 28 .75 15.54 0.95 -Pinus rig ida 23 .33 21 .88 91 .67 ab c 22. 99 12.43 0.78 �Pinus virgini ana 17.50 16.41 58 .33 ab c 12.26 6.63 1.08 ·· Quercus ve1ut ina 10.83 10.16 66 .67 abc 7.42 4.01 1.94 - Quercus alb a 9.17 8.59 25.00 ab c 7.10 3 · 84 2-64 Acer rubrum 0.83 0.78 8.33 e 6.20 3·35 3 · 47 Quercus rub ra 2.50 2-34 25 .00 acd 5.90 3 - 19 7.65 C ary a tomentosa 9.17 8.59 33 · 33 ab 3 - 48 1.88 2.04 Quercus mari1andica 1.67 1.56 8.33 ac 2.13 1.15 3·45 C arya g1 ab ra 1.67 1.56 16 .67 ab 0.91 0.49 2.90 Pinus echinata 1.67 1.56 8.33 ab 0.91 0 · 49 2.90 Robinia pseudoac ac ia o.83 0.78 8.33 b 0.76 0.41 3·46 Pinus pung ens o.83 0.78 8.33 b 0.76 0.41 3·46 Carya pal1ida o.83 0.78 8.33 a 0.15 0.08 3·50 Cornus florida o.83 0.78 8.33 a 0.15 0.08 3.50 Oxy.dendrum ar:O.oreum 0.83 0.78 8.33 a 0.15 0.08 3·50
To.t. . al .. .. . ,• , . 1.06 . 66 ab c de 54 .06 0.46
1\) 0 0' TABLE XVII SHRUBS OF THE OAK-PINE COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre�uency sq. in./ Species Form (No.I acre) ( %) ( o ) Per cent acre c.v. 'Q.uercus prinus A 693 11 .57 91 .67 14.51 528 .8 1.61 ·· O.xydendrum arbo reum B 187 3-12 75.00 11.53 420 .4 1.02 · Carya tomentosa A 246 4.11 41 .67 10.90 397 .2 1.90 ·- Cornus florida B 343 5-73 66.67 8.39 306 .0 1.54 Acer rub rum A 287 4.79 83-33 8.07 294.0 1.96 ·Nyssa sylvatica A 450 7-52 91 .67 6.42 234.0 1.74 · Q.u ercus alb a A 182 3-04 50 .00 6.39 232 .8 1.69 -� Q.uercus velutina A 205 3-42 100.00 5.80 211 .2 1.52 Carya glabra A 222 3-74 58 .33 5.41 197 .2 1.56 Dio spyros virgini ana B 216 3.61 58 . 33 4-61 169.2 1.97 · Pinus rigida A 22 0.36 33-33 2.18 79 .6 2.05 -Rhododendron calendul aceum c 1383 23.10 58 .33 1.90 69.2 2.61 ·· Robini a pseudoac ncia A 173 2.89 83.33 1.76 64.0 1.35 ·"' Vaccinium stamineum c 460 7.68 66 .67 1.56 56 .8 1.75 Rhododendron maximum c 36 0.60 8.33 1.43 52.0 3-47 �uercus coccinea A 34 0.57 16.67 1.38 50. 4 2-33 Sassafras a1b idum B 170 2.84 50 .00 1.25 45 .6 2.01 Pinus virg ini ana A 40 0.67 41 .67 1.1 7 42 .8 3-21 Q.uercus rubra A 86 1.44 75.00 1.13 41 .2 1.19 Kalmia latifo1i a c 99 1.65 33· 33 1.06 38 .8 2.11 Cas tane a dentata B 120 2.00 58.33 0.76 27 .6 2.29 Vitis aestiva1is D 27 0.45 16.67 0.68 24.8 3-42 Carya pa1lida A 33 0.55 16 .67 0.56 20 .4 3-27 [\) 0 --J TABLE XVII (continued)
Relative Bas al Area Life Dens ity Dens ity Fre�uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./acre) (%) ( o ) Per cent acre c.v.
Pyrularia pubera c 93 1.55 33· 33 0.40 14· 4 2.03 Amelanchier arbore a B 86 1-44 50 .00 0.37 13.6 1.71 Ace r pensy1vanicum B 40 0.67 8.33 0.22 8.0 3.40 Calycanthus fertilis c 37 0.62 8.33 0.10 3 - 6 3 -44 Vitis ro tundifolia D 10 0.17 8.33 0.02 0.8 4.00 �uercus marilandica A 3 0.05 8.33 0.01 0.4 3.00 Rhus copallina c 3 0.05 8.33 0.01 0.4 3.00
Total 4274 3645.2 0.82
1\.) 0 a:> TABLE XVIII SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE OAK-PINE COVER TYPE
Mea_n_ Basal Mean Numb er of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Numb-er of Individual s of Total in. per Total Basal Life Form S;Eecies 12er acre Number acre2 Area Canopy Species (A) 14 2678 44 · 72 2394.0 65.68 Sub-canopy Species (B) 7 1162 19.41 990 .4 27 .17 Shrub s (C) 7 2111 35. 25 235.2 6.45 Woody Vines (D) 2 37 0.62 25 .6 0.70
Total 30 5988 100 .00 3645-2 100.00
!\) 0 � 210
TABLE XIX SHRUBS OF THE OAK-PINE COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f To tal Quercus prinus (A) 400 63 133 43 27 2 7 693 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 43 27 17 30 27 33 187 Cary a tomentosa (A) 50 63 53 43 17 20 246 Cornus florida (B) 187 63 50 13 10 20 343 Acer rubrum (A) 153 40 30 30 27 7 287 Nyssa sylvatica (A) 267 100 43 37 3 450 Quercus alb a (A) 93 33 20 3 13 20 182 Quercus velutina (A) 123 23 13 23 13 10 205 Cary a glabra (A) 110 47 33 17 10 7 224 Diospyros vir ini ana (B) 163 10 13 10 7 13 216 Pinus rigida tA) 3 3 3 3 10 22 Rhododendron calendul aceum (c) 1373 10 1383 Robinia pseudoacacia (A) 153 10 3 173 Vaccinium stamineum (C ) 430 30 460 Rho do dendron maximum (C) 23 3 3 7 36 Quercus coccinea (A) 20 7 7 34 Sassafras albidum (B) 157 7 3 3 170 Pinus virg iniana (A) 30 10 '40 Quercus rub ra (A) 43 20 10 3 86 Kalmi a latifolia (C) 63 23 10 3 99 Castanea dentata (B) 97 20 3 120 Vitis aestivalis (D) 3 7 10 7 27 Cary a pallida (A) 20 3 7 3 33 Pyrul aria pubera (C) 87 3 3 93 Amelanchier arborea (B) 80 3 3 86 Acer penslyvanicum (B) 30 10 40 Calyc anthus fertilis (C) 37 37 Vitis ro tundifolia (D) 10 10 Quercus marilandica (A) 3 3 Rhus copallina (C) 3 3
Total 4274 614 468 271 163 198 5988 Per cent of Total 71 .38 10.25 7.82 4 · 53 2.72 J .Jl 211
TABLE XX SEEDLINGS OF THE OAK-PINE COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Frequenc y Individuals Density Species % per acre % Acer pensylvanicum 8.33 75.0 0.99 Acer rubrum 91 .67 933.0 12 .31 Ame1anchier arborea 25.00 66 .5 0.88 C arya glabra 33· 33 75.0 0.99 Cary a pal1ida 16 .67 41 .5 0.55 C arya sp . 8.33 16 .5 o. 22 C arya tomentosa 8.33 16 .5 0.22 Cas tanea dentata 25. 00 25.0 0.33 Cornua florida 41 .67 750.0 9.90 Diospyro s virgini ana 41 . 6 7 341 .5 4·51 Gaylussacia baccata 8.33 25 .0 0.33 Kalmia latifolia 8.33 16 .5 0.22 Nys sa syl vatic a 58 .33 183.0 2.41 Oxydendrum arboreum 25.00 33 .0 0.44 Pinus virginiana 8.33 8.0 0.11 Pyrul aria pubera 8.33 8.0 0.11 Qu ercus alb a 25.00 558 .0 7. 36 Quercus coccinea 8.33 8.0 0.11 Quercus maril andic a 8.33 41 .5 0.55 Quercus prinus 83.33 1858 .0 24 .52 Quercus rubra 75.00 333.0 4· 39 Quercus velutina 83.33 325.0 4.29 Rhododendron ca1 endu1 aceum 33· 33 883.0 11.65 Robini a pseudo ac ac ia 25.00 200 .0 2.64 Robinia sp. 8.33 16 .5 0.22 Sassafras alb idum 58 .33 691 .5 9.13 Vacc inium vacillans 8.33 16 .5 0.22 Viburnum ac erifolium 8.33 33 .0 0 ·44
To tal 7578 .0 212
TABLE XXI HERBS OF THE OAK-PINE COVER TYPE
Densi ty Cover Fre uency Species � � Agrostis alba 1.0 0-10 2.08 Andropogon sp. 1.6 0-10 16.67 Antennaria plantaginifolia 3.0 0-10 2.08 Aster sp. 2.7 0-10 14-58 -Aster cordifolius 13.0 40-50 6.25 Aster macrophyllus 32.0 40-50 2.08 Botrychium virgini anum 1.0 0-10 2.08 Campanul a divaricate 2.0 0-10 2.08 �.. C arex sp. 15.0 30-40 2.08 Chimaphila maculata 3 ·4 0-10 39-58 Chrysopsis graminifolia 3.5 0-10 . ij.l7 Clitoria mariana 2.3 0-10 8.33 Convallaria majuscula 3.0 0-10 6.25 Coreopsis major 2.0 0-10 6.25 Danthonia spicata 9.0 0-10 2.08 Desmodium sp. 1.0 0-10 2.08 Desmodium mudiflorum 1.8 0-10 8.33 Dioscorea quaternata 1.0 0-10 4-17 ...... Epigaea repens 35.0 80-90 2.08 Eupato rium purpureum 2.0 0-10 6.25 Galactia volubilis 2.7 0-10 6.25 - C alax aphylla 17 .5 20-30 22.91 Galium lanc eolatum 2.0 0-10 2.08 Galium triflorum 6.0 0-10 2.08 Gentiana saponaria 2.0 0-10 4 .17 Gerardia laevigata 1.5 0-10 4.17 Gillentia trifoliate 2.0 0-10 12.50 Goodyera pubescens 2.0 0-10 2.08 Hedyo tis purpurea 3·0 0-10 16.67 Heli anthus atrorub ens 1.3 0-10 6.25 Helianthus microcephalus 2.0 0-10 2.08 Heuchera americana 2.0 0-10 2.08 Hierac ium panicul atum 2.5 0-10 . 4·17 Hypoxis hirsuta 1.0 0-10 2.08 Iris verna 1.0 0-10 2.08 Lespedeza hirta 2.0 0-10 2.08 213
TABLE XXI ( cont inued)
Density Cover Fre uency Species % � Linum virgini anum 1.0 0-10 2.08 Luzul a echinata 2.0 0-10 2.08 Lysimachi a quadrifolia 3·0 0-10 2.08 Lysimachia tons a 2.0 0-10 6.25 Panicum sp . 5.7 0-10 20 .83 Poa compressa 2.0 0-10 2.08 Polygonatum biflorum 1.7 0-10 6.25 Polystichum acrostichoides 3·0 0-10 2.08 Potentilla simplex 2.4 0-10 10.42 Pteridium aquilinum 2.0 0-10 2.08 Sanicul a gregari a 1.0 0-10 2.08 Sericocarpus as teriodes 1.0 0-10 2.08 Silphium compositum 1.0 0-10 2.08 Smilacina racemosa 3·1 0-10 14.58 Smilax glauca 3·0 0-10 20 .83 Smilax ro tundifolia 2.0 0-10 4 .17 Solidago sp . 2.1 0-10 39 .58 Taenidia integerrima 1.0 0-10 2.08 Uvul aria sessilifolia 1.8 0-10 8.33 Vicia carolini ana 6.0 10-20 2.08
To tal 15. 9 20-30 TABLE XXII TREES OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE, SOUTH SLOPE, COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ SPecies (No./ac re) ( o ) ( o ) Classes Per cent acre c.v.
··, Pinus virg iniana 65.71 4 .10 100 .00 ab c 52 .0 24. 95 0.68 ·, P inus rig ida 41 .43 2 � ·43 100.00 ab c 21 .36 10.24 1.00 'Quercus prinus 11 .43 7.84 57 .14 ab c 10 .53 5.05 1.40 ""Quercus veluti na 17.14 11.76 71 .43 ab c 9. 36 4·49 1.18 Nyssa sylvatica 1.43 0.98 14.29 b 1.46 0.70 2.64 Pinus pungens 1.43 0.98 14.29 b 1.46 0.70 2.64 Pinus echinata 1.43 0.98 14.29 b 1.46 0.70 2.64 Quercus occinea 1.43 0.98 14.29 b 1.46 0.70 2.64 Oxydendrum aboreum 4.29 2.94 14.29 a 0.88 0.42 2. 64
...... , ·'· .
ab c 47 . 95 0.19 .T,.o . t. ��-- . , .. , .. ' ... ' .. ,.. ,. ,,., .. ... 145�7.?. '
1\) 1--' + TABLE XXIII SHRUBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE , SOUTH SLOPE, COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Dens i ty Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./ac re) (%) ( � ) Per cent acre c.v. 'Nyssa sylvatica A 1034 20.01 85.71 27.26 983.6 1.11 ., Pinus rigida A 154 2.98 71 -43 19. 32 697.2 1.19 ' Q.uercus velutina A 298 5. 77 100.00 12.62 455 .6 0.78 "' Q.uercus prinus A 382 7-40 100.00 10.50 378 .8 1.20 ·:' Sassafras albidum B 1629 31 .54 100 .00 9.14 330.0 0.65 , Pinus virgini ana A 0.77 2.86 6.02 217 .2 1.75 Diospyros virgini ana B 2 5-54 5-71 5-94 214-4 0.91 -- Ilex montana c 737�� 14. 26 10�0.00 4.06 146 - 0.63 'Kalmia latifolie. c 319 6.18 42 .86 3-24 116. 1.68 Castane a dentate B 74 1-43 71 -43 0.58 20.8� 1.27 C arya pallida A 40 0.77 57 .14 0.42 15.2 1.29 Oxydendrum arboreum B 80 1.55 57.14 0.40 14-4 1.61 Amelanchier arborea B 22 0.43 14. 29 0.19 6.8 2.65 Vaccinium stamineum c 35 0.68 14.29 0.16 5.6 2.64 Robini a sp . c 29 0.56 28 .57 0.16 5.6 2.14 Acer rubrum A 6 0.12 14.29 0.01 0.4 4.00
Total 5165 3608 .8 0.36
1\) ...... VI. TABLE XXIV SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE SECOND GROWTH PINE, SOUTH SLOPE , COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Numb er of Per cent Area ( sq. · Per cent of . Numb er of Individuals of Total in. per Total Basal Lif'e Form · Species per acre Number acre) Area Canopy Species ( A ) 7 19.54 37 .83 2748 .0 76 .1.5 Sub-C anopy Species (B) 5 2091 40 -48 .586 .4 16.2.5 Shrub s (C) 4 1120 21.68 274-4 7.60 Woody Vine s ( D) 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Total 16 .516.5 99 .99 3608 .8 100.00
1\) I-' 0' 217
TABLE XXV SHRUBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE , SOUTH SLOPE , COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total Nyssa sylvatica (A) 354 371 143 103 23 40 1034 Pinus rigida (A) 6 6 - 17 51 74 154 Quercus velutina (A) 86 74 46 46 17 29 298 Quercus prinus (A) 114 120 80 51 11 6 382 Sassafras albidum (B) 1440 103 69 11 6 1629 Pinus virgini ana (A) 11 29 40 Diospyro s vir ini ana (B) 126 74 46 34 6 286 Ilex montana {C) 674 63 737 Kalmia latifolia (C) 194 97 17 11 319 Castanea dentata (B) 63 11 74 Cary a pallida (A) 23 11 6 40 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 63 17 80 Amelanchier arborea (B) 11 11 22 Vaccinium stamineum (c) 29 6 35 Robinia sp . (c) 29 29 Acer rubrum (A) 6 6
To tal 3218 953 418 273 125 178 5165
Per cent of Total 62.30 18 .45 8.09 5 .29 2.42 3·45 218
TABLE XXVI SEEDLINGS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE , SOUTH SLOPE, GOVER TYPE
Me an Number of Relative Fre uency Individuals Density Species � per acre % Acer rubrum 28 .57 28 .5 0.65 Cas tanea dentata 28 .57 42- 5 0.97 Gornus florida 14.29 14.0 0.32 Dio spyro s virginiana 85.71 314.0 7.19 Ilex montana 42 .86 228 .5 5 -23 Nyssa sylvatica 42 .86 114.0 2.60 Oxydendrum arboreum 28 .57 28 .5 0.65 Pinus rigida 42 .86 42 -5 0.97 Pinus virgini ana 28 .57 28 .5 0.65 Quercus coccinea 28 .57 '28.5 0.65 Quercus prinus 71 .43 285.5 6.54 Quercus rub ra 14.29 14.0 0.32 Quercus velutina 71 -43 242 -5 5.55 Robinia sp . 14.29 14.0 0.32 S assafras albidum 100.00 2928 .5 67.04 Tsuga canadensis 14.29 14.0 0.32
Total 4368.0 219
TABLE X:XVII HERBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE , SOUTH SLOPE , COVER TYPE
Density Cover Frequency Species % % Andropogon sp . 2.6 0-10 25.00 Coreopsis major 1.0 0-10 7.14 Chimaphi1a macu1 ata 3 ·4 0-10 50 .00 Geradia flava 2.0 0-10 3·57 Panicum sp. 2.0 0-10 3·57 Pteridium aqui1inum 2.3 0-10 28 .57 Tephrosia virginiana 2.0 0-10 3·57 Uvu1aria sessilifo1ia 1.0 0-10 14.29
Total 3 ·4 0-10 TABLE XXVI II TREES OF THE SEC OND GROWTH YELLOW POPLAR COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre�uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No.(a cre) (%) ( o ) Classes Per cent acre CcVc � Liriodendron tulipifera 66 .00 61.11 100.00 ab 59 .51 22. 18 0.65 Acer rubrum 6.00 5.56 40 .00 abc 10.01 3 · 73 1.52 Robinia pseudoacacia 6.00 5.56 40 .00 b 7 .89 2.94 1.49 "" Nyssa ayl vatic a 2.00 1.85 20.00 c 6.84 2.55 2.24 '-- Quercus alba 14.00 12.96 80.00 a 3.68 1.37 0.64 Quercus rubra 4.00 3.70 20.00 b 3 · 07 1.18 2.23 Carya glabra 2.00 1.85 20.00 b 2.63 0.98 2.23 Pinus virgini ana 2.00 1.85 20.00 b 2.63 0.98 2.23 Salix nigra 2.00 1.85 20.00 b 2.63 0.98 2.23 Pinus rigida 2.00 1.85 20.00 a 0.51 0.19 2.32 Carya tomentosa 2.00 1.85 20 .00 a 0.51 0.19 2.32
Total 108.00 ab c 37 .27 0.17
1\) 1\) 0 TABLE XXIX SHRUBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH YELLOW POPLAR COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./ac re) (%) ( �) Per cent acre c.v. ., Cornus florida B 448 10.04 100 .00 29 .90 1209.6 1.69 "Liriodendron tulipifera A 424 9.,50 100 .00 17.88 723.2 0 0 66 'Acer rubrum A 1768 39 .58 100.00 12.05 487 .6 0.67 'Nyssa sylvatica A 320 7-17 80.00 8.31 336 .0 1.07 "' Quercus alb a A 160 3.58 100.00 7-92 320.4 0.72 'Hamamelis virgini ana B 80 1.76 40 .00 4-93 199 .6 1.37 "" Rhododendron calendul aceum c 744 16 .67 100 .00 4.60 186 .0 1.24 C ary a tomen to sa A 64 1-43 20.00 4-19 169.6 2.24 � C arya glab ra A 72 1.61 80.00 3-99 161 .2 1.14 'Oxydendrum nrboreum B 184 4.12 60.00 3.01 121.6 1-33 Vitis aestivalis D 16 0.36 40 .00 1.05 42 -4 1.65 Q.uercus rubra A 40 0.90 40 .00 0.87 35.2 2.07 Halesia carolina A 8 0.18 20 .00 0.80 32-4 2.22 Juniperus virgini ana B 16 0.36 20 .00 0.20 8.0 2.20 Sambucus canadensis c 56 1.25 40 .00 0.14 ,5 .6 1.86 Calcyc anthus fertilis c 32 0.72 20.00 0.08 3-2 2.25 Lyoni a ligustrina c 16 0.36 20.00 0.04 1.6 2.25 Quercus prinus A 8 0.18 20.00 0.02 0.8 2.00 Sassafras albidum B 8 0.18 20.00 0.02 0.8 2.00
Total 4464 4044-8 0.60
1\) 1\) 1--' TABLE XXX SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE SECOND GROWTH YELLOW POPLAR COVER TYPE
Mean-Basai Mean Numb er of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Number of Individual s of To tal in. per Total Basal Life Form .Species per acre Number acre Are a
Canopy Species (A) 9 2864 64.16 2266 .4 56 .03 3ub-canopy Species (B) 5 736 16 .49 1539 .6 38 .06 Shrub s { C) 4 848 19.00 196 . 4 4.86 Woody Vines (D) 1 16 0.36 42 - 4 1.05
Total 19 4464 100 .01 4044.8 100.00
1\) 1\) 1\) 223
TABLE XXXI SHRUBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH YELLOW POPLAR COVER TYPE: NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Spec ies and Life Form a b c d e :r Total
Cornus florida (B) 104 48 24 88 88 96 448 Liriodendron tulipifera (A) 184 40 40 56 64 40 424 Ac er rub rum (A) 1424 224 48 72 1768 Nyssa sylvatica (A) 96 104 48 48 24 320 Quercus alb a (A) 56 16 16 32 16 24 160 Hamamelis virgini ana (B) 16 16 24 16 8 80 Rhododendron calendul aceum (C) 504 216 24 744 Carya tomentosa (A) 16 16 8 8 16 64 Carya glabra (A) 16 24 8 8 16 72 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 144 24 16 184 Vitis aestivalis (D) 8 8 16 Quercus rubra (A) 32 8 40 Halesia carolina (A) 8 8 Juniperus virginiana (B) 16 16 Sambucus canadensis (C) 56 56 Calycanthus fertilis (C) 32 32 Lyoni ligustrina (C) 16 16 Quercus prinus (A) 8 8 Sassafras albidum (B) 8 8
Total 2696 728 240 336 248 216 4464
Per cent of Total 60.39 16 .31 5.38 7-53 5.56 4 · 84 224
TABLE XXXII SEEDLINGS OF THE SECOND GROWTH YELLOW POPLAR COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Fre uency Individuals Density Species � per acre % Acer rubrum 100.00 8600 .0 77.76 Amelanchier arborea 20 .00 20.0 0.18 C arya gl ab ra 40 .00 280 .0 2.53 Cornus florida 60.00 240 .0 2.17 Halesia carolina 20 .00 20.0 0.18 Hamamelis virginiana 60 .00 300 .0 2.71 Liriodendron tulipifera 80.00 280 .0 2.53 Nyssa sylvatica 80.00 240.0 2.17 Oxydendrum arboreum 20. 00 40 .0 0.36 Quercus alba 80 .00 200.0 1.81 Quercus prinus 20 .00 40 .0 0.36 Quercus rub ra 80.00 180.0 1.63 Quercus velutina 20 .00 60.0 0.54 Rhododendron calendul aceum 60 .00 520 .0 4 · 70 Sassafras albidum 20 .00 20 .0 0.18 Vi tis aes ti val is 20 .00 20.0 0.18
Total 11060 .0 225
TABLE XXXIII HERBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH YELLOW POPLAR COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uency Species % � Adiantum pedatum 1.7 0-10 15.00 Amphicarpa brac teata 1.8 0-10 J5.00 Aster sp . 5.0 0-10 5.00 Aster cordifolius 5.0 0-10 10.00 Aster lateriflorus 2.8 0-10 20 .00 Botrychium virgini anum 5.0 0-10 5.00 Collinsonia canadensis 1.7 0-10 15.00 -nennstaedtia punc tilobul a 18 .5 50-60 50 .00 Desmodium nudiflorum 2.0 0-10 5.00 Eup ato rium album 1.0 0-10 5.00 Eup atorium macula tum 2.0 0-10 5.00 Galax aphylla 8.0 0-10 5.00 Galium triflorum 4 · 5 0-10 10.00 Hedyotis purpurea J.O 0-10 5.00 Hexastylis shut tlew orthi i 1.0 0-10 5.00 Lobelia cardinalis 4.0 10-20 5.00 Lobelia inflata 1.0 0-10 5.00 Lysimachia quadrifolia J.O 0-10 15. 00 Lysimachia tonsa 2.0 0-10 10.00 Osmunda cinnamomea J.O 0-10 5.00 Panicum sp. 2.0 0-10 15.00 Pilea pumila 2.0 0-10 5.00 Polystichum acrosticho ide s 5.4 10-20 25 .00 Potentilla simplex 2.0 0-10 5.00 Prenanthes sp . 1.8 0-10 30.00 Rhus radicans 4 ·9 10-20 35 .00 Smilacina rac emosa 1.0 0-10 5.00 Solidago curtissii 2.5 0-10 20 .00
Total 19.0 50-60 TABLE XXXIV TREES OF THE SCRUB OAK COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ Siieci'es · (No./ acre) ( %) ( �o ) Classes Per cent acre c.v.
'Q.uercus marilandica 76 .67 62.16 100 .00 abc 44 ·32 10.80 0.64 "Pinus echinata 8.33 6.76 66.67 be 22.16 5.40 0.95 "Q.uercus velutina 5.00 4.05 16 .67 ab 17.44 4.25 2.45 ' carya p allida 15.00 12.16 83.33 a 6.03 1.47 0.70 Pinus rigida 5.00 4.05 16 .67 ab 4· 72 1.15 1.74 Nyssa sylvatica 6.67 5.41 50 .00 a 2.67 0.65 1.23 Pinus virginiana 3·33 2.70 33·33 a 1.35 0.33 1.54 Q.uercus prinus 1.66 1.35 16.67 a 0.66 0.16 2.50 Sassafras albidum 1.66 1 .35 16 .67 a 0.66 0.16 2.50
Total 123.32 ab c 24.37 0.41
1\) 1\) "' TABLE XXXV SHRUBS OF THE SCRUB OAK COVER TYPE
Relative Life Dens ity Density Fre uency sq. in./ Sp ecies Form (No./acre ) c�o { �o) Per cent acre c.v.
Q.uercus marilandicE. A 2387 35-49 100.00 61.30 4391 .6 0.34 Carya pallida A 374 5.56 100 .00 9-45 676.8 0.72 Sassafras albidum B 552 8.21 100.00 8.43 604.0 0.82 ·Nyssa sylvatica A 292 4-34 100.00 3-73 267 .2 0.90 Pinus rigida A 133 1.98 50 .00 2-47 176 .8 1.48 ·Quercus coccinea A 86 1.28 50. 00 2.31 165.6 1.46 ·· Diospyros virgini ana B 354 5. 26 83.33 2-24 160.4 0.80 - Q.uercus velutina A 40 0.59 33-33 1.74 124-4 1.56 -. Ilex montana c 920 13.68 100 .00 1.55 111.2 0.76 -vacc inum stamineum c 960 14.27 66 .67 . 1.Jl 94.0 1.26 Pinus virginiana A 140 2.08 66 .67 1.29 92.4 1.15 Oxydendrum arboreurro B 33 0.49 33-33 1.25 89 .6 1.56 Castanea dentata B 87 1.29 50 .00 1.22 87.2 1.67 Quercus prinus A 81 1.20 50 .00 1.17 83.6 1.34 Robinia pseudoac acia A 180 2.68 33-33 0.36 25.6 2.16 Pinus echinata A 27 0.40 16.67 0.07 5-2 2.46 Rhus copallina c 53 0.79 66 .67 0.07 5.2 1.00 Carya glabra A 13 0.19 33-33 0.02 1.2 1.67 Q.uercus rubra A 7 0.10 16.67 0.01 0.8 2.00 Amelanchier arbore:= B 7 0.10 16 .67 0.01 0.8 2.00
Total 6276 716J.6 0.20 1\) 1\) --J TABLE XXXVI SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE SCRUB OAK COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Number of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Numb er of Individual s of Total in. per Total Basal Life Form Species per acre Numb er acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) 12 3760 55 .90 6011.2 83.91 Sub-canopy Species (B) 5 1033 15. 36 942.0 13.15 Shrub s (C) 3 1933 28 .74 210.4 2.94 Woody Vines (D) 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Total 20 6726 100.00 7163.6 100 .00
1\) 1\) CP 229
TABLE XXXVII SHRUBS OF THE SCRUB OAK COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total
Quercus marilandica (A) 1260 240 20 320 227 320 2387 Cary a pallida (A) 120 60 47 67 33 47 374 Sassafras albidum (B) 293 40 113 53 20 33 552 Nyssa sylvatic a (A) 140 73 40 13 13 13 292 Pinus rigida (A) 27 33 20 27 13 13 133 Quercus coccinea (A) 27 13 13 13 7 13 86 Diospyros virginiana (B) 227 60 47 20 354 Quercus velutina (A) 7 7 13 13 40 Ilex montana (C) 867 53 920 Vac c inium stamineum (C) 960 960 Pinus virgini ana (A) 100 20 13 7 140 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 13 7 13 33 Castanea dentata (B) 53 7 7 7 13 87 Que rcus prinus (A) 53 7 7 7 7 81 Robini a pseudo ac acia (A) 173 7 180 Pinus echinata (A) 20 ' 7 27 Rhus copallina (C) 53 53 Carya glabra (A) 13 ' 1 3 Quercus rubra (A) 7 7 Amelanchier arbore a (B) 7 7
Total 4413 620 335 546 333 479 6726
Per cent of Total 65.61 9.22 4.98 8.12 4.95 7.12 230
TABLE XXXVIII SEEDLINGS OF THE SCRUB OAK COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Rel ative Fre�uency Individuals Density Spec ies per acre % Acer rubrum 33 · 33 133.0 2.36 Amelanchier arborea 16 .67 16 .5 0.29 Carya pallida 66 .67 200 .0 3·55 Diospyro s virg iniana 50 .00 333.0 5.91 Ilex montana 50 .00 100.0 1.78 Nyssa sylvatica 83.33 116 .5 2.07 Pinus rigida 16 .67 33.0 0.59 Pinus virgini ana 50 .00 166 .5 2.96 Quercus marilandica 100 .00 2183 .0 38 .77 Quercus velu tina 16 .67 16 .5 0.29 Rhus copallina 16 .67 16 .5 0.29 Robinia sp . 33· 33 100 .0 1.78 Sassafras albidum 100 .00 2216 .5 39 .37
Total 231
TABLE XXXIX HERBS OF THE SCRUB OAK COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uency Species % % Andropogon sp. 4 · 4 0-10 41 .67 Aster patens 1.0 0-10 8.33 Chimaphi1a macu1ata 2.5 0-10 8.33 Chrysopsis graminifo1ia J.J 0-10 12.50 C1itoria mariana 1.4 0-10 20.83 Cora11orhiza macu1 ata 6.0 0-10 4.17 Coreopsis major 1.3 0-10 12.50 Crotolaria spectabilis 1.0 0-10 4.17 Danthonia compressa 1.0 0-10 12.50 Galium ap arine 15.0 10-20 4.17 Ger ardia flava 2.0 0-10 4.17 Hierac ium panicul atum 1.0 0-10 8.33 Iris verna J.O 0-10 4.17 Lespedeza hirta 2.5 0-10 8.33 Panicum sp . 2.3 0-10 50 .00 Pteridium aquilinum 1.3 0-10 12 .50 Sericocarpus ast eroide s 1.0 0-10 4· 17 Solidago sp . 1.4 0-10 5.42 Tephro sia virgini ana 7.8 10-20 41 .67
Total 9.5 10-20 TABLE XL TREES OF THE OAK-HICKORY COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Are a Density Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ SPecies (No./acre ) ( %) ( �o) Classes Per cent acre c.v. " Quercus prinus 30 .00 24.54 93.33 abce 23.95 25.39 1.02 Cary a glabra 15.75 12.88 60.00 ab cef 23 .30 24-70 1-44 -- Quercus velutina 17.25 14.11 60.00 ab cdef 20 .95 22.21 1.67 Quercus rubra 12.75 10.42 53 -33 abc de 12.16 12.89 1.40 Carya tomentosa 10.50 8.59 26 .67 ab ed 6.55 6 .94 2.03 Nyssa sylvatica -3�75 3 - 07 20 .00 ab de 4-51 4.78 2-73 Cary a pallida 5.25 4-29 6.67 ab c 1.91 2.03 2.87 Quercus alb a 0.75 0.61 6.67 d 1.55 1.64 3-87 Liriodendron tulipifera 3-75 3.07 20 .00 ab c 1.55 1.64 2.86 Acer rubrum 8.25 6.75 20 .00 ab 0.92 0.98 2.48 Juglans nigra 3.00 2.45 6.67 ab 0.74 0.78 3-90 Oxydendrum arboreum 2.25 1.84 13-33 ab 0.43 0. 46 2.89 Cornus florida 2.25 1.84 20.00 ab 0.43 0.46 2.78 Pinus echinata 1.50 1.23 13-33 ab 0.37 0.39 1.27 Robina pseudoacacia 0.75 0.61 6.67 b 0.31 0.33 3-85 Carya ovata 1.50 1.23 6.67 a 0.12 0.1 3 3 · 92 Cercis canadensis 1.50 1.23 6.67 a 0.12 0.13 3-92 Cladrastis lutea 0.75 0.61 6.67 a 0.07 0.07 3.86 Pinus rigida 0.75 0.61 6.67 a 0.07 0.07 3.86
Tot.. al .. 120 .25 abcdef 106 .02 0.53
1\) I...V 1\) TABLE XLI SHRUBS OF THE OAK-HICKORY COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre�uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./acre) (%) ( o ) Per cent acre c.v. - � Cornus florida B 8 6 16 .2.5 73 -33 14.12 379 .2 1.40 - Carya tomentosa A 2 �3 .5.44 33·33 13.39 3.59 .6 2 . .54 Q.uercus prinus A 418 8.03 80.00 12.84 344·8 1.03 '· Qu ercus velu tina A 286 .5.49 86 .67 10._52 282.4 1 . .52 -.... Pinus virginiana. A 272 .5-23 .53 .33 8.64 232.0 1._59 -- O.x:ydendrum arboreum B 123 2.36 46 .67 6.18 166 .0 2.08 C arya. gl ab ra A 46.5 8.93 60.00 _5.98 160.8 1 . .54 Acer rub rum A 223 4-28 73-33 3-69 99.2 1.77 Rob ini a pseudoacacia. A 163 3.13 46 .67 3 ·49 93.6 1.7.5 Nys sa sylvatica A 308 4.00 86 .67 3-41 91 .6 2.13 Cercis canadensis B 134 2 . .57 20 .00 2 .9_5 79 .2 2.31 ·-va.ccinium stamineum c .528 10.14 .53 · 33 2.79 74.8 l.84 Sassafras albidum B 232 4- 6 66.67 2-13 .57 .2 1._58 Pinus rigida A 36 0.� 9 26 .67 1.61 43·2 3 · 46 Diospyros virginiana B 130 2._50 6.67 1 . .53 41 .2 2.24 Liriodendron tul ipfera A ll 0.21 1 3-33 1.01 27 .2 2.69 Amelanchier arborea B .56 1.08 26 .67 0.79 21 .2 3.00 Cla.drastis lutea B ll 0.21 6.67 0.63 16 .8 3.86 Quercus rubra A 102 1.96 33· 33 0.61 16.4 2.32 Pinus echina.ta A 14 0.27 13.33 0.55 14.8 3.08 Rhododendron calendul aceum c 133 2 . .56 20 .00 0.49 13.2 2.1.5 Pyrul aria pubera c 19 0.37 6.67 0.39 10. 4 3.81 Vitis aes tivalis D 83 1 . .59 .53-33 0.34 9.2 1.3.5 Viburnum acerifolium c 91 1.7.5 26 .67 0.33 8.8 2.50 1\) VJ VJ TABLE XLI (continued)
Relative Basal Are Life Density Density Fre uency sq. ln. i Species Form (No./acre) ( %) ( �0) Per cent acre c.v.
Robinia sp. c 72 1.38 20 .00 0.27 7.2 2.50 C ary a pall ida A 48 0.92 6.67 0.21 5.6 4.00 Fraxinus americana A 37 0.71 6.67 0.21 5.6 4.00 Kalmia latifolia c 9 0.17 6.67 0.18 4 - 8 4.00 Calyc anthus fertilis c 37 0.71 13.• 33 0.13 3-6 3.11 Rhus copallina c 16 0.31 20 .00 0.13 3-6 2.56 Castanea dentata B 24 0.46 20.00 0.09 2.4 2.67 Vitia vulpina D 19 0.37 6.67 0.07 2.0 3 .60 Ilex montana c 19 0.37 13.33 0.07 2.0 2.60 Hydrangea arbore scens c 19 0.37 13-33 0.07 2.0 2 .60 Ulmus rubra A 11 0.21 6.67 0.04 1.2 3·33 Lyoni ligustrina c 11 0.21 13.33 0.04 1.2 2 · 33 Halesia carolina A 3 0.06 6.67 0.01 0.4 2.00 Quercus alb a A 3 0.06 6.67 0.01 0.4 2.00 Prunus serotina A 5 0.10 6.67 0.01 0.4 5.00 Quercus marilandica A 5 0.10 6.67 0.01 0.4 5.00
Total 5205 2685.6 0.43
1\) \...V _,:::- TABLE XLII SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE OAK-HICKORY COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Number of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Number of Individual s of To tal in. per Total Basal Life Form Species per acre Number acre) Area
Canopy Specie s (A) 19 2593 49 .82 1779.6 66 .26 Sub-canopy Species (B) 8 1556 29 .89 763 .2 28 .42 Shrub s (C) 11 954 18 . 33 131 .6 4.90 Woody Vine s (D) 2 102 1.96 11.2 0.42
Total 40 5205 100.00 2685.6 100.00
1\.) VJ \J1. 236
TABLE XLIII SHRUBS OF THE OAK-HICKORY COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total Cornu s florida (B) 6.51 88 56 19 19 13 846 Cary a tomentosa (A) 141 43 32 27 11 29 283 Q.uercus prinus (A) 2.56 64 4.5 16 16 21 418 Q.uercus velutina (A) 168 3.5 27 27 1 3 16 286 Pinus virgini ana (A) 139 61 32 19 1 3 8 272 Oxydendrum arb oreum (B) .56 8 24 19 8 8 123 Carya glabra (A) 333 93 29 5 5 46.5 Acer rubrum (A) 163 27 19 8 3 3 223 Robini a pseudo acac ia (A) 104 21 24 11 3 163 Nyss a sylvatic a (A) 149 29 16 11 3 208 Cercis canadensis (B) 96 11 16 3 5 3 1 34 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 469 .59 .528 Sassafras albidum (B) 211 5 8 5 3 232 Pinus rigida (A) 19 3 5 3 3 3 36 Diospyros virg ini ana (B) 93 29 5 3 130 Liriodendron tul ipifera (A) 5 3 3 11 Amelanchier arborea {B) 4.5 5 3 3 .56 Cladrastis lutea (B) 8 3 ll Q.uercus rubra (A) 99 3 102 Pinus echinata (A) 8 3 3 14 Rhododendro n calendul aceum (C) 133 133 Pyrul aria pubera (C) 3 13 3 19 Vitis aes tivalis (D) 80 3 83 Viburnum ac erifolium (c) 91 91 Robinia sp . (C) 72 72 C arya pallida (A) 4.5 3 48 Fraxinus americ ana (A) 32 5 37 Kalmia latifolia (C) 3 3 3 9 Calycanthus fertilis (C) 37 37 Rhus copallina (C) 11 5 16 Castane a dentata (B) 24 24 Vitis vulpina (D) 19 19 I lex montana (C) 19 19 Hydrangea arborescens (c) 19 19 Ulmus rubra (A) 11 11. Lyoni ligustrina (C) 11 11 Halesia carolina (A) 3 3 Q.uercus alb a (A) 3 3 Prunus serotina (A) 5 5 Q.uercus marilandica (A) 5 5 Total 3839 613 3.50 176 106 121 5205 Per cent of Total 78 .76 11.78 6.72 3·38 2.04 2.32 237
TABLE XLIV SEEDLINGS OF THE OAK-HICKORY COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Frequency Individuals Dens ity Species % per acre %
Acer rubr·mn 100.00 1106 .5 18 .63 Acer pensylvanicum 6.67 6.5 0.11 Amelanchie:r' arborea 20 .00 53 .0 0.89 Carya glabra 53 · 33 126.5 2.13 Carya pallida 6.67 113.0 1.90 Carya tomentosa 26 .67 173.0 2.58 Cladrastis lutea 6.67 40 .0 0.67 Cornus florida 60 .00 566 .5 9.54 Diospyro s virginiana 46 .67 620.0 10.44 Ilex montana 6.67 6.5 0.11 Liriodendron tulipifera 6.67 20.0 0.34 Nyssa sylvatica 60 .00 186 .5 3 · 14 Oxydendrum arboreum 13.33 33.0 0.56 Pinus rigida 6.67 6.5 0.11 Pinu s strobus 6.67 6.5 0.11 Pinus virg:i ni ana 20 .00 86.5 1.46 Prunus sero tina 6.67 40 .0 0.67 Q.uerc us alb a 13 .33 40 .0 0.67 Q.uercus coccinea 6.67 6.5 0.11 Q.uercus maril andic a 6.67 6.5 0.11 Q.uercus p:r>:inu s 73.33 1086 .5 18 .29 Q.u ercus r11bPa 33· 33 113.0 1.90 Q.uercus ve1utina 66 .67 393 .0 6.61 Rho do dendron cal endu1 aceum 13.00 180.0 3.03 Robinia sp . 26 .67 213 .0 3·59 Robini a pseudoacacia 20.00 25.0 0.42 S assafras a1bidum 66.67 460 .0 7·73 Viburnum acerifo1ium 13.33 60.0 1.01 Vitis aestivalis 26 .67 66 .5 1.12
To tal 5940 .5 238
TABLE XLV HERBS OF THE OAK-HICKORY COVER TYPE
Density Cover Frequency Species tf; fo Amphicarp a bracteata 1.0 0-10 3·33 Andropogon sp. 2.2 0-10 15.00 Anemone11a tha1ic troides 4 · 4 0-10 8.33 Antennaria p1antaginifo1ia 12 .6 0-10 8.33 Aris aema triphy11um 1.0 0-10 3·33 Aster sp. 1.5 0-10 3 · 33 Aster patens 2.9 0-10 15.00 Botrychium virgini anum 4 · 7 10-20 6.67 Companu1 a americana 2.5 0-10 3·33 Carex p1antagine a 2.0 0-10 3 · 33 Chimaphi1a macu1 ata 3 · 7 0-10 30.00 Chrysopsis graminifo1ia 1.0 0-10 3 · 33 ·- Cimicifuga racemosa 3.2 40-50 8.33 C1intoni a umbe11u1ata 8.0 10-20 1.67 C1itoria mari ana 1.6 0-10 8.33 Co11insonia canadensis 1.0 0-10 1.67 Coreopsis major 3·7 0-10 5.00 Danthonia compressa 3.0 0-10 3·33 Desmodium sp . 3 · 5 0- .0 3 · 33 Desmodium nudif1orum 1.8 0-10 8.33 Dioscorea quaternata 2.0 0-10 1.67 Disporum macu1 atum 3 .0 0-10 1.67 Epigaea repens 11.7 10-20 5.00 Eupatorium album 2.2 0-10 6.67 Eupato rium purpureum 2.0 0-10 .1.67 Euphorbia macu1ata 1.0 0-10 1.67 Eupho rb ia mercuria1ina 1.7 0-10 5.00 Ga1ac tia vo1ubi1is 1.0- 0-10 1.67 G a1 ax aphy11 a 12.5 10-20 6.67 Ga1ium sp . 4 · 7 0-10 11 .67 Ga1ium trif1orum 6.0 0-10 11 .67 Geranium macu1atum 2.2 0-10 8.33 Gerardia f1ava 1.8 0-10 13.33 Gi11eni a trifo1iata 3.2 0-10 6.67 Goodyera pubescens 4.0 0-10 1.67 Hedyo tis purpurea 1.0 0-10 1.67 He1i anthus atrorubens 1.0 0-10 3 · 33 239
TABLE XLV ( continued)
Dens ity Cover Species %
Helianthus microcephalus 1.0 0-10 1.67 Heuchera americana 1.0 0-10 6.67 Heuchera villosa 1.0 0-10 3·33 Hyb anthus concolor 4.0 0-10 1.67 Hypericum punc tatum 1.0 0-10 3·33 Iris verna 4.0 0-10 5.00 Lespedeza virginica 2.7 0-10 6.67 Lil ium sp. 1.0 0-10 1.67 Lobelia puberul a 3.0 0-10 1.67 Lysimachi a quadrifolia 1.0 0-10 3·33 Mono tropa uniflora 2.0 0-10 1.67 Panicum sp . 1 .3 0-10 5.00 -Parthenocissus quinquefolia 7.2 30-40 30 .00 Passiflora lutea 2.0 0-10 1.67 Poa cuspidata 1.8 0-10 8.33 Polygona tum biflorum 1.0 0-10 6.67 Polymni a uvedalia 2.0 10-20 3·33 Polystichum acrostichoides 5.7 0-10 5.00 Potentilla simplex 2.0 0-10 1.67 Prenanthes sp . 2.0 0-10 10 .00 Pteridium aquilinum 3.0 10-20 1.67 Pycnanthemum inc anum 2.0 0-10 1.67 ·- Rhus radic ans 10.2 70-80 10.00 Rubus sp. 2.0 0-10 1.67 Sanguinaria canadensis 2.2 0-10 8.33 Sanicul a sp . 6 .5 10-20 3·33 Silene stellaria 1.0 0-10 1.67 Smilacina rac emo sa 2.1 0-10 16 .67 Smilax bona-nox 1.5 20-30 3·33 Smilax herbacea 1.5 0-10 6.67 Smilax ro tundifolia 1.5 0-10 3·33 Solidago sp . 2.8 0-10 18 .33 Spigelia marilandica 5.0 0-10 10.00 Taenidia integerrima 2.0 0-10 3·33 Tephro sis virg iniana 8.0 20-30 5.00 Thaspium trifoliatum 1.0 0-10 3-33 Thelyp teris noveboracensis 5.0 0-10 1.67 Uvul aria perfoliata 1.7 0-10 6.67 Uvularia sessilifolia 1.0 0-10 1.67 Vicia carolini ana 4-3 0-10 5.00 Viol a sp . 1.7 0-10 11 .67 Total 16 .8 40-50 TABLE XLVI
TREES OF THE VIRGINIA PINE-PITCH PINE , SELECTIVELY CUT, COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No.(ac re) (%) ( �o) Classes Per cent acre c.v. ·�Pinus virgini ana 34-50 35- 38 55.00 ab ed 48 .28 23.17 1.08 -� Pinus rigida 38 .00 38 .97 85.00 ab ed 31 .90 15.31 1.09 Quercus coccinea 13.50 13.85 50 .00 ab d 8.90 4-27 2.53 Quercus prinus 6.00 6.15 45 .00 ab ed 8.59 4-12 2-35 Pinus pung ens 2.00 2.05 10.00 ab 0.81 0.39 3.20 Pinus echinata 0.50 0.51 5.00 b 0.52 0.25 4-40 C arya pall ida 0.50 0.51 5.00 b 0.52 0.25 4 · 40 Quercus velutina l. 50 1.54 10.00 a 0.31 0.15 3.20 Castanea dentata 1.00 1.03 10.00 a 0.17 0.08 3·75
Total 97 .50 ab ed 47 .99 0.86
1\) � 0 TABLE XLVII SHRUBS OF THE VIRGINIA PINE-PITCH PINE, SELECTIVELY CUT, COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species � Form (No./ac re} ( %) ( 0 ) Per cent acre c.v.
�uercus coccinea A 884 9-54 90.00 23.09 1380.4 1. 31 Pinus virg ini ana A 858 9.22 55 .00 18.92 1131 . 2 2.87 ·· .. Kalmia l atifolia c 3062 32�91 100.00 12.18 728.4 0.97 ·- P inus rigida A •. 370 3.98 85.00 9.17 548 -4 0.89 '"Nyssa sylvatica A 742 7.98 95.00 8.30 496 .0 1.06 ·· Q.uercus velutina A 344 3-70 90 .00 6.14 366 .8 2.14 Cas tanea dentata B 214 2.30 60 .00 3-85 230.0 1.81 Q.uercus prinus A 168 1.81 70.00 3-62 216 .8 1.80 Sassafras albi dum B 438 4-71 85.00 2-42 144-4 1.12 Acer rub rum A 220 2.36 55 .00 1.67 100.0 2.09 Pinus pungens A 44 0.47 10.00 1.24 74-4 4-45 Q.uercus rubra A 30 0.32 5.00 1.20 72.0 4-48 Oxydendrum arboreum B 84 0.90 30.00 1.15 68.8 2.19 Carya p allida A 200 2.15 85.00 1.14 68.4 1.42 Calycanthus fertilis c 400 4-30 30 .00 1.04 62.0 2.19 Cornus florida B 62 0.67 20 .00 1.01 60 .4 3·03 Robini a pseudoac a cia A 36 0.39 15. 00 0.88 52-4 3.10 Vaccinium stamineum c 276 2.97 60.00 0.57 34-0 1.18 Ilex montana c 272 2.92 70.00 0.54 32.0 1.15 Amelanchier arborea B 86 0.92 45 -00 0.39 23.2 2.07 Robinia sp. c 176 L. 89 45 .00 0.29 17.2 1.63 Diospyros virg ini ana B 70 0.75 35.00 0.27 16 .4 2.98 Q.uercus marilandica A 28 0.30 20.00 0.27 16 .0 2.35 c I\) Viburnum acerifolium 94 1.01 15.00 0.15 9.2 3.78 +:- I-' TABLE XLVII (continued)
Rel ative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./acre) (%) ( �0) Per cent acre c.v.
Carya tomentosa A 4 0.04 5.00 0.14 8.4 4 ·38 Pyrul aria pubera c 56 0.60 10 .00 0.11 6.4 1.63 Acer pensylvanicum B 16 0.17 5.00 0.11 6.4 4 ·37 Lyoni ligustrina c 20 0.21 10.00 0.03 2.0 3.60 C ary a glabra A 8 0.09 5.00 0.03 1.6 4 · 25 Castanea pumila c 12 0.13 5.00 0.02 1.2 4 ·33 Vaccinium arboreum c 6 0.06 5.00 0.02 1.2 5.00 Rhus copallina c 8 0.09 10.00 0.01 0.8 3 .00 Q.uercus alb a A 8 0.09 10.00 0.01 0.8 3.00 Fagus grandifolia A 4 0.04 10.00 0.01 0.4 3.00 Vi tis aes tivalis D 4 0.04 5.00 0.01 j 0 ·4 4.00
Total 9304 5978 .4 0.67
f\) ..J::"" f\) TABLE XLVIII SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE VIRGINIA PINE-PITCH PINE, SELECTIVELY CUT , COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Number of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Number of Individuals of Total in. per Total Basal Life Form Species per acre Number acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) 16 3948 42 ·43 4534-0 75.84 Sub-canopy Species (B) 7 970 10.43 549.6 9.19 Shrub s (C) 11 4382 47 -10 894-4 14.96 Woody Vine s (D) 1 4 0.04 0.4 0.01
Total 35 9304 100.00 5978 -4 100.00
f\) +="" w 244
TABLE XLIX SHRUBS OF THE VIRGINIA PINE-PITCH PINE , SELECTIVELY CUT, COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF IND IVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class S�ecies and Life Form a b c d e f To tal �uercus coccinea (A) 318 182 132 76 76 100 884 Pinus virginiana (A) 324 218 108 74 66 68 858 K almi a latifolia (C) 2346 538 172 6 3062 Pinus rigida (A) 152 72 44 30 32 40 370 Nyssa sylvatica (A) 400 204 68 30 22 18 742 �uercus velutina (A) 172 82 20 26 22 22 344 Castanea dentata (B) 102 46 32 10 6 18 21 �uercus prinus (A) 72 42 12 12 18 12 16 � Sassafras albidum (B) 280 126 26 4 2 438 Acer rub rum (A) 158 30 22 4 2 4 220 Pinu s pungens (A) 12 12 2 10 4 44 �uercus rubra (A) 4 4 10 2 30 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 40 22 8 8 � 84 C arya pallida (A) 116 74 6 2 � 2 200 Calycanthus fertilis (C) 350 46 4 400 Cornus florida (B) 38 6 4 8 6 62 Robini a pseudoacacia (A) 16 10 4 4 2 36 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 258 18 276 Ilex montana (C) 258 14 272 Amelanchier arborea (B) 56 26 4 86 Robini a sp. (C) 176 - 176 Diospyros virgini ana (B) 54 12 4 70 �uercus marilandica (A) 18 4 2 4 28 Viburnum acerifolium (C) 94 94 Carya tomentosa (A) 2 2 4 Pyrul aria pubera (C) 54 2 56 Ac er pensylvanicum (B) 8 6 2 16 Lyoni ligustrina (C) 20 20 C ary a g 1 ab r a (A) 6 2 8 Castane a pumil a (C) 12 12 Vaccinium arboreum (C) 4 2 6 Rhus copallina (C) 8 8 �uercus alb a (A) 8 8 Fagus grandifolia (A) 4 4 Vitis aestivalis (D) 4 4 Total 5944 1790 692 310 272 296 9304 Per cent of To tal 63.89 19 .24 7 · 44 3-33 2.92 3.18 245
TABLE L SEEDLINGS OF THE VIRGINIA PINE-PITCH PINE, SELECTIVELY CUT, COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Fre�uency Individual s Density Species % per acre � Acer rubrum 55 .00 570 .0 10 .25 Amelanchier arborea 15.00 85.0 1.53 Calycanthus fertilis 20 .00 800 .0 14.39 C arya p all ida 60.00 180.0 3 · 24 Cornus florida 10.00 50 .0 1.00 Diospyros virgini ana 30 .00 80.0 1.44 Fagus grandifolia 10.00 30.0 0.54 Ile.x: montana 35. 00 245.0 4 · 41 Kalmi a latifolia 25. 00 60.0 1.08 Nyssa sylvatica 45 .00 115.0 2.07 Pinus pungens 5.00 5.0 0.09 Pinus rigida 60.00 310.0 5.58 Pinus virginiana 70 .00 715.0 12.86 Prunus sero tina 5.00 105.0 1.89 Pyrul aria pubera 10.00 25.0 0.45 Quercus alb a 5.00 15.0 0.27 Quercus coccinea 85. 00 635.0 11.42 Quercus falcata 5.00 5.0 0.09 Quercus prinus 50 .00 115.0 2.07 Quercus rubra 5.00 5.0 0.09 Quercus velutina 70 .00 315.0 5.67 Rhus copallina 5.00 10 .0 0.18 Robini a sp. 40 .00 300 .0 5.40 Sassafras albidum 85.00 770.0 13.85 Viburnum acerifolium 5.00 15.0 0.27
Total 5560 .0 TABLE LI HERBS OF THE VIRGINIA PINE-PITCH PINE, SELECTIVELY CUT, COVER TYPE \'
Density Cover Frequency Species % % Andropogon sp. 4-3 0-10 32 .50 Andropogon scop arius J.l 0-10 10.00 Aster sp. J.l 0-10 12.50 Aster linarifolius 2.0 0-10 7.50 Baptisia tinctoria 2.0 0-10 5.00 Campanul a divaricate 3-5 0-10 2.50 Chimaphila macul ata 2.8 0-10 6.25 Chrysopsis graminifolia 2.4 0-10 15.00 Chrysopsis mariana 2.7 0-10 8.75 Coreopsis major 2.0 0-10 11.25 Desmodium sp . 5.0 0-10 1.25 Epigaea repens 8.1 10-20 25 .00 Erianthus alopecuroides 11 .7 20-30 8.75 Euphorb ia macul ata 2.0 0-10 2.50 Gal ax aphyll a 9.7 20-30 12.50 Gaul theria procumb ens 5- 3 0-10 13.75 Gentiana saponaria 2.0 0-10 1.25 Gerardi a laevigata 2.8 0-10 10 .00 Hedyo tis purpurea 8.0 0-10 1.25 Heli anthus microcephalus 2.5 0-10 2.50 Hieracium panicul a tum 1.0 0-10 2.50 Iris verna 2.6 0-10 8.75 Leche a rac emulosa 2.0 0-10 1.25 Lespedeza hirta 1.8 0-10 6.25 Lespedeza virginica 2.0 0-10 2.50 Lysimachia tonsa 1.0 0-10 1.25 Panicum sp . 2.9 0- .0 16 .25 Polygonatum biflorum 1.0 0-10 1.25 Pteridum aquilinum 1.8 0-10 18 .75 Sericocarpus astero ides 2.0 0-10 1.25 Solidago sp . 2.0 0-10 28 .75 Solidago odor at a 2.6 0-10 6.25 Tephrosia virgini ana 4-7 10-20 17 .50 Thermopsis mollis 5.0 10-20 1.25 Viola hastata 2.0 0-10 1.25 Viola pedata J.O 0-10 1.25 Xerophyllum asphodeloides J.2 10-20 11 .25
To tal 12.3 20 - JO TABLE LII
.TREES OF THE LOWLAND COVES COVER TYPE
Relative .. Density Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No .[acre) ( �o) Classes Per cent are a c.v. ' (%) -· Liriodendron tulipifera 62.50 51 .02 87.50 ab ed 58 .55 40 .22 0.91 Quercus prinus 1.25 1.02 12.50 e 7.32 5.03 2.83 Carya glabra 2.50 2.04 25.00 bd 5.36 3.68 2.83 Fraxinus americana 7.50 2.04 25.00 abc 5.36 3.68 2.72 ' Robinia pseudo ac acia 3·75 3.06 37.50 ab c 3·76 2.58 1.75 Ulmus rubra 5.00 4.08 25.00 b 3·57 2. 5 1.85 Q.uercus rubra J.75 3.06 12.50 b 2.68 1.� 4 2.83 Tilia heterophylla 1.25 1.02 12.50 c 2.33 1.60 0.35 Sassafras albidum 2.50 2�04 12.50 b 1.79 1.23 2.83 Tsug a canadensis 2.50 2.04 25.00 b 1.79 1.23 1.8_5 Aesculus octandra 3�75 3.06 12.50 ab 1.25 0.86 2.83 Pinus virgini ana 2.50 2.04 12 .50 ab 1.08 0.74 2.81 Halesia carolina 2.50 2.04 12.50 ab 1.08 0. 74 2.81 Nys sa sylvatica 1.25 1.02 12.50 b 0.89 0.61 2.85 Liquidamb ar styrac iflua 1.25 1.02 12.50 b 0.89 0.61 2.85 Acer rubrum 5.00 4.08 25.00 a 0.71 0.49 2.14 Cercis canadensis 5.00 4.09 25.00 a 0.71 0.49 2.14 Betul a alleghaniensis 2�50 2.04 12.50 a 0.37 0.25 2.76 Pinus echinata 1.25 1.02 12.50 a 0.17 0.12 2.92 Magnolia fraseri 1.25 1.02 12.50 a 0.17 0.12 2.92 0.12 2.92 . .. 0.17 CP.r.nu�.. . . fl..or.:L .d.a . . . 1.2.5 1.02 12.50 a
T-o.t.al...... 120 .00 . ab c de 68.69 0.50 . .. ,. ,,., .. , ., ,• , ......
1\) ..j::'" --J TABLE LIII SHRUBS OF THE LOWLAND COVES COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Density Density Frequency sq. in./ Species :Fo rm (No./acre) (%) (%) Per cent acre c.v.
' Cercis canadensis B 410 5.87 62.50 15.83 586 .0 1.77 Cornus florida B 970 13.99 100.00 14.61 540.8 0.62 �Rhododendron maximum c 520 7·44 25.00 1 3 .74 508 .4 2. 74 -Liriodendron tulipifera A 175 2.50 62.50 11 .65 431 .2 1.52 -.. Acer rub rum A 315 4.15 75.00 9.75 360.8 1.54 Leuco thoe editorum c 2020 28 .90 25.00 5.93 219 .6 1.89 Fraxinus americana A 155 2.22 62.50 4.07 150.8 2.51 Halesia carolina A 115 1.65 37.50 2.96 109 .6 1.81 Vitis aestivalis D 85 1.22 62.50 2.14 79 . 2 1.20 Oxydendrum arboreum B 10 0.14 25.00 2.03 75.2 2.20 Cary a glabra A 190 2.72 87.50 1.57 58 .0 1.83 Morus rubra A 50 0.72 37.50 1.57 58 .0 2- 1 Clethra acuminata c 150 2.15 12.50 1.57 58 .0 2.� 2 Acer pensylvanicum B 60 0.86 25.00 1. 38 51 .2 2.02 Pyrus communi s B 130 1.86 25.00 1.35 50 .0 2-77 Euonymus americanus c 460 6.58 37 .50 1.22 45 .2 1.64 Betula alleghaniensis A 35 0.50 25.00 1.16 42.8 2. 7 5 Hydrangea arborescens c 400 5. 72 62.50 1.06 39 .2 2.04 Magnolia fraseri B 15 0.21 12.50 1.05 38 .8 2.82 Sassafras albidum B 30 0.43 25.00 0.93 34·4 2.51 Carya ovata A 15 0.21 25.00 0.73 27.2 2.53 Q,uercus rubra A 65 0.93 62.50 0.59 22.0 1.36 Tsuga canadensis A 55 0.79 25.00 0.57 21 .2 1.87 1\) +="" co TABLE LIII (continued)
Relative Bas al Area Life Density Density Fre�uency sq. in./ Species Fo rm (No./ac re) (%) ( o ) Per cent acre c.v.
Quercus prinus A 30 0.43 12.50 0.40 14.8 2.81 Tilia heterophylla A 95 1.36 25.00 0.36 13.2 2.12 Ulmus rubra A 60 0.86 37.50 0.27 10.0 2.04 Aesculus ob t andra A 35 0.50 25.00 0.25 9.2 2,70 Castane a dentata B 20 0.29 12.50 0.22 8.0 2.75 Nyssa sylvatics. A 45 0.64 62.50 0.17 6.4 1.25 Hamamelis virginiana B 15 0.21 25.00 0.16 6.0 2.53 Pyrularia pubera c 50 0.72 12.50 0.13 4.8 2.92 Carya cordiformis A 25 0.36 25.00 0.12 4· 2.18 .Juglans nigra A 30 0.41 37.50 0.08 2.� 1 .57 Cladrastis lutea B 5 0.07 12.50 0.06 2.4 2.83 .Juniperus virgiana B 5 0.07 12.50 0.06 2.4 2.83 Ulmus alata A 20 0.29 37 .50 0.05 2.0 ' 1. 0 Ile.x: opac a B 20 0.29 12.50 0.05 2.0 2.� 0 Prunus serotina A 15 0.21 12.50 0.04 1.6 2.50 Amelanchier arbore a B 10 0.14 25. 00 0.02 0.8 2.00 Lindera benzoin c 10 0.14 12.50 0.02 0.8 3·50 Robinia pseudoacacia A 10 0.14 25.00 0.02 0.8 2.50 Diospyro s virgini ana B 10 0.14 12.50 0.02 0.8 3.50 Rhammus caroliniana B 10 0.14 12.50 0.02 0.8 3·50 �uercus velutina A 5 0.07 12.50 0.01 0.4 3.00
f\) ..j::"" ...0 Total 6990 3702.0 0.75 TABLE LIV SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE LOWLAND COVES COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Number of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Numb er of Individuals of Total in. per Total Bas al Life :Form · spec ies per acre Number acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) 21 1.540 22. 03 1347 - 2 36 . 39 Sub-canopy Species (B) 1.5 17.5.5 2_5.11 1399.6 37.81 Shrub s (C) 7 3610 _51 .6.5 876 .0 23.66 Woody Vines (D) 1 8.5 1.22 79 .2 2.14
Total 44 6990 100.01 3702.0 100 .00
N \Jl. 0 251
TABLE LV SHRUBS OF THE LOWLAND COVES COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF IND IVIDUALS FOR SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f To tal
Cerc is canadensis (B) 205 35 40 60 35 35 410 Cornus florida (B) 720 115 35 40 45 15 970 Rhododendron maximum (C) 215 150 45 80 10 20 520 Liriodendron tulipifera (A) 55 25 15 10 25 45 175 Acer rubrum (A) 135 80 35 30 10 25 315 Leuco tho �· edi to rum (C) 1965 55 2020 Fraxinus americana (A) 80 20 30 10 10 5 155 Halesia caro lina (A) 75 15 10 10 5 115 Vi tis a e s t iva l i s ( D ) 45 10 10 15 5 85 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 10 20 10 5 45 Cary a glabra (A) 160 20 5 5 190 Morus rubra (A) 15 10 15 5 5 50 C lethra acuminata (C) 10.5 20 20 5 150 Acer pensylvanicum (B) 25 25 5 - 5 60 Pyrus communi s (B) 70 50 5 5 130 Euonymus americanus . (C) 460 460 Betula alleghani ensis (A) 1.5 5 5 5 5 35 Hydrangea arborescens (C) 400 400 Magnolia fraseri (B) 5 5 5 15 Sassafras alb idum (B) 20 5 5 30 C ary a ovat a ( A ) 5 10 15 Qu ercus rubra (A) 35 25 5 65 Tsuga canadens is (A) 35 10 10 55 Quercus prinus (A) 25 5 30 Tilia heterophylla (A) 85 10 95 Ulmus rubra (A) 50 10 60 Aesculus octandra (A) 30 5 35 Castane a dentata (B) 5 15 20 Nyssa sylvatica (A) 40 5 45 Hamamelis virgini ana (B) 10 5 15 Pyrularia pubera (C) 50 50 Carya cordiformis (A) 20 5 25 Juglans nigra (A) 30 30 TABLE LV (continued)
Size Class Species and Life Form B. b c d e f To tal
Cladrastis lutea (B) 5 5 Juniperus virgini ana (B) 5 5 5 Ulmus alata (A) 20 20 Ile.x: opaca (B) 20 20 Prunus sero tina (A) 15 15 Amelanchier arborea (B) 10 10 Lindera benzoin (C) 10 10 Robinia pseudoacacia (A) 10 10 Diospyros virginiana (B) 10 10 Rhammus carolini ana (B) 10 10 Q.u.e.r..cus velutina (A) 5 5
Total 5290 755 305 305 1 70 165 6990
Per cent of Total 75.68 10.80 4·36 4·36 2.43 2.36 253
TABLE LVI SEEDLINGS OF THE LOWLAND COVES COVER TYPE
Me an Numb er of Relative Frequency Individuals Density Species % per acre % Acer rubrum 75.00 325.0 9.81 Aesculus oc tandra 12.50 1 3.5 0.38 C arya glabra 62.50 162.5 5.06 Cercis canadensis 37 .50 625.0 18 .87 Cornus florida 37 .50 46 2.5 13 .96 Diospyros virgini ana 12.50 12.5 0. 38 Fraxinus americana 50 .00 87 .5 2.64 Halesia carolina 37 .50 200 .0 6.0Lj. Juglans nigra 12.50 12.5 0.38 Leuco tho e editorum 12.50 75.0 2.26 Lindera benzo in 12.50 12.5 0.38 Liriodendron tulipifera 37 .50 287 .5 8.68 Nyssa sylvatica 25.00 25.0 0.75 Oxydendrum arboreum 12.50 50 .0 1.51 Pinus strobus 12.50 12.5 0.38 Prunus sero tina 12.50 12.5 0. 38 Pyrul aria pubera 12.50 25.0 0.75 Pyrus angustifolia 12.50 62.5 1.89 Quercus alb a 12.50 12.5 0. 38 Quercus prinus 12.50 25.0 0.75 Quercus rubra 25.00 50 .0 1.51 Quercus velutina 25. 00 25.0 0.75 Robinia pseudo acac ia 37 .50 50 .0 1.51 Sassafras albidum 12.50 37.5 1.13 Tilia heterophylla 12.50 87.5 2.64 Tsuga canadensis 25. 00 125.0 3·77 Ulmus al ata 25. 00 50 .0 1.51 Ulmus rub ra 50 .00 300 .0 9.06 Vi tis aestivalis 25.00 75.0 2.26 Vitis vulpina 8.33 8.0 0.11
To tal 3312.5 254
TABLE LVII HERBS OF THE LOWLAND COVES COVER TYPE
Dens ity Cover Fre uency Species fa �
-· Amphicarp a brae teata 16.0 40-50 12.50 Arisaema triphyllum 1.0 0-10 3-1 3 Aruncus dioicus 2.0 0-10 3 · 13 Aster sp. 3·5 10-20 34-37 Aster cordifolius 10.5 10-20 12.50 Astilbe biternata 2.0 10-20 6.25 Bigoni a capreolata 3.0 0-10 3-13 Botrychium virgini anum 2.0 0-10 21 .88 C arex sp. 3·6 0-10 15.63 Carex plantaginea 5.0 0-10 6.25 Caulophyllum thalictroides 3·0 10-20 3 · 1 3 Chimaphila maculata 1.0 0-10 3·13 Cimicifug a racemosa 4 · 2 20-30 28 .12 Desmo dium sp. 2.0 0-10 6.25 Desmodium canescens 4·5 0-10 6.25 Dioscorea quarternata 4 · 0 10-20 3·1 3 Eupato rium sp. 3·2 10-20 28 .12 Eupatorium album 2 .0 0-10 3.13 Galium latifolium 4·0 0-10 18 .75 Geranium macul atum 2.0 0-10 3·1 3 Hyb anthus concolor 4·0 0-10 6.25 L aportia canadensis 6.5 30-40 6.25 Lespedeza sp . 2.3 0-10 9.38 Labelia inflata 1.0 0-10 3 · 13 ·- Mi tchella repens 12.0 40-50 6.25 Monarda clinopodia 3·0 0-10 3·13 Muhl enbergia schreb eri 7.5 0-10 6.25 Panicum clandestinum 2.0 0-10 3·1 3 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 5.1 0-10 46 .87 Phlox divaricate 2.0 0-10 3·13 Polymni a canadensis 2 .3 20-30 9.38 Polystichum acrostichoides 4·5 0":'10 40 .62 Po tentilla simplex 5.0 0-10 3.1 3 Prenanthes sp . 3·3 0-10 25 .00 Pycnanthemum inc anum 1.0 0-10 3 · 13 255
TABLE LVII ( continued)
Density Cover Fre uency Species % �
Rhus radicans 2.5 0-10 6.25 Sanguinaria canadensis 3.2 0-10 28 .12 Sanicul a sp . 6.6 10-20 15.63 Smilac ina rac emosa 3.0 0-10 3.13 Smilax herbacea 2.0 0-10 3.13 Solidago sp . 3.0 0-10 15.63 Solidago curtisii. 2.0 0-10 3·13 Spigelia marilandica 5.0 0-10 9.38 Thalictrum dioicum 2.0 0-10 3.13 Uvularia perfoliata 2.0 0-10 6.25 Verbesina occidentalis 1.0 0-10 3·13 Vernoni a sp. 2.0 0-10 12.50 Viola sp . 1.0 0-10 6.25 Viola blanda 8.0 10-20 3.13 -viola canadensis 19.0 40-50 25 .00 Viola papilionacea 2.0 0-10 3.13 ··- Waldsteinia frag ariode s var. parviflora 25.7 30-40 9.37 Zizia aurea 2.9 0-10 31 .25
Total 26 .5 60-70 TABLE LVI II
TREES OF THE RED OAK COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area J)ensity Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No./acre) C %) ( �0) Classes Per cent acre c.v.
"Quercus rubra 54 .29 45 .78 100.00 ab cdef 73.06 94.63 0.22 '-Quercus prinus 21 .43 18 .07 100 .00 ab ed 10 .72 13.88 0.85 ·Quercus alb a 12.86 10.84 28 .57 ab ed ? . OJ 9.11 1.90 Carya glabra 12.86 10.84 85. 71 ab d 6.17 7.99 1.26 Ac er rub rum 5. 71 4.82 42 .86 ab 1 .30 1.68 1.54 Cornua florida 7.14 6.02 28 .57 a 0.54 0.70 1.76 Quercus velutina 1.43 1.20 14.29 b 0.54 0.70 2. 64 Robinia pseudoacacia 1.43 1.20 14. 29 b 0.54 0.70 2. 64 Cercis canadensi3 1.43 1.20 14-29 a 0.11 0.14 2. 64
Total 118.58 ab cdef 129 .53 0.19
1\.) \..11. (]' TABLE LIX
SHRUBS OF THE RED OAK COVER TYPE
Rel ative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./acre) ( %> ( �0) Per cent acre c.v. "'Cornus florida B 2468 39 .61 100.00 37 .65 1063 .2 0.77 'Q.uercus rubra A 286 4·59 100.00 13.23 373.6 1.20 Carya glabra A 201 3-23 100 .00 6.80 192.0 1-37 Nyssa sylvatica A 286 4.59 85.71 6.40 180 .8 0.82 Acer rubrum A 234 3 .76 71 .43 5.03 142.0 1.01 Cercis canadens is B 127 2.04 14-29 4.80 135.6 2.65 Q.uercus prinus A 234 3-76 71 -43 4·79 135.2 0.96 Oxydendrum arboreum B 108 1.73 71 -43 3.28 96 .0 2.22 Vitis aestivalis D 46 0.74 42 .86 3-02 85.2 2.46 Robini a pseudoac acia A 63 1.01 57 .14 3.00 84.8 1.86 Rhododendron cal endulaceum c 520 8.35 42 .86 1.80 50.8 2.16 Carya ovata A 34 0.55 14. 29 1.15 32.4 2.65 Hydrangea arborescens c 309 4-96 42 .86 1.08 30. 1.99 Halesia carolina A 68 1.09 14.29 0.95 26 . � 2.66 Vaccinium stamineum· c 274 4· 0 14. 29 0.95 26 .8 2.66 Amelanchi er arborea B 166 2.� 6 42 .86 0.89 25.2 1.71 Q.uercus alb a A 86 1.38 1Lj..29 0.85 24.0 2.65 Fraxinus americana A 51 0.82 28 .57 0.81 22.8 2.32 Calycanthus fertilis c 117 2.86 14.29 0.61 17.2 2.67 Ulmus rubra A 41 0.66 14.29 0.45 12.8 2.66 �uercus velutina A 62 1.00 57 .14 0.38 10 .8 l.J3
(\) \.n. -.J TABLE LIX ( continued)
Rel ative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form ( No . /acre ) (%) ( �o) Per cent acre c.v. Pinus virgini ana A 35 0._56 14.29 0.35 10.0 2.68 Viburnum acerifolium c 97 1._56 42 .86 0.34 9.6 1.71 Castanea dentate B 74 1.19 42 .86 0.25 7.2 1.61 Pinus pung ens A 6 0.10 14. 29 0 .25 7.2 2.67 Morus rubra A 35 0._56 14.29 0 .20 _5.6 2.64 Sassafras albidum B 51 0.8� 42 .86 0.18 _5.2 1.69 Pinus strobus A 23 0.37 28 .57 0 .16 4·4 1.82 Diospyro s virginiana B 17 0.27 28 .57 0.06 1.6 2.00 Prunus sero tina A 17 0.27 14.29 0.06 1.6 2.75 Hamamelis virgini ana B 11 0.18 14.29 0.04 1.2 2.33 Vitis vulpine D 11 0.18 14.29 0.04 1.2 2.JJ Liriodendron tulipifera A 6 0.10 14. 29 0.01 0.4 4.00 Ac er pensylvanicum B 6 0.10 14. 29 0 .01 0.4 3.00
Total 6230 2824.0 0.46
1\) \.n. CD TABLE LX SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE RED OAK COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Me an Numb er of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Number of Individual s of Total in. per Total Bas al Life Form Species per acre Numb er acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) 18 1768 28 .38 1267.2 44 - 87 Sub-canopy Species (B) 9 3028 48 .60 1335.2 47 ·30 Shrub s (C) 5 1377 22.10 134.8 4· 77 Woody Vine s (D) 2 57 0.92 86 .4 3.06
Total 34 6230 100.00 2824.0 100 .00
1\) \J1. "' 260
TABLE LXI SHRUBS OF THE RED OAK COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total Cornus florida (B) 2011 189 91 86 51 40 2468 Qu ercus rubra (A) 126 46 _51 23 11 29 286 Carya glabra (A) 11_5 23 29 11 17 6 201 Nyssa sylvatica (A) 166 57 23 34 6 286 Acer rubrum (A) 149 34 11 29 11 234 Cercis canadensis (B) 63 29 29 6 127 Quercus prinus (A) 194 11 6 17 6 234 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 74 17 11 6 108 Vitis aes tivalis (D) 23 6 11 6 46 Robinia pseudo ac acia (A) 46 11 6 63 Rhododendron calendul ac eum (c) _520 _520 Cary a ovata (A) 11 17 6 34 Hydrangea arborescens (C) 309 309 Halesia carolina (A) 51 17 68 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 274 274 Amelanchier arborea (B) 1.54 6 6 166 Quercus alb a (A) 74 6 6 86 Fraxinus americana (A) 29 11 11 _51 Calyc anthus fertilis (C) 177 177 Ulmus rubra (A) 29 6 6 41 Quercus velutina (A) _51 11 62 Pinus virginiana (A) 29 6 35 Viburnum ac erifolium (c) 97 97 Castane a dentata (B) 74 74 Pinus pungens (A) 6 6 Morus rubra (A) 29 6 35 Sassafras alb idum (B) _51 _51 Pinus strobus (A) 17 6 23 Diospyros virginiana (B) 17 17 Prunus serotina (A) 17 17 Hamamelis virginiana (B) 11 11 Vitis vulpina (D) 11 11 Liriodendron tulipifera (A) 6 6 Acer pensylvanicum (B) 6 6
To tal _5011 4.52 292 218 1_58 99 6230
Per cent of To tal 80 .43 7.26 4.69 3 ._50 2._54 1._59 261
TABLE LXII SEEDLINGS OF THE RED OAK COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Rel ative Fre uency Individual s Density Species � per acre % Acer pensylvanicum 28 .57 128.5 1.01 Acer rub rum 57 .14 5871 .5 46 .14 .Amelanchier arborea 28 .57 100.0 0.79 C arya glabra 100 .00 285.5 2.24 Cercis canadensis 14.29 114.0 1.00 Cornus florida 85.71 1957 .0 15.38 Diospyros virginiana 52 .86 400.0 3-14 Fraxinus americana 28 .57 42-5 0.33 Halesia carolina 42 .86 100.0 0.79 Liriodendron tulipifera 28 .27 57 .0 0.45 Morus rubra 14.29 100.0 0.79 Nyssa sylvatica 28 .27 28 .0 0.22 Oxydendrum arboreum 28 .27 157.0 1.23 Prunus sero tina 42 .86 100 .0 0.79 Quercus alb a 14.29 371 .5 2.92 Quercus prinus 85.71 400 .0 3-14 Quercus rubra 100.00 728 .5 5.72 Quercus velutina 71-43 214 .0 1.68 Rho dodendron calendul aceum 28 .27 1285.5 10.10 Sassafras albidum 14.29 42 -5 . 0. 33 Ulmus rubra 14.29 71 .5 0. 56 Viburnum ac erifo1ium 28 .57 85.5 0.67 Vitis aestiva1is 14.29 28 .5 0.22 Vitis vu1pina 14.29 57 .0 0.45
Total 12725 .5 262 TABLE LXI II HERBS OF THE RED OAK COVER TYPE
Dens ity Cover Fre uency Species % �
Anemonella thalictroides 2.3 0-10 10.71 Amphicarpa brac teata 1.0 0-10 3·57 Antennaria plantaginifolia 9.0 0-10 3·57 Aris aema tryphyllum 1.0 0-10 3·57 Asclepias exalta 1.0 0-10 3·57 Aster sp . 8.2 0-10 21 .43 Aster cordifolius 11 .0 10-20 10 .71 Aster mac rophyllus 3.0 0-10 3·57 As ter undul atus 2.0 0-10 3·57 Chimaphila maculata 1.5 0-10 42 .86 Danthonia compressa 4 · 0 0-10 7.14 Dioscorea quaternata 2.7 0-10 14.29 Disporum maculatum 2.3 0-10 21'· 43 Erigeron pulchellus 1.0 0-10 3·57 Eup atorium album 1.8 0-10 14. 29 Eupatorium purpureum 2.3 0-10 25 .00 Euphorb ia mercurialina 2.0 0-10 3.57 Gal ium lanceolatum 9.0 0-10 10.71 Gal ium latifolium 3 .0 0-10 10.71 Gentiana saponaria 1.0 0-10 3·57 Geranium macul a tum 2.0 0-10 10 .71 Gillenia trifoliata 1.0 0-10 10 .71 Goody era pubescens 4.0 0-10 3·57 Heuchera villosa 1.0 0-10 3 · 57 Hedyo tis purpurea 2.3 0-10 10.71 Heli anthus atrorub ens 3.2 0-10 14. 29 Hyb anthus concolor 2.0 0-10 7.14 Luzul a echinata 6.0 0-10 3·57 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 5.2 0-10 14. 29 Poa cuspidata 4.8 0-10 17.86 Polygonatum biflorum 1.5 0-10 7.14 Polystichum acrosticho ides 4 · 7 0-10 10.71 Potenti1l a canadensis 7.0 0-10 3·57 Prenanthes sp. 3.0 0-10 3·57 Sanguinaria canadensis 1.3 0-10 10 .71 Sanicul a· gregaria 3.0 0-10 3·57 S anicul a small i i 1.0 0-10 3·57 Smilacina rac emo sa 2.5 0-10 7.14 Solidago sp . 5.9 10-20 50 .00 TABLE LXIII (continued)
Density Cover Fre uency Species % � Smilax bona-nox 1.0 0-10 3-57 Smilax ro tundifolia 1.0 0-10 3-57 Taenidia integerrima 1.0 0-10 3-57 Thalictrum dioicum J.O 20-30 3-57 Thaspium trifoliatum 5-3 0-10 10.71 Vicia caroliniana J.O 0-10 3·57 Viola papilionacea 2.5 0-10 7.14 Unidentified 1.0 0-10 3-57
Total 16 .6 20-30 TABLE LXIV TREES OF THE MIXED OAK FLATS COVER TYPE
Relative Bas al Area Density Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No./acre ) ( %) ( �o) Classes Per cent acre c.v.
' Quercus rubra 27 .50 26 .51 100.00 ab ce 28 .87 18 .37 0.83 '· Quercus alb a 23 :80 22.89 75.00 ab ce 19 .86 12.64 1.29 � Quercus prinus ? .50 7 -23 50 .00 ab ce 1 3.50 8.59 1.65 ·. Liriodendron tulipifera 21 .25 20.48 87.50 ab 7.91 5.03 0.91= ·, Nyssa sylvatica 1.25 1.20 12.50 e 7.91 5.03 2.83 · C arya glabra 3.75 3�61 25.00 bd 6.74 4-29 2.07 Robini a pseudo ac acia 5.00 4.82 50 .00 b 3 · 85 2-45 1.07 Tsuga canadensis 2.50 - 2.41 12.50 be 3-47 2.21 2.08 Acer rubrum 2.50 2.41 25.00 be 3.46 2.20 2.83 Pinus rigida 3.75 3.61 37 .50 b 2.89 1. 84 1.38 Oxydendrum arboreum 2.50 2.41 12.50 be 1.16 0.74 2.32 Sassafras albidum 1.25 1.20 12.50 a 0.19 0.12 2.92 Pinus echinata 1.25 1.20 12.50 a 0.19 0.12 2.92
Total 103.70 ab c de 63.63 0.32
f\) 0' ..j::"" TABLE LXV SHRUBS OF THE MIXED OAK FLATS COVER TYJE
Relative Basal Area Li.fe Dens ity Density Fre�uency sq. in./ S£ecies Form (No.L:acre) ( 2f) ( 0 ) Per cent acre c.v. Cornus florida B 510 7.89 100 .00 19 .79 1048 .0 0.35 Q.uercus alba A 475 7 -35 62.50 19 -79 1048 .0 1.09 Ac er rubrum A 800 12.37 100.00 12.76 675.6 0.29 Oxydendrum arboreum B 455 7-04 100 .00 8-43 446 - 0.67 Liriodendron tulipifera A 430 6.65 87.50 6.93 366 . � 0.98 Q.uercus prinus A 200 3.09 50 .00 4-64 245.6 1.51 Rhododendron maximum c 245 3-79 25.00 3-83 202.8 2.52 Nyssa sylvatica A 245 3-79 75 .00 3.68 194.8 1.27 Q.uercus rubra A 165 2.55 75.00 3-64 192.8 1-37 Ac er pensylvanicum B 205 3-17 87.50 3 .10 164.0 0.53 Carya glabra A 225 348 100 .00 3.02 160.0 0.94 . Calycanthus fertilis c 1580 24-44 100.00 2.96 156 .8 0.87 Vitis aestivalis D 1 35 2.09 75 .00 1.81 95.6 1.39 Sassafras albidum B 125 1.93 50 .00 1.57 � 3.2 1.69 Halesia carolina A 90 1.39 62.50 1. 28 68.0 1.73 Fraxinus americana A 70 1.08 62.50 0.76 40 .4 2-54 Kalmia latifolia c 125 1.93 37 -50 0.49 26 .0 2.18 Carya tomentosa A 5 0.08 12.50 0.38 20 .0 2.84 Amelanchier arboreE. B 25 0.39 37-50 0. 31 16 .4 2.51 Tsuga canadensis A 65 1.19 62.50 0.20 10.4 1.19 Vitis rotundifolia D 100 1.55 37.50 0.19 10.0 1.72 · Castanea dentata · B 70 1.08 75. 00 0.15 7.8 0.76 Viburnum acerifolium c 60 0.9J 12.50 0.11 6.0 2.73 Hamamelis virgini ana B 15 0.23 12.50 0.07 3 · 6 2.67 Vaccinium stamineum c 15 0.23 25.00 0.07 3-6 2-33 Rhododendron calendul aceum c 20 0.31 12.50 0.04 2.0 2.80 · · · · · ·· B · · · · Di-o·spyro·s· v-irg-i-n-tans · ··10 0.15 25.00 0.02 1.2 1-33 1\) 0' \.n. · :T�Y.�: . :: · . :: 9-465 . 5295.8 0.18 TABLE LXVI SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE MIXED OAK FLATS COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Numb er of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Number of Individual s of Total in. per Total Basal Life :Form Species per acre Number acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) 11 2770 42.85 3022 .4 57 .07 Sub-canopy Species (B) 8 1415 21 .89 1770.6 33·44 Shrub s (C) 6 2045 31 .63 397 .2 7.50 Woody Vines (D) 2 235 3.63 105.6 1.99
Total 27 6465 100 .00 5295. 8 100 .00
1\) 0' 0' TABLE LXVI I SHRUBS OF THE MIXED OAK FLATS COVER PETY : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total
Cornus florida (B) 75 95 130 95 50 65 510 Q.uercus alb a (A) 180 20 55 65 70 85 475 Acer rubrum (A) 320 260 100 85 15 20 800 Oxydendrum ab oreum (B) 300 30 45 15 50 15 455 Liriodendron tulipifera (A) 320 15 30 15 25 25 430 Q.uercus prinus (A) 105 25 30 5 20 15 200 Rhododendron maximum (C) 115 55 30 35 10 245 Nyssa sylvatica (A) 135 50 20 25 10 5 245 Q.uercus rub ra (A) 120 15 5 25 165 Acer pensylvanicum (B) 90 60 30 15 5 5 205 Carya glabra (A) 145 30 15 20 15 225 C alyc an thus fert il is (C) 1575 5 1580 Vitis aestivalis (D) 50 45 25 15 135 Sassafras albidum (B) 110 10 5 125 Halesia carolina (A) 65 15 10 90 Fraxinus americana (A) 55 10 5 70 Kalmia latifolia (C) 90 35 125 Cary a tomentosa (A) - 5 5 Amelanchier arborea (B) 15 5 5 25 Tsuga canadensis (A) 55 10 65 Vitis rotundifolia (D) 100 100 Castanea dentata (B) 70 70 Viburnum acerifolium (C) 60 60 Hamamelis virginiana (B) 10 5 15 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 10 5 15 Rhododendron cal endul aceum (c) 20 20 Diospyros virg iniana (B) 10 10
Total 4200 760 540 400 295 270 6465
Per cent of Total 64.97 11 .76 8.35 6.19 4.56 4·17 268
TABLE LXVIII SEEDLINGS OF THE MIXED OAK FLATS COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Fre uency Individual s Dens ity Species � per acre fa Acer pensylvanicum 37 -50 37-5 0.45 Acer rubrum 100 .00 3500 .0 42 -45 Amelanchier arborea 12.50 25.0 0.30 Calycanthus fert ilis 62.50 1050.0 12.56 Carya glabra 87.50 537 -5 6.43 Cornus florida 50 .00 100.0 1.20 Diospyro s virgini ana 25.00 87.5 1.05 Fraxinus americana 12.50 25.0 0.30 Halesia carolina 25.00 25.0 0.30 Hamamelis virgini ana 12.50 37-5 0.45 Liriodendron tulipifera 50 .00 137-5 1.64 Nys sa sylvatica 75.00 162.5 1.94 Oxydendrum arboreum 50 .00 100.0 1.20 Prunus sero tina 12.50 12.5 0.15 Q.uercus alb a 87.50 812.5 9.72 Q.uercus prinus 62.50 175.0 2.09 Q.uercus rubra 100 .00 625.0 7·47 Q.uercus velutina 12 .50 12.5 0.15 Rho dodendron maximum 12.50 25.0 0.30 Sassafras albidum 87.50 450 .0 5.38 Tsuga canadens is 12.50 62.5 0.75 Viburnum acerifolium 25.00 212.5 2.54 Vi tis aes tiva l is 37-50 75.0 1.00 Vitis ro tundifolia 12.50 25.0 0.30
Total 269
TABLE LXIX HERBS OF THE MIXED OAK FLATS COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uenc y .. Species % �
Anemonella thal ic troides 2.0 0-10 3.13 Aster sp. 3.0 0-10 15.63 Aster cordifolius 5.0 0-10 12.50 Botrychium virgini anum 2.3 0-10 12.50 Carex sp. 1.0 0-10 6.25 Chamaelirium luteum 1 .7 0-10 9.38 Chimaphila maculata 2.8 0-10 43· 75 Coreopsis major 2.0 0-10 3·13 Desmodium nudiflorum 3 · 3 0-10 31 .25 Dioscorea quaternata 1.8 0-10 15 .63 Eup atorium album 2.3 0-10 62.50 Galax aphylla 3.0 0-10 3·13 Galium latifolium 3.6 0-10 15.63 Geranium macul atum 2.6 0-10 15.63 Goodyera pubescens 1.0 0-10 3 · 13 Helianthus atrorubens 1.0 0-10 3·13 Hierac ium panicul atum 1.0 0-10 3·13 Lilium sp. 5.5 0-10 6.25 -- Medeola virgini ana 23.0 50-60 6.25 Mitchella repens 10.5 10-20 6.25 Monarda clinopodia 1.7 0-10 9. 38 Panicum sp . 3·7 0-10 9.38 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1.0 0-10 3 · 13 Polygonatum biflorum 1.3 0-10 9. 38 Polystichum acrosticho ides 1.5 0-10 6.25 Potentilla simplex 2.t) 0-10 12.50 Prenanthes sp . 2 .• 3 0-10 25.00 Rhus radic ans 1.0 0-10 3·13 S anicul a sp. 1.0 0-10 3.13 Sanicul a smallii 1.0 0-10 3 · 13 Scutellaria elliptica 1.5 0-10 18 .75 Smilax bona-nox 1.2 0-10 28 .32 Smilax glauca 4.0 0-10 3·13 Solidago sp . 2.1 0-10 46 .87 270
TABLE LXIX ( continued)
Density Cover Fre uency Species % � Thalic trum dioi cum 1.0 0-10 3·13 Thelyp teris noveborac ensis 5.3 0-10 71 .88 Uvul aria perfoliata 2.0 0-10 6. 25 Uvul aria sessilifolia 1.0 0-10 3·13 Viol a bland a 9.0 0-10 3·13 Viola hastata 1.0 0-10 3·13 Viola papilionacea 2.0 0-10 6.25
Total 17.2 20-30 TABLE LXX . . TREES OF THE HEMLOCK-WHITE PINE COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Densi ty Density Fre�uency Size sq. ft./ SPecies (No ./acre) <%) ( o ) Classes Per cent acre c.v. '- Tsug a canadens is 45 -33 32.69 93.33 ab cdef 45 . 91 64.16 0.68 ·" P inus strobus 14.67 10.58 66 .67 be de 13.21 18.46 1.09 -Liriodend�on tul ipifera 17.33 12.50 60 .00 ab ed 9.80 13.70 1.20 Quercus alb a 6.00 4 ·33 26 .67 be de 6.79 9.49 2.74 Fagus grandifolia 2.67 1.92 20 .00 cde 4·87 6.80 2.57 Quercus prinus 4.00 2.88 26 .67 bed 4 · 03 5.63 2.00 Acer rubrum 9.33 6.73 53 .33 ab ed 3.84 5.37 1.39 Betul a alleghaniensis 8.67 6.25 60.00_ ab 1.92 2.68 0.22 Quercus rubra 2.00 1.44 13.33 c 1.82 2.55 2.81 Halesia carolina 4.67 3 · 37 26 .67 ab c 1.45 2.03 1.89 Magnolia acuminata 1.33 0.96 1 3.33 ad 1.22 1.70 J.72 N y s s a ay 1 vatic a 2.00 1.44 20.00 b 0.70 0.98 2.07 Ulmus alata 0.67 0.48 12.25 c 0.61 0.85 3.88 Ulmus rubra 0.67 0.48 12.25 c 0.61 0.85 3 ·30 C arya glabra 0.67 0.48 12.25 c 0.61 0.85 3.30 Sassafras albidum 1.33 0.96 13.33 b 0.47 0.65 2.66 Rhododendron maximum 5 · 33 3.85 20 .00 a 0.37 0.52 2.12 Oxydendrum arboreum 2.00 1.44 6.67 ab 0.3J 0.46 0.12 Magnolia fraseri 1.33 0.96 6.67 ab 0.28 0.39 3.90 Quercus velutina 0.67 0.48 6.67 b 0.24 0.33 3.85 Pinus virginiana 0.67 0.48 6.67 b 0.24 0.33 3 .85 Asculus octandra 0.67 0.48 6.67 b 0.24 0.33 3.85 Alnus serrulata 2�67 1.92 13.33 a 0.19 0.26 3.80 Rhus copallina 1.33 0.96 6.67 a 0.09 0.13 3.92 Hamamelis virginiana. 0.67 0.48 6.67 a 0.04 0.06 4'.50 0.48 6.67 a 0.04 0.06 4.50 Ilex opac a 0.67 1\.) Acer pensylvanicum 0.67 0.48 6.67 a 0.04 0.06 4-50 -.J ·· · ·· · · .,., .. ,,.. . . I--' Mo·rus ·rubr a . fL67 0.48 6.67 a 0.04 0.06 4.50
T.o.taL .. .. 1.38 .69 ab cdef 139.74 0.43 TABLE LXXI
SHRUBS OF THE HEMLOCK-WHITE PINE COVER TYPE
-- Rel ative Basal Area . Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./acre) (%) ( � ) Per cent acre c.v. .,_ Rhododendron maximum c 2376 27 .25 86 .67 40 .23 3590 .4 0.92 ·,Tsug a canadensis A 1013 11 .62 100.00 10.32 920 .8 1.31 Betul a alleghaniensis A 302 3.46 93.33 7.13 636.0 0.84 Acer rubrum A 429 4.92 93.33 5.29 472 .4 0.99 Alnus serrulate c 166 1.90 26 .67 4.08 3q4 .0 1.95 Acer pensylvanicum B 185 2.12 73· 33 4.05 361 .6 1.10 Hamamelis virgini ana B 200 2.29 53 -33 4.00 356 .8 1.55 Cornus florida B 268 3.07 66.67 3.90 348 .0 1.12 Liriodendron tulipifera A 1 30 1.49 60.00 3.26 291 .2 1.43 Oxydendrum arboreum B 14 1.65 73.00 2.68 239 .2 1.42 Clethra acuminate c 17� 2.04 46 .67 1.77 158.0 1.58 Leuco tho e editorum c 1059 12.15 86 .67 - 1.41 125.6 0.75 Nys sa sylvatica A 76 0.87 40 .00 1.27 113.2 2.98 Fagus grandifolia A 54 0.62 20 .00 1.23 110.0 2.64 Halesia carolina A 80 0.92 53-33 1.17 104.0 1.72 Quercus prinus A 109 1.25 40 .00 1.12 99 .6 2.37 Magnolia fraseri B 40 0.46 20 .00 0.96 85.6 3-02 Kalmia latifolia c 234 2.68 33.33 0.81 72. 2.14 Rhus copallina B 13 0.15 13.33 0.61 54- � 3-77 Amelanchier arborea B 24 0.28 6.67 0.52 46 .4 3-87 Euonymus americana c 416 4· 77 40 .00 0.49 4 .0 1.65 Ile.x opac a B 13 0.15 13.33 0.43 3 � .0 3 .81 Fra.xinus americana A 73 0.84 26 .67 0.37 33-2 2.39 Quercus alb a A 288 3.30 26 .67 0.34 30.4 3-51 Vitis ro tundifolia D 169 1.94 26 .67 0.30 26 .8 2-54 .f.. 1\) Pinus strobus 88 1.01 13. 33 0.28 25.2 2.70 -.J Prunus serot ina A 17 0.19 13-33 0.22 19.2 3.62 1\) TABLE LXXI (continued)
Relative Basal Area Life Density "Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./acre) (%) ( � ) Per cent acre c.v. Pinus virginiana A 27 0.31 13.33 0.21 18 .4 3.57 C arya glabra A 101 1.16 20 .00 0.21 18 .4 2.61 Calycanthus fertilis c 101 1.16 20 .00 0.18 16 .4 2.02 Aralia spinosa c 16 0.18 6.67 0.16 14.0 3.91 Sassafras albidum B 35 0.40 26 .67 0.16 14.0 3-46 Hydrangea arborescens c 80 0.92 20 .00 0.12 10.8 2.56 Ulmus rubra A 3 0.03 6.67 0.12 10.8 3-85 Morus rubra A 3 0.03 6.67 0.12 10.8 3-85 Aesculus octandra A 13 0.15 13.33 0.10 8.8 3.68 Vitis aestivalis D 18 0.21 20 .00 0.09 8.0 2.40 Pyrularia pubera c 48 0.55 1 3 .33 0.08 6.8 3.18 Magnolia tripetalE B 6 0.07 6.67 0.08 6.8 3.88 Carya ovata A 10 0.11 13.33 0.04 3.2 2.6 3 Vitis vulpina D ll 0.13 6.67 0.02 2.0 4.00 Phil adelphus hirsutus G 16 0.18 6.67 0.02 1.6 3.75 Q.uercus rubra A 16 0.18 6.67 0.02 1.6 3-75 Tilia heterophylla A ll 0.13 6.67 0.01 1.2 3 ·33 Sambucus canade ns is c 13 0.15 13.33 0.01 1.2 3·33 Carya tomento sa A ll 0.13 6.67 0.01 1.2 3·33 Diospyros virgini ana B 8 0.09 6.67 0.01 0.8 3-50 Q.uercus velutina A 3 0.03 6.67 0.01 0.4 3.00 Magnolia acuminata A 5 0.06 6.67 0.01 0.4 5.00 Liquidamb ar styraciflua A 5 0.06 6.67 0.01 0.4 5.00 Castanea dentata B 3 0.03 6.6 7 0.01 0.4 2.00 Viburnum acerifol ium c 11. 0.13 6.67 0.01 0.4 5.00
[\) --J To t.al. 8718 8925.6 0.56 \...U TABLE LXXIII SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE HEMLOCK-WHITE PINE COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Numb er of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Numb er of I ndi vi duals of Total in. per Total Bas al Life Form Species per acre Numb er acre) Area Canopy Species (A) 24 2867 32.89 2930.8 32.84 Sub-canopy Species (B) 12 939 10.77 1552 .4 17.39 Shrub s (C) 13 4714 54 .07 4405 .6 49 -36 Woody Vines (D) 3 198 2.27 36 .8 0.41
Total 52 8718 100.00 8925.6 100.00
[\) -.] +="" 275
TABLE LXXIII SHRUBS OF THE HEMLOCK-WHITE PINE COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total Rhododendron maximum (C) 848 515 320 261 195 237 2376 Tsuga canadensis (A) 512 197 120 120 37 27 1012 Betula alleghaniensis (A) 80 51 32 51 45 43 302 Acer rubrum (A) 269 37 32 29 27 35 429 Alnus serrulata (C) 56 27 13 19 11 40 166 Acer pensylvanicum (B) 75 16 16 24 27 27 185 Hamamelis virginiana (B) 56 35 37 32 16 24 200 Gornu s florida (B) 133 56 8 21 29 21 268 Liriodendron tulipifera (A) 45 8 24 3 29 21 130 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 61 8 27 19 13 16 144 Glethra acuminata (C) 59 45 45 29 178 Leuco tho ei editorum (C) 1003 56 1059 Nys sa sylvatica (A) 40 3 11 8 3 11 76 Fagus grandifolia (A) 16 8 11 11 8 54 Halesia carolina (A) 48 11 16 5 80 Quercus prinus (A) 69 13 8 3 13 3 109 Magnolia fraseri (B) 13 5 3 8 3 8 40 Kalmi a latifolia (C) 157 53 24 234 Rhus copallina (B) 3 5 5 13 Amelanchier arborea (B) 5 8 8 3 24 Euonymus americana (C) 408 8 416 Ilex opac a (B) 5 5 3 13 Fraxinus americana (A) 59 3 8 3 73 Quercus alb a (A)· 285 3 288 Vitis ro tundifolia (D) 155 11 3 169 Pinus strobus (A) 69 11 5 3 88 Prunus sero tina (A) 8 3 3 3 17 Pinus virgini ana (A) 24 3 27 C arya glabra (A) 85 13 3 101 Calycanthus fertilis (C) 85 16 101 Aralia spinosa (C) 8 5 3 16 Sassafras albidum (B) 32 3 35 276
TABLE LXXIII (continued)
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total
Hydrangea arborescens (c) 72 8 80 Ulmus rubra (A) 3 3 Morus rubra (A) 3 3 Aesculus octandra (A) 5 3 5 13 Vi tis aestivalis (D) 13 5 18 Pyrul aria pubera (C) 43 5 48 Magnolia tripetala (B) 3 3 6 Carya ovata (A) 5 5 10 Vitis vulpina (D) 8 3 ll Philadelphus hirsutu s (C) 16 16 Quercus rubra (A) 16 16 Tilia heterophylla (A) ll ll S ambucus canadensis (C) 1 3 13 Carya tomentos a (A) ll ll Diospyros virginiana (B) 8 8 Quercus velutina (A) 3 3 Magnolia acuminata (A) 5 5 Liquidamb ar styrac iflua (A) 5 5 Cas tane a dentata (B) 3 3 Viburnum ac erifolium (C) ll ll
To tal 5019 1228 781 650 494 546 8718
Per cent of Total 57 .57 14.09 8.96 7.46 5.67 6.26 277
TABLE LXXIV SEEDLINGS OF THE HEMLOCK-WH ITE PINE COVER TYPE
Mean Numb er of Relative Fre uency Individual s Density Species � per acre %
Acer pensylvanicum 53.33 160.0 3.56 Acer rubrum 73.33 500 .0 11 .14 Aesculus octandra 6.67 13.0 0.29 Aralia spinosa 6.67 13.0 0.29 Betul a allegheni ensis 36 .67 193.0 4· 30 Calycanthus fertilis 6.67 36 .5 0.81 C arya sp. 6.67 40 .0 0.89 C arya glabra 20.00 200.0 4·46 Clethra acuminata 33.33 60. 0 1.34 C ornus florida 40 .00 53. 0 1.18 Diospyoro s virgini ana 26 .67 73.0 1.63 Euonymus americanus 20 .00 450 .0 10.03 Fagus grandifolia 40 .00 113 .0 2.52 Fraxinus americana 20 .00 40 .0 0.89 Fraxinus americana var. bil tmoriana 6.6 7 53.0 1.18 Halesia carolina 66.50 176 .0 3-92 Liriodendron tulipifera 66.67 186 .5 4.16 Magnolia fraseri 6.67 6.5 0.14 Nyssa sylvatic a 26 .67 9 3.0 2.07 Oxydendrum arboreum 33·33 60.0 1.34 Pinus strobus 33-33 126 .5 2.82 Prunus sero tina 6.67 6.5 0.14 Pyrul aria pubera 6.67 53 .0 1.18 Quercus alb a 6.67 566 . 5 12.40 Sassafras albidum 33- 33 80.0 1.78 Tsuga canadensis 93-33 1013.0 22.57 Vi tis rotundifolia 20.00 166.5 3-71 Vi tis vulpina 6.67 36 .5 0.81
Total 4488. 0 278
TABLE LXXV HERBS OF THE HEMLOCK-WHITE PINE COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uency Species % �
Acalypha gracilens 1.0 0-10 1.67 Agrostis perennans 2.0 0-10 1.67 Amphicarpa brac teata 5.7 0-10 5.00 Aralia rac emo sa 1�0 0-10 1.57 Asplenium platyneuron 3·5 0-10 3·33 Aster sp . 2.3 0-10 6.67 Aster cordifolius 3 · 3 0-10 38 .33 Bidens dipinnata 1.5 0-10 3 · 33 Bignoni a capreolata 1.8 0-10 10.00 Botrychium virgini anum 1.0 0-10 1.67 Carex sp. 3.0 0-10 5.00 Chimaphila maculata 1.7 0-10 5.00 Clematis virgini ana 1.0 0-10 1.67 Collinsonia canadensis 3.0 0-10 1.67 Desmodium nudiflorum 3.0 0-10 6.67 El ephantopus carolini anus 4 · 0 0-10 1.67 Erechtites hieracifolia 1.8 0-10 10.00 Eup atorium album 1.5 0-10 3 · 33 Galax aphylla 1.7 0-10 5.00 Galium triflorum 2.4 0-10 8.33 Gerardia laevigata 2.0 0-10 1.67 Geum canadense 1.5 0-10 3 · 33 Heli anthus microcephalus 1.3 0-10 5.00 Hexastylis arifolia 1.0 0-10 1.67 Hypericum punc tatum 2.3 0-10 6.67 -- Iris cristata 15.5 30-40 3·33 Labelia cardenal is 1.0 0-10 1.67 Lysimachia tons a 1.5 0-10 3 · 33 Medeola virgini ana 5.5 0-10 3 · 33 Mitchella repens 8.1 0-10 55 .00 Monarda clinopodia 3·0 0-10 1.67 Panicum sp . 1.5 0-10 3 · 33 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1.0 0-10 5.00 P ass iflora lutea 1.0 0-10 1.67 279
TABLE LXXV ( continued)
Density Cover Fre uency Species % �
Phytolacca americana 1.3 0-10 5.00 Polypodium polypodioides 4·5 0-10 1.67 Polystichum acrostochoides 3·4 0-10 23· 33 Potentilla simplex 5 · 3 0-10 5.00 Prenanthe s sp . 2.2 0-10 8.33 Rudbeckia fulgida 4 · 0 0-10 1.67 Sanicula canadens is 1.5 0-10 3·33 Smilacina racemosa 1.0 0-10 1.67 Smilax glauca 1.3 0-10 5.00 Smilax rotundifolia 1.0 0-10 6.67 Solidago sp . 2.2 0-10 15 .00 Uvul ari a perfoliata 1.0 0-10 1.67 Uvularia sessilifolia 1.0 0-10 1.67 Vicia carolini ana 1.3 0-10 5.00 Viola sp. 1.7 0-10 5.00 Viola blanda 5 · 4 0-10 31 .67 Woodsia ob tusa 2.0 0-10 1.67 Unident ified 1.0 0-10 1.67
Total 12.9 10-20 TABLE LXXVI
TREES OF THE PITCH PINE-SCARLET OAK SCRUB COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre�uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No./acre) (%) ( o ) Clas ses Per cent acre c.v.
-- Pinus rigida 62.50 37 .88 100 .00 ab 38.16 12.27 0.42 "'- Q.uercus coccinea 50 .00 30.30 100.00 ab 28 .99 9.32 0.61 ...... Pi nus virg ini ans. 17.50 10.61 100 .00 ab 11 . 5 3.68 0.86 Q.uercus prinus 7.50 4-55 62.50 ab 6.� 7 2.21 1.16 Nys sa sylvatica 12.50 7.58 62.50 ab 6.87 2.21 0.88 Carya pallida 11 .25 6.82 62.50 ab 6.50 2.09 1.63 Sassafras albidum 3-75 2.27 25.00 a 1.15 0.37 1.97
Total 165.00 ab 32.15 0.32
1\.) OJ 0 TABLE LXXVII SHRUBS OF THE PITCH PINE-SCARLET OAK SCRUB COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uency sqoino/ Species Form (Noo/acre) (%) ( �0) Per cent acre c.v. " Q.uercus cocc inea A 1220 l2o32 lOOoOO 25o 30 l6l2o0 Ool7 "Cary a pall ida A 725 7o32 75oOO 22 o88 l457 o6 Oo84 Nyssa sylvatica A 1435 l4o49 lOOoOO l4o69 936oO Oo59 Pinus rigida A 475 4o80 lOOoOO l2o54 798 .8 Oo67 Q.u ercus prinus A 560 5o65 lOO oOO 5o33 339 o6 Oo78 Sassafras albidum B 2360 23 o83 lOO oOO 50 02 3l9 o6 Oo69 Pinus virgini ana A 465 4o69 lOO oOO 4o63 294o8 0.48 Dio spyros virgini ana B 850 8o57 lOO oOO 2o88 l83o6 0.37 Quercus marilandica A 150 lo5l 75o OO 2oll l34o4 lo02 Ilex montana c 355 3o58 87o 50 lol 3 72o0 lol2 Vaccinium stamineum c 415 4ol4 75oOO Oo79 50 o4 Oo82 Kalmia latifolia c 285 2o88 62o50 Oo65 4l o6 lo20 Carya tomentosa �A. 55 Oo56 75o OO Oo40 25o2 lo8l Robinia hispida c 185 lo87 87 o50 Oo3l 20 o0 Oo58 Rhododendron maximum c 50 Oo50 37 o50 Oo30 l8o8 lo74 Acer rubrum A 20 Oo20 37 o50 Oo2l l3o6 2o62 Cornus florida B 40 Oo40 62o50 Oo2l 1 3 0 6 1o47 Castanea dentata B 50 Oo50 50 o00 Ool7 10o8 1.41 Quercus ve1utina A 45 Oo45 62.50 Ool6 10o4 1.42 Rhus copa1lina c 95 Oo96 50 o00 Oo14 9o2 2ol7 Pyrularia pub era c 55 Oo56 37o50 Oo08 5o2 2o08 Amelanchier arborea B 15 Oo15 25oOO Oo06 3o6 2o00
Total 9905 6370o8 Ool6 /\) CP 1---' TABLE LXXVIII SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE PITCH PINE-SCARLET OAK SCRUB COVER TYPE
Me an Bas a.l Mean Number of Per cent Area. (sq. Per cent of Numb er of Individuals of Total in. per Total Bas al Life Form Species per acre Numb er acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) 10 51.50 _51 .99 .5622.4 88.2.5 Sub-canopy Species (B) 5 3315 33 · 47 .531 .2 8.34 Shrub s (C) 7 1440 14 . .53 217 .2 3 ·41 Woody Vines (D) 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Total 22 990.5 99 .99 6370.8 100.00
f\) ()) f\) TABLE LXXIX SHRUBS OF THE PITCH PINE-SCARLET OAK SCHRUB COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total
Quercus coccine a (A) 575 125 220 115 90 95 1220 Gary a pallida (A) 215 75 120 95 155 65 725 Ny ssa sylvatica (A) 965 220 95 70 35 50 1435 Pinus rigida (A) 120 120 70 60 70 35 475 Quercus prinus (A) 375 45 75 55 5 5 560 Sassafras albi dum (B) 2215 105 40 2360 Pinus virg iniana (A) 240 150 30 20 20 5 465 Diospyro s virgini ana (B) 770 40 15 20 5 850 Quercus marilandica (A) 60 30 35 20 5 150 Ilex montana (G) 300 35 20 355 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 390 25 415 Kalmi a latifolia (C) 250 35 285 Gary a tomentosa (A) 5 5 5 55 Robinia hispida (C) l 5 185 Rhododendron maximum (C) �g35 5 10 50 Ac er rubrum (A) 10 10 20 Cornus florida (B) 25 10 5 40 Castane a dentata (B) 35 15 50 Quercus velutina (A) 30 15 45 Rhus copallina (C) 95 95 Pyrul aria pubera (C) 55 55 Amelanchier arbore a (B) 10 5 15
Total 6990 1065 750 460 385 255 9905
Per cent of Total 70 .67 10.75 7.57 4·64 3.89 2.57 284
TABLE LXXX SEEDLINGS OF THE PITCH PINE-SCARLET OAK SCRUB COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Frequency Individuals Density Species % per acre % Acer rubrum 50 .00 75.0 1.36 Diospyros virginiana 100.00 1950 .0 35.29 Ilex montana 75.00 125.0 2.26 Nys sa sylvatica 100 .00 262 .5 4· 75 Pinus rigida 62.50 112.5 2.04 Pinus virgini ana 37 .50 ,50 .0 0.90 Quercus coccine a 100 .00 362.5 6.56 Quercus marilandica 87 .50 125.0 2.26 Quercus prinus 100.00 387.5 0.70 Robinia sp . 50 .00 162.5 2.94 Sassafras albidum 100 .00 1912.5 34.61
Total 5525 .5 285
TABLE LXXXI HERBS OF THE PITCH PINE-SCARLET OAK SCRUB COVER TYPE
Density Cover Frequency Species % %
-.. Andropogon sp. 12.3 0-10 87.50 Antennaria plantaginifolia 2.0 0-10 12.50 Aster sp. 2.8 0-10 62.50 Aster linariifolius 2.0 0-10 25 .00 Aster puchellus 8.5 0-10 25. 00 C are.x: sp . 1.0 0-10 12.50 Chimaphila macul ata 2.5 0-10 25.00 Chrysopsis graminifolia 1.5 0-10 25. 00 Chrysopsis mariana J. O 0-10 12.50 Coreops is major 4.0 0-10 12.50 Gaul theria procumb ens 5.0 0-10 25.00 Hieracium paniculatum 3 · 3 0-10 75.00 Hypo.x:is hirsuta 2.5 0-10 25. 00 Iris verna 5.3 0-10 37.50 Lysimachi a quadrifolia 2.0 0-10 12.50 - Panicum sp. 7.7 0-10 87.50 Pteridium aquilinum 2.7 0-10 37· 50 Sericocarpus asteroides 3.0 0-10 12.50 Sericocarpus linifolius 2.0 0-10 12.50 Silphium compositum 1.0 0-10 12.50 Smil a.x: gl auc a 3.6 0-10 62.50 Solidago sp. 2.7 0-10 87.50 Tephrosia virginica 2.0 0-10 25.00 Viola pedata 1.0 0-10 12.50 Unidentified 1.0 0-10 12.50
Total 37.8 20-30 TABLE LXXXII
TREES OF THE SHORTLEAF PINE COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No . /acre ) ( 1P ( %o) Classes Per cent acre c.v.
'Pinus echinata 68.75 57 .29 87.50 ab ed 69.35 39 .14 0.62 �Pinus virgini ana 28 .75 23.96 75.00 ab c 25.00 14.11 1.00 �uercus marilandica 12.50 10.42 37.50 ab 3.05 1.72 1.52 Pinus rig ida 8.75 7.29 25.00 ab 2.39 1.35 2.55 Quercus velutina 1.25 1.04 12.50 a 0.21 0.12 2.92
Total 120.00 ab ed 56 .44 0.26
1\) co 0' TABLE LXXXIII SHRUBS OF THE SHORTLEAF PINE COVER TYPE
Relative B a. sa.l Are a. Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./a.cre) (%) ( �o) Per cent acre c.v. ,, Pinus virgini a.na. A 1040 24.07 100.00 32 .85 2157 .6 1.12 -. Q.uercus ma.riland ic a A 820 18.98 100.00 28 .82 1892.8 0.32 ... , Pinus echinata A 295 6.83 87 .50 14.67 963.6 1.02 '· Vaccinium arboreum c 1230 28 .47 100 .00 6.35 417 .2 0.66 "Cary a pallida A 220 5.09 87 .50 5.43 356 .4 1.18 -Nyssa sylvatica A 135 3.12 50 .00 4.96 325.6 1.62 Q.uercus prinus A 140 3 · 2 75.00 2.48 162.8 1.39 Pinus rigida A 25 0.5� 12.40 1.44 94.8 2.83 Oxydendrum arboreum B 70 1.62 37 .50 1.12 73.6 2.Lj.6 Quercus velutina A 25 0.58 12.50 0.55 36 .4 2.82 Quercus coccinee. A 30 0.69 25.00 0.40 26 .4 2.73 Dispyros virginiana B 65 1.50 62.50 0.33 22.0 1.58 Vaccinium stamineum c 100 2.31 37 .50 0. 30 19 .6 1.76 Sassafras albidum B 55 1.27 25.00 0.11 7.2 2.28 Prunus serotina A 20 0.46 12.50 0.07 4 · 0 2.80 Amelanchier arborea B 15 0.35 12.50 0.04 3.6 2.67 Cornus florida B 15 0.35 12.50 0.02 1.6 2.50 Rhus copallina c 15 0.35 25 .00 0.02 1.6 1.75 Craetagus sp. B 5 0.12 12.50 0.01 0.4 3.00
Total 4320 6567.2 0.37
rv co -J TABLE LXXXIV SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN SHORTLEAF PINE COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Me an Number of Per cent Area ( sq. Per cent of Number of Individuals of Total in. per Total Basal Life Fo rm Species per acre Numb er acre) Area
Canopy Species ( A ) 10 2750 63.66 6020.4 91 .67 Sub-canopy Species ( B) 6 225 5.21 108.4 1.65
Shrubs ( C ) 3 1345 31.13 438 -4 6.68 Woody Vines (D) 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Total 19 4320 100.00 6567.2 100.00
1\.) CP CP 289
TABLE LXXXV SHRUBS OF THE SHORTLEAF PINE COVER TYPE : NUMBER 0� INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total
Pinus virgini ana (A) 190 235 180 135 170 1 30 1040 Quercus marilandica (A) 125 125 200 115 125 1 30 820 Pinus enchinata (A) 40 30 10 70 55 90 295 Vacc inium arboreum (C) 700 425 100 5 1230 Cary a pallida (A) 65 35 35 50 20 15 220 Nys sa sylvatica (A) 20 25 25 20 20 25 135 Quercus prinus (A) 40 45 35 5 5 10 140 Pinus rigida (A) - 10 10 5 25 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 25 30 5 5 5 70 Quercus velutina (A) 5 5 5 10 25 Quercus coccinea (A) 15 5 20 Diospyros virgini ana (B) 35 25 5 65 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 75 25 100 Sassafras albidum (B) 50 5 55 Prunus serotina (A) 15 5 20 Amelanchier arborea (B) 10 5 15 Cornus florida (B) 15 15 Rhus copallina (C) 15 15 Craetagus sp . (B) 5 5
To tal 1445 1030 600 420 415 410 4320
Per cent of Total 33 · 45 23.84 13.89 9.72 9.61 9.49 290
TABLE LXXXVI SEEDLINGS OF THE SHORTLEAF PINE COVER TYPE
Mean Numb er of Relative Frequency Individual s Density Species % per acre % Amel anchier arborea 25.00 37 .5 2.27 C arya pall ida 62.50 150.0 9.09 Cornus florida 12.50 12.5 0.76 Diospyro s virgini ana 37.50 200 .0 12.12 Nys sa sylvatica 12.50 12.5 0.76 Pinus echinata 62.50 225.0 13.63 Pinus virgini ana 100.00 400 .0 24.24 Quercus marilandica 100. 00 287 .5 17.42 Quercus prinus 50 .00 50 .0 3·03 Quercus velutina 12 .50 12 .5 0.76 Sassafras alb idum 37 .50 187 .5 11 .36 Vaccinium arboreum 12.50 75.0 4·54
Total 1650 .5 291
TABLE LXXXVII HERBS OF THE SHORTLEAF PINE COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uency Species % % Andropogon sp. 4-4 0-10 53 - 1 2 Andropogon scoparius 4-3 0-10 9.38 Aster sp . 2.1 0-10 21 .88 Aster lateriflorus 2.2 0-10 18.75 Chrysopsis mariana 3 · 3 0-10 28 .22 Coreopsis major 2.0 0-10 25.00 Erianthus al opecuro ides 3.0 0-10 3-13 Gnaphal ium obtusifolium 3 -5 0-10 9.38 Hedyo tis purpurea 2.0 0-10 3 - 13 Hieracium paniculatum 1.0 0-10 3-13 Lespedeza hirta 1.0 0-10 3·13 Lespedeza virginica 2.0 0-10 3.13 Panicum sp. 4-3 0-10 21 .88 Pteridium aquilinum 3.0 0-10 3-13 Sericocarpus asteroides 1.5 0-10 9.38 Silphium compositum 1.0 0-10 12.50 Solidago sp. 1.5 0-10 6.25 'Solidago odorata 2.4 0-10 40 .62 - -Tephrosia virginiana 3-7 0-10 59 .38 Viola pedata 2.0 0-10 3.13
Total 10.1 20-30 TABLE LXXXVIII
TREES 0� THE SECOND GROWTH PINE, NORTH SLOPE, COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Density Density Fre�uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No./acre) (�) ( o ) Classes Per cent acre c.v.
�, Pinus virg iniana 105.00 51 .22 100 .00 ab ed 55 - 55 66 .29 0.43 Pinus rigida 62.50 30 .49 100 .00 ab c 26 .16 31 .22 0.62 Pinus pung ens 12.50 6.10 25.00 be 5-97 7.12 2.56 Quercus prinus 7.50 3.66 37 -50 bed 5-97 7.12 1.67 Robini a pseudoacacia 2.50 1.22 25. 00 be 1.85 2.21 2.08 Acer rubrum 5.00 2-44 25 .00 ab 1.64 1.96 2.02 Liriodendron tulipifera 3-75 1.83 25 .00 ab 1.13 1.35 2.55 Que rcus velutina 1.25 0.61 12.50 b 0.51 0.61 2.84 Quercus rubra 1.25 0.61 12.50 b 0.51 0.61 2.84 Q.uercus alb a 1.25 0.61 12.50 b 0.51 0.61 2.84 Nyssa sylvatica 1.25 0.61 12.50 a 0.10 0.12 2.92 C arya glabra 1.25 0.61 12.50 a 0.10 0.12 2.92
Total 205.00 ab ed 119 .34 0.19
1'\) � 1'\) TABLE LXXXIX
SHRUBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE , NORTH SLOPE , COVER TYPE
Relative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uency sq. in./ Species Form (No./acre) (%) ( �o) Per cent acre c.v. 'Acer rubrum A 5260 57 .74 100.00 56 .66 1170.0 0. 56 Cornus florida B 695 7.63 87.50 12.61 260.4 1.45 Nyssa sylvatica A 405 4-45 100 .00 5.64 116 .4 0.93 Vaccinium stamineum c 675 7.41 50 .00 3.97 82.0 1.44 C arya tomentos a A 170 1.87 87.50 3.18 65.6 1.81 Halesia carolina A 60 0.66 75.00 2.94 60.8 1.50 Rob inia pseudoacacia A 130 1 -43 50 .00 2.62 54.0 1.67 Oxydendrum arboreum B 20 0.22 25.00 2.09 43- 2 2 .06 �uercus velutina A 330 3.62 100.00 1.57 32-4 1.14 Pinus virg ini ana A 325 3-57 62.50 1.55 32.0 1.42 Sassafras albidum B 255 2.80 100.00 1.30 26 .8 0.84 Amelanchier arborea B 155 1.70 62.50 1.22 25.2 1.02 �u ercus prinus A 105 1.15 75.00 0.77 16.0 1. 28 Q,uercus rubra A 165 1.81 100.00 0.77 16.0 0.67 Vitis aestivalis D 60 0.66 50.00 0.66 13.6 2.29 Liriodendron tulipifera A 20 0.22 37 -50 0.62 12.8 1.78 Acer pensylvanicum B 35 0.38 62.50 0.35 7.2 2.06 Q,uercus alb a A 75 0.82 62.50 0.35 7-2 1.00 Castanea dentata B 15 0.16 25.00 0.31 6.4 1.79 Dio spyros virginiana B 60 0.66 62.50 0.29 6.0 1.2 7 Prunus serotins. A 60 0.66 62.50 0.29 6.0 1-33 Garya glabra A 10 0.11 12.50 0.14 2.8 3 .00 Fraxinus americana A 10 0.11 12.50 0.04 0.8 2.00 Rhammus carolinian� B 10 0.11 12.50 0.04 0.8 3-50 Juniperus virginiana . . B 5 0.05 12.50 0.02 0.4 3 .00 1\) -..[) VJ Total 9110 2064.8 0.28 TABLE XC SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE SECOND GROWTH PINE , NORTH SLOPE, COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Number of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Number of Individual s of Total in. per Total Basal Life Form Species per acre Number acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) 14 7125 78 .21 1592.8 77.14 Sub-canopy Species (B) 9 1250 13.72 376 .4 18.23 Shrub s (C) 1 675 7.41 82.0 3 · 97 Woody Vines (D) 1 60 0.66 13.6 0.66
Total 25 9110 100.00 2064.8 100.00
f\) ...0 ..j::"" 295
TABLE XC I SHRUBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE , NORTH SLOPE, COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Clas s Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total
Acer rub rum (A) 4685 360 110 55 20 30 5260 Cornus florida (B) 600 25 25 15 30 695 Nys sa sylvatica (A) 330 40 25 5 5 405 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 635 40 675 Cary a tomentosa (A) 125 35 5 5 170 Halesi a carol ina (A) 35 5 10 5 5 60 Robinia pseudo ac acia (A) 75 30 25 - 120 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 10 5 5 20 Quercus velutina (A) 330 330 Pinus virgini ana (A) 325 325 Sassafras albi dum (B) 250 5 255 Amelanchier arborea (B) 140 10 5 155 Que rcus prinus (A) 100 5 105 Quercus rubra (A) 165 - 165 Vitis aestivalis (D) 50 5 5 60 Liriodendron tulipifera (A) 15 5 20 Acer pensylvanicum (B) 25 10 35 Quercus alb a (A) 75 75 Cas tane a dentata (B) 5 10 15 Diospyros virgini ana (B) 60 60 Prunus serotina (A) 60 60 Cary a glabra (A) 5 5 10 Fraxinus americana (A) 10 10 Rhammus caroljniana (B) 10 10 Juniperus virginiana (B) 5 5
Total 8125 580 220 85 55 45 9110
Per cent of Total 89.19 6.37 2.41 0.93 0.60 0.49 296
TABLE XC II SEEDLINGS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE, NORTH SLOPE , COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Fre uency Individuals Density Species � per acre % Acer pensylvanicum 12.50 37 .5 0.10 Ac er rub rum 100.00 25200.0 65.97 Amel anchier arborea 100.00 512 .5 1.34 C arya sp. 100.00 675.0 1.77 Cornus florida 87.50 1475.0 3.86 Diospyros virginiana 100 .00 1225.0 3.21 Fraxinus americana 37 .50 50.0 0.13 Halesia carolina 75.00 350.0 0.92 Juglans nigra 12.50 12.5 0.03 Liriodendron tulipifera 37 .50 37 -5 0.10 Nys sa sylvatica 87.50 837-5 2.19 Oxydendrum arboreum 50 .00 50 .0 0.13 Pinus virginiana 100 .00 1537 -5 4.02 Prunus sero tina 62.50 500 .0 1.31 Quercus alb a 100 .00 850.0 2.23 Quercus prinus 87 .50 800 .0 2.09 Quercus rubra 100 .00 862.5 2.26 Quercus velutina 100.00 2200 .0 5.76 Rhododendron calendul aceum 20 .00 186 .5 0.49 Rhus copallina 12.50 25.0 0.07 Robinia pseudoacacia 37 .50 112.5 0.29 Sassafras alb idum 100.00 737 .5 1.93 Viburnum acerifolium 37 .50 87.5 0.23 Vitis aestivalis 25.00 25.0 0.07
Total 38200.0 297
TABLE XC III
HERBS OF THE SECOND GROWTH PINE, NORTH SLOPE, COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uenc y Species % �
Andropogon sp. 3.0 0-10 3·1 3 Aster sp. 3.2 0-10 15.63 -Aster macrophyllus 30 .5 30-40 6.25 .... Chimaphila macul ata 4 ·7 0-10 90 .63 Coreopsis major 3.8 0-10 15.63 Danthonia compressa 2.0 0-10 3.13 Eup atorium purpureum 1.0 0-10 3·13 Euphorbia macul ata 1.0 0-10 3·13 Geum canadense 1.0 0-10 3·13 Gilleni a trifoliata 4 ·3 0-10 9.38 Hedyo tis purpurea 1.0 0-10 3·1 3 Lespedeza virginica 3·5 0-10 6.25 Luzula echinata 4.0 0-10 3·13 Lys imachi a quadrifolia 3·3 0-10 21 .87 -� Lys irr;achi a tons a 21 .0 10-20 3·13 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 2.3 0-10 9.38 Potentilla simplex 3·4 0-10 28 .12 Pycnanthemum inc anum 2.0 0-10 3·13 Rhus radicans 6.0 0-10 6.25 Rubus argu tus 3·3 0-10 9.38 Rubus flagellaris 1.5 0-10 6.25 Smilacina rac emo sa 3.2 0-10 28 .12 Smilax bona-nox 1.7 0-10 9.38 "Smilax glauc a 3·4 0-10 81 .25 Solidago sp . 4·7 0-10 65.63 Uvul aria perfoliata 3.0 0-10 3·1 3 Uvul aria sessilifolia 1.5 0-10 6.25 Viola sp. 1.0 0-10 9.38 Unidentified 1.0 0-10 3·1 3
Total 18.97 10-20 TABLE XCIV
TREES OF THE TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE COVER TYJE
Relative Basal Area Density Density :Fre�uency Size sq. ft./ Species (No./acre ) ( %) ( o ) Classes Per cent acre c.v. "-Pinus pungens 156 .25 65.45 100 .00 ab ode 82.16 109 .09 0.41 Pinus rigida 26 .25 10.99 75.00 ab c 7.86 10.43 0.93 Q,uercus prinus 7.50 3.14 50 .00 ab c 2.68 3.56 1-44 Pinus virginiana 6.25 2.62 50 .00 ab 2.03 2.70 0.69 Q,uercus marilandica 17.50 7-33 100.00 ab 2.03 2.70 0.69 Nys sa sylvatica 11 .25 4-71 62.50 ab 1.48 1.96 0.60 Q,uercus coccine a 5.00 2.09 37.50 ab 0.74 0.98 1.78 Carya pallida 5.00 2.09 37-50 ab 0.74 0.98 1.78 Q,uercus velutina 3.75 1.57 25. 00 a 0.28 0.37 1.97
Total 238 .75 ab ode 132-77 0.35
1\) -.£) co TABLE XCV SHRUBS OF THE TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE COVER TYPE
Rel ative Basal Area Life Density Density Fre uenc y sq. in./ Species :Form (No ./acre) (%) ( �o) Per cent acre c.v. "Pinus pungens A 895 18 .96 100 .00 31 .12 696 .4 0.56 ·--. Q.uercus maril andic a A 335 7.10 100.00 21 .04 470 .8 0.72 'Diospyros virgini am: B 755 16.00 87.50 9.96 222.8 1.71 -Nyssa sylvatica A 250 5. 30 87 .50 7.76 173.6 1.52 Cornus florida B 105 2.22 25.00 5.27 118.0 1.93 Castane a dentata B 115 2.44 75.00 4·63 103.6 2.09 Oxydendrum arboreum B 110 2.33 50 .00 2.59 58 .0 1.44 Sassafras albidum B 320 6.78 62.50 2.29 51 .2 1.45 Ilex montana c 275 5.83 100.00 2.25 50 .4 0.79 Q.uercus velutina A 85 1.80 75.00 1.77 39 .6 1.43 Pyrularia pubera c 330 6.99 75. 00 1.54 34· 4 1.02 Quercus coccinea A 80 1.69 62.50 1.32 29 .6 1.77 Vaccinium stamineum c 270 5. 72 62.50 1.27 28 . 1.03 Robinia hispida c 275 5.83 87.50 1.20 26 . � 0.81 Pinus rigida A 40 0.85 62.50 1.1 3 25.2 2.02 Q.uercus prinus A 70 1.48 100.00 1.09 24· 4 1.39 Kalmia latifolia c 115 2.44 37 .50 0.95 21 .2 1.43 Q.uercus alb a A 35 0.74 62.50 0.77 17.2 1.95 Acer rubrum A 40 0.85 37 .50 0.70 15.6 1.92 Rhododendron maximum c 70 1.48 37 .50 0.52 11 .6 1.93 C arya pall ida A 55 1.17 62.50 0.48 10.8 1.81 Rhododendron calendul aceum c 55 1.17 37 .50 0.25 5.6 1.93 Amelanchier arborer. B 30 0.64 37 .50 0.07 1.6 1.75 Q.uercus rubra A 10 0.21 25.00 0.04 0.8 2.00 [\.) ...0 ...0 Total 4720 2237 .6 0.27 TABLE XCVI SUMMARY OF SHRUBS BY LIFE FORM IN THE TABLE MOUNTAIN COVER TYPE
Mean Basal Mean Numb er of Per cent Area (sq. Per cent of Number of Individual s of To tal in. per Total Basal Life Form Species per acre Numb er acre) Area
Canopy Species (A) ll 1895 40 .15 1504.0 67 .22 Sub-canopy Species (B) 6 1435 30 .40 555.2 24.81 Shrub s (C) 7 1390 29 .45 178.4 7.97 Woody Vines (D) 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Total 24 4720 100.00 2237 .6 100.00
w 0 0 301
TABLE XCVII SHRUBS OF THE TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE COVER TYPE : NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER SIZE CLASS
Size Class Species and Life Form a b c d e f Total
Pinu s pungens (A) 655 80 25 45 45 45 895 Qu ercus maril andica (A) 120 65 65 30 30 25 335 Diospyros virginiana (B) 575 100 65 15 755 Nyssa sylvatic a (A) 125 65 30 25 5 250 Cornus florida (B) 10 50 15 30 105 Cas tanea dentata (B) 80 10 5 10 10 115 Oxydendrum arboreum (B) 65 15 25 5 110 Sassafras alb idum (B) 305 5 5 5 320 Ilex montana (C) 225 45 5 275 Quercus velutina (A) 50 10 20 5 85 Pyrularia pubera (C) 325 5 330 Quercus cocc inea (A) 55 10 15 80 Vaccinium stamineum (C) 265 5 270 Robinia hi spida (C) 275 275 Pinus rigida (A) 20 10 5 5 40 Quercus prinus (A) 50 15 5 70 Kalmia latifolia (C) 90 25 115 Quercus alb a (A) 25 5 5 35 Acer rub rum (A) 20 15 5 40 Rhodo dendron maximum (C) 50 20 70 Carya pallida (A) 35 15 5 55 Rhododendron calendul aceum (C) 55 55 Amelanchier arbore a (B) 25 5 30 Quercus rubra (A) 10 10
Total 3510 575 285 190 75 85 4720
Per cent of Total 74. 36 12.18 6.04 4·03 1.59 1.80 302
TABLE XC VIII SEEDLINGS OF THE TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE COVER TYPE
Mean Number of Relative Individual s Density Species per acre % Acer rubrum 75.00 87 .5 1.27 Amelanchier arborea 87 .50 225.0 3.27 Carya sp . 50 .00 75.0 1.09 Diospyro s virgini ana 100.00 2187 .5 31.82 Ilex montana 87.50 362 .5 5. 27 Nyssa sylvatica 62.50 87.5 1.27 Oxydendrum arboreum 62.50 100 .0 1.45 Liriodendron tulipifera 12.50 12.5 0.18 Pinus pungens 100 .00 1187.5 17 .32 Pinus strobus 12.50 12.5 0.18 Pyrul aria pubera 62.50 162.5 2. 36 Q.uerc us alb a 62.50 525.0 7.64 Q.uercus marilandica 100 .00 412 .5 6.00 Q.uercus prinus 37.50 87 .5 1.27 Q.uercus rubra 50 .00 112.5 1.64 Robinia sp . 87.50 362 .5 5.27 Sassafras alb idum 75.00 750.0 10.91 Viburnum ac erifolium 37.50 50 .0 0.73 Vitis aestivalis 25.00 75.0 1.09
Total 6874.5 303
TABLE XCIX HERBS OF THE TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE COVER TYPE
Density Cover Fre uency Species % �
Andropogon sp . 5.0 0-10 33· 33 Aster sp. 4·5 0-10 16 .67 - Chimaphil a macul ata 3.5 0-10 91 .67 Chrysops is graminifolia 2.0 0-10 16 .67 Chrysopsis mariana 2.0 0-10 8.33 Coreopsis major 1.0 0-10 8.33 ..._-Epigaea repens 15.0 40-50 8.33 Gaul theria pro cumb ens 5.0 0-10 16 .67 Iris verna 7.5 0-10 16 .67 Lysimachi a quadrifolia 1.0 0-10 8.33 Mono tropsis odorata 8.0 0-10 8.33 - P teridium aquilinum 4·5 10-20 41 .67 Sericocarpus asteroides 2.0 0-10 8.33 Sericocarpus linifolius 3.0 0-10 8.33 Smilax bona- nox 3.0 0-10 8.33 -Smilax glauca 4·4 0-10 58 .33 Solidago bicolor 2.5 0-10 16 .67 Tephrosia virgini ana 2.0 0-10 16 .67
Total 15. 3 0-10 APPENDIX F
VASCULAR PLANTS OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN AND REFERENCES USED FOR THEIR IDENTIFICATION TABLE C VASCULAR PLANTS OF CHILHOWEE MOUNTAIN
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands Pteridophytes
Equis taceae
Equisetum arvense L. X X
Equi setum hyemale L .���� X
Lycopodiac eae
' Lycopodium compl anatum L. X
Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh X X
S el ag inell ac e ae
Selaginella apoda ( L. ) Fern. X X
Ophioglossaceae
Bo trychium dis sec tum Spreng . X X
Botrychium virgini anum ( L.) Sw. X X
Ophioglos sum vulgatum L.���� X X
Osmundaceae
Osmund a reg al is L .{��� X X
O s mund a claytoni ana L. X X
Osmund a cinnamomea L. X X 306
TABLE C (cont inued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands
Polypodiac eae
Onoclea sensibilis L. x X
Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray x X
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl .) A. Gra�r x X Thelepteris noveborac ensis (L.� Nieuwl .* x X Polyst ichum acrostichoides (Michx. ) Scho tt x X Denns taedtia punc tilobul a (Michx.) Moore x X
Camp tosorus rhi zophyllus {L.) Link x X
Asplenium trichomane s L. x X
Asplenium pla tyneuron (L.) Oakes x X
Adiantum pedatum L. x X
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn x X
Polypodium virgini anum L. x X
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt x X
Gymnosperms
Pinaceae
Tsuga canadensis {L.) Carr. X X
Pinus strobus L. X X
Pinus taeda L. X 307
TABLE C (cont inued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Pinu s echinata Mill . X X
Pinus virg iniana Mill . X X
Pinus rigida Mill . X X
Pinus pung ens Lamb . X X
Juniperus virgini ana L. X X
Mono cotyl edons
Typhaceae
Typha latifolia X
Alismataceae
Alisma subcordatum Raf . X Sagittaria aus tralis (J, G. Smith) Small Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sagittaria latifolia Willd . var. pubescens (Muhl .) J. G. Smith X
Gramine ae
Arundinaria gig an tea (Walt.) Chapm . x
Bromus j aponicus Thunb .->H� X X
Bromus secalinus L.->H� X
Fes tuc a arundinacea Schreb .* X X
Festuc a elatior L.-lH� X
Festuc a obtusa Biehler X X 308
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Festuca octoflora Walt.* X X Glyceria melicaria (Michx. ) F. T. Hubb ard X
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc . X X
Po a annua L ,{H!- X X
Poa compressa L.{H!- X X
Poa cuspidate Nutt. X X
Dac tylis glomerata L.4H• X
Eragro stis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP . X X
Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. X
Eragro stis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. X X
Uniola laxa (L.) BSP. X X
Uniola latifolia Michx. X
Triodia flava (L.) Smyth X X
Lolium perenne L.*.,• X X
Lolium mul tiflo rum Lam. X
Hordeum pusillum Nutt. X Hordeum vulgare L .{H•
Triticum aes tivum L.iH!- X X
El ymus virginicus L. X
Elymus virg inicus L. var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush. X 309
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P . Cumb erl ands
Holcus lana tus L .-lH*' X X
Sphenopholis ni t ida (Biehl er) Scribn. X X
Danthoni a spicata (L.) Beauv . X X
Danthoni a compressa Aus tin X X Sporobolis vag iniflorus (Torr.) Wood
Cal amagrostis cinnoides (Muhl .) Bart. X X
Agro s tis alba L. X X
Agrostis scabra Willd. X X Agrostis al tissima (Walt.) Tuckerm .
Agrostic perennans (Walt. ) Tuckerm . x Agrostis perennans (Walt .) Tuckerm . var . aestivalis Vasey Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm . var. aestivalis Vasey forma atherophora Fern. . x
Cinna arundinacea L. x
Phleum pratense L.�� x
Muhl enbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel . x Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl .) Trin. var. setigera Scribn.* x
Muhl enbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP . x Muhl enbergia capillaris (Lam. ) Trin.
Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv . X X
Aris tida dicho toma Michx . X 310
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erl ands
Aristida purpurascens Poir. X
Cynodon dac tylon (L.) Pers .-lHl- X
Elusine indica (L.) Gaertn.-lHl- X Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv .
Anthoxanthum odor a tum L .-lHl- X X
Leersia virginica Willd. X X
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. X X Digitaria filiformis (L.) Ko el . Digi tari a ischaemum ( Schreb .) Muhl .-lHl- x
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop .-lHl- X X
Paspalum laeve Michx. X X Paspalum laeve Michx . var. pilosum Scribn. X X Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr.-lHl- Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. var. gl abrum Vasey X
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.-lHl- X X
Panicum dicho tomiflorum Michx. X
Panicum flexile (Gettinger) Scribn. X
Panicum philadelphicum Bernh . X X Panicum gattingeri N ash.
Panicum anc eps Michx . X X
Panicum stipitatum Nash. X X 311
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb er1 ands
Panicum linearifolium Scribn.
Panicum laxiflorum Lam. X X
Panicum microcarpon Muhl . X X
Panicum dicho tomum L. X
Panicum lanug ino sum Ell . X X Panicum lanuginosum Ell . var . fascicul atum (Torr.) Fern. X X
Panicum villosissimum Nash. X X
Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell . X X
Panicum commutatum Schultes. X X
Panicum clande stinum L. X X
Panicum boscii Poir. X X Echinochlo a frumen t ac ea ( Roxb .) Lirur;H� Echinochloa crusgall i (L.) Beauv .-lH*' x
Setaria genicul ata (Lam.) Beauv . X X
Setaria glauc a (L.) Beauv .-lH*' X X
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv .-lH!- X X
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.-lH� X
Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. X X
Eul alia viminea (Trin. ) Ktze.-lH*' X X Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. cryp tatherus (Hack.) Houda-lH*'
Andropogon scoparius Michx. X X 312
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberla nds
Andropogon gerardi Vitman X X
Andropogon virginicus L. X X
Andropogon elliottii Chapm . X
Andropogon ternarius Michx . X
Sorgum halapense (L.) Pers. iHt X X
Sorghas trum nu tans (L.) Nash X X
Sorghastrum elliottii (Mohr) Nash X Coix lacryma- jobi L.iHt-
Cyperac eae Cyperus fl avesc ens L. var . poaeformis (Pursh) Fern. x Cyp erus rivularis Kunth . x
Cyperus strigosus L. X X
Cyperus retrorsus Chapm . X
Cyperus tenuifolius (Steud.) Dandy X
Eleocharis ob tusa (Willd. ) Schul tes X X
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. X X Scirpus atrovirens Willd. var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. X
Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl . X X
Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth X
Scirpus rubrico sus Fern. X 313
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Rhynchospora glomerate (L.) Vahl .
Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl . X X
Scleria triglomerata Michx . X X Scleria ni tida Willd.
Carex convoluta Mackenz . X X
Carex vulpinoidea Michx. X X
Carex brunne scens (Pers.) Poir. X
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb . X X
Carex projecta Mackenz . X X
Carex emmonsii Dew. X
Carex crini ta Lam. X Carex crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein. ) Schwein. & Torr. X Carex crinita Lam . var. brevicrini s Fern. X X Carex barrattii Schwein. & Torr.
Carex virescens Muhl . X X
Carex swanii (Fern. ) Mackenz . X X
Carex gracillima Schwien. X
Carex plantaginea Lam. X
Carex laxiflora Lam. X X Carex laxiflora Lam. var . purpurifera (Mackenz .) Gleaso�f- X X TABLE C ( continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P . Cumberla nds
Carex frankii Kunth Carex intumescens Rudge Carex intumescens Rudg e var. fernaldii Bailey
Arac eae
Aris aema triphyllum ( L.) Schott
Commelinaceae Commelina communi s L.�H� Commelina virginica L. Commelina erecta L. Tradescantia sub aspera Ker . x Tradescantia subaspera Ker. var . montana ( Shuttlew. ) Anders & Woodson x
Tradescantia virgini ana L. Tradescantia ohiensis Raf.
Junc ac eae Juncus tenui s Willd.
Juncus interior Wieg . X Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg . Juncus debilis Gray 31.5
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Juncus acuminatus Michx. X X
Luzul a bulbosa (Wood) Rydb . X X
Luzul a echinata (Small) F. J. Herm. X X
Lilaceae Xerophyllum asphodeloides (L.) Nutt.
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray X X
Amianthium muscae toxicum (Walt.) Gray X X
Stenanthium gramineum (Ker.) Morong X X
Veratrum parviflorum Michx .-l� X X
Uvul aria perfoliata L. X X
Uvularia grandiflora Sm. X
Uvul ar ia pudica (Walt.) Fern . X
Uvul aria sessilifolia L. X X
Allium canadens e L. X X
Allium vine ale L.** X X
Hemerocallis fulva L.-lH!- X X
Lil ium canadense L. X
Lil ium michauxii Poir. X
Ery thronium americanum Ker. X X
Orni thog alum umbella tum L .-lH!- X X Muscari botryo ides (L.) Mill .-lH! Asparagus offic inale L .-lH� 316
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberla nds
Clintonia umbelluata (Michx. ) Morang x X
Smilacina rac emosa (L. ) Desf. x X Disporum lanug inosum (Michx. ) Nicholson x X
Disporum maculatum (Buckl .) Britt. x X
Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell . x X Polygonatum canaliculatum (Muhl .) Pursh X
Convallaria majuscula Green�� X
Medeola virgini ana L. X X
Trillium cuneatum Raf . X X
Trillium luteum (Muhl .) Harbison X X
Trillium catesbaei Ell . X X Trillium erectum L. var. album (Michx.) Pursh X Trillium erectum L. var. blandum Jennison X
Aletris farino sa L. X X
Smilax herbacea L. X X
Smilax rotundifolia L. X X
Smilax bona-nox L. X Smilax hispida (Muhl .) Fern.
Smilax glauc a Walt. X X 317
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberland s
Dios coreaceae
Dioscorea batatas Dcne .�H� X
Dioscorea quaternata (Walt.) J. F. Gmel . x X
Dioscorea villosa L. X
Amaryllidac eae
Narcissus pseudo- narcissus L.�H� X
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville X X
Iridaceae
Sisyrinchium angustifol ium Mill . X
Iris verna L. X X
Iris cri stata Ait. X X
Orchidaceae Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll X X Cypripedium ac aul e Ait. x Orchis spectabilis L. x Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng . x
Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. X X
Habenaria lacera (Michx. ) Lodd. X X
Cleistes divaricata (L.) Ames X X
Calopogon puchellus (Salisb.) R. Br . X X Spiranthe s grayi (Ames) Fern. 318
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erl ands
Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel .) Beck X X
Spiranthe s cernua (L.) Richard X X
Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. X
Corallorhiza wis teriana Conrad X
Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. X X
Mal axi s unifolia Michx. X
Liparis lilifolia (L.) Richard X
Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl .) Torr . X
Dicotyledons
Salicaceae
Salix nigra Marsh. X X
Salix babylonica L.�H! X
Salix alb a L.�Hl- X
Salix humilis Marsh. X X
Salix sericea Marsh . X X
Populus gileadensis Roule au�H!- X
Jugl andac eae
Juglans cinera L. X· X
Jugl ans nigra L. X X
Cary a illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch-lH! X X
Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch X X 319
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumber lands
Carya ovata (Mill .) K. Koch .X: .X: C arya ovata (Mill .) K. Koch var. pubescens Sarg . .X:
Carya tomentosa Nutt . .X: .X:
Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet .X: .X:
Carya oval is (Wang.) Sarg . .X: .X:
C ary a pall ida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn. .X: .X:
Coryl aceae
Corylus ame ricana Walt. .X: .X:
Corylus cornuta Marsh . .X: .X:
Ostrya virginiana (Mill .) K. Koch .X: .X:
Carp inus carol ini ana Walt. .X: .X:
Betula lenta L. .X: .X: Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (B. lutea Mich.x:. f.) .X: .X:
Betul a nigra L. .X: .X:
Alnus serrul ate (Ai t.) Will d. .X: .X:
Fagaceae
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. .X: .X:
Castanea dentata (Marsh. ) Borkh. .X: .X:
Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. .X: .X:
Quercus alba L. .X: .X: 320
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands
Q.uercus s t e 11 at a Wang . X X
Q.uercus muhl enbergii Engelm. X
Q.uercus prinus L. X X
Q.uercus rubra L. X X
Q.uercus coccine a Muenchh. X X
Q.uercus velutina Lam. X X
Q.uercus falcata Michx. X X
Q.uercus marilandica Muenchh . X X
Ulmaceae
Ulmus rubra Muhl . X X
Ulmus al ata Michx. X X
Celtis occidentalis L. X X
Celtis laevigata Willd. X X
Morac eae
Morus rubra L. X X
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Bchneid.-lH!- X X
Urticaceae Urtica procera Muhl .
Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd . X X
Pilea pumila (L.) Gray X X
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw . X X 321
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P . Cumb erl ands
Santalaceae Pyrul ar ia pubera Michx. X X
Loranthac eae Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. X X
Aristolochiaceae
Hexas tylis · arifolia (Michx. ) Small var. ruthii (Ashe) Blomquist-lt- X X Hexastylis shuttleworthii (Britton & Baker) SmalHt- X X Aristolochia serpentaria L. X X Aristolochia mac rophylla Lam. (A. durior Hill) X X
Polygonaceae Rumex cri spus L .-lH!- X X Rumex pulcher L .-lHt- Rumex ac etosella L.-lHt- X X Tovara virg ini ana (L.) Raf. X Polygonum erec tum L. X Polygonum avicul are L .-lHt- X Polygonum pensylvanicum L. X X Polygonum cespito sum Blume var. longisetum (DeBruyn ) Stewart Polygonum pers ic ari a L .-lHt- X X 322
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb e:rl ands Polygonum punc tatum Ell . X Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx . X X Polygonum setaceum Baldw. X Polygonum sagittatum L. X X Polygonum convolvulus L .-lHl- s Polygonum scandens L. X X
Fagopyrum escul entum Moench. ( F . s agg i t aturn Gil i b . ) -ll--ll- X
Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L.-lHl- X X Chenopodium ambrosio ide s-lHl- X
Amaranthac eae Amaranthus hyb ridus L ,-lHl- X X Amaranthus spinosus L .-lHl- X
Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. X X
Aizo aceae Mollugo verticillata L.** X
Portul ac ac eae Portul ac a oleracea L.-lHl- X Claytoni a virginica L. X X 323
TABLE C ( continue d)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erl ands
C aryophyll ac eae Paronychi a canadens is ( L.) Wood X X Paronychia fas tigiata ( Raf.) Fern. X X Arenaria patul a Michx. Stellaria pubera Michx. X X Agro stemma gi thago L .-lH� X X
Silene stellata ( L. ) Ait. f. X X Silene antirrhina L. X Silene virginica 1. X X Saponari a officinalis 1.-lH� X X Dianthus armeria 1.-lH� X X
Ranuncul ac e ae Ranunculus ab ortivi s 1. X X Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. X X Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl . X Ranunculus parviflorus 1.-lH� X X Thalictrum clavatum DC . X X
Thalictrum dioicum 1. X X Thal ictrum revolutum DC . X X Anemonella thalictroides (1.) Spach X X Hepatica americ ana ( DC . ) Ker. X X 324
TABLE C ( continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erla nds
Hepatica acutiloba DC . .X: .X:
Anemone quinquefolia L. .X: .X:
Anemone virgini ana L. .X: .X:
Clematis virginiana L. .X: .X:
Aquilegia canadensis L. .X: .X:
Delphinium tricorne Michx. .X: .X:
Cimicifug a rac emo sa ( L.) Nutt. .X:
Actaea pachypoda Ell . .X: .X:
Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh . .X: .X:
Berberidaceae
Podophyllum peltatum L. .X: .X:
Caulophyllum thal ictroide s ( L.) Michx . .X: .X:
Menispermaceae
Cocculus carolinus ( L.) DC . .X: .X:
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia acuminata L. .X: .X:
Magnolia tripetala L. .X: .X:
Magnolia fraseri Wal t. .X: .X:
Liriodendron tulipifera L. .X: .X: 325
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands
C alyc anthaceae Calyc anthus floridus L. var. laevigatus (Willd.) T. & G. X X
Annonac eae Asimina trilob a (L.) Du nal X X
Lauraceae Sassafras alb idum (Nutt .) Nees X X Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume X X
P ap averaceae Sanguinaria canadensis L. X X Corydalis se mpervirens (L.) Pers . X X
Cruc iferae Drab a verna L .->:--:l- X X Thl aspi arvens is L.->Hl- X X Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br . .,Hl X Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic .�:--:� X X Brassica rapa L.** X X Sisymb rium officinal e (L.) Scop.�Hl X Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynk .-:Hl- X X Erysimum perofskianum Fisch. & Mey.�Hl Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers.,Hl- X X 326
TABLE C ( continued)
Spec ies G.S.M.N.P. Cumberla nds Dentaria laciniata Muhl . .X .X Dentaria diphylla Michx. .X .X Dentaria he terophylla Nutt. .X .X Dentaria mul tifida Muhl . .X C ardamine flagellifera 0. E. Schul z-l� .X C ardamine hirsu ta L .-lH� .X .X
Arabis laevigata ( Muhl . ) Poir .-lH� .X X
Crassul aceae Sedum ternatum Michx.-lH� X .X
S a.xifrag ac e ae Pentho rum sedo ides L. .X .X
Astilb e biternata ( Vent . ) Britt. X .X Tiarella cordifolia L. X X Heuchera villo sa Michx. X .X Heuchera americana L. X X Mitella diphylla L. .X .X Parnassia asarifolia Vent . .X .X Philadelphus hirsutus Nutt. .X .X Philadelphus pubescens Loisel . X Philadelphu s sharpi anus Hu. .X .X Hydrangea arborescens L. X X 327
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P . Cumberlands
Hydrangea arborescens L. ssp. radiata (Wal ter) McCl intock.;t- x
Ribes cyno sb ati L. X X
Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelis virginiana L. X X
Liquidamb ar styrac iflua L. X X
Plat anac e ae
Platanus occidentalis L. X X
Rosaceae
Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. X X
Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. X X
Gillenia trifoliata (L. ) Moench X X
Pyrus angustifolia Ait. X X
Pyrus communis L .-:H� X
Amelanchi er arborea (Michx . f.) Fern. X X
Amelanchier laevis Wieg . X X
Craetagus sp . X X
Fragaria virginiana Duche sne X X
Duchesnia indica (Andr. ) Focke-lHt X Walds teinia fragariodes (Michx. ) Tratt. var. parviflora (Small) Fern . X X
Po ten till a recta L .-:Ht- X 328
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Potentilla canadens is L. X X
Potentilla simplex Michx . X X
Geum canadense Jacq. X X
Rubus odoratus L. X
Rubus occidentalis L. X X
Rubus flagellaris Willd. X
Rubus all egheniensis Porter X
Rubus argutus Link X X
Agrimoni a parviflora Ait. X X
Agrimonia ro stellata Wallr. X X
Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. X X
Rosa palus tris Marsh. X X
Prunus americ ana Marsh. X X
Prunus serotina Ehrh . X X
Prunus virgini ana L. X
Legumino sae
Albizzia julibrissin DurazzinHHl X X
Schrankia microphylla (Dry ander) MacEr. X X
Gledi tsia triac antho s L. X X
C assia marilandica L. X X
Cassia fasciculate Michx. X X 329
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Cassia nicti tans L. x X
Cercis canadensis L. x X
Baptisia tinc toria (L.) R. Br. x X Thermopsis villosa (Walt.) Fern. & Schub . (T. caroliniana M.A. Curtis){l- x X
Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M. A. Curtisil- x X Thermopsis fraxinifolia M. A. Curti�!-
Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch X X
Crotalaria sagittalis L. X X
Trifolium pra tense L .-lHl- X X
Trifolium hyb ridum L .-lHl- .X
Trifolium inc arnatum L.-lHl- .X .X Trifolium ag aricum L .-lH!-
Trifolium repens L.-lHl- .X .X
Trifolium procumb ens L .-lHl- .X .X Trifolium dub ium Sib th .-lHl- Trifolium campestre Schreb .*
Melilotus alb a Desr.-lH:- .X .X
Mel iotus officinalis (L.) Lam.-lHl- .X .X
Tephrosia virgini ana (L.) Pers . .X .X Robini a nana Ell.*
Robinia pseudo ac acia L. X X 330
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands
Rob inia hi spida L. X X
Desmodium nudiflorum ( L.) DC . X
Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl .) Wood X X
Desmodium pauc iflorum (Nutt.) DC . X
Desmodium ro tundifolium DC . X X Desmodium ochroleucum M. A. Curtis
Desmodium c anescens ( L •) DC . X X
Desmodium ciliare (Muhl .) DC . X X
Desmodium canadense (L.) DC . X X
Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl .) Loud. X
Desmodium viridiflorum ( L.) DC . X
Desmodium nuttallii ( Schindl . ) Schub . X
Desmodium ob tusum (Muhl . ex. Willd. ) DC .,} -
Desmo dium panicul atum ( L. ) DC. X X
Desmodium laevigatum (Nutt.) DC . X X
Lespedeza procumb ens Michx. X
Lespedeza rep ens ( L. ) Bart . X X
Lespedeza violacea ( L.) Pers . X X
Lespedeza bicolor Turcz .�r ����
Lespedeza nu ttallii Darl . X Lespedeza stuevei Nut t.
Lespedeza virginica ( L. ) Britt. X X 331
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands
Lespedeza int ermedia (s. Wats .) Britt . .X: .X:
Lespedeza hirta (L. ) Hornem. .X: .X:
Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don:!H!- .X: .X:
Stylosanthes biflora (L.) BSP. .X: .X:
Vicia caroliniana Walt. .X: .X:
Vic i a villos a Ro th·:H!- .X:
Lath yrus l a tifol ius L .-lH!- .X: .X:
Apios americana Medic . .X: .X:
Phaseolus polystachios (L.) BSP . .X: .X:
Strophostyles helvola (L.) Ell. .X:
Clitoria mariana L. .X: .X:
Centrosema virgini anum (L.) Benth. .X: .X:
Amphicarpa brac teata (L.) Fern. .X: .X:
Gal ac ti a regul aris ( L. ) BSP. .X:
Galac tia volubilis (L.) Britt. .X: .X:
Pueraria lobata (Willd. ) OhwHH!- .X:
Linaceae Linum medium (Pl anch.) Britt. var. te.x:anum (Planch.) Fern. .X:
Linum virgini anum L. .X: .X: Linum virgini anum L. var. floridanum Planch.-l!- 332
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P . Cumb erlands
Linum stri atum Walt. X X
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis violacea L. X X
Oxalis stricta L. X X
Oxalis grandis Small X X
Geraniaceae
Ger anium carolini anum L. X X
Geranium macul atum L. X X
Rutac eae
Ptelea trifoliata L. X
Simaroubaceae
Ail anthus al tissima (Mill .) Swingle-!Hr X X
Polygalaceae
Polygal a polyg ama Walt. X
Polygal a sanguine a L. X X
Polygal a curtissii Gray X X
Euphorbiaceae Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell-Arg .��o 333
TABLE C ( continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberla nds
Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. X X
Ac alypha virginica L. X X
Ac alypha gracilens Gray X Euphorbia dentata Michx.
Euphorbia mercurialina Michx . X
Euphorbia corollata L. X X
Euphorb ia supina Raf. X
Euphorbia maculata L. X X
Anac ardaceae
Rhus typhina L. X X
Rhus glabra L. X X
Rhus copallina L. X X
Rhus radicans L. X X
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex opac a Ait. X X
Ilex montana T. & G. X X Ilex montana T. & G. var. mollis ( Gray ) Britt. X X
Celas traceae
Euonymus americanus L. X X 334
TABLE C ( continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Euonymus obovatus Nutt. X X
Celas trus scandens L. X
Aceraceae
Acer pensylvanicum L. X X
Acer saccharum Marsh . X X
Acer rubrum L. X X
Acer rub rum L. var. trilobum K. Koch X X
Acer sac charinum L. X X
Acer negundo L. X X
Hippocas tanaceae
Aesculus glabra Willd. X
Aesculus octandra Marsh. X X
Bals aminac eae
Impatiens pallida Nut t. X X
Impatiens capensis Meerb . X X
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus c aroliniana Walt. X X
Ceano thus americanus L. X X
Vi taceae
Ampelopsis cordata Michx. X X 335 TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. X X
Vitis aestivalis Michx. X X
Vitis vulpina L. X X
Vitis baileyana Munson X
Vitis rotundifolia Michx. X
Tiliaceae
Tilia he terophylla Vent. X X
Malvaceae
Sid a spinos a L .-lH� X
Hibiscus syriacus 1.-lH� X
Theaceae
S t e war t i a ovat a ( C a v • ) We a th. X X
Guttiferae
Ascyrum hypericoides L. X X
Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bickn. X
Hypericum punc tatum Lam. X X
Hypericum mutilum L. X X
Hypericum gentiaaoides {t. ) BSP . X X 336
TABLE C ( continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumber lands
Cistaceae
Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. .X Helianthemum propinquum Bickn.
Lechea racemulosa Michx . .X .X
Violaceae
Hyb anthus concolor (T. F. Forst.) Spreng . .x .X
Viola pedata L. .X .X
Viola papilionac ea Pursh. .X
Viola sororia Willd. .X .X
Viola septentrionalis Greene .X .X
Viola hirsutula Brainerd .X .X
Viola sagittata Ait. .X .X
Viola trilob a Schwein. .X
Viola incogni ta Brainerd .X .X
Viola blanda Willd. .X .X
Viola primulifolia L. .X .X
Viola tripartita Ell . .X .X
Viola hastata Mich.x . .X .X
Viola pubescens .Ait. .X
Viola canadensis L. .X .X
Viola conspersa Reichenb. .X .X 337
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands Viola kitaibeliana R. & S. var . rafine squii (Greene) Fern.{H!- X X
Viola macloskeyi F. E. Lloy�• X
Passiflorac eae
Passiflora lutea L. X X
Passiflora incarnat a L. X X
Nyssaceae
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh . X X
Melas tomatac eae
Rhexia mariana L. X X
Rhexia virginica L. X X
Onagrac eae
Ludwigia alternifolia L. X X
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell .{H!- X X
Epilob ium coloratum Biehl er X
Oeno thera laciniata Hill X X
Oenothera bienni s L. X X
Oeno thera speciosa Nut t. X
Gaura bienni s L. X X
Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Raven X X 338
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erlands
Araliaceae
Aral ia spinosa L. X X
Aralia rac emosa L. X X
Aralia nudicaul is L. X
Panax quinquefolius L. X X
Hedera helix L .�H( X
Umbelliferae
Sanicul a marilandica L. X X
Sanicula gregaria Bickn. X
Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. X X
Sanicula canadens is L. X X Sanicula smallii Bickn.
Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. X X Osmorhiza claytoni (Michx.) C. B. Clarke X
Cicuta macul ata L. X X
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L) DC . X X
Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude X X
Ligu�ticum canadens e (L.) Britt. X X
Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray X X
Thaspium barb inode (Michx.) Nutt. X X 339
TABLE C (continued)
Spec ies G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erl ands
Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern . X X
Oxypolis rigidior (L.) C. & R. X X
Daucus caro ta L.** X X
Cornaceae
Cornus florida L. X X
Cornus amomum Mill. X X
Cornu s al ternifolia L. f. X X
Clethrac eae
Clethra acuminata Michx. X X
Pyrolaceae
Chimaphila macul ata (L.) Pursh. .X .X
Mono tropa uniflora L. .X .X
Monotropa hypopithy s L. .X .X
Mono tropsis odorata Ell . .X
Ericaceae
Rho dodendron maximum L. X X
Rhododendron catawb iense Michx. X X Rhododendron calendul ac eum (Michx. ) Torr . .X X
Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr . .X .X 340
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P . Cumberl ands
Rhodo dendron viscosum (L.) Torr. X
Kalmia latifolia L. x X
Lyonia ligus trina (L.) DC . x X
Leucotho e fontanesiana (Steud.) Sleume�� x X
Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. x X
Epigaea repens L. x X
Gaul theria procumb ens L. x X
Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch x X Gaylus sacia ursina (M. A. Curtis) T. & G.* X
Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. X X
Vaccinium stamineum L. X X V accinium stamineum L. var. melanoc arpum Mohr . X X
Vaccinium vacillans Torr . X X
Vaccinium hirsutum Buckl .* X X
Vaccinium simulatum Small X X
Diaspensiaceae
Galax aphylla L. X
Primul aceae
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. X X 341
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erl ands
Lysimachia nummul ari a L.J,H(- x Lysimachia tons a Wood x x
Lysimachi a lanceolata Walt. X X
Samolus parviflorus Raf . X X
Eb enaceae
Dio spyros virgini ana L. X X
Styrac ac eae
Halesia carolina L. X X
Oleac eae
Fraxinus americana L. X X Fraxinus americana L. var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J. Wright X X
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh X Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var . subintergerrima (Vahl .) Fern. X X
Chinonathus virginicus L. X X
Ligus trum vulgare L .J,H(- X X
Logani aceae
Spigelia marilandica L. X X Gentianaceae
Sabatia angul aris (L.) Pursh X X 342
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erl ands
Gentiana quinquefolia 1. X
Gentiana decora Pollard X X
Gentiana saponaria 1. X
Bartonia virginica ( 1 0) BSP . X X
Obolaria virginica 1. X X
Apocynaceae
Apocynum andro saemifolium 1. X X
Apocynum cannab inum 1. X
Vi nc a minor 1 . �H!- X X
Asclepiadac eae
Asclepias tuberosa 1. X X
Asclepias inc arnata 1. X X
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. X X
Asclepias exal tata 1. X X
Asclepias varieg ata 1. X X
Asclepias syriaca 1.
Asclepias amplexic aul is Sm. X X Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt.
Gonolobus gonocarpus (Walt. ) Perry X X
Convolvul ac eae Ipomoea quamoclit L.�H!- 343
TABLE C ( continued )
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands
Ipomoea coccinea 1. X X
Ipomoea purpurea ( 1.) Roth -lH!- X X
Ipomoea pandurata ( 1.) G. F. w. Mey . X X
Ipomo ea lacunosa 1. X
Convolvulus spithamaeus 1. X ( Calystegia spithamaea ( L.) Pursh)
Convolvulus sepium 1. X
Cus cuta campestris Yuncker X X
Polemoniac eae Phlox pilosa 1.
Phlox amone a Sims X X
Phlox stolonifera Sims X
Phlox carolina 1. ssp . al a t a Wherry-!!- X
Phlox maculata L. X X
Phlox ampl ifol i a Britt. X
Hydrophyllac eae Hydrophyllum mac rophyllum Nut t.
Phac elia bipinnatifida Michx. X X
Boraginac eae
Cynoglossum virgini anum 1. X X 344
TABLE C ( continued )
Sp ec ies G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erlands
Myosotis mac rosperma Eng elm . X X
Hackelia virgini ana ( L. ) I. M. Johns ton x
Verg enac eae
Verb en a ur ticifolia L. X X
Verb en a simpl ex Lehm. X
Labiatae
Trichostema dichotomum L. X X
Scutell ari a ovata Hill X X
Scutell ari a elliptic a Muhl . X X
Scutellaria inc ana Biehl er X X
Scutellaria integrifolia L. X X
Nep et a catari a L.** X
Prunella vulg aris L. X X
Lami urn ampl ex ic.aul e L .�H: X
Sta chy 3 riddellii Hous e X X
Sal via lyrata L. X X
Monarda clinopodi a L. X X
Monarda fis tulo sa L. X X
Blephilia hirsuta ( Purs h) Benth. X
Hedeoma pul egioides ( L. ) Pers . X X
Meli ssa offic in.ali s L � ..:��� X 345
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P . Cumberlands
Pycnanthemum viridifolium Fern. X X
Pycnanthemum inc anum (L.) Michx. X X
Cunila origanoides (L.) Britt. X X
Lycopus virginicus L. X X
Lycopus rubel lus Moench. X
Mentha piperi ta L .�H� X
Collinsoni a canadensis L. X X
Micheliella verticillata (Baldw. ) Briq. X
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.�H!- X X
Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L .�HI
Solanum carolinense L. X X
Physalis subglabrata Mackenz . & Bush. X X
Physalis virgini ana Mill . X
Physalis he terophylla Nees X
Scrophul ariaceae
Verbas cum thaspus L .�H� X X
Verbascum bl attari a L .�H! X X
Scrophul aria marilandica L. X
Chelone glabra L. X X
Pens temon canescens Britt. X X 346
TABLE C (cont inued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberl ands
Paulowni a tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud .-lH!- x x
Mimulus ringens L. x x
Mimulus al atus Ait. x x
Gratiola neglec ts Torr. x x
Gratiola virgini ana L. X
Veronica serpyllifolia L.-lH! X X
Veronica peregrina L. X X
Veronica arvensis 1-** X X
Gerardia purpurea L. X X
Gerardia setacea (Walt.) J. F. Gmel . X
Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl . X X
Gerardia decemlob a Greene X X
Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP . X X
Gerardia laevigata Raf . X X
Gerardia fl ava L. X X
Gerardia pedicul aria (L.) X
Gerardia pectinata (Nutt.) Benth. X X Gerardia patul a (Chapm .) Gray-!�
Pedicul aris canadens is L. X X
Bigno ni ac eae
Camps is radicans (L. ) Seem . X X
Bignonia capreolata L. X X 347
TABLE C ( continued )
Spec ies G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Orob anchaceae
Conopholis americana ( L.) Wellr. X X
Epifagus virgini ana ( L.) Bart. X X
Orob anche uniflora L. X X
Acanthaceae
Ruellia caroliniensis ( Walt.) Steud . X X
Phrymac eae
Phryma leptostachya L. X X
Pl antag inac eae
Plantago rugelii Dcne . X
Plantago lanc eolata L. X X
Plantago aristata Michx. X X
Plant ago virginica L. X X
Rubiaceae
Gal ium ap arine L. X X
Galium triflorum Michx. X X
Galium pilosum Ai t. X X
Galium circaezans Michx . X X
Galium latifolium Michx . X X
Galium tine tori urn L. X X 348
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumb erl ands
Gal ium ob tusum Bigel . X X
Diodi a virginiana L. X X
Diodia teres Walt. X X
Mitchella repens L. X X
Hedyo tis purpure a (L.) � & G. X X
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. X X
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera j aponica Thunb . -lHr X X
Viburnum prunifolium L. X X
Viburnum rufidulum Raf . X X
Viburnum acerifolium L. X X
Samb ucus canadensis L. X X
Val erianac eae
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr . X X
Cucurbi taceae Sicyo s angul atus L.
C ampanul ac eae
Camp anul a americana L. X X
C amp anul a di v aric ata Michx . X X 349
TABLE C ( cont inued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Specul aria perfoliata ( L. ) A. DC . X X
Lobelia cardinalis L. X X
Lobelia siphil itica L. X X
Lobelia pub erul a Michx. X X
Lob elia inflata L. X X
Compositae
Vernonia altissima Nutt. X X
Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. X X
Elephantopus tomentosus L. X X
Eupatorium album L. X X
Eupatorium macul atum L. X
Eupatorium fis tulosum Barratt X X
Eup ato rium purpureum L. X X
Eupatorium sessil ifolium L. X X
Eupato rium perfoliatum L. X X
Eup ato rium sero tinum Michx . X X
Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. X X Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. forma villicaule Fern.
Eupatorium aromaticum L. X X
Eupato rium inc arna tum Walt. X 350
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Eupato rium coelestinum L. X X
Kuhnia eupatoriodes L. X X
Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. X
Liatri s squarrosa (L.) Michx. X X
Liatris aspera Michx . X
Chrysopsis nervosa (Willd. ) Fern. X X
Chrysopsis mariana {L.) Ell. X X
Solidago caesia L. X
Solidago curtisii T. & G. X X
Solidago bicolor L. X X
Solidago hispida M��l . X
Solidago puberula Nutt. X
Solidago roanensis Porter X
Solidago erecta Pursh X X
Solidago speciosa Nut t. X X
Solidago boottii Hook. X .X:
Solidago patula Muhl . X
Solidago sphacelata Raf. X
Solidago nemoral is Ait. X X
Solidago odora Ai t. X X Soli dago canadensis L. 351
TABLE C ( continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Solidago fl acc idifolia Small* X X
Aster divaricatus 1. X X
Aster macrophyllus 1. X
Aster cordifolius 1. X X
Aster lowrie anus Porter X X
Aster undul atus 1. X X
Aster patens Ait. X X Aster patens Ait. var . phlogifolius ( Muhl . ) Nees X X Aster prenanthoides Muhl .
Aster curtisii T. & G. X
Aster puniceus 1. X
Aster conc olor 1. X
Aster surculosus Michx. X X
Aster pilosus Willd. X X
Aster dumosus 1. X X
Aster lateriflorus (1.) Britt. X X
Pster linariifolius 1. X X
Aster infirmus Michx . X X
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. X X
Erigeron philadelphicus 1. X
Erigeron annuus (1.) Pers. X X 352
TABLE C ( cont inued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Erigeron strigosus Muhl . X
Erigeron canadensis 1. X
Sericocarpus asteroides (1.) BSP . X X
Sericocarpus linifolius (1.) BSP . X X Antennaria fallax Greene
Antennaria plantaginifolia (1.) Hook. X X
Antennaria solitaria Rydb . X X
Gnaphalium obtusifolium 1. X X
Gnaphalium purpureum 1. X X
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1. X X
Amb rosia trifida 1. X
Xanthium chinense Millsp . & Sherff . X X
Polymni a canadens is 1. X
Polymnia uvedal ia 1. X X
Silphium as teriscus 1. X X Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq.
Silphium compositum Michx. X Heliopsis heli anthoides (1.) Sweet. x
Rudbeckia laciniata 1. X X
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait . X X
Rudbeckia hirta 1. X
Heli anthus atrorubens 1. X X 353
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Gumb erlands
Heli anthus silphioides Nutt . X
Heli anthus divaricatus L. X X
Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. X X
Heli anthus strumosus L. X X
Helianthu s tubero sus L. X
Actinomeris al ternifolia (L.) DC . X
Verbesina occidentalis (L. ) Walt. X
Verbesina virginica L. X
Coreopsis auricul ata L. X X
Coreopsis major Walt. X X Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg .
Bidens frondosa L. X X
Bidens polylepsis Blake. X
Bidens bipinnata L. X
Helenium autumnale L. X X
Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. F. L. Rock* X
Achillea millefolium L. X X
Anthemis cotul a L. X X
Chrys anthemum leucanthemum L. X X
Erechi tites hieracifolia (L. ) Raf. X X
Cacalia muhlenberg ii (Sch. Bip.) Fern. X X 3.54
TABLE C (continued)
Species G.S.M.N.P. Cumberlands
Senecio smallii Britt. X X
Senecio aureus L. X X
Senecio obovatus Muhl . X X
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore X X
Krigia virginica ( L.) Will d. X X
Sonchus as per ( L.) Hill X
Lac tuca scariola L. X
Lac tuc a canadensis L. X X
Lac tuca floridana ( L • ) Gaertn. X X
Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh X
Prenanthes trifoliata (Cas s. ) Fern. X
Prenanthes al tissima L. X
Prenanthes ro anensis Chick.�!- X
Hieracium venosum L. X X
Hierac ium panicul atum L. X
Hieracium gronovii L. X X
�� Names that do no t occur in Gray's Manual of Bot any, Eighth Edition (Fernald, 19.50) . �(�} Intorduced plants; plant s no t indigenous to eastern North America. 355
The referenc es used for the identification of the different group s of plants listed in Table C are as follows:
Ferns: McVaugh and Pyron (1951), Shaver (1954) , Cobb (1956), Massey (1960) , Parsons (1961), Wherry (1961, 1964) , Dean (1964) , and Small (1964) . Grasses: Hitchcock (1950) , and Core, Berkley, and Davis (1944) . Violets: Russell (1965) . Legumes: Wilbur (1963) . Cultivated plants: Bailey (1949) . Shrub s: Grimm (1957), Symonds (1963) , and Stupka (1964) . Trees: Harrar and Harrar (1946), Little (1953) , Symonds (1958), Harlow and Harrar (1958), Grimm (1962), and Sargent (1965) .
Weeds and weed seedling s: Kummer (1951), Isely (1960) , and Underwood (1965) . All plants: Small (1933), Fernal d (1950) , Blomqui st and Oosting (1959), Gleason (1963), Strausb augh and Core (1964) , Radford , Ahl es, and Bell (1964) , and Stupka (1965) .