DOCSLIB.ORG

Generated by SRI International Pathway Tools Version 25.0 on Sat Aug 28, 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Generated by SRI International Pathway Tools Version 25.0 on Sat Aug 28, 2021 An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Gcf_000159095-HmpCyc: Anaerococcus tetradius ATCC 35098 Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Peroxisomal Proliferator–Activated Receptor- Upregulates
    Peroxisomal Proliferator–Activated Receptor-␥ Upregulates Glucokinase Gene Expression in ␤-Cells Ha-il Kim,1 Ji-Young Cha,1 So-Youn Kim,1 Jae-woo Kim,1 Kyung Jin Roh,2 Je-Kyung Seong,2 Nam Taek Lee,3 Kang-Yell Choi,1 Kyung-Sup Kim,1 and Yong-ho Ahn1 Thiazolidinediones, synthetic ligands of peroxisomal because of severe hyperglycemia (2,3). Adenovirus-medi- proliferator–activated receptor-␥ (PPAR-␥), improve ated expression of GLUT2 and GK in IL cells results in peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated gaining of glucose sensitivity (4). Thus, GLUT2 and GK are insulin secretion in pancreatic ␤-cells. To explore the important in glucose sensing of ␤-cells. However, GLUT2, role of PPAR-␥ in glucose sensing of ␤-cells, we have being a low-affinity, high-capacity glucose transporter, is ␤ ␤ dissected the -cell–specific glucokinase ( GK) pro- believed to play a more permissive role in glucose sensing, moter, which constitutes glucose-sensing apparatus in pancreatic ␤-cells, and identified a peroxisomal prolif- allowing rapid equilibration of glucose across the plasma erator response element (PPRE) in the promoter. The membrane. GK traps glucose in ␤-cells by phosphorylation GK-PPRE is located in the region between ؉47 and (5) and is the flux-controlling enzyme for glycolysis in␤ ؉68 bp. PPAR-␥/retinoid X receptor-␣ heterodimer ␤-cells (4). Thus, it serves as the gatekeeper for metabolic binds to the element and activates the ␤GK promoter. signaling, suggesting that GK rather than GLUT2 is directly The ␤GK promoter lacking or having mutations in PPRE ␥ ␥ responsible for the insulin secretion in response to in- cannot be activated by PPAR- .
    [Show full text]
  • Folic Acid Antagonists: Antimicrobial and Immunomodulating Mechanisms and Applications
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Folic Acid Antagonists: Antimicrobial and Immunomodulating Mechanisms and Applications Daniel Fernández-Villa 1, Maria Rosa Aguilar 1,2 and Luis Rojo 1,2,* 1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (D.F.-V.); [email protected] (M.R.A.) 2 Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-915-622-900 Received: 18 September 2019; Accepted: 7 October 2019; Published: 9 October 2019 Abstract: Bacterial, protozoan and other microbial infections share an accelerated metabolic rate. In order to ensure a proper functioning of cell replication and proteins and nucleic acids synthesis processes, folate metabolism rate is also increased in these cases. For this reason, folic acid antagonists have been used since their discovery to treat different kinds of microbial infections, taking advantage of this metabolic difference when compared with human cells. However, resistances to these compounds have emerged since then and only combined therapies are currently used in clinic. In addition, some of these compounds have been found to have an immunomodulatory behavior that allows clinicians using them as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an updated state-of-the-art on the use of antifolates as antibacterial and immunomodulating agents in the clinical setting, as well as to present their action mechanisms and currently investigated biomedical applications. Keywords: folic acid antagonists; antifolates; antibiotics; antibacterials; immunomodulation; sulfonamides; antimalarial 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Generated by SRI International Pathway Tools Version 25.0, Authors S
    An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Gcf_000238675-HmpCyc: Bacillus smithii 7_3_47FAA Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Munc18 Proteins Mediate Baseline and Stimulated Airway Mucin Secretion
    Different Munc18 proteins mediate baseline and stimulated airway mucin secretion Ana M. Jaramillo, … , Michael J. Tuvim, Burton F. Dickey JCI Insight. 2019;4(6):e124815. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.124815. Research Article Cell biology Pulmonology Graphical abstract Find the latest version: https://jci.me/124815/pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Different Munc18 proteins mediate baseline and stimulated airway mucin secretion Ana M. Jaramillo,1,2 Lucia Piccotti,1 Walter V. Velasco,1 Anna Sofia Huerta Delgado,3 Zoulikha Azzegagh,1 Felicity Chung,4 Usman Nazeer,1 Junaid Farooq,1 Josh Brenner,1 Jan Parker-Thornburg,5 Brenton L. Scott,1 Christopher M. Evans,6 Roberto Adachi,1 Alan R. Burns,7 Silvia M. Kreda,4 Michael J. Tuvim,1 and Burton F. Dickey1 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. 2Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA. 3Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico. 4Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. 5Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. 6Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 7College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Airway mucin secretion is necessary for ciliary clearance of inhaled particles and pathogens but can be detrimental in pathologies such as asthma and cystic fibrosis. Exocytosis in mammals requires a Munc18 scaffolding protein, and airway secretory cells express all 3 Munc18 isoforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Molecular Profiling for Analyzing and Predicting Therapeutic Mechanism, Response, Biomarker and Target
    INTEGRATED MOLECULAR PROFILING FOR ANALYZING AND PREDICTING THERAPEUTIC MECHANISM, RESPONSE, BIOMARKER AND TARGET Jia Jia (B. Sci & M. Sci, Zhejiang University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to deeply thank Professor Chen Yu Zong, for his constant encouragement and advice during the entire period of my postgraduate studies. In particular, he has guided me to make my research applicable to the real world problem. This work would not have been possible without his kindness in supporting me to shape up the manuscript for publication. I am also tremendously benefited from his profound knowledge, expertise in scientific research, as well as his enormous support, which will inspire and motivate me to go further in my future professional career. I am also grateful to our BIDD group members for their insight suggestions and collaborations in my research work: Dr. Tang Zhiqun, Ms. Ma Xiaohua, Mr. Zhu Feng, Ms. Liu Xin, Ms. Shi Zhe, Dr. Cui Juan, Mr. Tu Weimin, Dr. Zhang Hailei, Dr. Lin Honghuang, Dr. Liu Xianghui, Dr. Pankaj Kumar, Dr Yap Chun wei, Ms. Wei Xiaona, Ms. Huang Lu, Mr. Zhang Jinxian, Mr. Han Bucong, Mr. Tao Lin, Dr. Wang Rong, Dr. Yan Kun. I thank them for their valuable support and encouragement in my work. Finally, I owe my gratitude to my parents for their forever love, constant support, understanding, encouragement and strength throughout my life. A special appreciation goes to all for love and support. Jia Jia August 2010 I Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1 Overview of mechanism and strategies of molecular-targeted therapeutics ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0155567 A1 Burk Et Al
    US 2014O155567A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0155567 A1 Burk et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 5, 2014 (54) MICROORGANISMS AND METHODS FOR (60) Provisional application No. 61/331,812, filed on May THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF BUTADENE 5, 2010. (71) Applicant: Genomatica, Inc., San Diego, CA (US) Publication Classification (72) Inventors: Mark J. Burk, San Diego, CA (US); (51) Int. Cl. Anthony P. Burgard, Bellefonte, PA CI2P 5/02 (2006.01) (US); Jun Sun, San Diego, CA (US); CSF 36/06 (2006.01) Robin E. Osterhout, San Diego, CA CD7C II/6 (2006.01) (US); Priti Pharkya, San Diego, CA (52) U.S. Cl. (US) CPC ................. CI2P5/026 (2013.01); C07C II/I6 (2013.01); C08F 136/06 (2013.01) (73) Assignee: Genomatica, Inc., San Diego, CA (US) USPC ... 526/335; 435/252.3:435/167; 435/254.2: (21) Appl. No.: 14/059,131 435/254.11: 435/252.33: 435/254.21:585/16 (22) Filed: Oct. 21, 2013 (57) ABSTRACT O O The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial Related U.S. Application Data organisms having a butadiene pathway. The invention addi (63) Continuation of application No. 13/101,046, filed on tionally provides methods of using Such organisms to produce May 4, 2011, now Pat. No. 8,580,543. butadiene. Patent Application Publication Jun. 5, 2014 Sheet 1 of 4 US 2014/O155567 A1 ?ueudos!SMS |?un61– Patent Application Publication Jun. 5, 2014 Sheet 2 of 4 US 2014/O155567 A1 VOJ OO O Z?un61– Patent Application Publication US 2014/O155567 A1 {}}} Hººso Patent Application Publication Jun.
    [Show full text]
  • Signal Transduction Convergence: Phorbol Esters and Insulin Inhibit Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene Transcription Through
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 6580-6584, August 1991 Biochemistry Signal transduction convergence: Phorbol esters and insulin inhibit phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription through the same 10-base-pair sequence RICHARD M. O'BRIEN, MARIA T. BONOVICH, CLAUDE D. FOREST, AND DARYL K. GRANNER* Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-0615 Communicated by Charles R. Park, April 29, 1991 ABSTRACT Pbosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase describe such an element here and in so doing report an (PEPCK) governs the rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. example of signal transduction convergence: the inhibitory Glucocorticoids and cAMP increase PEPCK gene transcription effects of phorbol esters and insulin on the PEPCK gene, and gluconeogenesis, whereas insulin and phorbol esters have which start with the generation of unique signals, are medi- the opposite effect. Insulin and phorbol esters are dominant, ated through a common 10-base-pair (bp) sequence. since they prevent cAMP and glucocorticoid-stinulated tran- scription. Basal promoter elements and hormone response elements for cAMP, glucocorticoids, and insulin have been MATERIALS AND METHODS defined in previous studies. By using stable transfectants containing a variety of different PEPCK-chloramphenicol Plasmid Construction. The construction of a series of acetyltransferase fusion gene constructs, a phorbol ester re- reporter constructs containing 5' deletion mutations of the sponse sequence, located between positions -437 and -402 PEPCK promoter ligated to the chloramphenicol acetyltrans- relative to the transcription start site, was identified. This ferase (CAT) gene has been described (23). Plasmid TKC-VI region coincides with the insulin response sequence that has (provided by T.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate Metabolic Map Poster
    Authors: Pallavi Subhraveti Anamika Kothari Quang Ong Ron Caspi An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Ingrid Keseler Peter D Karp Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Csac1394711Cyc: Candidatus Saccharibacteria bacterium RAAC3_TM7_1 Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility. Tim Holland TM7C00001G0420 TM7C00001G0109 TM7C00001G0953 TM7C00001G0666 TM7C00001G0203 TM7C00001G0886 TM7C00001G0113 TM7C00001G0247 TM7C00001G0735 TM7C00001G0001 TM7C00001G0509 TM7C00001G0264 TM7C00001G0176 TM7C00001G0342 TM7C00001G0055 TM7C00001G0120 TM7C00001G0642 TM7C00001G0837 TM7C00001G0101 TM7C00001G0559 TM7C00001G0810 TM7C00001G0656 TM7C00001G0180 TM7C00001G0742 TM7C00001G0128 TM7C00001G0831 TM7C00001G0517 TM7C00001G0238 TM7C00001G0079 TM7C00001G0111 TM7C00001G0961 TM7C00001G0743 TM7C00001G0893 TM7C00001G0630 TM7C00001G0360 TM7C00001G0616 TM7C00001G0162 TM7C00001G0006 TM7C00001G0365 TM7C00001G0596 TM7C00001G0141 TM7C00001G0689 TM7C00001G0273 TM7C00001G0126 TM7C00001G0717 TM7C00001G0110 TM7C00001G0278 TM7C00001G0734 TM7C00001G0444 TM7C00001G0019 TM7C00001G0381 TM7C00001G0874 TM7C00001G0318 TM7C00001G0451 TM7C00001G0306 TM7C00001G0928 TM7C00001G0622 TM7C00001G0150 TM7C00001G0439 TM7C00001G0233 TM7C00001G0462 TM7C00001G0421 TM7C00001G0220 TM7C00001G0276 TM7C00001G0054 TM7C00001G0419 TM7C00001G0252 TM7C00001G0592 TM7C00001G0628 TM7C00001G0200 TM7C00001G0709 TM7C00001G0025 TM7C00001G0846 TM7C00001G0163 TM7C00001G0142 TM7C00001G0895 TM7C00001G0930 Detoxification Carbohydrate Biosynthesis DNA combined with a 2'- di-trans,octa-cis a 2'- Amino Acid Degradation an L-methionyl- TM7C00001G0190 superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis (E.
    [Show full text]
  • Coordinated Slowing of Metabolism in Enteric Bacteria Under Nitrogen
    Coordinated Slowing of Metabolism in Enteric Bacteria under Nitrogen Limitation: A Perspective Ned S. Wingreen NEC Research Institute, 4 Independence Way Princeton, New Jersey 08540 and Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Sydney Kustu Department of Plant Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Abstract It is natural to ask how bacteria coordinate metabolism when depletion of an essential nutrient limits their growth, and they must slow their entire rate of biosyn- thesis. A major nutrient with a fluctuating abundance is nitrogen. The growth rate of enteric bacteria under nitrogen-limiting conditions is known to correlate with the internal concentration of free glutamine, the glutamine pool. Here we compare the patterns of utilization of L-glutamine and L-glutamate, the two central inter- mediates of nitrogen metabolism. Monomeric precursors of all of the cell’s macro- molecules – proteins, nucleic acids, and surface polymers – require the amide group of glutamine at the first dedicated step of biosynthesis. This is the case even though only a minority (∼12%) of total cell nitrogen derives from glutamine. In contrast, the amino group of glutamate, which provides the remainder of cell nitrogen, is arXiv:physics/0110037v1 [physics.bio-ph] 12 Oct 2001 generally required late in biosynthetic pathways, e.g. in transaminase reactions for amino acid synthesis. We propose that the pattern of glutamine dependence coor- dinates the decrease in biosynthesis under conditions of nitrogen limitation. Hence, the glutamine pool plays a global regulatory role in the cell. 1 INTRODUCTION Enteric bacteria are notable for their varying environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper and Lower Case Letters to Be Used
    Thiamine Concentrations in Extruded Dog and Cat Food & Determination of Thiamine Status in Healthy Dogs and Cats and Comparison with Hospitalized Inappetent Animals by Georgia Kritikos A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Clinical Studies Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Georgia Kritikos, August, 2017 ABSTRACT THIAMINE CONCENTRATIONS IN EXTRUDED DOG AND CAT FOOD & DETERMINATION OF THIAMINE STATUS IN HEALTHY DOGS AND CATS AND COMPARISON WITH HOSPITALIZED INAPPETENT ANIMALS Georgia Kritikos Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Dr. Adronie Verbrugghe Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin and a dietary requirement for dogs and cats. It has a critical role in energy metabolism. As pet owners may freeze excess pet food in an attempt to maintain freshness, this thesis investigates the effect of freezing on thiamine in extruded dog and cat foods. Storage temperature did not affect thiamine concentrations of extruded diets, but thiamine significantly increased over time. Additionally, this thesis examines thiamine status of healthy dogs and cats in comparison to inappetent patients presenting to a tertiary referral hospital, and determines the effect of supplementation on resultant thiamine status in inappetent dogs. We found that thiamine diphosphate (TDP) and unphosphorylated thiamine status of healthy dogs declined with age. This relationship was not present in cats. TDP status was higher in inappetent dogs compared to healthy dogs. Supplementation led to higher TDP status in inappetent dogs compared to baseline TDP status. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I’d like to thank my advisor, Dr. Adronie Verbrugghe. I came into my degree with a love for nutrition and an idea that I wanted to pursue nutrition as a career.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate Metabolic Map Poster
    Authors: Pallavi Subhraveti Ron Caspi Peter Midford Peter D Karp An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Ingrid Keseler Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Gcf_001591825Cyc: Bacillus vietnamensis NBRC 101237 Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility. Anamika Kothari sn-glycerol phosphate phosphate pro phosphate phosphate phosphate thiamine molybdate D-xylose D-ribose glutathione 3-phosphate D-mannitol L-cystine L-djenkolate lanthionine α,β-trehalose phosphate phosphate [+ 3 more] α,α-trehalose predicted predicted ABC ABC FliY ThiT XylF RbsB RS10935 UgpC TreP PutP RS10200 PstB PstB RS10385 RS03335 RS20030 RS19075 transporter transporter of molybdate of phosphate α,β-trehalose 6-phosphate L-cystine D-xylose D-ribose sn-glycerol D-mannitol phosphate phosphate thiamine glutathione α α phosphate phosphate phosphate phosphate L-djenkolate 3-phosphate , -trehalose 6-phosphate pro 1-phosphate lanthionine molybdate phosphate [+ 3 more] Metabolic Regulator Amino Acid Degradation Amine and Polyamine Biosynthesis Macromolecule Modification tRNA-uridine 2-thiolation Degradation ATP biosynthesis a mature peptidoglycan a nascent β an N-terminal-
    [Show full text]
  • DHFR Inhibitors: Reading the Past for Discovering Novel Anticancer Agents
    molecules Review DHFR Inhibitors: Reading the Past for Discovering Novel Anticancer Agents Maria Valeria Raimondi 1,*,† , Ornella Randazzo 1,†, Mery La Franca 1 , Giampaolo Barone 1 , Elisa Vignoni 2, Daniela Rossi 2 and Simona Collina 2,* 1 Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] (O.R.); [email protected] (M.L.F.); [email protected] (G.B.) 2 Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; [email protected] (E.V.); [email protected] (D.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.V.R.); [email protected] (S.C.); Tel.: +390-912-389-1915 (M.V.R.); +390-382-987-379 (S.C.) † These Authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editors: Simona Collina and Mariarosaria Miloso Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 20 March 2019; Published: 22 March 2019 Abstract: Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors are an important class of drugs, as evidenced by their use as antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and anticancer agents. Progress in understanding the biochemical basis of mechanisms responsible for enzyme selectivity and antiproliferative effects has renewed the interest in antifolates for cancer chemotherapy and prompted the medicinal chemistry community to develop novel and selective human DHFR inhibitors, thus leading to a new generation of DHFR inhibitors. This work summarizes the mechanism of action, chemical, and anticancer profile of the DHFR inhibitors discovered in the last six years. New strategies in DHFR drug discovery are also provided, in order to thoroughly delineate the current landscape for medicinal chemists interested in furthering this study in the anticancer field.
    [Show full text]