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+ + + + Complexul Muzeal De Ştiinţele Naturii + + COMPLEXUL MUZEAL DE ŞTIINŢELE NATURII STUDII ŞI COMUNICÃRI - 1997 Pag. 5 CUPRINS Pag. Prefaţă ..................................................................................................................... ...... 7 A. Istoricul cercetărilor asupra vegetaţiei României ..................................................... 9 B. Prezentarea şi descrierea unităţilor de vegetaţie ..................................................... 13 I. ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS .................................. .. 13 II. THLASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOLII .................................... 23 III. SALICETEA HERBACEAE ............................................... 34 IV. JUNCETEA TRIFIDI .......................................................... 41 V. NARDO-CALLUNETEA .................................................... 44 VI. ELYNO-SESLERIETEA ..................................................... 47 VII. BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA .......................................... 53 VIII. LEMNETEA ......................................................................... 59 IX. LITORELLETEA ................................................................ 65 X. CHARETEA ......................................................................... 65 XI. POTAMETEA ...................................................................... 68 XII. PHRAGMITETEA ............................................................... 76 XIII. ISOËTO-NANOJUNCETEA .............................................. 88 XIV. CAKILETEA MARITIMAE .............................................. 92 XV. MONTIO-CARDAMINETEA ............................................ 95 XVI. SCHEUCHZERIO-CARICETEA NIGRAE (FUSCAE) .. 98 XVII. OXYCOCCO-SPHAGNETEA ........................................ 104 XVIII. MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA ................................ 106 XIX. JUNCETEA MARITIMI ................................................... 120 XX. PUCCINELLIO-SALICORNIETEA ............................... 122 + + + + CENOTAXONOMIA ªI CARACTERIZAREA GRUPÃRILOR VEGETALE DIN ROMÂNIA 6 XXI. AMMOPHILETEA ............................................................ 136 XXII. SEDO-SCLERANTHETEA .............................................. 137 XXIII. FESTUCETEA VAGINATAE .......................................... 142 XXIV. FESTUCO-BROMETEA .................................................. 147 XXV. SECALIETEA .................................................................... 171 XXVI. CHENOPODIETEA .......................................................... 180 XXVII. ARTEMISIETEA ............................................................... 196 XXVIII. BIDENTETEA TRIPARTITI ........................................... 204 XXIX. ORYZETEA SATIVAE ..................................................... 208 XXX. PLANTAGINETEA MAJORIS ........................................ 208 XXXI. EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII .................................... 216 XXXII. TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI ...................... 218 XXXIII. SALICETEA PURPUREAE ............................................. 220 XXXIV. ALNETEA GLUTINOSAE ............................................... 225 XXXV. QUERCO-FAGETEA ........................................................ 228 XXXVI. QUERCETEA ROBORI-PETRAEAE ............................ 241 XXXVII. QUERCETEA PUBESCENTI-PETRAEAE ................... 246 XXXVIII. ERICO-PINETEA .............................................................. 266 XXIX. (VACCINIO) ULIGINOSI-PINETEA ............................ 267 XL. VACCINIO-PICEETEA .................................................... 268 XLI. VACCINIO-JUNIPERETEA ............................................ 271 Bibliografie .............................................................................................. 277 Index cenotaxonomic al asociaţiilor ......................................................... 332 + + + + CENOTAXONOMIA ªI CARACTERIZAREA GRUPÃRILOR VEGETALE DIN ROMÂNIA 7 COMPLEXUL MUZEAL DE ŞTIINŢELE NATURII STUDII ŞI COMUNICÃRI - 1997 Pag. 7 PREFAŢÃ Munca de adunare, selectare, orânduire şi clasificare a unităţilor de vegetaţie semnalate pe teritoriul ţării noastre, concretizată într-un prim ghid intitulat “Cenotaxonomia şi corologia grupărilor vegetale din România” (1980), nu a putut, cum era şi firesc, să clarifice o serie întreagă de probleme legate de prezenţa sau absenţa unor cenotaxoni în vegetaţia României şi mai ales ierarhizarea şi acordarea priorităţii descrierilor în puzderia de denumiri,foarte multe sinonime, sub care au fost descrise foarte multe fitocenoze. Începând cu anul 1980 literatura noastră fitocenologică s-a îmbogăţit cu o serie de lucrări, care descriu unităţi de vegetaţie nesemnalate până atunci, se efectuează revizuiri cenotaxonomice (sinonimizări, precizări de poziţii cenotaxonomice), de importanţă majoră bucurându-se, îndeosebi, acele studii care tratează monografic o anumită grupare ecologică de vegetaţie (mlaştini eutrofe sau oligotrofe, grohotişuri, zăcători de zăpadă etc.). Ghidul de faţă intitulat “Cenotaxonomia şi caracterizarea grupărilor vegetale din România” îşi propune să caracterizeze în primul rând unităţile mari de vegetaţie din România (clasă, ordin, alianţă) şi să prezinte asociaţiile cu principalele lor sinonimii, indicându-se totodată la fiecare grupare date de ecologie, corologie şi cenotaxonomie care vor contribui, în continuare, la o mai bună clasificare şi conturare a asociaţiilor vegetale semnalate din ţara noastră. Sperăm că munca depusă de noi, de culegere a datelor din literatură, comparare a releveurilor, multe fitocenoze fiind descrise insuficient sau ca nomen nudum, să constituie o bază de discuţii şi de lucru în alcătuirea unei opere colective, de mari proporţii, privind “Vegetaţia României”. Ar fi, în acest fel, încununarea cu succes a unei activităţi susţinute depuse de generaţii de cercetători pe tărâmul fitocenologiei româneşti, a unui efort colectiv închinat cunoaşterii, ocrotirii şi punerii în valoare a frumuseţilor şi comorilor inestimabile ale spaţiului geografic, milenar, al românilor. Autorii + + + + CENOTAXONOMIA ªI CARACTERIZAREA GRUPÃRILOR VEGETALE DIN ROMÂNIA 8 + + + + CENOTAXONOMIA ªI CARACTERIZAREA GRUPÃRILOR VEGETALE DIN ROMÂNIA 9 COMPLEXUL MUZEAL DE ŞTIINŢELE NATURII STUDII ŞI COMUNICÃRI - 1997 Pag. 9 A. ISTORICUL CERCETÃRILOR ASUPRA VEGETAŢIEI ROMÂNIEI Cercetările botanice intreprinse în ţara noastră au avut, într-o primă etapă, un caracter floristic descriptiv, când se făceau enumerări de specii sau se descriau aspecte de vegetaţie dintr-un anumit teritoriu bine delimitat. În etapa a doua fitogeografică se pune pe primul plan problema zonării, a răspândirii geografice în raport cu factorii ecologici, de încadrare a teritoriului în provincii şi districte floristice. În acest sens opera fundamentală a lui A. Kerner “Das Pflanzenleben der Donaulander” (1863) aduce concepţii noi asupra noţiunii de specie în sens ecologic şi totodată a legat studiul vegetaţiei de cel al mediului înconjurător. El descrie în cadrul covorului vegetal din Câmpia Tisei “formaţiuni” caracteristice şi deosebeşte patru domenii florale: baltic, pontic, mediteranean şi alpin, întâlnite şi în ţara noastră. În acest sens sunt continuate cercetările de floră şi vegetaţie întreprinse de Fl. Porcius (1886)în Transilvania şi Banat, de F. Pax (1898, 1908) în Carpaţi, de A. Procopianu - Procopovici, care alcătuieşte şi prima hartă geobotanică (1902), D. Brândză şi D. Grecescu, în Moldova şi Muntenia. Au fost efectuate apoi cercetări asupra distribuirii vegetaţiei pe zone şi etaje, pe formaţiuni sau, în fine, pe anumite staţiuni particulare (nisipuri, mlaştini, stâncării, turbării etc.). Toate aceste studii au la bază inventarele floristice, aşa cum se mai procedează şi astăzi. Dintre lucrările mai importante de geobotanică, la care s-a aplicat această metodă, amintim: Al. Beldie (Munţii Piatra Craiului), A. Coman (Munţii Maramureşului), P. Cretzoiu (Banat, Munţii Bârsei), J. Csató (Retezat, Piatra Craiului), A. Degen (Domogled, Hăghimaş), D. Grecescu (Bucegi), I. Grinţescu (Ceahlău), J. Heuffel (Banat), S. Jávorka (Retezat), G. Moesz (Bucegi), E. I. Nyárády (Retezat, Cozia, Făgăraş, Ceahlău), Z. Panţu (Bucegi, Ceahlău), Fl. Porcius (Munţii Rodnei), A. Procopianu - Procopovici (Munţii Bucovinei), M. Răvăruţ (Munţii Bistriţei), A. Rochel (Banat), I. Şerbănescu (Munţii Buzăului), Tr. Ştefureac (Piatra Craiului) etc. Odată cu introducerea metodei fitocenologice, cercetările s-au întreprins după metoda lui J. Braun - Blanquet. Asemenea studii s-au efectuat în principal la Cluj, unde a existat o veche tradiţie botanică şi o dotaţie bogată de bibliografie şi ierbare; ceva mai târziu se angrenează la aceste cercetări şi botaniştii din celelalte centre universitare ale ţării. Studii valoroase asupra vegetaţiei României sunt întreprinse de: I. Şerbănescu (1939), E. Ţopa (1939), A. Paucă (1941), Al. Buia (1943), I. Safta (1943), I. Morariu (1943), I. Todor (1948), D. Puşcaru şi colaboratorii (1956), Şt. Cs rös şi colaboratorii (1956), E. I. Nyárády (1958), Al. Borza (1959), care tratează monografic diferite regiuni sau catene muntoase din ţara noastră. Începând cu anii 1960 sunt date la iveală o serie de studii fitocenologice, dintre care amintim: + + + + CENOTAXONOMIA ªI CARACTERIZAREA GRUPÃRILOR VEGETALE DIN ROMÂNIA 10 - Mlaştinile de turbă din Republica Populară Română (1960) de I. Pop; - Pajiştile din Masivul Parâng şi îmbunătăţirea lor (1962) de Al. Buia şi colaboratorii; - Introducere în studiul covorului vegetal (1965) de Al. Borza şi N. Boşcaiu; - Asociaţiile halofite din Câmpia Română (1965)
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