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Kosatce-Pro-Vodu-A-Vlhke-Lokality.Pdf Kosatce pro vodu a vlhké lokality Pavel Sekerka Markéta Macháčková Zuzana Caspers Průhonická botanická zahrada Botanický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i. Charakteristika rodu Oddělení: Magnoliophyta krytosemenné Třída: Liliopsida jednod ěložné Řád: Asparagales chřestokvěté Čeleď: Iridaceae kosatcovité Iris pallida Cibulové kosatce I – Scorpiris, Juno Iris cycloglossa Iris magnifica Vodní kosatce Fig. 3: Common mikrodiagnostic evidence of leaves of Iris pseudacorus. The upper epidermis (А, without coloring): 1 – papillary growths, 2 – spongy mesophill, 3 – fibrovascular collateral bundles (a – sclerenchyma, b – phloem, c – xylem), 4 – styloid, 5 – cells-idioblast, 6 – air cavity, 7 – аerenhima; 8 – tetracytic type of stomata apparatus; В – upper leaf of epidermis of Iris pseudacorus colored phloroglucinol (sclerenchyma is colored purple, cell idioblast in yellow). T. N. GONTOVA, O. A. ZATYLNIKOVA International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 5, Suppl 3, 2013 Vodní kosatce – Iris pseudacorus ´Alba´ ´Variegata´ ´Flore Plena´ ´Roy Davidson´ ´Gubijin´ Vodní kosatce Iris versicolor Iris virginica Kultivary Iris versicolor + virginica ´Between the Lines´ ´Mysterious Monique´ ´Cast Ashore´ ´Contraband Girl´ ´John Wood´ ´Version´ ´Dark Aura´ Iris laevigata Japonské kosatce The Japanese iris garden at Tenmangu Shrine, Dazaifu, Kyushu, Japan Introdukce tohoto druhu do zahradní kultury je v Japonsku spojena s kalendářem – květy kosatců znamenaly začátek období, kdy se předpě stované sazenice rýže vysazovaly na pole. Nejstarší popis kosatců vpřírodě pochází z básnické sbírky Shugyobushu, kterou napsal Jien (žil v letech 1155 – 1225). První známé záznamy o pěstování japonských kosatců pocházejí z knihy Sujyaku Ourai, kterou napsal Kameyoshi Ichiso (1408-1481). Popisuje již také barevné odchylky, které je možné najít v přírodě. V roce 1681 je v knize Kadan-Komoku popis několika odrůd a z roku 1799 pochází zmínka o stovkách pěstovaných odrůd. První japonské kosatce dovezl do USA Thomas Hogg v roce 1869, první rozsáhlejší komerční dovoz proběhl v roce 1877. Tetraploidní japonské kosatce nejsou známy z přírody a byly získány poprvé v 60. letech pomocí kolchicinu. První ´Raspberry Rimmed´vyšlechtil Currier McEwen v roce 1979 popsaný jako jednoduchý tetraploid, bílý s malinov ěčervenými okraji a žíháním. Ve šlechtění polyploidních japonských kosatců pokračoval Němec Eckard Berlin a Japonci Mototeru Kamo, Hioshi Shimizu, Teutonu Yabuya. Tetraploidní japonské kosatce mají širší, tmavěji zelené listy a větší pevnější květy. Abundant Display Crystal Halo ´Above And Beyond ´ Electric Glow Belgium Jewel Cascade Spice Evelyn White Greywoods Catrina La Bambouseraie, France Iris ensata ´Variegata´ Trompenburg Pseudata Byakuyano Kumi Okagami Kinshikou Takamagahara Yakiyanagi Dnes populární rostliny, které vznikly zkřížením I. pseudacorus a I. ensata. Kombinují barvy japonských kosatc ů (modrá, fialová, růžová) se žlutým zbarvením I. pseudacorus, obvykle mají výrazné hnědé či fialové oko a žilkování zděděné od kosatce žlutého. Listy jsou širší a trsy volně jší než u japonského kosatce, květy se obvykle otvírají v úrovni či níže než listy, nikoliv nad listy jak je tomu u japonských kosatců. Stonky jsou větvené, nesou 10 – 16 poupat a kvetou i 3 týdny. Hybridy jsou sterilní. Možnost křížení těchto dvou druhů byla známa již dříve, ale hybridy se rozšířily až díky práci Japonce Hiroshi Shimizu koncem 20. století. Nejstarší je kultivar Kinshikou (Hiroshi Shimizu by Carol Warner, R. 2004) Hybridy vodních a japonských kosatců KosatceKosatce lousiánské lousiánské Iris hexagona Iris fulva Iris nelsonii • Centrum šlechtění těchto kosatců bylo v americkém New Orleans. • Začátkem 20. století sestry Mary Nelson a Ethel Hutson vytvořily sbírku planých kosatců série Hexagonae. S jejich pěstováním a prvními pokusy se šlecht ěním započal Ellsworth Woodward profesor umění na Newcomb College také v New Orleans, který je používal jako modely v malířství. • Nejstarší oficiální hybridy vznikly ve Velké Británii. Nejuznávanější světový odborník na kosatce a autor monografie ‘Genus Iris’ W. R. Dykes kolem roku 1910 zkřížil Iris fulva x I. brevicaulis a představil v roce 1911dvě odrůdy – ´Fulvala´ a ´Fulvala Violacea´. • Pěstování lousiánských kosatců se věnuje v jižních státech USA mnoho nadšenců, které se v roce 1941 sdružují pod vedením profesora zahradnictví Ira S. Nelsona do Mary Swords De Balon Iris Society. • První výstavu lousianských kosatců pro veřejnost společnost uspořádala v roce 1943. • Pokrok ve šlechtění nastal po popisu a introdukci Iris nelsoni ve 40. letech. Tento druh se snadněji křížil a dal základ většině dnes pěstovaných odrůd. • [ ´Black Gamecock´ Kosatce lousiánské hybridy Brunsfire Moon Handmaiden Profesor Paul Cajun Love Red Velvet Tripetalae Iris tridentata Iris setosa Iris hookeri Kosatce hřebínkaté – Iris lacustris Iris prismatica Iris longipetala Iris missouriensis Kosatce sibiřské Plané sibiřské kosatce Iris sanguinea Iris sibirica Iris wilsonii Iris chrysographes Iris forestii • Zahradní odrůdy pocházejí především ze dvou druhů – kosatce sibiřského a Iris sanguinea. Oba druhy mají 2n = 28, snadno se spolu kříží. Většina zbývajících druh ů má 2n = 40, s Iris sibirica je není možné kř ížit • Pěstování sibiřských kosatců je známé od začátku 17. století v Anglii a do stejného období spadá introdukce Iris sanguinea do zahrad v Japonsku. • Zahradní odrůdy sibiřských kosatců jsou známé již začátkem 19. století – bělokvětý Iris sibirica ´Alba´ byl popsán v roce 1809, zakrslý Iris sibirica ´Acuta´ v roce 1830 a plnokvětý I. sibirica ´Flore Pleno´ v roce 1852. • Do roku 1900 bylo vyšlechtěno pouze 11 odrůd. Zvrat znamenala introdukce Iris sanguinea , který dovezl Peter Barr v roce 1900 do Anglie. • V roce 1957 vyšlechtil Frederick W. Cassebeer odrůdu ´White Swirl´ s velkým plochým bílým květem, která byla později často používána ve šlecht ění pro charakteristický tvar květu. • První tetraploidní sibiřské kosatce vznikaly kolem roku 1965, ale jednalo se o nestálé chiméry. První stálé tetraploidní sibiřské kosatce získané pomocí kolchicinu - ´Orville Fay´ a ´Fourfold White´ registroval Currier Mc Ewen v roce 1970. V roce 1975 bylo již registrováno 590 odrůd sibiřských kosatc ů. Zahradní sibiřské kosatce ´Active Duty´ ´Blueberry Brandy´ ´Berries and Cream´ ´Books of Secret´ ´Elegance and ´Bundle of Yoy´ ´Cherry Linn´ ´Dance and Sing´ Sipmpicity´ ´Humors of Whiskey´ ´Imperial Opal´ ´Magnetism´ ´Parasol´ hybridy mezi sibiřskými kosatci a jinými skupinami Sibtosa I. sibirica x I. setosa Calsib (Calsibe) PCN x Chry Sibcal Chry x PCN Sibcolor tetraploid Sibiricas(4n=56) x I. versicolor Versilaev I. versicolor x I. laevigata Chrysata Chry x Iris lactea Chrysmatica Chry x I. prismatica Chrytosa Chry x Iris setosa Lacbirica I. lactea x SIB x aquatilis SIB 4n x reversicolor Sibcorus SIB 4n x I. pseudacorus 4N Sibkeri SIB x I. hookeri Sibtocolor Sibtosa 4n x I. versicolor Sibtata SIB x I. tridentata Sibiensis SIB x I. missouriensis Chrysobirica I. chrysographes x SIB Sibigraphes SIB x I. chrysographes Chrythenica (chrytenica) Chry x I. ruthenica http://www.tamberg.homepage.t-online.de/ Tomas Tamberg, Lech Komarnicki - http://www.tamberg.homepage.t-online.de/ CHRYTOSA – hybrid CHRYSMATICA - hybrid CHRYTHENICA - hybrid skupina Chrysographes (Iris skupina Chrysographes x Iris prismatica 2n=62 chrysographes, I. delavayi, I. clarkei, I. skupina Chrysographes x Iris ruthenica bulleyana, I. forrestii, I. wilsonii) X Iris setosa SEVIGATA -hybrid VERSITOSA - hybrid SIBCOLOR – hybrid 2n=35 2n=92 Iris versicolor x Iris setosa Sibirica-Iris (4n=56) x Iris versicolor Iris setosa x Iris laevigata (2n=72 - 108) Californicae - hybridy CALSIBE – hybridy 2n=40 Californicae x Chrysographes Foto: Tamberg Kosatce skupiny Iris spuria Iris spuria maritima Iris spuria catharliniae Iris spuria catharliniae Iris halophila Zahradní spurie Iris orientalis Iris xanthospuria • Kosatce této skupiny byly pěstovány ve východním Středomoří. • Introdukce do zahrad západní Evropy probíhala v 19. století. Byly pěstovány ve Francii ve školkách M. Lemmonniera. Na konci století sir Michael Foster dováží první rostliny do Anglie a šlechtí první hybridy. Nejznámější je ´Monspur´ (Foster, 1890), který vznikl zk řížením Iris monnieri a I. spuria. • Ve 20. letech 20. století Američan T. A. Washington začíná s cíleným šlechtěním kosatců této skupiny. Za základ bere již jmenovanou odrůdu a další taxony jako I. spuria halophila. Získává rostliny s celou barevnou škálou od bílé, žluté po tmavě modrou. Později jsou tyto kosatce dále šlechtěny vEvropě a na Novém Zélandě. • Odrůdy se dělí podle dormance – teplomilné, pěstované v Kalifornii, na JV USA či teplých oblastech Evropy, které mají období klidu po odkvětu v létě. Jiné odrůdy jsou stálezelené . Bílá kytice Letní louka Modrá paleta Tajemství Temná noc Kalné vody Iris lactea CHRYSATA – hybridy 2n=40 Chrysographes x Iris lactea http://florius.cz/ ibotky.cz Arboretum Bolestraszyce http://www.ensata.com/.
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