Urs Eggli . Leonard E. Newton Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Urs Eggli . Leonard E. Newton
Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names
, Springer Dr. Urs Eggli Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich Mythenquai 88 8002 Zürich Switzerland
e-mail: [email protected]
Professor Dr. Leonard E. Newton Department of Botany Kenyatta University P.G. Box 43844 Nairobi 00100 Kenya
e-mail: [email protected]
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New Yorkin 2004. Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 2004
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, ete. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Cover design : design & production GmbH , 69121 Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting: Ready for printing by Urs Eggli; GNU groff (version 1.17.2) on Linux 3113150-WI- 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper Contents
Preface VII
Abbreviations IX
Introduction XI
References XVII
Dictionary Preface
Names are important elements to handle the diversity of items in daily life - persons, object s, animal s, plants , etc. Without such names, it would be difficult to attach information to such items and to communicate information about them, and names are usually used without giving them much thought.
This is not different for plants. When dealing with plants, however, it soon becomes apparent that the situation is somewhat more complex. Botanists use Latin names to bring order into the vast diversity, while everyday usage resorts to vemacular or "popular" names. As practical as these vernacular names are (it is not suggested that you should ask your greengrocer for a kilo gram of Solanum tuberosum or Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum ), their most important draw back is the fact that they vary widely, not only from one language to another but also from coun try to country, even from region to region within a large country. More importantly, vemacular names in any given language are usually only available for the plants growing locally, or for plants of some special importance, such as crops and vegetables, medicinal plants, or important garden plants. For all other plants, the Latin names used by botanists and other scientists have to be employed.
Such names often appear complicated or even awkward to the ears of those not accustomed to them. Names are best memorized when their meaning is apparent, but the ever dimini shing gen eral knowledge of the classical languages (and here especially Latin) makes the information on the meaning of these scientific names more and more inaccessible. This is the point where the present "Etymological Dictionary" tries to fill a gap. We have tried to give a complete alphabeti cal list, together with concise explanations, of all the currently accepted names of succulent plants (including cacti).
This task was greatly facilitated by the publication of the recently completed series "Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants" (Eggli & Hartmann, 2001-2003), and explanations of the ety mologie s of all names used in those volumes were originally part of the planned layout. For vari ous reasons, etymological explanations were finally included only for the genus names, but sev eral authors of the "Handbook" series had already supplied etymological explanation s for the names of species in the group s they contributed. It was therefore an easy decision to continue this work, expand it to cover all accepted names of succulents (including cacti), and thus provide a standardised set of etymological explanations for this intriguing and highly interesting group of plants. It is our hope that the present etymological dictionary will help towards a better under standing of the scientific names of the plants covered - for hobby collectors, horticulturists and botanists alike. Preface VIII
Acknowledgements
The compilation of this etymological dictionary relied heavily on the data supplied by several authors to the "Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants" series. Our sincere thanks go to E Al bers, S. Arroyo-Leuenberger, C. C. Berg, A. Chautems, B. Descoings, S. Carter, P. Forster, G. Germishuizen, H. 't Hart (t), H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, E. van Jaarsveld, M. Kimnach, U. Meve, R. Moran, R. Nyffeler, G. D. Rowley, G. E Smith, J. Thiede, and W. J. de Wilde. Our work to com plete and standardise the etymological data, and especially our search for biographical informa tion, was greatly supported by Gordon D. Rowley and Dieter J. Supthut.
Others who supplied much valuable information are M. B. Bayer, V. Gapon, M. J. & R. C. Kimberley, A. B. Pullen, L. Springate, and N. P. Taylor. Numerous colleagues have supplied fur ther snippets of information, and we are grateful for an their help. Additional help was also pro vided by several authors of recently described taxa, as wen as by living persons who were hon oured with the name of a plant taxon. Their help is also greatly appreciated.
Finally, it is the pleasant duty of one of us (U.E.) to thank the director of the Sukkulenten Sammlung Zürich, Dr. Thomas Bolliger, as wen as the administration of Grün Stadt Zürich, for permission to use computing infrastructure for the etymological database that was developed dur ing this project. A further word of sincere thanks goes to Springer Verlag, and especially to Dr. Jutta Lindenbom, who favoured the present project and thus enabled this volume to become a companion volume to the "Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants".
Nairobi / Zürich, January 2004 Leonard E. Newton & Urs Eggli Abbreviations
Arab. Arabian C Central Comp. Comparative Dept. Department Dirn. Diminutive Distr. District E East, eastern Engl. English esp . especially f. fernale fl. (floruit) flourishing, active Gen. Genitive Germ. German Gr. Greek ICBN International Code of Botanical Nomenclature IHSP Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants ItaI. Italian Lat. Latin m. male MLat. Medieval Latin N North, northern n. neuter NE Northeast, northeastern NW Northwest, northwestern PI. Plural Provo Province RBG Royal Botanic Gardens RSA Republic of South Africa S South, southern SE Southeast, southeastern Span. Spanish SuperI. Superlative SW Southwest, southwestern syn. synonym USA United States of America W West, western Introduction
Coverage discredit the publications concerned). If the newly published taxa are interpreted as having The taxa for which etymologies are sup at least some standing (at the editors ' discre plied in this volume are those accepted in the tion), etymologies have been included in this volumes of the Illustrated Handbook of Succu volume. Such taxa were always accepted when lent Plants (Eggli 2001-2003, Hartmann 2001 they were published by the authority I authori and Albers & al. 2002). In the case of the ties who contributed the relevant Handbook cacti, the list of accepted names was derived treatment. The infraspecific taxa (esp. variet from The Cactus Family (Anderson 2001), ies) described as new in recent years are which in turn is primarily based on the second mostly unlikely to be of major taxonomic im edition of the CITES Cactaceae Checklist portance, and these are consequently ignored (Hunt 1999). The many synonyms, i.e. names for this work. that have gone out of use, are not included here. Deviation s from the sources just cited are Cactaceae: Deviations from the taxonomy relatively minor and can be described as fol presented by Anderson (2001) are again rela lows: tively few. The most obvious change is the recognition of the genera Pierrebraunia, Sul Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants corebutia and Weingartia (included in the syn (IHSP): With the exception of a couple of cor onymy of Arrojadoa and, respectively for the rection s of errors and the inclusion of a very latter two, in Rebutia). At species level, few names erroneously not covered in these changes are mostly due to research published volumes, there are no deviations. A few of the subsequently to the compilation of Anderson's etymologies for generic names in the IHSP book, and usually concern names accepted by have been slightly modified. In addition, Anderson, but which are now recognized as names of doubtful or uncertain application synonyms. This is most notably the case for were included with a short discussion and de Opuntia. For several of the larger genera, addi scription in the main body of the text in the tional infraspecific taxa have been accepted in case of the Aizoaceae, but were listed sepa comparison with the taxonomy by Anderson, rately and without explanation in the other again based on recent research. All these four volumes. Consequently, the doubtful changes have been made with the goal of giv names in Aizoac eae are included in our list, ing an even coverage of etymologies for all unless the discussion in Hartmann (2001) sug relevant taxa, and they reflect on-going re gests that they do not belong in the family, search as well as (in some cases) a continua whilst those listed in the other volumes are tion of current usage. omitted. Many new taxa have been described since the IHSP volumes appeared, and there This book covers almost exclusively names have also been taxonomic changes for some of naturally occurring taxa, but not of artificial existing taxa. As the main aim of this book is hybrids or cultivars (garden selections, includ to explain names appearing in the Handbook, ing selected variants from natural populations, new combinations are ignored here (though hybrids, and chimaeras). The names included this does not mean that the editors wish to in this list are those whose formation and use Introduction XII are governed by the "International Code of further recommendation should be made that Botanical Nomenclature" or ICBN (Greuter & authors give some basic biographical informa al. 2000). A cultivar name consists of a botani tion to identify persons commemorated in new cal name followed by a cultivar epithet en plant names. closed in single quotes, and the application of cultivar epithets is controlled by aseparate code, the "International Code of Nomenclature Nomenclature - Tbe Science of for Cultivated Plants" (Trehane & al. 1995). Naming Plants Cultivar epithets must be words in a modem language, though before this rule was intro The use of Latin scientific names for plants duced in 1959 some Latin words were used as goes back to medieval times, when Latin was cultivar epithets, and their continued use is al the "lingua franca" of science. Early literature lowed. As they are in single quotes and are not used "phrase names", which were essentially italicised, they should not be confused with very brief Latin descriptions of the plants. In botanical epithets . 1753 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) published a list of plants known at that time, with a single-word "trivial name" Sources of Information for each species in each genus. This was quickly established as a system, still in use to As indicated in the Preface, many IHSP au day, of giving each species a binomial , i.e. a thors included etymologies in their manu combination of a generic name followed by a scripts, and these contributions formed the ba specific epithet. Additional epithets indicate sis of our list. When completing the list we infraspecific taxa, such as subspecies, variet found that many names were without obvious ies, or forms. Today, the formation and appli meaning or application, and in such cases ref cation of botanical names are governed by the erence was made to protologue s, though some "International Code of Botanical Nomencla uncertainties remain. Secondary sources, espe ture" or ICBN (see Greuter & al. 2000 for the cially for biographical data relating to corn current edition). This is a set of rules agreed at memorative names, included lists of field col an international botanical conference, with the lectors (e.g. Dorr 1997; Gunn & Codd 1981), aim of ensuring stability in plant nomencla obituaries and archival material. The main ture. The conference is held every six years, sources are listed at the end of this Introduc and the ICBN is modified slightly at each tion. conference as users find problems or loopholes in applying the rules and propose im Many nomenclatural authors give no indi provements. cation of how they arrived at the name, and even the application of a descriptive epithet is Although often referred to as Latin names, not always obvious from the description of the scientific names include many words from plant. Very frequently a name commemorates classical Greek or from modem languages. a person about whom absolutely no informa Whatever the source, all names are treated as tion is given in the protologue, and in spite of Latin with regard to grammar. Generic names much searching in contemporary literature are nouns (substantives). Epithets may be ad some of these people remain as shadowy fig jectives, participles treated as adjectives, or ures of the past, in some cases known only by nouns. In Latin there are three genders for a surname. The ICBN recommends that au nouns, nameiy masculine, feminine and thors of new names should include in the pro neuter, and in a binomial the epithet must tologue the explanation of a name whose agree with the generic name in gender. For this meaning is not obvious (Rec. 60H). When ob reason spelling variants occur, though they are served, this would be a great help to readers. A essentially the same word, such as albus, alba XIII Introduction and album. These notes on Latin are necessari If a published name does not have the cor ly brief. For further information on Latin rect spelling as laid down in the ICBN, it is to grammar, usage and vocabulary, readers are be corrected, though without a change in au referred to the excellent book by Stearn thorship. Such corrections must be carried out (1992a). with care, for the ICBN includes both manda tory rules, called Articles, and Recommenda Botanical names mostly have three tions. However, even some of the Recommen derivations. There are descriptive names, refer dations attached to Article 60, dealing with ring to some distinctive character of the plant, orthography, are rendered mandatory by state geographical names, referring to the type 10 ments in other parts of the Article. Thus Art. cality or distribution of the taxon, and com 60.8 makes Rec. 60G mandatory, and Art. memorative names, based on personal names 60.11 makes Rec. 60Cl mandatory. of people usually associated with the plants in Frequent errors include 'afrus' instead of some way. In the case of epithets the ICBN 'afer' (afer, afra, afrum) and '-ferus' instead specifies several standard terminations that in of '-fer' (-fer, -fera, -ferum). Accordingly dicate the nature of the meaning. For example Echinocereus stoloniferus had to be corrected '-ensis' (m., f.) or '-ense' (n.) means "coming to E. stolonifer. As the ending '
German ö is transcribed as oe in plant names, and it is not always clear from the ICBN if any but when Schönland emigrated to an English automatic correction is required. In some cas speaking country, he changed the spelling of es, classical and mediaeval spellings of the his name to Schonland. Epithets based on same word are both allowed. For example the both spellings have been published, and both classical silvaticus and mediaeval sylvaticus are valid. Other cases of possible confusion have the same meaning and derivation but both arise from a lack of standardisation in geo are allowed (Art. 60.1, Ex. 1). Other cases of graphical names, such as Migiurtina and Mi inconsistency include bemarahaensis and be jerteina for a Province in Somalia, giving the marahensis, both accepted at present, and the equally valid epithets migiurtinus and mije rtei easily confused litoralis and littoralis. A con nus. fusing multiplicity of epithets is formed from Introduction XIV quarci- and quartzi- in compound words refer Pronunciation of botanical names tends to ring to quartz, and from quarciti-, quartziti vary according to the nationality of the speak and quarziti- in compound words referring to er, as is evident at any international conference quartzite. involving plants. Stearn (I992b) commented that how they are pronounced matters little Some errors might go unnoticed for a long provided that they sound pleasant and are un time. Several corrections were made tacitly in derstood. Short names such as Cereus and Se the Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants dum are easy to say, but many people baulk at and other corrections will be found in this die such monstrosities as Cephalopentandra and tionary, but we did not scan all epithets to en Coleocephalocereus and (for western tongues) sure complete standardisation. Attempting to dzhavachischvilii. The approach should be to correct or standardise all the questionable break down the word into syllables and pro names would be to enter a minefield of uncer nounce each syllable in turn until you can run tainties in interpreting some finer points of the off the whole word easily. Of the few rules to ICBN . For example, we wonder how a plant be remembered, it can be pointed out that in named for the Bura region in Kenya became Latin every vowel should be pronounced sepa Euphorbia buruana, though it is treated in rately and the stress falls on the penultimate the IHSP as an "intentional latinisation" (Art. syllable, thus A-lo-e, not A-loe, which is why 60.7). Also, although the aim of the ICBN is it has been written as Aloe in some literature. to achieve stability in names, we are not sure that it is useful to make corrections to names that have been established for a considerable Layout and Content of the time and not so far questioned. We note that Alphabetical List there are some precedents for this view. Tech nically, Huernia should probably have had to In this book we have listed generic names be corrected to Heurnia, but it is now the uni and epithets of species and infraspecific taxa. versally accepted spelling. Similar situations A family name is based on the name of the apply to the now ubiquitous Mammillaria type genus, and needs no further explanation. (grammatically correct as Mamillaria) and Pe Since the terminal spelling of most epithets is reskia (for Peiresc, and thus also spelled Pei determined by the gender of the generic name, reskia in some early literature). as explained above, variants of the same epi thet will be found amongst plant names. In the A different kind of error is where the name list we have followed the usual convention is inappropriate because of a misunderstanding adopted in dictionaries and have usually given when the plant was named. An example is Ha the masculine version only, to avoid endless worthia parksiana, in which the word "Parks" repetition of etymologies. Thus albus is given, was wrongly thought to be the name of a per but the same explanation applies to alba and son. Euphorbia lateriflora was described from album . Relating gender variants to the entry in a herbarium specimen, in which the morpholo the list should be easy, as in the example just gy was distorted during drying and mounting. given. The only exceptions in our list are In the case of Cephalopentandra ecirrosa, where the link with the masculine spelling both the generic name and the specific epithet might not be obvious, such as 'afer' (m.) for are erroneous. Details of these examples will 'afra' and 'afrum' (in which case 'afra' is the be found in this dictionary. The ICBN does not list entry). To determine which gender spelling allow correction of such errors (Art. 51) and is appropriate for a particular genus, readers so we must continue to use these names. are referred to the main six volumes of the 11 lustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants (Eggli & Hartmann, 2001-2003), or Anderson (2001) for cacti. xv Introduction
For each name, or each part of compound names published for succulents as synonyms names, the original language, base word and are excluded, and there might be other con meaning are given, followed where necessary tenders for most frequently used overall. by the application for the particular taxon. For commemorative names an effort has been The record for the person with the greatest made to give some basic biographical data for number of commemorative names is held by the persons concemed. These include title, Harry Hall, with 22 names (1 genus + 21 epi commonly used forename, sumame, dates of thets), followed closely by Hans Herre (21 epi birth and (where applicable) death, nationality thets). In third place is Neville Pillans, with 19 and occupation. Additional notes may include epithets. Again, synonyms are not included association with the taxon concemed, such as and so there could be other published com having collected the type specimen, with suc memorative names for these and other people, culent plants in general, or with the author of possibly even changing the overall league the name. table. Also, many of the people featured in this dictionary have non-succulent plants, and even animals, named for them. One other record in Statistics and 'Awards' succulent plant names is that Peter Bally has three commemorative epithets in one genus The dictionary has 7006 terms with 8142 (Euphorbia). different explanations for 11439 taxa (572 genera, 9353 species and 1514 infraspecific Our nominations for the nicest names are taxa). Thus there is more than 20% "overlap", apicicephalius, kalisana and mallei. The gen where the same explanation applies to two or eric names Calibanus and Prometheum also more taxa. The most frequently used epithet have an interesting derivation. For the most in for succulents is grandiflorus (21 taxa), with elegant name, our nomination is ahremephi pubescens and pulchellus (16 each) sharing anus. Perhaps the award for the most unusual second place, followed by robustus (15). name goes to mitejea. However, this is not a complete tabulation of References
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