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Braune Natur II Zur Funktion Des Naturschutzes Im Dritten Reich Als Braune Natur II Zur Funktion des Naturschutzes im Dritten Reich als einer Grundkategorie der nationalsozialistischen Ideologieproduktion Master-Thesis zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Science (M. Sc.) Vorgelegt von: Johannes Hansen, geb. Siebert Studiengang: Landnutzungsplanung Fachbereich: Landschaftswissenschaften und Geomatik Erstbetreuung: Prof. Dr. Helmut Lührs Zweitbetreuung: Jeanette Höfner, M. Sc., Dipl.- Ing. (FH) URN: urn:nbn:de:gbv:519-thesis2016-0012-5 Neubrandenburg, im Mai 2016 Seite 3 von 94 …kontemplativ vagabundiert… Johannes Hansen: Braune Natur II- Zur Funktion des Naturschutzes im Dritten Reich als einer Grundkategorie der nationalsozialistischen Ideologieproduktion Seite 4 von 94 Aus dem Inhalt VORWORT ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 WISSENSCHAFTLICHER TEIL8 1. EINLEITUNG............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 BEHANDELTES PROBLEM DIESER ARBEIT ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 THESEN UND FRAGESTELLUNGEN DER VORLIEGENDEN ARBEIT SOWIE METHODISCHE VORGEHENSWEISE ........................ 10 2. EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS „WESEN DES NATURSCHUTZES“ NACH SCHOENICHEN ET AL. - NATURSCHUTZ ALS GRUNDKATEGORIE DER NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHEN IDEOLOGIEPRODUKTION ............................................. 13 3. ZUR BEGRIFFLICHKEIT DES NATURSCHUTZES UND SEINER GRUNDVORAUSSETZUNGEN ....................... 26 3.1 NATURSCHUTZ ............................................................................................................................................ 26 3.2 VÖLKISCH / VÖLKISCHER NATURSCHUTZ ........................................................................................................... 40 3.3 (NEUE) VOLKSGEMEINSCHAFT ........................................................................................................................ 41 3.4 DEUTSCHER MENSCH ................................................................................................................................... 43 4. NATURSCHUTZ IM DRITTEN REICH – VEREINNAHMUNG ODER SYMBIOSE? .......................................... 44 4.1 NATURSCHUTZ UND DER DEUTSCHE MENSCH .................................................................................................... 44 4.2 ZUM NATURSCHUTZ ALS EIGENART DES GERMANISCHEN MENSCHEN ODER: NATURSCHUTZ ALS VORAUSSETZUNG FÜR DEN NS-STAAT ........................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.3 HEINRICH HIMMLER UND HERMANN GÖRING – DER NATURSCHUTZ, DER GENERALPLAN OST UND DIE ENDLÖSUNG DER JUDENFRAGE ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 5. ZWISCHENFAZIT .................................................................................................................................... 52 6. AUSGESUCHTE INHALTE DES REICHSNATURSCHUTZGESETZES .............................................................. 53 6.1 SELTENHEIT, SCHÖNHEIT UND EIGENART ODER: DER PARAGRAPH 1 DES RNATSCHG UND SEINE MÖGLICHEN AUSLEGUNGEN ................................................................................................................................................................ 53 6.2 „EIGENART“, „SCHÖNHEIT“ UND „SELTENHEIT“ IM REICHSNATURSCHUTZGESETZ ..................................................... 60 6.3 BRAUNER NATURSCHUTZ UND DIE PROBLEMATIK DES PRIVATEIGENTUMS ODER: DIE „HÖHEREN INTERESSEN“ DES NATURSCHUTZES DER NEUEN VOLKSGEMEINSCHAFT ..................................................................................................... 62 Johannes Hansen: Braune Natur II- Zur Funktion des Naturschutzes im Dritten Reich als einer Grundkategorie der nationalsozialistischen Ideologieproduktion Seite 5 von 94 7. DAS BUNDESVERDIENSTKREUZ-DEUTSCH-DEMOKRATISCHER UMGANG MIT DER BRAUNEN VERGANGENHEIT DES NATURSCHUTZES ........................................................................................................ 64 7.1 EINFÜHRUNG- DIE VERLEIHUNG DES ORDENS .................................................................................................... 64 7.2 DER VERDIENSTORDEN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND............................................................................... 65 7.3 GESELLSCHAFTLICHES ENGAGEMENT?! – DER WERT DES VÖLKISCHEN NATURSCHUTZGEDANKEN IM DEMOKRATISCHEN DEUTSCHLAND ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 7.3.1 Verleihung des Bundesverdienstkreuzes an Dr. Hans Schwenkel .................................................. 67 7.3.2 Verleihung des Bundesverdienstkreuzes an Dr. Walther Schoenichen .......................................... 72 7.3.3 Verleihung des Bundesverdienstkreuzes an Heinrich Wiepking-Jürgensmann ............................. 74 8. ERGEBNISSE UND AUSBLICK .................................................................................................................. 78 9. QUELLEN UND LITERATUR ..................................................................................................................... 79 10. ABBILDUNGS- UND TABELLENVERZEICHNIS .......................................................................................... 88 11. ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ................................................................................................................... 89 NICHT WISSENSCHAFTLICHER TEIL90 DANK ............................................................................................................................................................. 91 NACHWORT.................................................................................................................................................... 92 GLOSSAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 93 Johannes Hansen: Braune Natur II- Zur Funktion des Naturschutzes im Dritten Reich als einer Grundkategorie der nationalsozialistischen Ideologieproduktion Seite 6 von 94 Vorwort Mit meiner Master-Thesis „Braune Natur II-Zur Funktion des Naturschutzes im Dritten Reich als einer Grundkategorie der nationalsozialistischen Ideologieproduktion“ setze ich an jener Stelle an, an welcher mein erster Teil „Braune Natur-Zur ideologischen Vereinnahmung und zum Selbstverständnis des Naturschutzes im Lichte des Reichsnaturschutzgesetzes“ aufhörte. Die personellen Kontinuitäten, beispielsweise an den Universitäten, werde ich im zweiten Teil näher beleuchten. Darüber hinaus werde ich mir die Verleihung des Bundesverdienstkreuzes an Naturschützer der NS-Zeit genau anschauen. Ich versuche zu verstehen, warum z.B. Walther Schoenichen, Heinrich Wiepking- Jürgensmann oder Hans Schwenkel vom Bundespräsidenten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für Ihre Arbeit im Naturschutz geehrt wurden – bestenfalls ist dies als gesellschaftlicher Fauxpas zu verstehen, sofern man ihre Ansichten und Veröffentlichungen kennt; denn die Geehrten waren Personen, die in ihrem Denken und Handeln urnationalsozialistisch waren. Der Nationalsozialismus selbst hat unbeschreibliches Elend in die Welt gebracht. Wir alle kennen Bildaufzeichnungen, in denen kleinste Kinder –sie konnten kaum laufen- von ihrer Familie getrennt wurden. Mitglieder der SS unterbanden mit Gewalt in diesen Bildern und Aufnahmen jeden Versuch der Kinder, zu ihren Eltern zu gelangen. Im Beisein der Machtlosen Eltern wurden diese Kleinkinder zurückgedrängt, die Eltern wurden geschlagen und abtransportiert. Schließlich auch die zurückgebliebenen Kinder. Denn es war aus Sicht der Nazi-Ideologie, „unwertes Leben“. Menschen einer niedrigeren Rangordnung, für die es sich nicht lohne, Schwäche zu zeigen, „Untermenschen“. Dazu gehörten insbesondere sämtliche slawische Völker, Sinti und Roma sowie Juden. Durch die Nürnberger Rassegesetze wurde ihnen ohnehin jedes staatsbürgerliche Menschenrecht in Deutschland aberkannt. Mit Voranschreiten des Krieges wurden die Maßnahmen, die anfangs noch in einer Ausgrenzung des „Fremdvölkischen“ lag, drastischer, später unvorstellbar. An dieser Stelle erwähne ich wohl bewusst die Vernichtungslager Treblinka, Sobibor und Belzec der „Aktion Reinhardt“, in welchen mehr als 1.500.000 Menschen industriell getötet wurden. Eingenommene Ostgebiete sollten durch den Naturschutz im Sinne einer deutschen Landschaft „germanisiert“ werden, sodass sich in diesen Landstrichen die deutschen Bauern wohlfühlen konnten, die für die Besiedlung ausgesucht wurden. Dazu jedoch war die vollständige Vertreibung (Deportation) der ansässigen Bevölkerung erforderlich und auch geplant (Aktion Reinhardt). Der Generalplan Ost aus der Feder Konrad Meyers lieferte Schätzungen dazu, mit welchen Kosten diese „Lebensraumerweiterung“ grundsätzlich verbunden sei. Damit hatte neben dem Naturschutz ebenso die Raumplanung einen neuen Platz in der Rangordnung der Maßnahmen, die zur Sicherung des Nationalsozialismus in diesen Gebieten erforderlich waren. Der Naturschutz beteiligte sich damit an der „Herstellung“ der „notwendigen“ germanischen Landschaften in den eingenommenen Ostgebieten.
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