Somatosensory Cortex in Tactile Awareness
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Five Topographically Organized Fields in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Flying Fox: Microelectrode Maps, Myeloarchitecture, and Cortical Modules
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 317:1-30 (1992) Five Topographically Organized Fields in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Flying Fox: Microelectrode Maps, Myeloarchitecture, and Cortical Modules LEAH A. KRUBITZER AND MIKE B. CALFORD Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia 4072 ABSTRACT Five somatosensory fields were defined in the grey-headed flying fox by using microelec- trode mapping procedures. These fields are: the primary somatosensory area, SI or area 3b; a field caudal to area 3b, area 1/2; the second somatosensory area, SII; the parietal ventral area, PV; and the ventral somatosensory area, VS. A large number of closely spaced electrode penetrations recording multiunit activity revealed that each of these fields had a complete somatotopic representation. Microelectrode maps of somatosensory fields were related to architecture in cortex that had been flattened, cut parallel to the cortical surface, and stained for myelin. Receptive field size and some neural properties of individual fields were directly compared. Area 3b was the largest field identified and its topography was similar to that described in many other mammals. Neurons in 3b were highly responsive to cutaneous stimulation of peripheral body parts and had relatively small receptive fields. The myeloarchi- tecture revealed patches of dense myelination surrounded by thin zones of lightly myelinated cortex. Microelectrode recordings showed that myelin-dense and sparse zones in 3b were related to neurons that responded consistently or habituated to repetitive stimulation respectively. In cortex caudal to 3b, and protruding into 3b, a complete representation of the body surface adjacent to much of the caudal boundary of 3b was defined. -
Interoception: the Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body AD (Bud) Craig
500 Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body AD (Bud) Craig Converging evidence indicates that primates have a distinct the body share. Recent findings that compel a conceptual cortical image of homeostatic afferent activity that reflects all shift resolve these issues by showing that all feelings from aspects of the physiological condition of all tissues of the body. the body are represented in a phylogenetically new system This interoceptive system, associated with autonomic motor in primates. This system has evolved from the afferent control, is distinct from the exteroceptive system (cutaneous limb of the evolutionarily ancient, hierarchical homeostatic mechanoreception and proprioception) that guides somatic system that maintains the integrity of the body. These motor activity. The primary interoceptive representation in the feelings represent a sense of the physiological condition of dorsal posterior insula engenders distinct highly resolved the entire body, redefining the category ‘interoception’. feelings from the body that include pain, temperature, itch, The present article summarizes this new view; more sensual touch, muscular and visceral sensations, vasomotor detailed reviews are available elsewhere [1,2]. activity, hunger, thirst, and ‘air hunger’. In humans, a meta- representation of the primary interoceptive activity is A homeostatic afferent pathway engendered in the right anterior insula, which seems to provide Anatomical characteristics the basis for the subjective image of the material self as a feeling Cannon [3] recognized that the neural processes (auto- (sentient) entity, that is, emotional awareness. nomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral) that maintain opti- mal physiological balance in the body, or homeostasis, must Addresses receive afferent inputs that report the condition of the Atkinson Pain Research Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, tissues of the body. -
The Contribution of Sensory System Functional Connectivity Reduction to Clinical Pain in Fibromyalgia
1 The contribution of sensory system functional connectivity reduction to clinical pain in fibromyalgia Jesus Pujol1,2, Dídac Macià1, Alba Garcia-Fontanals3, Laura Blanco-Hinojo1,4, Marina López-Solà1,5, Susana Garcia-Blanco6, Violant Poca-Dias6, Ben J Harrison7, Oren Contreras-Rodríguez1, Jordi Monfort8, Ferran Garcia-Fructuoso6, Joan Deus1,3 1MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. 2Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain. 3Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain. 4Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addiction, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. 5Department of Psychology and Neuroscience. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 6Rheumatology Department, Hospital CIMA Sanitas, Barcelona, Spain. 7Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. 8Rheumatology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain The submission contains: The main text file (double-spaced 39 pages) Six Figures One supplemental information file Corresponding author: Dr. Jesus Pujol Department of Magnetic Resonance, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar Passeig Marítim 25-29. 08003, Barcelona, Spain Email: [email protected] Telephone: + 34 93 221 21 80 Fax: + 34 93 221 21 81 Synopsis/ Summary Clinical pain in fibromyalgia is associated with functional changes at different brain levels in a pattern suggesting a general weakening of sensory integration. 2 Abstract Fibromyalgia typically presents with spontaneous body pain with no apparent cause and is considered pathophysiologically to be a functional disorder of somatosensory processing. We have investigated potential associations between the degree of self-reported clinical pain and resting-state brain functional connectivity at different levels of putative somatosensory integration. -
Brain Maps – the Sensory Homunculus
Brain Maps – The Sensory Homunculus Our brains are maps. This mapping results from the way connections in the brain are ordered and arranged. The ordering of neural pathways between different parts of the brain and those going to and from our muscles and sensory organs produces specific patterns on the brain surface. The patterns on the brain surface can be seen at various levels of organization. At the most general level, areas that control motor functions (muscle movement) map to the front-most areas of the cerebral cortex while areas that receive and process sensory information are more towards the back of the brain (Figure 1). Motor Areas Primary somatosensory area Primary visual area Sensory Areas Primary auditory area Figure 1. A diagram of the left side of the human cerebral cortex. The image on the left shows the major division between motor functions in the front part of the brain and sensory functions in the rear part of the brain. The image on the right further subdivides the sensory regions to show regions that receive input from somatosensory, auditory, and visual receptors. We then can divide these general maps of motor and sensory areas into regions with more specific functions. For example, the part of the cerebral cortex that receives visual input from the retina is in the very back of the brain (occipital lobe), auditory information from the ears comes to the side of the brain (temporal lobe), and sensory information from the skin is sent to the top of the brain (parietal lobe). But, we’re not done mapping the brain. -
Dissociation Between Awareness and Spatial Coding: Evidence from Unilateral Neglect
Dissociation between Awareness and Spatial Coding: Evidence from Unilateral Neglect Barbara Treccani1, Roberto Cubelli1, Roberta Sellaro1, Carlo Umiltà2, and Sergio Della Sala3 Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/24/4/854/1777452/jocn_a_00185.pdf by MIT Libraries user on 17 May 2021 Abstract ■ Prevalent theories about consciousness propose a causal re- dissociate. A patient with left neglect, who was not aware of lation between lack of spatial coding and absence of conscious contralesional stimuli, was able to process their color and po- experience: The failure to code the position of an object is sition. However, in contrast to (ipsilesional) consciously per- assumed to prevent this object from entering consciousness. ceived stimuli, color and position of neglected stimuli were This is consistent with influential theories of unilateral neglect processed separately. We propose that individual object fea- following brain damage, according to which spatial coding of tures, including position, can be processed without attention neglected stimuli is defective, and this would keep their process- and consciousness and that conscious perception of an ob- ing at the nonconscious level. Contrary to this view, we report ject depends on the binding of its features into an integrated evidence showing that spatial coding and consciousness can percept. ■ INTRODUCTION the effects of processing of neglected stimuli on responses Awareness of a stimulus can be defined as the explicit to stimuli presented in the intact hemispace. Properties knowledge of its physical and semantic properties or sim- that can be processed implicitly include color and shape, ply of its existence. This knowledge can be demonstrated identity of alphanumerical symbols, and even the mean- by direct reports of the perception of the stimulus; for ing of words and pictures (Della Sala, van der Meulen, example, by naming it, categorizing it, or just by signaling Bestelmeyer, & Logie, 2010; Làdavas, Paladini, & Cubelli, its presence. -
Spatial Stroop with Directional Cues
Manuscript accepted for publication in “Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology” Increased attentional load moves the left to the right Mario Bonato1,2 * and Simone Cutini3,4 1 Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University 2 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova 3 Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova 4 Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Padova Running head: Load-dependent contralesional mislocalizations * Corresponding author: Dr. Mario Bonato, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Introduction Unilateral brain damage can heterogeneously alter spatial processing. Very often brain-lesioned patients fail to report (neglect) items appearing within the contralesional space. Much less often patients mislocalize items’ spatial position. We investigated whether a top-down attentional load manipulation (dual-tasking), known to result in contralesional omissions even in apparently unimpaired cases, might also induce spatial mislocalizations. Method Nine right-hemisphere damaged patients performed three computer-based tasks encompassing different levels of attentional load. The side of appearance of visual targets had to be reported either in isolation or while processing additional information (visual or auditory dual-task). Spatial mislocalizations (from the contralesional hemispace towards the ipsilesional -unaffected- one) were then contrasted with omissions both within and across tasks, at individual as well as at group level. Results The representation of ipsilesional targets was accurate and not affected by dual-tasking requirements. Contralesional targets were instead often omitted and, under dual-task conditions, also mislocalized by four patients. Three cases reported a significant number of left targets as appearing on the right (alloesthesia). -
Function of Cerebral Cortex
FUNCTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX Course: Neuropsychology CC-6 (M.A PSYCHOLOGY SEM II); Unit I By Dr. Priyanka Kumari Assistant Professor Institute of Psychological Research and Service Patna University Contact No.7654991023; E-mail- [email protected] The cerebral cortex—the thin outer covering of the brain-is the part of the brain responsible for our ability to reason, plan, remember, and imagine. Cerebral Cortex accounts for our impressive capacity to process and transform information. The cerebral cortex is only about one-eighth of an inch thick, but it contains billions of neurons, each connected to thousands of others. The predominance of cell bodies gives the cortex a brownish gray colour. Because of its appearance, the cortex is often referred to as gray matter. Beneath the cortex are myelin-sheathed axons connecting the neurons of the cortex with those of other parts of the brain. The large concentrations of myelin make this tissue look whitish and opaque, and hence it is often referred to as white matter. The cortex is divided into two nearly symmetrical halves, the cerebral hemispheres . Thus, many of the structures of the cerebral cortex appear in both the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres appear to be somewhat specialized in the functions they perform. The cerebral hemispheres are folded into many ridges and grooves, which greatly increase their surface area. Each hemisphere is usually described, on the basis of the largest of these grooves or fissures, as being divided into four distinct regions or lobes. The four lobes are: • Frontal, • Parietal, • Occipital, and • Temporal. -
Abadie's Sign Abadie's Sign Is the Absence Or Diminution of Pain Sensation When Exerting Deep Pressure on the Achilles Tendo
A.qxd 9/29/05 04:02 PM Page 1 A Abadie’s Sign Abadie’s sign is the absence or diminution of pain sensation when exerting deep pressure on the Achilles tendon by squeezing. This is a frequent finding in the tabes dorsalis variant of neurosyphilis (i.e., with dorsal column disease). Cross References Argyll Robertson pupil Abdominal Paradox - see PARADOXICAL BREATHING Abdominal Reflexes Both superficial and deep abdominal reflexes are described, of which the superficial (cutaneous) reflexes are the more commonly tested in clinical practice. A wooden stick or pin is used to scratch the abdomi- nal wall, from the flank to the midline, parallel to the line of the der- matomal strips, in upper (supraumbilical), middle (umbilical), and lower (infraumbilical) areas. The maneuver is best performed at the end of expiration when the abdominal muscles are relaxed, since the reflexes may be lost with muscle tensing; to avoid this, patients should lie supine with their arms by their sides. Superficial abdominal reflexes are lost in a number of circum- stances: normal old age obesity after abdominal surgery after multiple pregnancies in acute abdominal disorders (Rosenbach’s sign). However, absence of all superficial abdominal reflexes may be of localizing value for corticospinal pathway damage (upper motor neu- rone lesions) above T6. Lesions at or below T10 lead to selective loss of the lower reflexes with the upper and middle reflexes intact, in which case Beevor’s sign may also be present. All abdominal reflexes are preserved with lesions below T12. Abdominal reflexes are said to be lost early in multiple sclerosis, but late in motor neurone disease, an observation of possible clinical use, particularly when differentiating the primary lateral sclerosis vari- ant of motor neurone disease from multiple sclerosis. -
Deficits in Response Space Following Unilateral Striatal Dopamine Depletion in the Rat
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1989, g(3): 983-989 Deficits in Response Space Following Unilateral Striatal Dopamine Depletion in the Rat Verity J. Brown and Trevor W. Robbins Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Hungry rats were trained to report the occurrence and lo- location of stimuli on one side of spaceonly, before depleting cation of brief, unpredictable visual stimuli presented to the DA in the striatum contralateral to that side. In another group left of their heads in 1 of 2 response locations. After training, of rats, DA was depleted from the striatum on the sameside as they received unilateral infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine, de- the discrimination, as a control procedure for nonspecific post- pleting dopamine throughout the head of the caudate pu- operative effects. tamen, either on the left or the right side, that is, either A secondquestion of importance concerning striatal neglect ipsilateral or contralateral to the side on which they were is whether a possible hemispatial deficit induced by unilateral required to respond. striatal lesionsis restricted to one side of the body or, altema- Following an ipsilateral lesion there were no impairments tively, is relative, or allocentric, in nature. Kinsboume and War- in localization of the visual discriminanda and there was no rington (1962) and Bisiach and Luzzatti (1978) found parietal lengthening of reaction time. The contralaterally lesioned neglect not only for left retinotopic, but also for left conceptual rats, however, showed considerably lengthened reaction space.In a human reaction time task, Ladavas (1987) described times to both stimuli and a profound bias to the nearer of 2 components of the neglect; there was not only an overall the 2 response locations. -
Reference of Sensation at the Spinal Level by P
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.19.2.88 on 1 May 1956. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1956, 19, 88. REFERENCE OF SENSATION AT THE SPINAL LEVEL BY P. W. NATHAN From the Neurological Research Unit of the Medical Research Council, National Hospital, Queen Square, London After the spino-thalamic tract has been cut in The purpose of this paper is to describe the man, loss of sensation of pain and temperature features of such reference of sensation and to record caudal to the lesion is to be expected. In a small it in conditions other than in those previously proportion of patients, although analgesia-in the reported. Certain related phenomena will also be usual sense of the term-is present, painful or described. An investigation of the various forms thermal stimuli applied to parts of the body caudal of the reference of sensation will be reported; and to the lesion arouse a sensation, which is felt, not the possible underlying mechanism and the ana- at the place actually stimulated, but in a normally tomical implications will be considered. innervated part of the body. Thus, a pin applied to the analgesic left leg, for instance, may cause a Observations sensation referred to the normally innervated right has been observed in This reference of sensation Protected by copyright. leg. one patient having an amputation of an upper This form of reference of sensation following the limb, in one patient with a thrombosis of the cutting of the spino-thalamic tract on one side of anterior spinal artery, and in 13 patients following the cord was described by Ray and Wolff in 1945. -
Cortical and Subcortical Mechanisms for Sound Processing Jennifer Blackwell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2019 Cortical And Subcortical Mechanisms For Sound Processing Jennifer Blackwell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons Recommended Citation Blackwell, Jennifer, "Cortical And Subcortical Mechanisms For Sound Processing" (2019). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3275. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3275 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3275 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cortical And Subcortical Mechanisms For Sound Processing Abstract The uda itory cortex is essential for encoding complex and behaviorally relevant sounds. Many questions remain concerning whether and how distinct cortical neuronal subtypes shape and encode both simple and complex sound properties. In chapter 2, we tested how neurons in the auditory cortex encode water-like sounds perceived as natural by human listeners, but that we could precisely parametrize. The ts imuli exhibit scale-invariant statistics, specifically temporal modulation within spectral bands scaled with the center frequency of the band. We used chronically implanted tetrodes to record neuronal spiking in rat primary auditory cortex during exposure to our custom stimuli at different rates and cycle-decay constants. We found that, although neurons exhibited selectivity for subsets of stimuli with specific ts atistics, over the population responses were stable. These results contribute to our understanding of how auditory cortex processes natural sound statistics. In chapter 3, we review studies examining the role of different cortical inhibitory interneurons in shaping sound responses in auditory cortex. We identify the findings that support each other and the mechanisms that remain unexplored. -
Body Awareness Disorders: Dissociations Between Body-Related Visual and Somatosensory Information Laure Pisella, Laurence Havé, Yves Rossetti
Body awareness disorders: dissociations between body-related visual and somatosensory information Laure Pisella, Laurence Havé, Yves Rossetti To cite this version: Laure Pisella, Laurence Havé, Yves Rossetti. Body awareness disorders: dissociations between body- related visual and somatosensory information. Brain - A Journal of Neurology , Oxford University Press (OUP), 2019, 142 (8), pp.2170-2173. 10.1093/brain/awz187. hal-02346581 HAL Id: hal-02346581 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02346581 Submitted on 7 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BADs: dissociations between body-related visual and somatosensory information L. Pisella1, L. Havé1,3 & Y. Rossetti1,2 1 ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France 2 Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France 3 Hôpital d'instruction des armées Desgenettes, 69275 Lyon, France Glossary : Precuneus: medial part of the posterior parietal cortex, between the occipital (cuneus) and the anterior parietal (paracentral lobule) cortices, well located for visual- somatosensory integration. Body image typically depicts mental representation of one’s own body, arising from all sources of sensory and cognitive information, whereas body schema is used to depict the unconscious use of sensory information required by our motor system to maintain body posture and produce accurate movements.