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Ed 321 303 Author Title Pub Date Note Available DOCUMENT RESUME ED 321 303 CS 506 892 AUTHOR Kitao, Kenj'; Kitao, S. Kathleen TITLE Intercultural Communication: Between Japan and the United States. PUB DATE 89 NOTE 588p. AVAILABLE FROMEichosha Shinsha Co., Ltd., Kusaka Bldg., 2-28 Kanda Jimbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Historical Materials (060)-- Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF03 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Cross Cultural Studies; *Cultural Differences; *Cultural Influences; Foreign Countries; Foreign Culture; *Intercultural Communication; International Relations; *Japanese; *Japanese American Culture; Japanese Americans; North American Culture IDENTIFIERS *Japan; *United States ABSTRACT This collection of papers on the intercultural communication between the United States and Japan is divided into three sections. The first section, "Introduction to Intercultural Cmmunication," describes the background of the relationship between Japan and the United States, the history of the study of intercultural communication, and some of the problems related to it--barriers that make communication between Americans and Japanese more difficult. The second section, "Influences on Culture and Cultural Influences," includes seven papers on various aspects of communication between Americans and Japanese. The third section, "Japanese Students' Ynowledge of American Culture," is made up of five studies related to Japanese students' contact with Americans and American culture, their knowledge of American culture, and the problems that they face in the United States. The book also includes a bibliography compiled for teachers of English in Japan who are interested in the influence of culture and intercultur0 communication on language teaching and llarning. (MS? Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES U 8 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS Mc, of Educational Research Imo Improvement MATER' LINMICROFICHE ONLY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION HAS BEE, GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC/ !Xisdocument has been reproduced as received from the person of organuatron 5, KA-1 l r, r\ )1 A () ongonahngIt CI Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points of view Of opnionsstatedin thisdocu- TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES mint do not necssanly term "1 official OERI position or policy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC" I. 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE INTERCETLIURAL COAIMUNICATION: I;ETWEEN MIAN AND THEUNITED STATES L N(111 I ;ilid 1K'it tilk,v11i.it;i(), . of flotereuiforal.comtmorr4on Iii Ent.iiisi) . , .1ani,,,1,i)ixt.,..o? (it ffeiet90,s, bekveen Jcipansm and Anie,ra.:iirfs v.)h.fc,t1Hilidi,c()111.01lIfli(:(04/1theory, nSed, OhSttldfOS i)rolwoCli)hy on.23 c,r e ones of inturcuitufal communic,a1mo an(1Di.Utilloon Kitao over_Apeliod_of ten years EICHOSH'A Si UNSHA CO. LTD [INTC,IT,,ULTU1-1A1_ CKIMUNICATh)NBETWEEN JAPAN A THE UNITED ',TATES 'C -;;1M q o 'l I ;; n ,), It1fib,000R*1$4,8521F9) 3082-890906-0617 . r i INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES Kenji Kitao, PhD S. Kathleen Kitao, PhD EICHOSHA SHINSHA CO., LTD. TOKYO 0* *414 * A B ffla it s 4RON Ft le =31,; =11 itfi TEL 3 * 03 A,P"Ill (26 10 lc 1641 " ill6000e9(**4354M) Copyright 1989 by Kenji Kitao and S Kathleen Kitao. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior written permission from the authors Eichosha Shinsha, Kusaka B1-1g., 2-28 Kanda Jimbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 111 JAPAN Phone 03-263-1641 Fax 03-263 6174 PREFACE The relationship between Japan and the United States has beenan important one for several decades. In fact, Mike Mansfield, former US Ambassador to Japan, has described it as the most important bilateral :elationship in the world.The importance of this relationship was demonstrated when President George Bush made his decision torepre- sent the United States at the funeral of the late Emperor. This is to be his first trip abroad as President, and the United Stateswas among the first countries to announce its 'epresentative to the funeral. In recent decades, contact between Americans and Japanese has increased greatly across a variety of areas, including economic, techni- cal /scientific, interpersonal, and academic.Americans and Japanese are coming into contact in greater and greater numbers, and there is every likelihood that this trend will continue. There has recently been pressure on Japan to take a position of leadership in world affairs commensurate with her economic position. This would involve closer contact and increased communication with people of many countries, including the United States. Even though the Japanese have more contact with the people of the United States than those of any other country, Japanese people donot know very much about the United States. As these contacts between Americans and Japanese increa te, the potential for misunderstanding increases. This misunderstanding can be caused not only by language barriers but also by cultural differences between the two countries. The purpose of this book is to increase the understanding of these differ- ences and the potential problems that they can cause. We hope that a better understanding of the differences will helu Americans and Japanese communicate more effectively. This collection of papers is divided into three sections.The first section, "Introduction to Intercultural Communication," describes the iii 6 iv background of the relationship between Japan and the United States, the history of the study of intercultural communication and some of the problems related to itbarriers that make communication between Americans and Japanese more difficult. In the first paper, "'The Study of Intercultural Communication in the United States: A Brief History to the Early 1980's," the history of the study of intercultural communica- tion is examined.Various aspects, including organizations, publica- tions, development of theory, and education, are examined."The Background of Japanese-American Relations" looks at the development of the relationship between Japan and the United States from 1853 when Commodore Perry arrived to the present. The need for better under- standing between Japan and the United States is emphasized.In "Barriers to Intercultural Communication Between Americans and Japanese," some of the difficulties that Americans and Japanese have in communicating and the sources of those difficulties are discussed. The second section, "Influences on Culture and Cultural Influences," includes seven papers on various aspects of communication between Americans and Japanese.":;:fects of Natural Environment on Amer- ican and Japanese Communication" discusses how the differences in the natural environment of Japan and Britain have influenced the develop- ment of the values and attitudes of Japanese- and Englishspeokers. These values, in turn, influence the language. "Effects of Social Envi- ronment on Japanese and American Communication" discusses differ- ences in the social systems in Japan and the United States and how these ditfererces affect communication between and among Americans and Japanese."The Group in Japan and the United States" examines differences in the ways that Americans and Japanese interact in groups and the problems that these differences may cause in communication betweea Americans and Japanese. In "Differences in the Kinesic Codes of Americans and Japanese," the study of kinesics (communication through movement, including facial expression and gaze) is discussed. Factors that influence the kinesic codes of Americans and Japanese are discussed, along with differences between the kinesic codes of Amer- Preface v icans and Japanese. In addition, how kinesics can be used in the English classroom is explored. "Differences between Politeness Strategies Used in Requests by Americans and Japanese" examines issues related to politeness, particularly in requests. While the systems of politeness are similar in English and Japanese, there are differences in the way that rules are applied. "Differences in Color Associrtions of Americans and Japanese" deals with the connotations and meanings that colors have in Japanese and American culture.In "Difficulties Japanese Have in Reading English," the process of reading and why it is difficult for Tapanese to read English is discussed. The third section, "Japanese Students' Knowledge of American Culture," is made up of five studies related to Japanese students' contact with Americans and American culture. their knowledge of American culture and the problems that they face in the United States."The Teaching of American Culture in Secondary English Courses in Japan: An Analysis of Textbooks" reviews studies of junior and senior high school textbooks in Japan. It also includes an analysis of the American culture taught in current junior high school texts in Japan. "Awareness of American Culture: A Survey of Japanese College Students in the U.S." reports on a survey of Japanese students at an American universi- ty, their knowledge of American culture and their adjustment to life in the United States. "An Evaluation of English Teaching in Japan: A Sur- vey of Japanese High School Exchange Students" reports a series of sur- veys of Japanese exchange students one month after their arrival in the United States, seven months after their arrival, and after their return to Japan.The survey covered such areas as students' knowledge of American culture
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