CONTRACULTURA, VANGUARDA, DESIGN a Revista Aspen – the Multimedia Magazine in a Box, E Os Anos Sessenta Do Século XX

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CONTRACULTURA, VANGUARDA, DESIGN a Revista Aspen – the Multimedia Magazine in a Box, E Os Anos Sessenta Do Século XX 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES CONTRACULTURA, VANGUARDA, DESIGN A revista Aspen – The Multimedia Magazine in a Box, e os anos sessenta do século XX António José da Costa Nicolas Orientador: Prof. Doutor Victor Manuel Marinho de Almeida Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Belas-Artes, na especialidade de Design de Comunicação 2017 2 3 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES CONTRACULTURA, VANGUARDA, DESIGN A revista Aspen – The Multimedia Magazine in a Box, e os anos sessenta do século XX António José da Costa Nicolas Orientador: Prof. Doutor Victor Manuel Marinho de Almeida Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Belas-Artes, na especialidade de Design de Comunicação Júri: Presidente: Doutora Suzana Isabel Malveiro Parreira, Professora Auxiliar e Membro do Conselho Científico da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa, nomeada por Despacho do Senhor Vice-Reitor, datado de 22 de maio de 2017, no uso de competências delegadas. Vogais: Doutor Mário Abel dos Santos Moura, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade do Porto (1º arguente); Doutor José Manuel da Silva Bártolo, Professor Adjunto da Escola Superior de Artes e Design de Matosinhos (2º arguente); Doutor Fernando António Baptista Pereira, Professor Associado da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Sandra Sofia Figueiredo Gonçalves, Professora Auxiliar da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutor Victor Manuel Marinho de Almeida, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa (orientador). 2017 4 DECLARAÇÃO DE AUTORIA Eu, António José da Costa Nicolas, declaro que a tese de doutoramento intitulada “Contra- cultura, Vanguarda, Design: A revista Aspen – The Multimedia Magazine in a Box, e os anos sessenta do século XX”, é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O con- teúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas na bibliografia ou outras listagens de fontes documentais, tal como todas as citações diretas ou indiretas têm devida indicação ao longo do trabalho segundo as normas académicas. O Candidato Lisboa, 17 de outubro de 2017 5 RESUMO — Contracultura, Vanguarda, Design A revista Aspen – The Multimedia Magazine in a Box, e os anos sessenta do século XX A presente investigação visa contribuir para uma análise das revistas de artistas, enquanto mo- delo de publicação periódica das vanguardas artísticas dos anos sessenta do século XX. Esta abordagem procura caracterizar e enquadrar a publicação periódica multimédia no do- mínio editorial a que pertencem as revistas de artistas e refletir ainda, sobre a sua relevância como veículo contracultural, no contexto ocidental dos anos sessenta e mais especificamen- te, num período de grande convulsão social nos Estados Unidos da América. Nessa perspeti- va, o estudo desenvolve-se principalmente, em torno da revista Aspen – The Multimedia Magazine in a Box (1965-1971), referenciada como uma das mais significativas publicações periódicas multimédia, associadas às vanguardas artísticas desse período histórico. Numa primeira parte da investigação, procurar-se-á definir um enquadramento teórico e histórico para as vanguardas artísticas referenciadas e sustentar uma reflexão crítica e carac- terizadora sobre as relações estabelecidas entre as manifestações contraculturais do período abordado e a natureza projetual das publicações periódicas em causa. Na segunda parte, procurar-se-á estabelecer uma genealogia da publicação periódica multimé- dia, através da identificação e da caracterização das suas vertentes projetuais e culturais, que a definiram como um novo modelo editorial, representativo de um espaço alternativo para a arte nos anos sessenta. O projeto editorial e o design da revista Aspen são o exemplo paradigmático desse modelo. Na conclusão deste estudo, interroga-se a relevância da publicação periódica multimédia e das suas diferentes materializações no contexto do design de comunicação, tendo presente as novas lógicas de publicação no espaço da produção artística contemporânea. Palavras-chave: “Aspen magazine”, “Anos sessenta”, “Contracultura”, “Vanguardas”, “Design”. 6 ABSTRACT — Counterculture, Vanguard, Design The Aspen magazine – The Multimedia Magazine in a Box, and the Sixties The present research aims to contribute to an analysis of artists’ magazines, as a model of pe- riodical publication of the artistic vanguards of the sixties of the twentieth century. This approach seeks to characterize and frame the periodical multimedia publication in the editorial domain to which artists’ journals belong and also reflect on their relevance as a coun- terculture vehicle in the Western context of the sixties and more specifically, during a period of great social upheaval in the States United States of America. In this perspective, the study is mainly developed around the magazine Aspen - The Multimedia Magazine in a Box (1965- 1971), referenced as one of the most significant periodical multimedia publications, associated with the artistic vanguards of this historical period. In a first part of the investigation, we will try to define a theoretical and historical framework for the artistic vanguards referenced and to sustain a critical and characterizing reflection on the relations established between the countercultural manifestations of the period covered and the design nature of the periodical publications in question. In the second part, we will try to establish a genealogy of the multimedia periodical publi- cation, through the identification and characterization of its design and cultural aspects, that defined it as a new editorial model, representing an alternative space for art in the sixties. The editorial project and the design of Aspen magazine are the paradigmatic example of this model. At the conclusion of this study, we question the relevance of the periodical multimedia pu- blication and its different materializations in the context of communication design, taking into account the new logics of publication in the space of contemporary artistic production. Keywords: “Aspen magazine”, “Sixties”, “Counterculture”, “Vanguards”, “Design”. 7 AGRADECIMENTOS — Ao meu orientador Victor Almeida, pelos valiosos contributos e pelo entusiasmo colocado na prossecução desta investigação. Aos meus colegas da Faculdade de Belas-Artes, Sofia Gonçalves, Emílio Vilar, Cândida Ruivo, Luísa Ribas, Sónia Rafael, Isabel Castro e com particular apreço, à amizade e apoio dos colegas Pedro Almeida e Suzana Parreira. À amizade, à parceria e ao exemplo do Professor Aurelindo Jaime Ceia. À valiosa colaboração da Drª. Isabel Koehler, da Biblioteca do Museu de Arte Contemporâ- nea da Fundação de Serralves. A todos os amigos, pelo incentivo e solidariedade demonstrados ao longo deste percurso. À Armanda, à nossa filha Sara e à minha mãe, pelo constante e incondicional apoio. 8 A presente tese de doutoramento aplica a grafia do Novo Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa. ABREVIATURAS — AAVV: autores vários cf.: conferir / conforme dir.: direção ed./eds.: editor/editores e.g.: exempli gratia (por exemplo) et al.: et alii (e outros) FBAUL: Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa i.e.: id est (isto é) n.º: número p./pp.: página/páginas s.d.: sem data Univ.: universidade vol.: volume 9 ÍNDICES — Índice Geral Índice de Figuras Índice de Acrónimos e Siglas Índice dos Anexos (CD) ÍNDICE GERAL INTRODUÇÃO 25 Tema e implicações gerais 25 Questão central e propósito 26 Âmbito e limites do objeto de investigação 27 Critérios metodológicos 28 PARTE I ENQUADRAMENTO TEÓRICO Capítulo 1: Arte, Vanguarda, Contracultura e Design 33 1. Arte e cultura material dos anos sessenta 35 2. As vanguardas artísticas da segunda metade do século XX 38 2.1. A influência do processo e da linguagem da Arte Conceptual 40 2.1.1. “White Cube” – o espaço da galeria 44 2.1.2. O multimédia como novo fator tecnológico 44 3. A manifestação da contracultura 47 4. O design gráfico nos anos sessenta 50 4.1. “Underground Press” 53 Capítulo 2: Condições culturais 57 1. Modernismo/ Pós-modernismo 59 1.1. Pós-modernismo e cultura Pop 62 2. Aspetos políticos e socioculturais da década de sessenta do século XX 63 2.1. Sixties: utopia e climax geracional 67 2.2. Swinging London: New Wave, Global Village 69 2.3. Les Sixties: sobre o Maio de 68 em França 72 10 3. A contracultura na América dos anos sessenta 77 3.1. A influência precursora da “Beat Generation” 81 3.2. A New Left e os movimentos de protesto e contracultura 85 3.2.1. O movimento dos Direitos Civis 87 3.2.2. O movimento estudantil Free Speech 89 3.2.3. O movimento contra a guerra do Vietname 91 3.2.4. Cenários da revolução Hippie na América 92 3.2.5. Women’s Lib: o movimento de emancipação das mulheres 96 4. Da contracultura à cibercultura 99 4.1. O The Whole Earth Catalog e o movimento comunal na América 102 PARTE II CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO Capítulo 3: As revistas de artistas 109 1. Para uma genealogia das revistas de artistas 111 1.1. A revista de artista como espaço alternativo para a arte 114 2. A publicação periódica multimédia 115 Capítulo 4: A afirmação contracultural da publicação periódica multimédia 117 1. Exemplos precursores da publicação periódica multimédia 119 1.1. Marcel Duchamp e a “Boite en Valise” 119 1.2. “Art is Love is God” – A revista Semina de Wallace Berman. 123 1.3. A Revue Ou de Henri Chopin 127 2. A ação do coletivo Fluxus 128 2.1. As edições das Fluxus Year Boxes e a Fluxus magazine ccV TRE 129 3. A revista/ portfólio S.M.S (Shit Must Stop), de William Copley 133 Capítulo 5: A revista Aspen – “The Multimedia Magazine in a Box” 137 1. A revista Aspen 139 1.1. Sobre a Aspen: notas de síntese das dez edições (1965-71) 140 1.1.1. Gravações áudio e filmes. 142 2. Três edições – os designers /editores 145 2.1. A Aspen nº 1, de George Lois, Tom Courtos e Ralph Tuzzo (“The Black Box”) 145 e nº 2, de Frank Kirk e Tony Angotti (“The White Box”) – o contexto sociocultural de Aspen, Colorado 2.2.
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