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(Phaseolus Vulgaris) Grown in Elevated CO2 on Apatite Dissolution Brian Matthew Orm Ra University of Maine, [email protected]

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(Phaseolus Vulgaris) Grown in Elevated CO2 on Apatite Dissolution Brian Matthew Orm Ra University of Maine, Brian.Morra@Maine.Edu The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-13-2017 Influence of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Grown in Elevated CO2 on Apatite Dissolution Brian Matthew orM ra University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Biogeochemistry Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Morra, Brian Matthew, "Influence of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Grown in Elevated CO2 on Apatite Dissolution" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2642. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2642 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. INFLUENCE OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) GROWN IN ELEVATED CO2 ON APATITE DISSOLUTION By By Brian Morra B.S. University of Idaho, 2012 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Earth and Climate Sciences) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2017 Advisory Committee: Amanda Olsen, Associate Professor, Earth and Climate Sciences, Adviser Aria Amirbahman, Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Stephanie Burnett, Associate Professor, School of Food and Agriculture INFLUENCE OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) GROWN IN ELEVATED CO2 ON APATITE DISSOLUTION By Brian Matthew Morra Thesis Advisor: Dr. Amanda Olsen An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Earth and Climate Sciences) May 2017 Elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 brought about by human activity creates changes in plant morphology, growth rate and exudate production. Our study sought to understand the effect of these changes on soil mineral weathering using plants grown under two conditions, ambient CO2 (400ppm) and elevated CO2 (1000ppm). Phaseolus vulgaris (common beans) were grown in flow-through microcosms consisting of a mixture of quartz and apatite sands. Plant growth was sustained by a nutrient solution devoid of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P). Using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy and colorimetry, Ca and P content of the leachate and plant tissue served as a proxy for apatite dissolution. Plants were harvested periodically during the 8-week experiment to show Ca and P content with time. P. vulgaris grown in elevated CO2 had a greater root to shoot ratio. This outcome was expected based on the results of many other studies. The planted microcosms were found to have a lower pH than abiotic controls 811% more Ca was released from biotic than abiotic experiments by the end of week 8. The presence of plants resulted in the release of over 100 more P compared to their absence. Plants grown in elevated CO2 released 82% more Ca and 80% more P than those grown in ambient conditions. Although elevated CO2 helped plants to grow larger root structures and lower the solution pH, no significant change to weathering rates was observed during the experiment. Our results show the importance of below ground carbon fluxes in creating changes to the rhizosphere which aid in P release from apatite ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful for the help I received from many groups of people. Without the guidance of Mike Handley, the development and implementation of my analytics would have been impossible. Bruce Segee from the Department of Electrical and Computer engineering department was both friendly and knowledgeable about construction of CO2 controls for my growth chambers. Within the department, I borrowed many people’s tools and expertise for building different parts of my experiment. Thank you Ben Partan, Steve Bernsen and Brett Gerard. Lastly and most importantly, I would like to thank my mother and father, Sarah and Matt Morra who provided encouragement and huge amount of guidance throughout my time at the University of Maine. My father’s experience in soil-biochemistry was indispensable in both technical and personal aspects of research. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Effects of Elevated CO2 on Plant Physiology and Growth ................................... 2 1.2 Inorganic Nutrients ................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Biotic Mechanisms Involved in Mineral Dissolution ........................................... 6 1.4 Organic Acids and Mineral Dissolution ................................................................ 7 1.5 Phosphorus in Natural and Fertilized Ecosystems ................................................ 9 1.6 Apatite Weathering ............................................................................................. 11 1.7 Phaseolus vulgaris ............................................................................................... 14 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................... 16 2.1 Materials ........................................................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Minerals .................................................................................................... 16 2.1.2 Nutrient Solutions .................................................................................... 18 iii 2.2 Experimental Design ...................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Environmental Growth Chambers ................................................................. 20 2.2.2 Flow Through Microcosms ........................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Sampling ........................................................................................................ 23 2.2.4 Release Rates ................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Analytical Methods ......................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Plant Tissue Oxidation and Digestion ........................................................... 26 2.3.2 Quantification of Ca Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ..................... 27 2.3.3 Colorimetric Determination of Total P .......................................................... 27 2.3.4 Sample Corrections........................................................................................ 28 2.3.5 Mineral Content of Shoots ............................................................................. 29 2.3.6 Batch Reactor Dissolution ............................................................................. 30 2.3.7 Post-Experiment Mineral Experiments ......................................................... 30 2.3.8 Statistics ......................................................................................................... 30 3. RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 32 3.1 XRF Analysis of Apatite ..................................................................................... 32 3.2 Changes in pH with Time.................................................................................... 32 3.3 Plant Growth ....................................................................................................... 34 iv 3.4 Plant Nutritional Status ....................................................................................... 35 3.5 Distribution of Ca pools ...................................................................................... 36 3.6 Total Ca Concentrations ...................................................................................... 39 3.7 Distribution of P pools ........................................................................................ 41 3.8 Total P Concentrations ........................................................................................ 45 3.9 Stoichiometry of dissolution ............................................................................... 46 3.10 SEM Characterization of Weathered Mineral Grains ....................................... 47 4. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 52 4.1 Relationship Between pH and Ion Release ......................................................... 52 4.2 Calculated weathering rates ................................................................................ 55 4.2.1 Dissolution rates based on Ca concentrations ............................................... 55 4.2.2 Dissolution rates based on P concentrations .................................................. 56 4.3 Rates measured in other apatite dissolution studies ............................................ 59 4.4 Stoichiometry of Apatite weathering .................................................................. 60 4.5 Nutritional Status of Plants ................................................................................
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