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Everything Is Ballast: an Examination of Ballast Related Practices

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Everything Is Ballast: an Examination of Ballast Related Practices EVERYTHING IS BALLAST: AN EXAMINATION OF BALLAST RELATED PRACTICES AND BALLAST STONES FROM THE EMANUEL POINT SHIPWRECKS by Matthew Julian Gifford B.A., Western Washington University, 2008 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Anthropology 2014 © 2014 Matthew Julian Gifford The thesis of Matthew Julian Gifford is approved: ______________________________________________ ________________________ John E. Worth, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ______________________________________________ ________________________ Gregory D. Cook, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ______________________________________________ ________________________ Christopher R. Kelson, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ______________________________________________ ________________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ______________________________________________ ________________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ______________________________________________ ________________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to Dr. Elizabeth Benchley, the UWF Archaeology Institute and the UWF Scholarly and Creative Activities Grant program whose support and funding were invaluable for the completion of this project. I am extremely thankful to my advisors who offered indispensable input and resources which shaped the direction of this thesis. Additionally, Dr. Chris Kelson’s help with interpreting and applying the results of the analyses was extremely beneficial. My gratitude extends to all who were involved in the various phases of geological and coral examinations. The analyses performed by the New Mexico Geochronology Research Laboratory, ALS Minerals, and Wagner Petrographic were vital when it came time to classify the ballast samples. I am grateful to the Office of the Environmental Protection Agency in Gulf Breeze, Florida and Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota Florida for their assistance with coral identification. I also appreciate the assistance of Dr. Matt Schwartz of the UWF Environmental Studies Department and Dr. Jon Bryan of Northwest Florida State College in the identification of stone samples. My thanks go to the many others at UWF who assisted with the various aspects of field work, lab analysis, and bureaucracy. These people include Norine Carroll, Karen Mims, Cindi Rogers, Steve McLin, Fritz Sharar, and all the graduate and undergraduate students who took part in the maritime field schools. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Erica Gifford, and the rest of my family for their guidance, patience, and constant support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................1 1.1 What is Ballast? ...................................................................1 1.2 Previous Ballast Studies .......................................................4 1.3 Research Goals.....................................................................8 CHAPTER II BALLAST BACKGROUND .......................................................15 2.1 Materials Used for Ballast .................................................16 2.2 Ballast Classifications ........................................................21 2.2.1 Permanent Ballast ................................................21 2.2.2 Cargo as Ballast and Ballast as Cargo .................26 2.3 Stowage and Ballast Placement .........................................28 2.4 Careening ...........................................................................33 2.5 Cleaning the Hold and Ballast ...........................................36 2.6 Discarding Ballast ..............................................................38 2.7 Sources and Other Uses of Stone .......................................40 2.8 Ballast and Stone in a Terrestrial Context .........................51 2.9 What These Practices Mean ...............................................56 CHAPTER III FIELD AND LAB METHODS ....................................................58 3.1 Field Methods ....................................................................58 3.2 Laboratory Methods ...........................................................59 3.2.1 Rock Type Identification .....................................59 3.2.2 Geologic Analyses ...............................................60 3.3 Stone Ballast Sourcing Methods ........................................63 3.4 Coral Identification and Sourcing ......................................64 CHAPTER IV RESULTS .....................................................................................65 4.1 Rock Type Distribution......................................................65 4.2 Geologic Analyses .............................................................67 4.2.1 Thin Sections .......................................................67 4.2.2 Geochemical Analysis .........................................67 4.2.3 Argon-Argon Geochronology ..............................72 v 4.3 The Combined Geologic Data ...........................................72 4.4 Coral Identification and Origins ........................................73 CHAPTER V TOWARD A THEORY OF BALLAST .......................................75 5.1 Evidence vs. History ..........................................................75 5.2 Archaeological Effects of Practices ...................................77 5.2.1 Ballast Materials ..................................................78 5.2.2 Careening and Cleaning the Hold ........................79 5.2.3 Permanent Ballast ................................................81 5.2.4 Ballast Sources .....................................................82 5.2.5 Ballast as Cargo ...................................................87 5.2.6 Stowage ................................................................92 5.3 Potential Features of the Ballast Pile .................................92 5.4 Other Sources of Archaeological Uncertainty .................100 5.4.1 Natural Sources ..................................................100 5.4.2 Cultural Sources .................................................104 5.5 Conclusions ......................................................................108 5.5.1 EPI and EPII ......................................................113 5.6 Potential Avenues of Research ........................................114 5.7 Final Comments ...............................................................116 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................118 APPENDIXES .................................................................................................................128 A. 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology Results for Ballast Stones Recovered from Shipwrecks ............................................129 B. Distribution of Rock Types Within Unit 91N 492E ........139 C. Thin-sections from Wagner Petrographic ........................141 D. Geochemical Data from Analysis by ALS Minerals .......146 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Site plan for Emanuel Point I .........................................................................................13 2. Site plan for Emanuel Point II .......................................................................................14 3. House of Cortez .............................................................................................................47 4. Close-up of wall of House of Cortez which includes coral, stone, and brick held together with mortar ...............................................................................................48 5. The wall of the Fort at San Juan de Ulua which includes coral, stone, and brick held together with mortar......................................................................................49 6. The ballast stones recovered from EPII .........................................................................66 7. Basalt which is heavily weathered and no longer stable ................................................68 8. Total alkali versus silica diagram used to classify igneous rocks ..................................69 9. Discrimination diagrams used to determine tectonic source environments of the four analyzed samples..........................................................................................71 vii ABSTRACT EVERYTHING IS BALLAST: AN EXAMINATION OF BALLAST RELATED PRACTICES AND BALLAST STONES FROM THE EMANUEL POINT SHIPWRECKS Matthew Julian Gifford Ballast has not often been the focus of research; where it has, the studies have been approached with various assumptions in mind. For example, specific features, such as stratigraphy, are looked for in order to define the relationship between a shipwreck and associated ballast. What all of these studies lack is a thorough explanation as to why any features would be present and how they could appear. The majority of this thesis is focused on outlining
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