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Demokrasi Kuramlari Açisindan Türk

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Demokrasi Kuramlari Açisindan Türk CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk T.C. PAMUKKALE ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ KAMU YÖNET İMİ ANAB İLİM DALI DEMOKRAS İ KURAMLARI AÇISINDAN TÜRK DEMOKRAS İSİNE İLİŞ KİN B İR İNCELEME YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Hazırlayan Umut BEKCAN Danı şman Prof. Dr. İnan ÖZER Denizli, 2005 TEZ SINAV SONUÇ FORMU Bu tez tarafımızdan okunmu ş, kapsamı ve niteli ği açısından Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmi ştir. _________________ Prof. Dr. İnan ÖZER (Ba şkan) _____________________ _________________________ Prof. Dr. Hamza UYGUN Doç. Dr. Muhammet KÖSEC İK (Üye) (Üye) Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu’nun ……….…tarih ve ………………… sayılı kararıyla onaylanmı ştır. _________________________ Prof. Dr. Nazım K. EK İNC İ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü I ÖZET Türk demokrasisinin bugün içinde bulundu ğu ko şullar, demokrasi kuramları açısından ne tür bir modelle örtü ştü ğü sıkça tartı şılan bir konudur. Bu konuyu derinlemesine analiz ederek, Türk demokrasisinin demokrasi kuramları açısından bir de ğerlendirmesini yapmak, siyaset bilimi açısından olumlu katkılar yapan sonuçlar elde etmeye yarayacaktır. Çalı şmanın birinci bölümünde, ara ştırmanın amacı, konusu ve kapsamıyla ilgili genel bilgiler verilecek, ikinci bölümde, demokrasi kavramının tanımı, ortaya çıkı şı, geli şimi ve nasıl uygulandı ğı üzerinde durulacaktır. Üçüncü bölümünde, şu ana kadar ortaya atılmı ş liberal temsili demokrasinin ele ştirisi üzerine kurulmu ş, demokrasi kuramları tanıtılacak, savundukları dü şünceler üzerinde durulacaktır. Demokrasi kuramlarının kavramsal çerçevesinin ardından Türk demokrasi hayatının incelenmesine Türkiye’deki ilk demokrasi hareketlerinden söz edilerek bir giri ş yapılacaktır. Be şinci bölümde ise tezin asıl konusu olan cumhuriyet dönemi demokrasi tarihi ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınacaktır. Son bölümde ise Türk demokrasisinin pratikteki uygulamalarından, cumhuriyetin ilanından bu yana deneyimlerinden yola çıkılarak literatürde yer alan demokrasi kuramlarından (liberal, güçlü, dü şük yo ğunluklu kuramlar v.s.) hangisi ya da hangilerine yakın oldu ğu veya hangisi ya da hangileriyle örtü ştü ğü analiz edilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Demokrasi, Demokrasi kuramı, Türk Demokrasi Hayatı Umut BEKCAN II ABSTRACT The subject of which democracy theory or theories are similar to the Turkish Democracy Model is frequently discussed. To evaluate Turkish Democracy from the angle of democracy theories, by deeply analyzing this subject will give positive additions to the science of politics. In the first chapter of the thesis, general information will be given subject, aim and contents of the research. In second chapter it will be dwelled upon the definition, arise, development and how it is practiced of democracy concept, In third chapter, democracy theories which are based on criticism of liberal representative democracy will be introduced. After the conceptual limitation of democracy theories, examination of Turkish Democracy Life will be started with mentioning first democracy actions in Turkey. In the fifth chapter, Republic of Turkey’s democracy history which is basic subject of the thesis will be taken up in a detailed way. And in the last chapter, it will be analyzed that which democracy theory or theories (liberal, strong, low-density theories etc.) are similar or closer to Turkish democracy, by examining the experiences of Turkish democracy from the proclamation of republic till now. Key Words : Democracy, Democracy theory, Turkish democracy life Umut BEKCAN İÇİNDEK İLER ÖZET.............................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ II İÇİNDEK İLER .........................................................................................................III ÖNSÖZ..................................................................................................................... VII GİRİŞ ………………………………………………………………………………...1 BİRİNC İ BÖLÜM ARA ŞTIRMA İLE İLG İLİ GENEL B İLG İLER 1.1. Ara ştırmanın Konusu………………………………………….............................2 1.2. Ara ştırmanın Amacı……………………………………………………………...2 1.3. Ara ştırmanın Önemi……………………………………………………………...2 İKİNC İ BÖLÜM DEMOKRAS İ KAVRAMI 2.1. Tanım …………………………………………………………………………….4 2.2. Tarihçe................................................................................................................... 6 2.3. Demokrasinin Uygulanması…………………………………………………….14 2.4. Demokrasi Anlayı şları ........................................................................................ 16 2.4.1. Ço ğulcu demokrasi………………………………………………………16 2.4.1.2. Temel ilkeleri……………………………………………………16 2.4.1.3. Ço ğulcu demokrasinin uygulandı ğı rejimler……………………18 2.4.2. Marksist demokrasi………………………………………………………21 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM DEMOKRAS İ KURAMLARI 3.1. Demokrasi Kuramlarına Giri ş............................................................................. 24 3.1.1. Liberal demokrasi kuramı ......................................................................... 29 3.1.2. Sosyal demokrasi kuramı………………………………………………...33 3.1.3. Ço ğunlukçu demokrasi ve oyda şmacı demokrasi kuramları…………….36 3.1.4. Güçlü (katılımcı) demokrasi kuramı……………………………………..37 3.1.5. Dü şük yo ğunluklu demokrasi kuramı……………………………………39 3.1.6. Seçkinci demokrasi kuramı………………………………………………41 3.1.7. Ekonomik demokrasi kuramı…………………………………………….42 3.1.8. Ele ştirel demokrasi kuramı………………………………………………43 IV 3.1.9. Bütünlükçü demokrasi kuramı…………………………………………...44 3.1.10. Birle ştirici demokrasi kuramı…………………………………………..45 3.1.11. Radikal demokrasi kuramı……………………………………………...46 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM TÜRK İYE'DE İLK DEMOKRAS İ HAREKETLER İ 4.1. Giri ş..................................................................................................................... 49 4.2. Osmanlı Devleti Dönemi..................................................................................... 50 4.2.1. Sened-i ittifak…………………………………………………………….50 4.2.2. Tanzimat fermanı………………………………………………………...52 4.2.3. Islahat fermanı…………………………………………………………...54 4.2.4. I. Me şrutiyet……………………………………………………………...55 4.2.5. II. Me şrutiyet……………………………………………………………..58 4.3. Milli Mücadele Dönemi.......................................................................................60 4.3.1. Amasya genelgesi………………………………………………………..61 4.3.2. Erzurum kongresi………………………………………………………..62 4.3.3. Sivas kongresi……………………………………………………………63 4.3.4. Türkiye büyük millet meclisi'nin açılması………………………………63 4.3.5. 1921 Anayasası………………………………………………………….64 4.3.6. Saltanatın kaldırılması…………………………………………………..65 4.3.7. Halk fırkası'nın kurulması………………………………………………66 4.3.8. Cumhuriyetin ilanı………………………………………………………67 BE Şİ NC İ BÖLÜM CUMHUR İYET DÖNEM İ DEMOKRAS İ TAR İHİ 5.1. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP) Dönemi (1923)……………………………….69 5.1.1. Hilafetin kaldırılması…………………………………………………….69 5.1.2. 1924 Anayasası…………………………………………………………..69 5.1.3. Terakkiperver cumhuriyet fırkası'nın kurulması…………………………71 5.1.4. Şeyh sait isyanı ve takrir-i sükun kanunu………………………………..72 5.1.5. Atatürk'e suikast giri şimi………………………………………………...73 5.1.6. Serbest cumhuriyet fırkası……………………………………………….74 5.1.7. Menemen olayı…………………………………………………………..77 5.1.8. Devrimi benimsetme çabaları……………………………………………77 V 5.1.8.1. Kadro dergisi……………………………………………………77 5.1.8.2. Halkevleri………………………………………………………..78 5.1.9. Bursa olayı………………………………………………………………..79 5.1.10. Wagon-Lits (yataklı vagonlar) mitingi………………………………….79 5.1.11. Razgrad mitingi………………………………………………………….80 5.1.12. Atatürk'e II. suikast giri şimi……………………………………………..80 5.1.13. Kadınlara siyasal hakların verilmesi…………………………………….80 5.1.14. Dersim isyanı……………………………………………………………80 5.1.15. Ba şbakanın de ğişmesi…………………………………………………...81 5.1.16. İsmet İnönü'nün cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesi……………………………...82 5.1.17. Milli korunma kanunu…………………………………………………...83 5.1.18. Köy enstitülerinin korunması……………………………………………84 5.1.19. Varlık vergisi……………………………………………………………85 5.1.20. Toprak yasası……………………………………………………………86 5.1.21. Çok partili hayata geçi ş………………………………………………….87 5.1.21.1. Milli kalkınma partisi'nin kurulması…………………………..88 5.1.21.2. Demokrat parti'nin kurulması…………………………………88 5.1.22. Tan baskını………………………………………………………………89 5.1.23. İlk çok partili seçim……………………………………………………..89 5.1.24. Sendika kanunu………………………………………………………….90 5.1.25. 1950 Seçimleri…………………………………………………………..91 5.2. Demokrat Parti Dönemi(1950-1960)…………………………………………...91 5.2.1. 1950-1954 Dönemi………………………………………………………92 5.2.2. 1954-1957 Dönemi………………………………………………………93 5.2.3. 1957-1960 Dönemi………………………………………………………96 5.3. Hürriyetçi Anayasa Dönemi (1960-1980)……………………………………...98 5.3.1. 1961 Anayasası…………………………………………………………100 5.3.2. İnönü koalisyonları (1961-1965)……………………………………….101 5.3.3. AP iktidarından 12 mart muhtırası'na…………………………………..103 5.3.4. 12 Mart'tan 12 eylül'e…………………………………………………...106 5.4. Yasakçı Anayasa Dönemi (1980'den Günümüze)…………………………….112 5.4.1. 1982 Anayasası…………………………………………………………113 VI 5.4.2. 1983 Seçimleri………………………………………………………….114 5.4.3. ANAP dönemi…………………………………………………………..115 5.4.4. 1991'den Sonraki geli şmeler……………………………………………118 ALTINCI BÖLÜM DÖNEMLER İN DE ĞERLEND İRMES İ VE DEMOKRAS İ KURAMLARI AÇISINDAN İNCELENMES İ 6.1. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Dönemi……………………………………………...125 6.2. Demokrat Parti Dönemi……………………………………………………….129 6.3. Hürriyetçi Anayasa Dönemi…………………………………………………..132 6.4. Yasakçı Anayasa Dönemi……………………………………………………..135 SONUÇ……………………………………………………………………………139
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