DOCSLIB.ORG

Factors Driving Turkish Foreign Policy Betul Dicle Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Factors Driving Turkish Foreign Policy Betul Dicle Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Bdicle1@Lsu.Edu Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2008 Factors driving Turkish foreign policy Betul Dicle Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Dicle, Betul, "Factors driving Turkish foreign policy" (2008). LSU Master's Theses. 3090. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3090 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FACTORS DRIVING TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Political Science by Betul Dicle B. Law., Istanbul University, 2000 B. A., Ankara University, 1995 December, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY BEFORE THE WORLD WAR II ............................................... 6 TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE COLD WAR .................................................... 13 Beginning of the Cold War and Rapprochement with the West: 1945 - 1962 .......................... 14 Relations with Middle East and the Balkans between 1945 and 1962 ...................................... 16 Middle East ............................................................................................................................ 16 Balkans .................................................................................................................................. 19 The Cyprus Problem .............................................................................................................. 20 Second Episode of the Cold War: Changing Balances in the International Arena and Turkish Foreign Policy in 1960 – 1990 .................................................................................................. 24 A Deteriorating Relationship with the U.S: The Jupiter Missile Crisis and the Johnson Letter .................................................................................................................. 26 After the Dust Settled: Relations with U.S., Greece and U.S.S.R. ........................................ 28 1980 Military Intervention ..................................................................................................... 31 Turkey –U.S. Relations after 1980 ........................................................................................ 34 Turkey –Middle East Relations ............................................................................................. 37 Turkey –Iran Relations .......................................................................................................... 39 Turkey – Israel Relations ....................................................................................................... 41 Turkey – Europe Relations .................................................................................................... 43 TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR ....................................................... 48 Relations with the U.S. .............................................................................................................. 49 Relations with the European Union .......................................................................................... 52 Relations with Russia and Caucasia .......................................................................................... 56 Relations with Greece and Cyprus ............................................................................................ 60 Relations with the Balkans ........................................................................................................ 63 Relations with the Middle East ................................................................................................. 65 Turkey and Israel ................................................................................................................... 65 Turkey and Syria .................................................................................................................... 67 Turkey and Iran ...................................................................................................................... 69 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ........................................................................ 71 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 77 VITA ............................................................................................................................................. 82 ii ABSTRACT Evaluation of Turkish foreign policy events suggests that both external and domestic factors have affected its determination. While a consistent pattern in foreign policy has been observed since Ottoman times, the 20th century has led to substantial challenges. Long-established Turkish foreign policy, based exclusively on external factors, was reshaped to include domestic factors as well. With the new Republic in 1923, the process of reshaping foreign policy, based on Western values, has started. The end of the Cold War started a new era in which domestic factors gained predominance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors that have driven Turkish foreign policy and the changes thereto in three different time periods. The most important change is primarily the shift from external factors to domestic factors, especially after the Cold War. However, the period before the end of Cold War is further subdivided into two distinct periods— before and after the Second World War. Balanced neutrality in the pre-World War II period shaped Turkish foreign policy. After the war, with the change in the balance of power in the international system, the U.S.S.R. appeared as a serious threat. The Western Alliance was in the center of Turkish foreign policy. Domestic factors became evident with the 1960 coup d‘état, which led to a new constitution to allow different political groups to become active. It was the end of the Cold War which put domestic factors in a predominant position. Ethnic and religious politics posed the biggest challenge for Turkey. Based on the recent events in the international system, Turkish foreign policy is again at a turning point in which domestic factors are not only predominant, but may in fact be the driving force behind foreign policy making. iii INTRODUCTION Geopolitics is a fundamental factor in determination of Turkish foreign policy since Ottoman times (Larrabee and Lesser, 2003; Hale, 2000). According to Gallois (1990) and Boniface (2000)1, ―geopolitics is the study of the relationships between the implementation of power policies internationally and the geographical context in which they occur.‖ According to Hale (2000), geopolitics is the link (in terms of continuity and consistency) between Ottoman and Turkish foreign policy. ―While its geographical situation increases Turkey‘s international weight, it also raises the prospect of an attack by any of the great powers with ambitions in these regions‖ (Hale, 2000). Turkey is located both in Europe and in Asia, a trait shared only with Russia. Geographically, it is a Balkan, Black Sea and Mediterranean state. The Balkan and Black Sea regions are vital for strategic relations with Central Asia and the Caucasus, especially through its ethnic, religious and cultural ties. The Mediterranean region is imperative for relations with the Arab world, Israel and Europe. While Turkey is a Middle Eastern country, considering its historical ties to the region (Mango, 1996; Aydin, 2004; Hale, 2002; Kirisci, 1997), it is also a bridge between the Middle East and Europe as well as Central Asia. Accordingly, the Turkish Straits (Bosporus and Dardanelles) carry significant strategic importance. Turkey‘s proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans both illustrates its geopolitical importance and contributes to the diversity of Turkish foreign policy. Its location in the tumultuous Middle Eastern region creates significant security concerns. In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire followed a foreign policy agenda based on ‗the exploitation of balance of power‘ between major European powers. With the advance of foreign 1 As reported by Gagné (2007) 1 affairs institutions in the 19th century, Ottoman Empire sought ‗flexible alliances‘ based on the strategic needs at the time (Okman, 2004). The new republic in 1923 led to a period of transformation from old Ottoman values to new Turkish Republic values2. The Ottoman foreign policy based exclusively on external factors (for security and development) was reshaped into a policy in which accounted for domestic factors along with external factors. The emergence of the U.S.S.R. after the Second World War as a threat to the Western alliance allowed Turkey to form permanent alliances with the Western powers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Turkish-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005 Isa Afacan [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-31-2011 Turkish-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005 Isa Afacan [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI11041509 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Afacan, Isa, "Turkish-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005" (2011). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 347. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/347 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA, 1990-2005 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Isa Afacan 2011 To: Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Isa Afacan, and entitled Turkish-American Relations in the post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Thomas Breslin _______________________________________ Aisha Musa _______________________________________ Charles MacDonald _______________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 31, 2011 The dissertation of Isa Afacan is approved. _______________________________________ Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences _______________________________________ Interim Dean Kevin O’Shea University Graduate School Florida International University, 2011 ii © Copyright 2011 by Isa Afacan All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy Author(S): Ümit Cizre Sakallioğlu Source: Comparative Politics, Vol
    The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy Author(s): Ümit Cizre Sakallioğlu Source: Comparative Politics, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Jan., 1997), pp. 151-166 Published by: Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/422077 Accessed: 31-01-2019 14:30 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/422077?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Comparative Politics This content downloaded from 139.179.72.51 on Thu, 31 Jan 2019 14:30:58 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy Umit Cizre Sakallioglu The most profound contradiction marking Turkish democracy in the 1990s is the demonstrated inability of civilian politicians to control the military. The Turkish military enjoys a strong degree of military autonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil-Military Relations: a Comparative Analysis of the Role of the Military in the Political Transformation of Post-War Turkey and Greece: 1980-1995
    CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN THE POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POST-WAR TURKEY AND GREECE: 1980-1995 Dr. Gerassimos Karabelias Final Report submitted to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in June 1998 1 ABSTRACT This report attempts to determine the evolution of civil-military relations in Turkey and Greece during the 1980-1995 period through an examination of the role of the military in the political transformation of both countries. Since the mid-1970s and especially after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the struggle for spreading the winds of democracy around the globe has been the goal of all western states and particularly the United States of America. However, taking into consideration the volatility in the Balkans and in Central Asia, the military institution of Turkey and Greece which gave the impression that it withdrew in the barracks after their last intervention in 1980-83 and 1967-74 respectively, could easily be forced or even tempted to assume a greater responsibility in the conduct of each country’s domestic and foreign affairs. Only through a better understanding of its role during the 1980-95 period, we would be able to determine the feasibility of such scenarios. Using a multi-factorial model as a protection from the short- sighted results which the majority of mono-factorial approaches produce, this report starts with the analysis of the distinct role which the Armed Forces of each country have had in the historical evolution of their respective civil-military relations up to 1980 (Part One of Chapters Two and Three).
    [Show full text]
  • Question of Strategy in Counter-Terrorism: “Turkish Case”
    © Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www.ijbssnet.com Question of Strategy in Counter-Terrorism: “Turkish Case” Sait YILMAZ Assistant Professor, Beykent University, Turkey E-mail- [email protected] Abstract Many academic institutions and individuals throughout the world studied the intellectual framework for developing counter-terrorism strategies in different countries. In the first quarter of the twenty-first century, international terrorism still remains as a vital threat to national and global security interests. Turkey has experienced sporadic and relentless subnational and goverment-sponsored terrorism for decades. Terrorism, which has been an instrument of foreign policy for a long time, now challenges to the world’s order and system, especially in and around the Middle East. Coping with all forms of terrorism requires effective national, regional, and global effort. Turkey has experienced terrorism from ideological, religious, and ethnic sources. The Kurds, Marxists, and Islamic fundamentalists have posed the main threats. In this study, we solely focus on the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), the greatest threat posed by terrorists in Turkey. The purpose of this study is to offer an alternative counter-terrorism strategy based on the soft-power approach by examining the Turkish case: the fight against PKK. Key Words: Terror, Counter-terror, Strategy, Turkey, PKK. Introduction After the Cold War, conventional threat was drastically removed from international agenda. Security challenges all around the world now mostly result from some global problems such as economic depression, political pressure, famine, high population increase, ethnic differences, environmental damages, terror, crime and illnesses 1. Since 1980s, civilians have also been the targets of terrorist activities as in the example of the PKK.
    [Show full text]
  • Centre International De Formation Européenne Institut Européen Des Hautes Etudes Internationales
    Centre International de Formation Européenne Institut Européen des Hautes Etudes Internationales Master (M.A) in Advanced European and International Studies Anglophone branch Role of Kemalism in Turkey’s EU Accession Process Author: Emre Demir Academic year: 2009-2010 Supervisor: Prof. Matthias Waechter ABSTRACT KEMALISM AND TURKEY‟S EU ACCESSION PROCESS The extended period for the European Accession talks came to a pivotal point on October 3rd 2005, when Turkey began dialogue with the European Union towards this issue. These dialogues showed the level of improvement Turkey made in terms of democratizing the government according to the European conditions set from December 17th 2004, in accordance with the Copenhagen criteria. The increase of democratization efforts also presented issues related to the future of Kemalism which has been deeply affected by these criteria. These criteria along with the propositions that these issues prevent Turkey from entry into the EU resulted in the heavy scrutiny of Kemalism. This study‟s objective is to address the issues of Kemalism as it related to the EU‟s criteria for membership and the reasons and methods for the EU‟s objection to the fundamentals of this ideology. Keywords: Turkey, European Union, Kemalism 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • The New Activism in Turkish Foreign Policy | the Washington Institute
    MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds The New Activism in Turkish Foreign Policy by Alan Makovsky May 1, 1999 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Alan Makovsky Alan Makovsky is a senior fellow for national security and international policy at the Center for American Progress. Articles & Testimony leased with his decision to throw in Turkey's lot with the winning U.S.-led coalition against Saddam Hussein, P Turkish President Turgut Ozal declared at a 1991 post-Gulf War press conference that Turkey "should leave its former passive and hesitant policies and engage in an active foreign policy."1 Ozal's decision to back energetically the anti-Iraq coalition effort caught many Turks and long-time observers of Turkey by surprise. Ozal had simply brushed aside Ankara's longstanding policy of non-interference in Middle East disputes. The reasons for his decision are complex and still debated. For one, he anticipated that a grateful United States would reward his support with increased backing for Turkey. (Using a gambling metaphor, he would explain to his critics, "I put in one and take out three.") For another, he intensely disliked Saddam Hussein, whom he reportedly called "the most dangerous man in the world" in his March 1990 meeting with President George Bush.2 Some believe that Ozal reckoned an impending war would redraw the map of the region and that he harbored hopes of occupying Iraq's northern provinces, areas claimed by the young Turkish state in the early 1920s.3 (In another oft- stated justification of his policies during the crisis, Ozal was wont to say "this time we want to be at the table, not on the menu.") Others are convinced that Ozal's decisive choice to back the coalition was merely virtue made of necessity: since the UN was about to embargo Iraq and Turkey was dependent on the United States, why not show enthusiasm and conviction about doing what is required anyway, shutting down the Iraqi oil pipeline that traverses Turkey and granting U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ά ’Β Ozal's Politics with Special Reference to Religion
    ■»{й 'ϊ'ΠΛ- 'w'/rru; .* . ' J i /. V Э ^.· \ ,a ■ ■ ' 7 ^ ^ 7 - !· ;! f J y L : ^ P . tSùB Ά ’β OZAL'S POLITICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RELIGION The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MURAT ÇEMREK In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements for The Degree Of MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION m ·' , THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September, 1997 ОО гГ > > Оо I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administration. Prof. Dr. Metin Heper (Supervisor) I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administration. Pfof.^.'Efgun Ozbucipn Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administration. *^sst. Prof. Ümit Cizre-Sakallıoğlu Examining Committee Members Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Ali Karaosmanoğlu Director ABSTRACT ÖZAL'S POLITICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RELIGION Murat (^emrek Department of Political Science and Public Administration August, 1997 Present thesis aims to analyze ÖzaTs politics while taking his special reference to religion into consideration. About Özal's politics, domestic and international politics, the Southeast problem, economy and religion form the framework of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Pampa Campus Santana Do Livramento Bacharelado Em Relações Internacionais
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PAMPA CAMPUS SANTANA DO LIVRAMENTO BACHARELADO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS MARIA FLORENCIA GUARCHE RIBEIRO A REVOLUÇÃO EM ROJAVA: JIN, JIYAN, AZADÎ (MULHERES, VIDA, LIBERDADE). MONOGRAFIA DE CONCLUSÃO DE CURSO Santana do Livramento 2015 2 MARIA FLORENCIA GUARCHE RIBEIRO A REVOLUÇÃO EM ROJAVA: JIN, JIYAN, AZADÎ (MULHERES, VIDA, LIBERADADE). Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado como requisito para obtenção do grau de Bacharel em Relações Internacionais pela Universidade Federal do Pampa– UNIPAMPA. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Victor Hugo Veppo Burgardt. Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Bruno Lima Rocha Beaklini Santana do Livramento 2015 3 Ficha catalográfica elaborada automaticamente com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) através do Módulo de Biblioteca do Sistema GURI (Gestão Unificada de Recursos Institucionais). R484r Ribeiro, Maria Florencia Guarche A REVOLUÇÃO EM ROJAVA: JIN, JIYAN, AZADÎ (MULHERES, VIDA, LIBERADADE) / Maria Florencia Guarche Ribeiro. 147 p. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso(Graduação) -- Universidade Federal do Pampa, RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS, 2015. "Orientação: Victor Hugo Veppo Burgardt". 1. Rojava. 2. Revolução curda. 3. Curdistão. 4. Confederalismo democrático. 5. PKK. I. Título. 4 MARIA FLORENCIA GUARCHE RIBEIRO A REVOLUÇÃO EM ROJAVA: JIN, JIYAN, AZADÎ (MULHERES, VIDA, LIBERADADE). Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Bacharel em Relações Internacionais pela Universidade Federal do Pampa – UNIPAMPA. Projeto de Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso defendido e aprovado em: ___/___/___. Banca examinadora ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Victor Hugo Veppo Burgardt Orientador (UNIPAMPA) ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Antônio José Guimarães Brito (UNIPAMPA) ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Flávio Augusto Lira Nascimento (UNIPAMPA) 5 À resistência em Rojava. 6 AGRADECIMENTO Este trabalho jamais poderia ter sido executado sem a ajuda, compreensão e apoio de inúmeras pessoas.
    [Show full text]
  • A Constructivist Analysis of Turkish Foreign Policy in 1980S and 2000S: the Example of Turkey- U.S
    A Constructivist analysis of Turkish Foreign Policy in 1980s and 2000s: The example of Turkey- U.S. Relations Dissertation im Fach Politikwissenschaft eingereicht in der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Siegen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Ömer YILMAZ Gutachter: 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bellers 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Markus Porsche-Ludwig Siegen, Juli 2014 ABSTRACT In this study, Turkish foreign policy (FP) during the Özal (1983-1993) and Erdoğan eras (2003-2012) is comparatively analyzed. There are two main motivations in conducting this research. The first one is related to the arguments that the Erdoğan leadership has been pursuing a novel FP line compared to the past experiences of the Turkish Republic. This study suggests that even if it is an advanced form based on a serious theoretical and conceptual ground, the Erdoğan leadership’s FP is an extension of Özal leadership's FP line. Considering their common goals to make Turkey first a regional and later a global actor, it is hypothesized that both leaderships have pragmatically evaluated Turkey's potential in accordance with their identity definitions and shaped their FP approaches and practices according to their identity perceptions and paradigms. It is also hypothesized in this respect that similar identities bring about similar FP understandings and practices. Therefore, the second goal of the dissertation is to employ constructivism with its identity-oriented brand so as to explain Turkish FP in two different time periods. In this context, the social construction processes of both leaderships’ identities have been particularly highlighted. Subsequently, the FP approaches and the corresponding FP principles in both eras have been discussed and the impact of identity on their FP understandings as well as policy practices has been studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance and the Military: Perspectives for Change in Turkey
    GOVERNANCE AND THE MILITARY: PERSPECTIVES FOR CHANGE IN TURKEY Papers of a project managed by the Centre for European Security Studies (CESS) in the Netherlands, in co-operation with the Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) Sami Faltas and Sander Jansen, editors 2006 HARMONIE PAPER 19 Governance and the Military: Perspectives for Change in Turkey Editors: Sami Faltas and Sander Jansen Copyright © 2006 by CESS All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in May 2006 by The Centre of European Security Studies (CESS) Lutkenieuwstraat 31 A 9712 AW Groningen The Netherlands Director: Peter Volten ISBN-10: 90-76301-21-2 ISBN-13: 978-90-76301-21-1 The Centre for European Security Studies (CESS) is an independent institute for research, consultancy, education and training, based in the Netherlands. Its aim is to promote transparent, accountable and effective governance of the security sector, broadly defined. It seeks to advance democracy and the rule of law, help governments and civil society face their security challenges, and further the civilized and lawful resolution of conflict. CESS is international, multidisciplinary and collaborative. Its work is part of the European quest for peace and security both within and outside Europe. CESS encourages informed debate, empowers individuals, fosters mutual understanding on military and other security matters, promotes and sustains democratic structures and processes and supports reforms that favour stability and peace. PREFACE This book presents papers of the project Governance and the Military: Per- spectives for Change in Turkey 2004-2006, launched by the Centre for European Security Studies (CESS) in Groningen, the Netherlands, in co- operation with the Istanbul Policy Center (IPC).
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
    University of Bath PHD Crossing Identities and the Turkish Military: Revolutionists, Guardians and Depoliticals A comparative historical analysis on Turkish military culture and civil-military relations Onen, Hakki Goker Award date: 2016 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 Crossing Identities and the Turkish Military: Revolutionists, Guardians and Depoliticals A comparative historical analysis on Turkish military culture and civil-military relations Hakkı Göker Önen 4/14/2016 A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Politics, Languages & International Studies COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of Modern Turkey
    The making of modern Turkey Turkey had the distinction of being the first modern, secular state in a predominantly Islamic Middle East. In this major new study, Feroz Ahmad traces the work of generations of reformers, contrasting the institution builders of the nineteenth century with their successors, the ‘Young Turks’, engineers of a new social order. Written at a time when the Turkish military has been playing a prominent political role, The Making of Modern Turkey challenges the conventional wisdom of a monolithic and unchanging army. After a chapter on the Ottoman legacy, the book covers the period since the revolution of 1908, examining the processes by which the new Turkey was formed. Successive chapters then chart progress through the single-party regime set up by Atatürk, the multi-party period (1945– 60) and the three military interventions of 1960, 1971 and 1980. In conclusion, the author examines the choices facing Turkey’s leaders today. In contrast to most recent writing, throughout his analysis, the author emphasises socio-economic changes rather than continuities as the motor of Turkish politics. Feroz Ahmad is a professor of history at the University of Massachusetts at Boston. He is the author of The Young Turks (1969) and The Turkish Experiment in Democracy 1950–75 (1977). The Making of the Middle East Series State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East Roger Owen The making of modern Turkey Feroz Ahmad London and New York First published 1993 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Transferred to Digital Printing 2002 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.
    [Show full text]