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Transport Airship Requirements

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Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 submitted by: Rijksluchtvaartdienst Luftfahrt-Bundesamt Saturnusstraat 50 Hermann-Blenk-Strasse 26 2132HB Hoofddorp D-38108 Braunschweig The Netherlands Germany www.minvenw.nl/rld www.lba.de TAR Intentionally left blank TAR - Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 2 of 117 TAR AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRSHIPS Foreword 1 The Civil Aviation Authorities Luftfahrt-Bundesamt of Germany and Rijksluchtvaartdienst of The Netherlands have agreed common comprehensive airworthiness requirements for large airships to accomodate Type Certification applications for such aircraft in their countries. The new category Transport Airships is defined in Appendix C. 2 Existing airworthiness codes FAR P8110-2 of the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States of America and JAR-25 of the Joint Aviation Authorities of Europe have been selected to form the basis of these Transport Airship Requirements (TAR). 3 Certain of the requirements of this TAR, in particular those in Subpart F, call for the installation of equipment and in some cases prescribe requirements for the design and performance of that equipment. These requirements, in common with the remainder of the TAR, are intended to be acceptable to the Authorities as showing compliance, but it should be borne in mind that an importing country may require equipment additional to those in this TAR for operational purposes. 4 The performance requirements of Subparts B and G have been developed on the assumption that the resulting scheduled performance data will be used in conjunction with airship performance operating rules which are complementary to these performance requirements. 5 Terms used in this TAR are as contained in JAR-1, "Definitions and Abbreviations". Airship related Definitions and Abbreviations are presented in Appendix C. 6 Future development of the requirements for this TAR will be in accordance with an agreed amendment procedure. The two Aviation Authorities have agreed they should not unilaterally initiate amendment of the code. 7 Amendments to the text in this TAR will usually be issued initially as 'Orange Paper' Amendments. 8 Comment/Response Documents developed following Notice of Proposed Amendment (NPA) consultation produced by the two Aviation Authorities as a method of publicly responding to comments received are published with each Orange Paper amendment (OP) that contains the affected proposals. These texts will not be reproduced when those OPs are incorporated into a Change. Readers should therefore either retain Comment/Response Documents for future reference, or apply to the two Aviation Authorities for copies of specific Comment/Response Documents as required. 9 Units are transformed according the SI-system. However, in some cases the units where kept in order not to alter the known shape. TAR - Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 3 of 117 TAR Intentionally left blank TAR - Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 4 of 117 TAR Preambles 31.3.2000 The TAR consists of nine Subparts including subparts J for APUs, and 3 Appendices. Section 1 - Requirements 1 General I. This code is originally based on P8810-2 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, named Airship Design Criteria, applicable for conventional, near-equilibrium non-rigid airships with nine passenger seats or less, and it is termed "Transport Airship Requirements". JAR-25 requirements for large airplanes have been considered and incorporated where applicable to achieve a comparable level of safety. II. Several JAR-25 NPAs, which face incorporation in the JAR-25 text in the near future, have been considered and incorporated where applicable in the TAR. III. The definition of Transport Airships in Appendix C encompasses all types of construction, whether they be non- or semi-rigid, conventional rigid, metal rigid or metal pressure airships and whether they perform horizontal or vertical take-offs and landings. 2 Presentation I. The requirements of TAR are presented in two columns on loose pages, each page being identified by the date of issue or the Change number under which it is amended or reissued. A checklist of pages will be provided when the first changes are incorporated. II. In general, the TAR paragraphs carry the same number as the corresponding FAR- or JAR paragraph. In cases where new airship material is introduced, and there is no corresponding paragraph in FAR/JAR, a number is chosen for it which attempts to place the new material in the right context within the FAR/JAR numbering system. III. AC material is now shown in the related paragraphs but will be taken up in a new Section 2 in later issues. IV. Advisory material is now shown in the related paragraphs but will be taken up in a new Section 3 in later issues. V. Where appropriate, reference is made to existing JAR-25 ACJ and AMJ material. VI. New, amended and corrected text is enclosed within heavy brackets [ xx ]. Section 2 - Acceptable Means of Compliance and Interpretations (AC) (reserved) Section 3 - Advisory material (reserved) TAR - Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 5 of 117 TAR Intentionally left blank TAR - Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 6 of 117 TAR List of contents Subpart A - General 19 TAR 1 Applicability 19 Subpart B - Flight 19 GENERAL 19 TAR 21 Proof of compliance 19 TAR 23 Load distribution limits 19 TAR 25 Mass limits 19 TAR 27 Centre of gravity limits 20 TAR 29 Empty mass and corresponding centre of gravity 20 TAR 31 Removable ballast 20 TAR 33 Propeller speed and pitch limits 20 PROCEDURES 20 TAR 40 General 20 PERFORMANCE 20 TAR 45 General 20 TAR 51 Take-off 21 TAR 65 Climb: all engines operating 21 TAR 67 Climb: critical engine(s) inoperative 21 TAR 68 En-route flight path 22 TAR 75 Landing 22 TAR 76 Engine failure 22 TAR 77 Balked landing 22 TAR 80 Loading/Unloading 22 FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS 22 TAR 141 General 22 CONTROLLABILITY AND MANOEUVRABILITY 23 TAR 143 General 23 TAR 145 Longitudinal control 23 TAR 147 Directional control 23 TAR 149 Minimum control speed 23 TAR 150 Minimum aerodynamic control speed 23 TAR 153 Control during landings 23 TRIM 23 TAR 161 Trim 23 STABILITY 24 TAR 171 General 24 TAR 181 Dynamic stability 24 MISCELLANEOUS FLIGHT REQUIREMENTS 24 TAR 201 Stall demonstration 24 TAR 203 Stall characteristics 24 TAR 207 Stall warning 24 TAR 237 Wind velocities 24 TAR 251 Vibration and buffeting 24 TAR 253 Envelope pressure and distortion 24 TAR 255 Ground handling characteristics 24 TAR - Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 7 of 117 TAR TAR 261 Flight in rough air 24 Subpart C - Structure 25 GENERAL 25 TAR 301 Loads 25 TAR 303 Factors of safety 25 TAR 305 Strength and deformation 25 TAR 307 Proof of structure 25 TAR 309 Design mass 25 TAR 311 Design airspeeds 25 FLIGHT LOADS 26 TAR 321 General 26 TAR 333 Design manoeuvring loads 26 TAR 341 Gust and turbulence loads 26 TAR 361 Engine and APU torque 27 TAR 363 Side load on engine and APU mounts 27 TAR 367 Unsymmetrical loads due to engine failure 27 TAR 371 Gyroscopic loads 27 CONTROL SURFACE AND SYSTEM LOADS 27 TAR 391 Control surface loads: general 27 TAR 395 Control system 28 TAR 397 Control system loads 28 TAR 399 Dual control system 28 TAR 405 Secondary control system 28 TAR 407 Trim tabs effects 28 TAR 409 Tabs 28 TAR 411 Supplementary conditions for control surfaces 28 TAR 415 Tail-to-wind loads 28 GROUND LOADS 28 TAR 471 General 28 TAR 473 Ground load conditions and assumptions 28 TAR 477 Landing gear arrangement 29 TAR 479 Landing gear loading condition 29 TAR 481 Mooring and handling conditions 29 OTHER LOADS 29 TAR 505 Snow loads 29 TAR 507 Jacking loads 29 TAR 509 Servicing access loads 29 EMERGENCY LANDING CONDITIONS 30 TAR 561 General 30 FATIGUE EVALUATION 30 TAR 571 General 30 TAR 573 Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation 30 LIGHTNING PROTECTION 32 TAR 581 Lightning protection 32 Subpart D - Design and Construction 32 GENERAL 32 TAR 601 General 32 TAR 603 Materials 32 TAR - Transport Airship Requirements March 2000 8 of 117 TAR TAR 605 Fabrication methods 32 TAR 607 Fasteners 32 TAR 609 Protection of structure 32 TAR 611 Accessibility provisions 32 TAR 613 Material strength properties and design values 32 TAR 619 Special factors 33 TAR 621 Casting factors 33 TAR 623 Bearing factors 34 TAR 625 Fitting factors 34 TAR 627 Welding factors 34 TAR 628 Rope, wire and cable factors 34 TAR 631 Birdstrike 34 CONTROL SURFACES 34 TAR 651 Proof of strength 34 TAR 655 Installation 34 TAR 657 Hinges 34 TAR 659 Mass balance 35 CONTROL SYSTEMS 35 TAR 671 General 35 TAR 672 Stability augmentation and automatic power-operated systems 35 TAR 675 Stops 35 TAR 677 Trim Systems 35 TAR 679 Control system gust locks 36 TAR 681 Limit load static tests 36 TAR 683 Operation tests 36 TAR 685 Control system details 36 TAR 687 Spring devices 36 TAR 689 Cable systems 36 TAR 693 Joints 36 LANDING GEAR 37 TAR 721 General 37 TAR 723 Shock absorption tests 37 TAR 725 Limit drop tests 37 TAR 729 Retraction mechanism 37 TAR 731 Wheels 38 TAR 733 Tyres 38 TAR 735 Brakes and braking systems 38 TAR 745 Wheel steering 39 PERSONNEL AND CARGO ACCOMMODATIONS 39 TAR 771 Pilot compartment 39 TAR 772 Flight crew compartment doors 40 TAR 773 Pilot compartment view 40 TAR 775 Windshields and windows 40 TAR 777 Cockpit controls 40 TAR 779 Motion and effect of cockpit controls 41 TAR 783 Doors 41 TAR 784 Passenger compartment windows 41 TAR 785 Seats, berths, safety belts and harnesses 41 TAR 786 Areas accessible during flight 42 TAR 787 Baggage and cargo compartment 42 TAR 789
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