The Sullan Forum Author(s): Esther Boise van Deman Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 12 (1922), pp. 1-31 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/296168 . Accessed: 09/05/2014 13:11

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(Plates i-vI and plans I and ii.)

By ESTHER BOISE VAN DEMAN.

The Roman Forum appears to the casual observer a tangled massof walls superimposed one upon anotherwithout rhyme or reason. After a careful elimination,however, of the confusing elements brought in by later restorations,it is possible to establish certain common levels not only forthe Forum but also for the smallerareas closely united to it. 2 Of these levels, that which we may again, after the lapse of many centuries,call the present level may best serve as a fixed point of referencein our discussion,since all the greater monumentsof the Golden Age in and about the Forum were built or rebuiltin conformityto it. 3 A clearlydefined, though much broken,pavement -of travertine slabs, which is clearlytraceable throughoutthe whole Forum, rendersit more easily recognizable. Though badly sunkenin many other places, the heightof this pave- ment along the line of the main axis of the central area is I250 to I4 metresabove sea level. It rises fromthe travertinepavement inside the hemicyclein frontof the Temple of JuliusCaesar, which lies at I2v6o m. a. s. 1., to the Rostra of Augustusat the opposite end of the Forum, which is I3-99 to I4f04 m. a. s. 1. The slope of the street along the north side of the Forum5 was much less than that of the central area, in order to render the communicationwith the Forum of Julius Caesar more easy. The height of the open area to which this streetled, on a line with the frontof the Rostra of Augustus,is approximatelythat of the nigerlapis, or Black Stone, which is 13195 m. a. s. 1. A short flightof low steps, the remains of which are still traceable, led up to the central area, which was, at this period, 8o to 85 cm. higher. The marble pavement before the Curia, all that is left of the early Comitium, is a triflehigher than the area immediatelyin frontof it. The originalstreet on the south followedvery closely the slope of the centralarea, fromwhich it was separatedby a raised curb, or crepido,and at the west end

1 Capitals have been used for the names of the of Engineers of the Universityof Rome in their ancient buildings, etc., mentioned in this article, valuable plan of the centralpart of the city. (Media in accordance with the practice of the Jotirnal. Pars Urbis,Firenze, 19 I I). 2 For these levels, see plan II. 5The major axis of the present Forum ruins almost exactly north-westand south-east. It has 3 For the Forum of the Augustan period see seemed wiser,however, in this discussion,in accor- I. plan The principal monuments are outlined dance wvithcommoin usage, to designate as the in black. north side that occupied by the Basilica Aemilia, 4 The levels throughout this paper have been and as the south side that on which lies the Basilica reckonedfrom the data established by the School Julia.

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This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 THIE SULLAN FORUM. it rose rapidlyto the Clivus Capitolinus. The terraceon which the Clivus ran,which formed the westernboundary of the Forum proper,is, at this point,about I5 m. a. s. 1. On the east the area beforethe Vestal precinctsloped up graduallyfrom the Arch of Augustus,the foundationof whichis about 12V70 m. a. s. 1., to the westfront of the Regiawhich was considerablyhigher. The Forumat thislevel extendedto the PorticusJulia' on the north,while the area furtherto the west,in whichis theniger lapis, reachedto the pavementin frontof the Curia Julia. The Forum was boundedon the south by the Temple of Castor,which was, however,technically ' in the Forum,'2 and the streetin frontof the BasilicaJulia. The streetin frontof the Temple of JuliusCaesar is commonlyaccepted as the easternlimit of the Forum. The temple lay,however, in greatpart inside the Forum proper,3 which originally extendedto the precinctof Vesta, the monumentsof whichwere regardedas ' on theForum.' 4 In likemanner, the Temple of Saturn continuedto be regardedas thewestern limit, though the actualarea ended,at thisperiod, at the Rostraof Augustus. The centralspace was surroundedon all sides by streetspaved with blocksof selce, thoughthat on the westlay at a higherlevel on the terracebehind theRostra of Augustus. The presentCloaca Maximaand theother great sewers connected withit werebuilt at thistime and formeda part of the extensive systemestablished by Agrippa. The buildingserected at this level in the Forum propershow but few traces of the earlier,or religious,orientation. It was, however,retained in the group of monumentsbelonging to the precinctof Vesta and in the neighbouringshrine of Juturna,while it is traceablealso in the regionof the Comitium,in the frontline ofthe Mamertine prison. The period to which the creationof the new Forum at this level is to be assignedis that of Augustus. This is clear not only fromthe Augustanmonuments on everyside of it, all ofwhich have beenbuilt or rebuiltat thislevel, but alsofrom the structural relation of the centralarea itself to the remainsof the Republicanand Julianl periodsbelow it. The typeof constructionis, moreover,that of the Augustanperiod, as well as the materialsused.5 In additionto thisindirect evidence, we havethe direct testimony of an inscription of Lucius NaeviusSurdinus preserved on the travertineslabs of the pavement,which is assignedto the sameperiod. The periodof the Comitiumat this level is renderedno less certainby its agreementin typeof constructioiwith the adjoining

1 For the porticus Jtilia,see Van De)eman,The ' Servius,ad Aens.viii, 36, 3. Porticusof Gaius and Lucliuts,A.7.A. 1913, J4-28. 5 For the materialsand methods of construction of the Augustan period, see Vani Deman, Mlletbods 2 Cicero, de N.D. 34, 13- of Deternsiningthe Date of Rossan Csncrete ellonu- 3 Pliny,N.H. ii, 93. isnents,AJ.A. I912, 387-396.

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Forum,as well as by the remainsof the CuriaJulia of the Augustan period,which are still in parttraceable. At differentlevels below the remainsof the AugustanForum, a confusedtangle of wallshas been broughtto lightin the course of the modernexcavations.l No officialreports of theseexcavations as a wholehave been publishedas yet. A briefoutline, therefore, of the principal data which have been established,especially along the lines of level,orientation and construction,may be of assistancein the interpretationof the remainsat presentunder discussion. Below the travertinepavement, which, as has been said, has been adopted as a convenientpoint of reference,there have been foundthree, if not four,distinct levels, which are clearlymarked by the existenceof structuralremains. 1 These remains,which, in the Forumproper, include fragmentary pavements at eachiof the tlhree moreimportant levels, are furtherdistinguishable by a changein orientation,as well as by a noticeabledifference in materialsand methodsof construction.The Comitiumalso revealsa like series of elevations. Accordingto the officialreports, 2 based upon a stratigraphicalexamination of the area at a numberof points, twenty-threedistinct strata were found, four (or possibly five) of which may be acceptedas markingclearly defined levels. These levels, which are distinguishedby the presenceof undoubtedstructural remains,especially of pavementsor beds forpavements, agree with thoseof the neighbouringForum not onlyin numberbut also in elevation. The Comitium,-unlike the Forum, maintained its original religiousorientation until a verylate period. The monumentsat the variouslevels differ, however, greatly in materialsand methods of construction. Beneaththe earliestfixed level, which, as will be shownlater, was io-6oto io090 m. a. s.1. (see plan II), onlyscanty remains have been found. Accordingto the testimonyof geologyas well as tradition, the centreof the valleywas originallya swamp. Its generalsite has been fixedapproximately by the excavationsin 1904 near the concretefoundations of the equestrianstatue of Domitian. It is notclear, however, whether the lowest part of this swamp lay towards the west,where the Lacus Curtiusstood later, or towardsthe east, whichwas knownin historicaltimes as the infimumForum. The latersystem of drainagemakes the lattermore probable . Traces of man'spresence on the adjoininghills, if not near the swampitself, werefound, according to the officialreport, at 360 m. a. s. 1.,the lowest point reachedin the excavations.From this point, the groundsloped upwardto the hills on the north,east and west.

1 Plan II. Three levels only are shown in this 27t-28o; 1903, 125-134. Cf. Pinza, II Comizio plan. Romanonella eta Repubblicana,igo5. 3 A. Mosso, N.d.S. rgo6, 46. Alessandro 2 N.d.S. 1900, 317-370; Bull. com. 1900, Portisap. Mosso, I.c. 48, n. 2.

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Alongthese slopes virgin earth has beenreached at variouselevations. Alongthe Sacra Via beneaththe sepulcretum,it was foundat about io-6S m. a. s. 1., while at the foot of the Palatine the original cappellacciohas been laid bare at a somewhathigher level. Inside the area of the Comitium,native rock and sandwere found at from 8 77 to 9g95m. a. s. 1.1 The firstcertain, though crude, remainswere found in the Forumat from6 to 7 m. a. s. 1. Theyconsisted of a smallnumber of primitivegraves near the concretefoundation referred to above.2 Owingto the smallspace availablefor excavation, the extentof this burial-placecannot be determinedat present. The sides of the pathsleading to thesurrounding hills were also used, for a longtime, for burial-places.Of these primitivecemeteries, only the famous sepulcretumnear the Temple of Antoninusand Faustinahas been excavated. Alongthe Nova Via at the footof the Palatine,a similar burial-placeis at least renderedprobable by the discoveryof a brokenamphora-grave in the rear of the AtriumVestae. 3 The 4 Tomb of Romulus' is a probablereminiscence of the graveslining -thenorthern edge of the swamp. No tracesof any graveshave been foundinside the boundsof the Comitiumproper. The exact extentof the originalvalley cannot be determined, thoughthe graves probably mark the line of the pathssurrounding it. The limitedspace available,as well as the unscientificmethods used in the earlierexcavations, rendeis it difficultto assignan exact date or even a period to the remainsj ust referredto. No less difficultis it to determineeven approximatelythe lengthof time aduringwhich the slopesabout the valleywere used forburial. The sepuilcretumon the Sacra Via is generallyheld to have existedfrom the ninth,to the sixthcentury B.C. It is clear,therefore, that the rise of the Forum as a formalpublic meeting-or marlket-place, cannotbe assignedto a periodearlier than the abandonmentof the use of the neighbouringSacra Via as a burial-place At fromio'6o to io'9o m. a. s. i. appearthe first indubitable signs of the existenceof such an open area or meeting-placewith well- definedlimits and at a fixedlevel (see plan II). It is probable,how- ever, that beforethis time a numberof the earliermonuments, suchas the Templesof Saturnand Castorand theshrine of Juturna, werebuilt independently of anygeneral level or plan. The evidence forthe existenceof a fixedlevel at thistime consists, in the main, of the remainsof regularly-laidpavements belonging to the streets of the period whichhave been foundat three,if not four,distinct and widelv separatedpoints in the Forum and the areas united to it. The firstof thesefragmentary pavements was laid barein

'N.d.S. 1900, 298, fig-4 ; 334; 338- 3 Van Deman, The AtriumntVestae, I3 and plan A. 2 Gatti, Bull. com.1907, 174; A. Mosso, N.d.S. The graveis behind room iv. 906, 5so.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PLAN II LEVELSOF THE ROMAN FORUM SECTION1 METERTROMTHE SOUTHSIDE OF THE ROSTRAAUGUSTI.

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I900 in frontof the PorticusJulia, which belonged to the street east1 of the area of the Forum. It consisted,as can be seenin the accompanyingillustration (plate i, no. i) froma photographtaken at the time,2 of cappellaccioslabs roughly cut and joined,which were laid in regulareven rows. This pavement,crossing the line of the cappellacciosewer under the Tabernae Novae at rightangles, extendedoriginally, according to Dr. Ashby,3to thefront line of the Comitium,from which it was separatedby a raisedcurb, which continuedalso along the west side. It conformsto the religious orientationof the adjoiningComitium. A similarpavement was foundin I904 on threesides of the concretebase in frontof the Temple of JuliusCaesar, by whichit had been in part destroyed (plate i, no. i). This pavementlay 43 cm. below the foundations of the templeat Io'95 m. a. s. 1. Its originalextent cannot now be determined.The remainsfound differradically in orientation fromthe pavementin frontof the PorticusJulia just described. They divergealso slightlyfrom the orientationof the Temple of JuliusCaesar, below which they lie, 4 as can be seenin theaccompany- ing illustration,made froma photographtaken about I908 (plate I, no. 2); they agree with that of the Temple of Castor. The cappellaccioslabs are 54 to 58 cm.wide and 75 to 8o cm. long. The techniqueis veryprimitive. Under the groupof monumentsasso- ciatedwith the cult of Juturna, a considerable tract of pavement, or of thefloor of a basin,was discovered inI900 5at IO-9I to IO97 m.a. s. 1. Its orientationwas of the earlierperiod. The material,however, is reported6as ' tufa,'and the techniqueseems to point to a later restorationof an older pavement. In the rear of the republican AtriumVestae, a smallpiece of cappellacciopavement of the same typeand with the sameorientation was foundin I9027 and is still visible. It belonged,probably, to the earlyNova Via. Remainsof a numberof wallsand sewersof an earlytype made of tufa8 were foundin I902 in the rearof the Templeof Castor,at a considerable depth. Concerningthe exact level and type of constructionof theselatter remains and the existenceof a pavementconnected with them,no data are,at present,available. The extentof the Forum at this level is uncertain. On the northit extendedto thefront of the Comitium, but its limits towards the southare unknown. On the east it was boundedby the street the generalline of whichis shownby the cappellacciopavement. Its limitson thewest were probably fixed by the precinctof Vulcan.

In dealing with the earlierperiods, the orienta- 4The orientation of this pavement is given tion is given with respect to the actual points of incorrectlyin Rdm.Mit. 1905, fig.2I, near f. the compass. 5N.d.S. 1901, 112-113 and fig-72. 2 With this photograph, courteously placed at 6I.C. 112. my disposal by Dr. Ashby. cf. Platner, Top. of 4nc. 7 For this pavement, see Van Deman, The Rotue,238, fig. 50; Bull. com. 1900, 279; 1903, 94 AtriumVestae, 13 and plan A. and fig.7; Rom. Mit. 1905, 67 and fig.21, x, 7. 8 Bull. cosn.1902, 190; 19q03, I65; RUm. Mit. 3 C-.R.190, 138. 1905, 80.

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The main axis of the area of the Forum at this period ran due north and south. While the Forum as a whole conformedin general to that line of direction,the orientationof the severalparts was not consistent. This was due, seemingly,to the conflictbetween the influenceof the religiousformalism of the Etruscansand the practical sense of the Romans, which was based upon considerationsof convenience and economy of space. The conflict is especially markedin the variationin line of directionof the two cappellaccio pavementsdescribed above. The course of the streetssurrounding the central area of the Forum at this level on the east and south-east is clear from the remainsof the cappellaccio pavementsreferred to above. No traces have been found of those on the other sides. No remainsof sewers have been foundat this level. It is probable that no covered drains were as yet known,since the famousCloaca Maxima was still an open drain,or canalis, at the time of Plautus.1 About half a metre below the remains of the firstpermanent structuresin the Comitium,at about IO-40 to io-6o m. a. s. 1., traces have been discoveredof a layerof beaten earthnot unlikea primitive pavement. A little above this, a compact stratumof brokenroof- tiles of an early type, IO to 20 cm. thick,was brought to light at the same time. Since these tiles,the numberof which is verylarge, are consistentin type and unmixed with later materials,it seems clear that they representthe debrisarising from the destructionof a building or buildings close at hand belonging to the level below them. No furthertrace has so far been found of these buildings,or of the level to which theyare to be referred. The level at which the firstindubitable remains of permanent structuresappear in the Comitium is the same as in the Forum- IO'85 to Io09o m. a. s. 1. No remainsof regular pavements corre- spondingto thoseof cappellaccioin the Forum have been discovered. At the same level,however, a stratumabout 8 cm. thickwas laid bare, composed of tufa mixed with earth and beaten hard by use, which servedas the bed, or ruderatio,of a pavement,if not as the pavement itself. That thismust be regardedas a distinctlevel is shownfurther by the remainsof a flightof low steps,still visible, which led up from it to the platformof the RostraVetera, on the east of the later steps.2 A similarflight of steps descends to the same level in frontof the Curia Julia. The orientationis that of the succeedingperiod. The extent of the Comitium of this period is not certain. On the north its remains are buried beneath later buildings. It was separated from the Forum on the south by the Rostra Vetera, as later. The line of the Argiletumat thislevel, by whichthe Comitium was bounded on the east, has not been determined. The Mamertine

I Curc-476. 2 See plate iv, no. i. The curved steps on the rightof the photograph.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM. 7 prisonformed its westernboundary. The size and extentof the RostraVetera, which divided the Comitiumfrom the Forum,has been the subject of much discussion. The line of steps leading to it fromthe northis, however,clear. Alongthe northernedge of the cappellacciopavement in frontof the PorticusJulia ran a raised curb, or crepido,as has been noticedabove. 1 It is probablethat thiscurb, which can be clearlytraced in a photograph2taken during the modernexcavations, marked the frontline of the originalRpstra. Concerningthe date to whichthe Forumat thislevel is to be assigned,various opinions prevail. Belowthis level in the Comitium the remainsexist, as we have seen,of a thicklayer of brokenroof- tilesof an earlytype, which, it is commonlyheld, cannot be earlier thanthe sixthcentury B.C., whilethe buildingor buildingsto which theybelonged may well have been considerablylater. Since many of these tiles show unmistakablesigns of fire,it is clear that the buildingof whichthey formeda part must have been destroyed in some conflagration.The onlyconflagration so farknown to us as havingaffected this part of the citywas thatconnected with the Gallic invasionin 390 B.C. It is verypossible, therefore, that the restorationof the Comitiumand of the neighbouringForum at this levelwas thatfollowing this fire. The suggestionis renderedmore probable by the discovery,according to Pinza,3 of terra-cotta fragmentsof the fourthcentury B.C. at a lowerlevel. The level of the cappellacciopavements above would,therefore, be that of the fourthcentury B.C. or later. Half a metre above the remainsjust described,at I I35 to Ii50 m. a. s. 1.,portions of certainstructures have been broughtto lightwhich point to a possiblerestoration of the Forum and Comitium at thiselevation. The easternhalf of the existing remains of the early Rostra,with the exceptionof the rudewall held by someto markits frontline, lies, as has been said,Io085 to IO90 m. a. s. 1. At the brokenwall along the east side of the Sacellum,or Tomb ofRomulus, the whole structurerises abruptly a half-metre,though with no changein generalplan or typeof construction.In additionto the flightof fivesteps, which continues towards the west to the limit of the presentexcavations, the remainsat this level include the famousgroup of whichthe Tomb of Romulusis the centre. No tracesof a permanentpavement have been foundso far. A thin layerof beaten earthand tufa,however, was traceablebelow the flightof stepsand the Tomb of Romulus,resting in partupon them whichhas been held to representa pavement. No certainremains of structureshave been identifiedin the Forumproper at thislevel. The ClivusCapitolinus of 171. B.C., the remainsof whichhave been broughtto lightbelow the laterpave-

I See plate r, no. I. 3I.c. 30, 47. 2 See plate Ix no. I. Cf. Platner,I.c. 238, fig.50.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 8 THE SULLAN FORUM. mentalong the northside of the Temple of Saturn,1 maybe, however, assignedto thisperiod. A little more than a metreabove the level just mentioned,a few important remains have been discovered, at I2 60 m. a. s. 1. (see plan II). They representanother level which,though coinciding with that of the Augustan period at the east end of the Forum, is wholly distinct from it. The most conspicuous of the structures belonging to this period is the system of undergroundpassages, commonlyknown as the cuniculi, which extend fromthe east end of the Forum to the Rostra of Augustus on the west. These passages are at the same elevation throughouttheir whole length,as are the travertinecurbs enclosingthe tops of the shaftsleading down into them. At the bottom of each of these shaftstraces of machinery have been found,belonging probably to hoistingmachines for moving the great mass of stones and marble required in the monumental buildingswhich were erectedon all sides of the area at this period. Above these corridorsand at the level of the travertinecurbs just referredto, a few pieces of white marble pavement have been brought to light at several points. The most importantof these was laid bare for a shorttime in the modern excavations and had extendedoriginally from the Lacus Curtiusto the streetin frontof the Basilica Julia. This pavement,by which at least a part of the Forum was covered,consists of slabs of white marble,as can be seen in the accompanyingillustration (plate ii, no. i), at the exact level of the travertinecurbs and 70 cm. below the Augustan pavement at this point. On the top of the Lacus Curtius,built of tufa,which will be discussedlater, are left a fewtravertine slabs, which belong clearlyto the restorationof the monumentat this level. Inside the hemicycle in frontof the Temple of JuliusCaesar, too, but structurallyinde- pendent of it, is a small piece of travertinepavement of the previous period. These pavements, which are I2-6o m. a. s. 1., like the cuniculibelow them,show no slope fordrainage-a defectwhich was rectifiedby the engineersof the followingperiod. The extent of the Forum of this period is not wholly certain. It is clear,however, that it was somewhatlarger than that ofAugustus. It differedlittle in size from the Forum of the previous period on the north and east and probably on the south. The size of the area towards the west was considerablylessened by the erection of the new RostraJulia, remains of which still exist. 2 The orientation of the central part of the Forum, as shown most clearly by the cuniculi,was that of the south side, agreeing probably with the structuresbelow it. The monumentsin the area on the east main- tained the earlierreligious orientation. But few traces have been identifiedof the monuments built

1 See p. 14- 2 Van Deman, The So-called Flavian Rostra A.F.A. 1909, 178-80, 184-86.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM. 9 or rebuiltat thislevel. At the west end of the Forum,however, in frontof the archessupporting the Clivus Capitolinus,a con- siderableportion of the concretecore of the RostraJulia has been discovered,which has been incorporatedin the morelofty structure of Augustus. The remainsof an unidentifiedmonument have been broughtto lightnorth of, and partiallydestroyed by, the founda- tionsof the equestrianstatue of Domitian. This monument,from its level,which is about I2-50 to I2v6o m. a. s. 1.,from its relationto theadjoining monuments, and fromits type of construction, must be assignedto thisperiod. The Comitiumas such disappearedin largepart in this recon- struction,and the new Curia was builtbut a shortdistance behind the siteof the earlierRostra. The levelof the open area by which the earlierComitium was partiallyreplaced is shownby the height ofthe shafts or pozzi alongthe line of the steps of the Rostra Vetera, thetops of which are I2-6o m. a. s. 1. Thesepozzi areof a veryrude type,and were designed,at least in part,to supportthe pavement by which the site was covered. A similarpozzo furtherto the west was seeminglydesigned to supportthe north-eastcorner of the niger lapis, whichwas raisedfrom its originalposition to this level. The orientationof the niger lapis was also changedto con- formto that of the new Curia. A fewremains of thisnew Curia are stilltraceable under the concreteof the latersteps. Concerningthe date to be assignedto the remainsjust described and to the reconstructionof the Forumto whichthey belong, but littlediscussion is necessary.It is clearfrom the structuralrelation ofthese remains to those of the Republican period which lie belowand to the Augustusmonuments immediately above that the new Forum mustbe acceptedas thatof Julius Caesar. This conclusionis further confirmedby the typeof construction,which is that of the Julian period. That this Forum was not only begun, as is commonly held,bat broughtto completionby Caesaris plainnot merelyfrom literaryevidence, especially from the fact that during Caesar's dictator- shipit was coveredwith awnings, as well as fromthe remainsof the pavementsmentioned above. The levels so far discussedand the successivereconstructions of the Forumwhich they attest have been in partat leastrecognized by modernscholars. A numberof structureshave been,however, broughtto lightat varioustimes, from one to two metresbelow the present Forum,which are distinctfrom any of the levels so far accepted. The most conspicuousof these are the archesat the westend of the Forum,the Lacus Curtiusof the secondperiod, the shrineof Venus Cloacinabelow the Augustanstructure, the arches supportingthe ramp to thePalatine behind the Fountainof Juturna, and the upperpart of the RostraVetera. These structures,with a numberof othersmore recentlyidentified, are not, as has been

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 10 THE SULLAN FORUM. assumed,individual violations of an establishedlevel or levels. They belong to a separate and distinctlevel and form part of a wholly new plan (see plan I). This plan, as has been very recentlydis- covered, included not only the Forum as a whole but the precinct of Vesta and the Sacra Via beyond, while on the west it was, in orientationat least, connected closelywith the great buildingsof the Capitol, notablywith the Tabularium. The general level, which may be regarded as the norm for the monumentsof the new Forum and also of the Comitium,is that of the centralarea, which is iI8o to ii-90 m. a. s. 1. Of this area and of the smaller ones formingan adjunct to it, considerableremains bave been brought to light, the majorityof which are still visible. Among the most importantof them are a number of fragmentary streetsand pavements,which may serve as points of reference,or data, in our discussion. These pavements, so far as at present identified,with their elevation above sea level, are as follows:-

(i) The tufa pavement south-west of the shrine of Venus Cloacina, ii8o m. a. s. 1. (2) The tufa pavementsurrounding the raised curb of the Lacus Curtius,II75 m. a. s. 1. (3) The pavement of small brick cubes, or tesserae, under the later Vicus Tuscus, ii8o to ii-9o m. a. s. 1. (4) A line markingthe bed of a pavementsouth of the concrete base in frontof the Temple ofJulius Caesar, I i8o m. a. s. 1. (5) The remainsof a pavementon the northof the same concrete base, which, as reported,1 seems to be the continuation of thatjust mentioned,i iv8o m. a. s. 1. (6) The street paved with polygonal slabs of selce under the east frontof the Arch of Augustus,with a small piece of a tufagutter to thenorth of it, i i -gon. a. s. 1. (7) The pavement of small brick tesserae,in frontof and under the arches at the west end of the Forum, which, though 30 cm. above the level of the Forum, may properlybe includedhere, I217 m. a. s. 1. (8) The floor of the Comitium, from which the steps of the Rostra Vetera ascend, iI8o mn.a. s. 1. The streetunder the Arch of Augustus,as in the later period,rose slightlytowards the south. The raised curb at the Lacus Juturnae iS I2'45 m. a. s. 1. The street,therefore, at thispoint maybe assumed to be about 12-25 m. a. s. 1. The area beyond the streeton the east of the Forum, the crepido of which is I212 m. a. s. 1., also risesgradually towards the precinct

I Ant. Derck. i, 17 and Taf. 28 f. That the excavationswere not carricd below II'-70 to I8I'o pavemenit reported cannot have been that of m. a. s. 1., as is clear fromTaf. 28, A-A. cappcllaccio at I0-90 m. a. s. l. is certain,since the

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM. II of Vesta. At about two metres beyond this curb, a fine piece of pavementof Monte Verde tufa has been preserved,which restson a bed, or ruderatio,of tufa concrete. Inside the area and to the west of the Temple of Vesta a low tufa curb is still visible, markingthe limitsof the sacred precinct. A tufa pavementl similarin material and constructionto those already mentioned,the level of which is about I3'40 m. a. s. 1., lies just below and united to this curb. The top of the low arches which form the western boundary of the Forum is I4'40 m. a. s. 1. A few metresto the northof these arches and behind the Rostra of Augustus is a small portion of a water-channelor gutter,resembling that near the Arch of Augustus, the level of which is that of the arches. The Clivus Capitolinus at the cornerof the Temple of Saturn agrees with this general level; its well-preservedcurb or crepidois 37 cm. higher,at I4f77 m. a. s. 1. A number of monumentalstructures in and near the Forum conformin general to this level. The most prominentof these are the earlierBasilica Aemilia with the Tabernae Novae adjoining it, the shrineof Venus Cloacina, the Lacus Curtius and the Fountain of Juturna. The level of the Comitium, as in the previous periods, agrees withthat of the neighbouringForum. Though the actual pavement is not preserved,the level is clear from a line of low grey tufa or cappellaccio slabs on which the new Rostra rests. The top of these slabs,which are I5 cm. thick,is I Iv8o m. a. s. 1. Three conflictinginfluences are plainlymarked in the orientation of the new Forum, in addition to that resultingfrom the natural configurationof the ground. The religiousorientation of the earlier period was maintainedin the Regia and the other buildingsinside the Vestal precincton the east and in the no less sacred centre on the north,the Comitium. The tinybit of pavementnear the shrine of Venus Cloacina preservesalso the same orientation. The central area and the street which formed its eastern boundary,with the scanty remainsof the street on the south, conformto the line of directionof the Temple of Castor.2 With this also the basin of the Fountain of Juturnawas made to conform. The small shrine of Juturna,however, with the well-head,or puteal,in frontof it, retained its original orientation,influenced, possibly, by the earlier Nova Via, the line of which passed close by the shrine. A third and possibly new3 orientation appears in the remains of the Basilica Aemilia and the Tabernae Novae at thislevel-due, probably,to the preponderatingmass of the Tabularium as well as in the precinctor porticus to which the fragmentarygutter behind the Rostra of

1 For thispavement see p. Zo. 3 Below the firstTaberna from the east a few 2 It is probable, however, that certain of the slabs of cappellaccio have just been discovered monuments on the site of the Basilica Julia still which preservethe older orientation. preservedthe earlierorientation.

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Augustusbelongs. The archesunder the Clivus Capitolinusvary slightlyfrom the line of directionof the adjoiningmonuments, agreeingwith that of the Temple of Saturn. The Forum of this perioddiffered but little in size, so far as can be determined,from that of the precedingperiod. It was, however,appreciably larger than the AugastanForum, which in- fringedupon the open area on three,if not on all four,sides (see planI). On thenorth it extendedto the smallrooms adjoining the BasilicaAemilia-the Tabernae Novae, which, as wellas the Basilica, wererebuilt at thislevel, as willbe shownlater. Furtherto thewest, the RostraVetera still formedthe boundarybetween the Forum and the Comitium. The southernline of the Forum cannot be determinedat present. It is probable,however, from the remains of the magsivesubstructures supporting the westernend of the streetleading to the ClivusCapitolinus, that it differedlittle from the laterline. On the east the streetunder the Archof Augustus dividedthe Forumfrom the precinctsof Vesta and Juturna. The Forumproper extended on thewest to theTemple of Saturnand the area of Vulcan,though the archesbelow marked its actuallimits. The extentof the Comitiumtowards the north and east is unknown. Towardsthe south,however, the RostraVetera formed itsboundary, as earlier,while on the west it extendedto theMamertine prison. As in latertimes, the centralarea was enclosedon threesides by streetspaved withpolygonal blocks of selce,in place of the earlier cappellaccioslabs. No remainshave been foundof the streetalong the northside of the area,though its existenceis certainfrom that of the Argiletum,which opened into it. Its generallevel is, more- over,clear from the remainsof the tufapavement on the westside ofthe shrine of Venus Cloacina, while its general course is determined by the line of the Tabernae Novae to the northof it. No sure traceshave been identified of the street on thesouth. It is probable, however,that towards the eastit ranparallel to and not farfrom the frontof the Temple of Castor. On the westits line is, fortunately, clearfrom the remainsof the substructuresat the north-westcorner of the BasilicaJulia mentioned above. Beyondand slightlylowAxer than the Archof Augustus,at ii 9o m. a. s. 1., considerableremains are still visible(fig. i and plan I) ofthe street adjoining the Forum towards the east, which is commonly calledthe Vicus Vestae. The smallportion of thisstreet still visible is two metreswide and severalmetres long. It is pavedwith poly- gonal blocksof selce of mediumsize, roughlyshaped but carefully fittedtogether. A raisedcurb. or crepido,originally of Monte Verde tufa1 22 cm.high and 70 cm.wide, runs along the further side of the

1 For the type and provenance of this varietyof tufa,see Frank, .4.J.-4. I9I8, 18z, 187 et al.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM. 13 street. About six metresto the northand parallelto the curbis a smallpiece of a gutterof the same tufa. 1 It is notclear whether the gutterbelonged to a porticusor simplyto the open area east of the street. A rowof pozzi parallelto theVicus on the sidetowards the Forumhas been traced. Sincetheir exact level and orientationare not clear,no decisioncan be reachedconcerning their period. The probablepoint of junction of thisstreet with the SacraVia has been madeclear by the identification ofthe monumenton thenorth of the

1914 E.B.V.D. FIG. I. THE SULLAN STREET ON THE EAST OF THE FORUM.

Temple of JuliusCaesar, which will be discussedlater, the remains of which lie almost on the line of the Via. Towards the south the curb of this streethas been traced as far as the Fountain of Juturna, where it is still visible at a slightlyhigher level, embedded in the concrete mass of which the upper part of the basin is made. The blocksforming the curb here are about 55 cm. wide an.dthick, and from62 cm. to I'70 m. long.2 The later streetat this point is between6 and 7 metreswide and

I 2 This gutter is traceable in fig. I on the right Cf. N.d.S. i9o1, 8i and fig. 15. of the travertineslab at the top of the picture.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 14 THE SULLAN FORUM. separates the precinctof Juturnafrom the Temple of Castor, which was inside the limits of the Forum.1 The width of the earlier streetis uncertain. At the westend ofthe centralarea was a space fourmetres wide and extendingto the northend of the archesbehind and above it (plan I). This space was raised 30 cm. above the area, fromwhich, according to the officialreports,2 it was, probably, separated by a raised curb. It was paved, as was the floorof the archesbehind it, withsmall cubes, or tesserae,of brick. These tesseraeare normallyfrom 3-3 to 4-2 cm. square, and theyrest on a bed of concreteof the late republicantype. Since such a pavementwas not suitable for regulartraffic, the space covered by it must have served only for foot-passengersor have been wholly inaccessibleto the public. A paved street ran along the terrace above, which was formedby the low arches already mentioned. The remainsof this street at this point are of especial interest, since, but a little below the presentlevel, which is almost exactly I5 m. a. s. 1., have been preservedthe remainsof two earlier ones. A small part only of the lower of these two streets,which is I3 97 m. a. s. 1., has been brought to light (plate ii, no. 2). It is paved with rough polygonal blocks of millstone lava, the provenanceof which,according to Dr. HenryS. Washingtonof the CarnegieInstitu- tion of Washington,is Civita Castellana,the ancient Falerii. These remains,by reason of their level and general type of construction, as well as their material,must be accepted as belongingto the Clivus Capitolinus of I74 B.C., which, with the other streetsof the city, was then paved with silex (lava). 3 Above this earlier pavement anotherwas laid, later, at aboutI4-40 to I4-50 m. a. s. 1. Thoughthe paving-blockshave been removed, a piece of the crepido is still preserved,4 identical in materialand general technique with that of the streetnear the Arch of Augustus. It consistsof a line of greyish- yellowtufa blocks 43 cm. high and 40 to 53 cm. wide, on which is laid a course of finelycut Monte Verde tufa blocks37 cm. high and from 85 cm. to I20 m. long. A courseof slabs of two varieties of the same tufa, 28 cm. thick,rests upon the coursesbelow, the top of which is I505 m. a. s. 1. Anathyrosisappears throughoutthe whole structure, and a line of hardwhite mortar is visiblein a fewcases. A fewmetres fromthe frontline of the Temple of Saturn,the Clivus Capitolinus turnsto the left,passing around the frontof the steps of the temple, where a fine piece of the original pavement is preserved. This pavement,however, differs markedly from that of the street at the east end of the Forum, and the crepido,of which but four blocksof

I Cicero,de Nat. Deor. -4, 13. 4 See plate i i, no. 2. On the right,immediately above the millstonelava blocks, two courses of the 2 N.d.S. I900, 6z8. crepido are traceable. The upper course is not 13Livy, 4 I 27. visiblein the photograph.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM. 15 greyish-yellowtufa are left,has been relaid. Sincetraces are visible below-itof concreteof the Augustantypel it is probablethat the streetin its presentcondition is to be assignedto that period. A street,following the line of the latersewer, branches off from.the Clivus Capitolinustowards the northand, passingaround the so- calledaltar of Vulcan,leads to the Curia and alongthe slope of the

1910 E.B.V.D. FIG. 2. THE SULLAN ARCHES AT THE WEST END OF THE FORUM.

Capitoline, where its course has been preservedin the modern Via Marforio. In connexion with the building of these new streets, a lowN viaduct was built to supportthem, the generalorientation of which was that of the temple of Saturn (fig. 2). This structure,which

1 For the Augustan type of concrete, see Van Deman, A.7.A. 1912, 391-92.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions i6 THE SULLAN FORUM. was about 20 m. long and 2-20 m. high,consisted of eight low rooms aboutI-5o m.wide and from I5O to 2-I5 m.deep. Aboveand along the frontof theserooms was laid a row of slabs of Monte Verde tufawhich were 25 cm. high. In theseslabs, which according to Dr. Ashby'formed the edgeof the areaabove, anathyrosis appears in at least two or threecases, and a hardwhite mortaris traceable. The top of the slabs is I4-40 m. a. s. 1. The walls of the arched rooms are of concreteof the Sullan type.2 The caementa,or aggregate,consists largely of the earliervarieties of tufa, especially of cappellaccio. The facingis quasi-reticulate,the type of facing so conspicuousin the monumentsof Sulla outside of Rome (see fig.2). The materialused both forthe facingand the voussoirsis Monte Verdetufa, with occasional admixture of the morefriable greyish- yellowvariety. The wholestructure was coveredwith a coarsebut hardwhite stucco, some of which is stillpreserved. Few traceshave been foundof the streetsconnecting the new Forumwith the variousquarters of the city. Certaindata whicl have been establishedmay, however, be of interestfor the deter- minationof theirgeneral course. Of the Argiletumon the northno remainshave been, so far, identified,and no reliabledata existconcerning its exactsite at this period. It differed,however, materially in its course fromthe Argiletumof Augustantimes, the line of which was determined by the buildingof the new Curia and of the PorticusJulia opposite it. That the streetof the periodwith which we are concernedlay furtherto the east is clearfrom the remainsof a row of shafts,or pozzi, extendingacross the line of the laterstreet, the last one of whichis but a littledistance from the cornerof the PorticusJulia. A space of possiblyI2 m. existed,however, between this point and the west frontof the Basilicaof the period. The Argiletumat thislevel, therefore, since it musthave occupieda portionof tlhis space,lay a fewmetres to the eastof its present course. A streetran along the east frontof the Basilicaat this level. On thefurthler side of it wasa lineof shops, the remains of which have been broughtto lightin the modernexcavations. Sincethese shops lie in partunder the present street, as is clearfrom the remains of the two wallsstill visible (see plan I), the earlierstreet must have run a few metresfurther to the west, close to the frontof the earlier Basilica. Two streetsat least,both of which are held to belongto theearly historyof the city,connected the Forum with the Tiber-the Vicus Tuscus and the Vicus Jugarius. Below the presentVicus

a I C.R. I90I, 87. For the remainsof thisbasilica, see Van Deman, 2 For this concrete, see Van Deman A.J.A. The Porticus of Gaius and Lucius, AJ.A. 1913, 1912, 247- 14-19 andplate i.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM. 17 Tuscus,a pavementof smallbrick tesserae was foundin i8991 like thatunder the arches at thewest end ofthe Forum. The pavement whichwas i i8o m. a. s. ., was about i5 m. long and was skirtedon theside towards the BasilicaJulia by a stonegutter. 2 On theeast it ran underthe foundationsof the Temple of Castor. While it is commonlyregarded as the pavementof the Vicus Tuscus,it seems moreprobable that it belongedto the earlierprecinct of the Temple of Castorand thatthe Vicusitself lay furtherto thewest on the line of the laterCloaca Maxima. Onthe west of the Basilica Julia, at I5 to I5 05 m.a. s. 1.,is a street whichis generallyaccepted as the VicusJugarius. That the original VicusJugarius, however, differed from this street not onlyin typeof constructionbut also in positionand levelis clearfor the following reasons. The remainsnow visibleat the presentlevel are whollyof the Augustanperiod. Of the structuresbelow this level, in general, few data are available. At the north-westcorner of the Basilica, however,are the remainsof a massivetufa platform,3 or suggestus, whichwere brought to lighta fewyeais ago,4 and whichoccupy the entirewidth of the streetat thispoint. The top of the platformis approximatelyat thelevel of the pavementof the street to thenorth. At thisperiod, therefore, the continuation of the streeton its present lineseems improbable. Since,moreover, it is no lessimprobable that a monumentwould be placedon thetop ofa streetforming one ofthe main arteriesof the city'straffic, the existenceof the streeton its presentsite seems impossible. It must,therefore, until the rebuilding of the BasilicaJulia in I2 A.D., have runfurther to the east. Since, just to the east of thispoint, the streetin frontof the Basilicarises, on massivesubstructures, the VicusJugarius must have openedinto it at the lowerlevel. Its generalcourse was probablythat suggested by the remainsfurther to the southwhich are shownby Lanciani in his FormaUrbis5 (see plan I). The SacraVia then,as later,formed the main line of communica- tionwith the Palatine. It differedlittle in its generalcourse from the SacraVia of theAugustan period. Its lowercourse, with which alonewe arehere concerned, is clearlydetermined by thenorth front of the Regia,along which it ran,and by the monumentnorth of the templeof JuliusCaesar, which marked its entranceinto the Forum. As a shorterapproach to the Palatine,however, a rampwas built, or possiblyrebuilt, at thistime from behind the templeof Vestato the north-westcorner of the hill above (plan I). It rose some-

I G.R. i899, 466. In additionito the pavement 2 The exact site of these remains has not been at the west end of the Fortum,a similarpavement reported. The position represented on plan I is stillvisible in a small roomnear the Arch of Tittus. is merelyapproximate. A few pieces of the same type of pavement were 3 See pp. 25-26 and plate ii, no. z. discovered a number of metres below the present 4 C.R. 94. level just north of the Colosseum, while the new 1902, sewer from San Clemente was being laid. a Op. cit. Tav. 29.

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what rapidly,in the lower part of its course,on a seriesof arches,at least six ofwhich are stilltraceable. Their level was that of the earlier fountain of Juturna,which was, as has been said, i i m. a. s. 1.1 Both walls and vaults were built of concrete of the Sullan type.2 The caementa-or aggregate-which are very large, are of cappel- laccio and greyish-yellowtufa, with an admixture of the Monte Verde tufa so conspicuous in the monuments of the time. No travertineor marble appears and, so far as seen, no bricksor tiles. The mortar is ashy-greyin colour and very friable. The walls were faced with quasi-reticulateof the Sullan type. The voussoirs formingthe frontof the vaults are large, measuring36 by I9 cm. in length and breadth and 6 to 8 cm. in thickness. The material used both for the facingof the walls and for the voussoirsis Monte Verde tufa,with occasionaluse of the earliergreyish-yellow tufa. The upper part of the ramp has been too much destroyedto allow of any decision concerningits construction. Few remainsof sewersbelonging to the period have been identi- fied. One has been broughtto light,however, under the Tabernae Novae on the north. Its vaulted roof seems to have lain below the pavementof the Tabernae above. The materialused in it is cappel- laccio and the techniqueis early. A brokenbox-drain of cappellaccio was also visible in I906, on the south side of the concrete base in frontof the Temple of JuliusCaesar, by which it had been in part destloyed(plate iII, no. i). The heightof thisdrain was 75 to 80 cm. and its top was I iv6o to I i6S m. a. s. 1. Its techniquewas thatof the later Republic and it lay wholly in the stratum belonging to the period under discussion. A similarbox-drain was found under the pavementof the area behind the Rostra of Augustusat the west end of the Forum.4 The central area enclosed by the streets described above was, as has been said, of the same general shape as later, except towards the Curia, wherethe newly-restoredRostra stillstood. It was, how- ever, somewhat larger than in the Augustan time, since the open space was considerablyreduced by the erection of the Temple of JuliusCaesar and the Rostra of Augustusat its two ends (see plan I). The level seems the same throughoatwith no perceptibleslope for drainage. The limited space of the area was relieved by the lesser areas adjoining it, especiallythose on the east and west. The space on the north also, between the shrine of Venus Cloacina and the Tabernae Novae, 'was occupied, as later, by a broad porticus the pavementof which has recentlybeen tracedbelow the later remains.'5 On the south the existencein the Vicus Tuscus of the pavement

I Cf. JBoni,N.d.S. I 90i, 63. 4 CR. I90I, 89. 2 For this concrete, see Van Deman, A.j.A. 5 The informationconcerning these remains has 19I2, 247. been courteouslygiven me by Dr. Tenney Frank. 3 Boni, l.c. For fuilldiscussion of the construc- For the existence of such a porticus, cf. Vitruvius tion, see Boni, I.c. V, ,, z j Livyi, 35.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM I9 of small brick tesserae mentionedabove may point to an open area belongingto the Temple of Castor. The space directlyto the cast,extending from the streetunder the Arch of Augustusto the west frontof the Regia, formedan irregularly shaped piazza runningfrom the Sacra Via on the northto the precinct ofJuturna on the south. No traceshave been foundof any permanent structureinside the limitsof the area proper. On the south of it was the triangularspace on whichrose the grouLpof monumentsbelonging to the cult of Juturna. The exact extent of this small precinct towardsthe south is not clear. It was doubtlessbounded at an early time by the Nova Via, the line of which,as seen in the portionof it still existingbehind the Republican Atrium Vestae, passed almost directlyin the rear of the small shrineof Juturna. The area on the west of the Forum, in which we may probably recognizethe remainsof the area of Vulcan and Concord, was less closelyconnected with the central area. It extended fromthe low arches below the Clivus Capitolinus and the monument north of them, which will be discussed later, to the street leading to the Curia and the Mamertineprison. While the streetssurrounding the central area were, as has been said, paved at a much earlierperiod, no traceshave been foundin the area itself of any permanentpavement at the lower levels. The existenceof such unpavedareas surroundedby monumentalstructures was, however, not unknown in other and more highly developed lands.1 It is, therefore,not unlikelythat the need of such a pavement was not felt. At the level withlwhich we are hereconcerned, however, the remains of a permanent pavement have been found. These remainsare veryscanty, owing to the limited space so far excavated and the use of the finetufa slabs of the pavementin later structures. Three small but undoubted fragments,however, have been identified so far,all of which are at the same level and identicalin type. These are to be found:

I. Near the shrine of Venus Cloacina,2 as already noted by Hu]sen.3 2. On the outsideof the curb around the Lacus Curtius.4 3. Under the foundationsof the Temple of JuliusCaesar. 5

In these pavements,so far as visible,the materialused is Monte Verde tufa, a hall-markof the period. The proportionsof the slabs, except that near the shrineof Venus Cloacina, are the same and the technique is identical. Anathyrosisis traceable in a few cases. A largertract of the same pavementstill existsin the area on

' Studniczka,7abresh., I903, I54. 4 See pp. 202T. 2 Sce p. zi. 3 Rom.Mit. 1905, 63- I See p. IO.

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the east, beyond the street under the Arch of Augustus. These remains,which are about three metres long and a little over two metreswide, consistof three rows of finely-cutslabs of Monte Verde tufa restingon a bed of concrete, or ruderatio,of the type of the Sallan period, so far as can be at present determined. Thle slabs are over a metre long, 65 to 75 cm. wide! and 20 cm. thick. The technique is fine and the joints very even. A few metres to the north is a gutterof the same tufa and technique. Inside the small area on the west of the Temple of Vesta is a smallpiece of pavementof the same type,on whichrests a raisedcurb, or crepido,of Monte Verde tufa. The slabs of the pavement,which are also of Monte Verde tufa, measure68 to 74 cm. in lengthand 20 to 22 cm. in thickness. Their width cannot be determined. The technique is that of the piece near the Arch of Augustus with well-definedanathyrosis. A hard lime mortarof the earliertype still adheres to the sides of a few of the slabs. The older monumentsin and around the Forum were greatly affected bv its changes in level and, still more, in orientation. Certain of these monuments, on account of their type and slight elevationabove the earlier level, sufferedin a special manner. The most conspicuousof these is a small group intimately connected with the generalplan of the Forum, composed of the Lacus Curtius, the Lacus Juturnaeand the small shrineof Venus Cloacina, to which may be added the altar of Vulcan. The Rostra also, on account of its historicalsignificance, must be given a place of firstimportance, with the neighbouringGraecostasis and Senaculum. From the earliest times, a low structure,known as the Lacus Curtius,a memorialof the legendaryhero of that name, stood' in the middle of the Forum.' This small structure,consisting, probably, at all periods,of a low puteal with a small area about it, sufferedno little fromthe rise of a metre in the elevation of the surrounding Forum. It was, therefore,wholly rebuilt at the new level, as is clear fromthe well-preservedremains. The new Lacus, whichlies between II75 and I2-50 m. a. s. 1.,was composedof an irregulartrapezoidal area whichhas been much brokenat the south-westcorner by one of the travertinecurbs of the Julian cuniculi,as can be seen in the accompanyingillustration (plate iii, no. 2). It was composedof three or more layers of low cappellaccio slabs, upon which there rested a pavementof Monte Verde tufa enclosed by a raised curb of peperino blocks,30 cm. high and 6o cm. wide. The slabs of the pavementare from68 to 75 cm. wide, I40 to i 60 m. long and fromi8 to 20 cm. thick. At the east end of the area stood an early altar, or puteal, of cappellaccio,enclosed in a twelve-sidedstructure 3 50 m. in diameter, the outside blocksof which are of peperinoand are z8 to 30 cm. high and wide. Around the outside of the whole area, and 30 cm. below the curb, is a line of slabs of Monte Verde tufa, 75 cm. wide, which

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are on the level and probablyform a portionof the pavementof the Forum proper. The technique of the whole structureis remarkably fine,as seen in the polishedsurface of the outerstones and the closely- fittedjoints. Anathyrosisis presentthroughout the whole structure. The Lacus, or Fountain, of Juturnaat the east of the Forum, vying with the Lacus Curtius in legendaryfame and not unlike it in general type and low elevation, was also rebuilt with the new Forum. This small group of monuments,which occupied the small triangulararea in frontof the new ramp to the Palatine, consisted of the basin, or lacus proper,the well with a fine marble well-curb, or puteal,.above it, and the sacellumin its rear. As has been said above, the original group agreed in its level and orientationwith the precinct of Vesta adjoining it on the east. The new basin, as-can be clearlyseen fromthe ledge, a metreand a halfwide, about I 25 m. below the presentlevel, was made to conformin orientation to its more powerfulneighbour, the Temple of Castor, and to the streetbetween them. The level of the bottom of the basin is not certain, but that of the surroundingcurb is about I235 m. a. s. 1. and a few centimetreslower than the crepidoof the streetbeside it. The size of the basin was probably about the same as that of the lowerpart of the presentstructure. On the north of the Forum and closely connected with it from the earliesttimes was the small shrineof Venus Cloacina. This tiny structure,about 2-40 m. in diameter,shared in all the vicissitudes of the Forum near by, and is, in a sense, an epitome of the Forum's structuralhistory, since it is built at three distinctlevels and belongs to three periods, each of which is markedby the use of a different type of construction. Of the lower structure,composed of six courses,three are now visible,consisting of low slabs of cappellaccioof a roughtype. Above this primitivestructure was built a new shrine composedof a low courseof Monte Verde tufa blocksI8 cm. high,on which restsa course of peperino slabs 27 cm. high. On the south- west of the shrine are the remainsof the pavement of the period, the level of which is about i i -8o m. a. s. 1. The orientationis that of the earlier period. The large slab remainingis of Monte Verde tufa a triflethicker than normal. With the rise in elevation of the surroundingmonuments, the shrine was raised in its turn to the Augustan level by the addition of an upper course of travertine crownedby a pavementof white marble. The earlier Republican Rostra belonged, as we have seen, to the period representedby the cappellaccio pavement at io6o to io090 m. a. s. 1. With the raisingof the generallevel of the Forum, the older structure,which, to judge from the remains, was not morethan I30 to I40 m. high,became a low platformonly 30 to 40 cm. above the floorof the Comitium. It was, therefore,replaced by a wholly new structure,the base-line of which was that of the

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 22 TIIE SULLAN FORUM. floorof the Comitiumin its rear.1 The new Rostra,while preserving the general position and plan of its predecessor,was extended a triflefurther to the north and east, and possibly towards the south also. Its remainsconsist (i) of a curvedstructure of large tufa blocks formingtwo steps about 35 cm. high, which rested on a foundationof cappellaccioor greyish-yellowtufa iS cm. high; (2) of a low corridor,or canalis(plate iv, no. i) i m. wide and about 75 cm. high, parallel to the curved line of the steps and about 9 m. from

E.B.V.D. FIG. 3. THE PAVEMENT OF THE SULLAN ROSTRA VETERA. them ; (3) of a platform,or suggestus,to the west of the Niger Lapis (fig. 3) ; and (4) of a row of shafts,or pozzi, runningeast and west, about 6-75 m. distantfrom the platform. The portion of the platform,or suggestus,to which the curved flightof steps led, lay about one metre above the floor of the Comitium behind, if we may accept the evidence of a tufa gutter belongingto the later restorarion,which seemsto rest upon the top of the earlierstructure. The level of the gutter,which is of Monte

1 For an excellentplan of this monunentsee Hiilsen,Roni. Mit. 1905, Taf. ii.

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Verde tufa, is I270 m. a. s. 1. The technique of this portionof the greater structuireis excellent,though lacking the exquisite finish of the Lacus Curtius. Anathyrosisis clearly present. The low corridor,1 or canalis, the bottom of which is i2zI2 m. a. s. 1., was embeddedin the massof the structure,as is clear fromthe lack of any externalfacing. It is of medium-hardgrey concrete. The caementa are of Monte Verde tufawith a littlecappellaccio and a fewtravertine chips. The facingis quasi-reticulateand is in great part of Monte Verde tufa. The general type of constructionis that of the arches at the west end of the Forum. The insideis lined with opus signinum. The remainsof the platformto the west of the Niger Lapis, the top of whichis I2-80 to I290 m. a. s. 1.,consists of a foundationof low cappellaccio slabs on whichwas laid a finepavement of Monte Verde tufa, shown in the accompanyingillustration (fig. 3). Along the frontof the pavementruns a raisedcurb of Monte Verde tufa 24 cm. high,beyond which and at the same level are a fewfragments of three somewhatthicker pavement slabs of the same materialand type as those just mentioned. The slabs of the pavementare 7I to 75 cm. wide, i metrelong and 20 to 2I cm. thick. The technique is fine. Anathyrosisis normallypresent. A few slabs of peperino above this pavement and at a differentorientation, with the fine bit of travertinepavement in frontof the Curia at I2-63 m. a. s. 1., belong probably to the later restorationof Faustus Sulla, to which the gutter mentioned above is to be referred. The row of pozzi immediatelyin front of the platform,three in number, belong clearly,on account of their superiorlevel, to the followingperiod. The well-preservedseries further to the south, the line of which is parallelto the main axis of the Rostra,extends to withina fewmetres of the later Porticus Julia. Their level, I2-88 to I2z9o m. a. s. 1., agrees with that of the platformin their rear. The pozzi, ten in number,are made of well-cut slabs of greyish-yellowtufa, resting on which are carefully-fittedtops of peperino. The exact position of the frontof the Rostra of the period has been much discussed. It is at least probable,however, that it is markedby thisline ofpozzi, which bear a close relationto the platformbehind them, in theirlevel and orientation,as well as in their type of construction. The probabilityis strengthened,moreover, by the remains of the tufa pavement in frontof the raised curb of the platform,since they point to the continuationof the pavementtowards the south. With the raisingof the Rostra to the new level, the Sacellum, or Tomb of Romulus,and the other primitivemonuments near it were almost, if not entirely,hidden from view. It is commonly held that, as in the previous period, an open space, or niche, was left about them, in which they were visible from the outside. No

1 See plate iv, no. 1.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 24 THE SULLAN FORUM. tracesof anycross-walls, however, have been foundpointing to such an enclosureat thislevel. It is moreprobable, therefore, that they were reducedat this time to the state in whichthey were found by the modernexcavators and werecovered by the pavementof the new Rostra. This is renderedstill more likely by the levelat which themonuments have been broken off, which is I2 50 to I2 55 m. a. s. 1., correspondingexactly to the levelof the bed of the new pavement. The site of thesemonuments was probablymarked at thistime by the incorporationin the tufapavement of the new Rostra,which roseabove them, of the smallerpavement of black marble, commonly held to be the NigerLapis of the ancients. The evidencefor the assignmentof the pavementto this ratherthan to a later period seemsdecisive. The dressingand fittinginto place of the marble slabs of whichit is composedproduced a considerablequantity of marblechips, or caementamarmorea, as theyare calledby Vitruvius.1 Such chips,with a smallnumber of largerpieces, have cometo light at variouslevels in differentplaces in the Forum.2 The great majorityof themcannot be assignedto the periodunder discussion, on accountof the levelat whichthey were found. This is especially trueof thosebrought to lightin the stratigraphicalexamination in the area betweenthe Rostraand the Curia,since they were found above the level of its pavement,though below the Julian level. A smallnumber of thesechips, however, and especiallythose found in the structuralparts of the cuniculiof JuliusCaesar, may safely be held to belongto thisperiod, since, at the timeof theirre-use, theyhad not onlybeen sawn(segato 3) and polished(lisciato 4) but also wornby use (logorato5). Furthermore,on one at least of the piecesfound, as well as on the NigerLapis itself,signs of firewere traceable. Since no fireexcept that of Clodiusin 52 B.C. is known to have invadedthis part of the Forum or the Comitiumin this generalperiod, the partialdestruction of the NigerLapis just noted mustbe attributedto thattime, and the succeedingrestoration of it at a higherlevel to the period of JuliusCaesar. To this rather indirectproof may be added the directevidence of the exactagree- mentin size of the NigerLapis and the upperpart of the Sacellum, excepttowards the south. The Sacellummeasures 365 m. (12 Roman feet) in width,with whichthe Niger Lapis agreesprecisely. The lengthof the Niger Lapis is somewhatgreater than that of the Sacellum. Since it has been badlybroken on the southside, it is however,quite possiblethat it coveredoriginally also the so-called altarin therear of the Sacellum. It seemsclear, therefore, from this evidencethat the NigerLapis restedimmediately upon the Sacellum

1 vii, 6, 1. B1. com. 1903, 272. 2N.d.S. 1899, I58; 1900, 145; I930, 320, 322) 323- ' N.d.S. 19C0, 322. 6 N.d.S. 1900, 3zO-

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-and, possibly,also uponthe altarin its rear-whosesite it marked, and thatit formeda partof the pavementof the new Rostraof the period. That it was raisedin the nextperiod and madeto conform to the orientationof that time is alsoclear from the abundanceof the marblechips found at that level as well as fromthe remainsof a pozzo at thenorth-west corner designed seemingly to supportit. On the northside of the Rostraof Augustusin frontof the Umbilicusare the remainsof a monumentwhich, from its level, itsorientation and itsstructural environment, may well be referredto thisperiod. The remainsconsist of two walls of cut stone (see planI), whichwere brought to lightfor the first time in 1903, as can be seen in the reproductionof a photographtaken in that year,1and were againmore completely exposed in I9II, whenthe photographhere reproduced(plate v, no. i) was made. The levelof these walls is the same as that of the area behindthe Rostraof Augustus. Their orientationis thatof the gutterto thenorth of the samearea, which, as noted above (pp. II-I2), agreeswith that of the Tabularium, differingslightly from the line of the arches further to thesouth. The size of the monumentto which these walls belongedcannot be determinedat present. It is clear,however, that it extendedbeyond the frontline of the arches,which probably formed a part of its southernboundary, and thatit possiblyended at theline of travertine slabsbelonging to thesteps of a laterperiod. The materialused in the wallon thenorth is greyish-yellowtufa, while on thesouth it consists of a lowercourse of the same tufawith one of Monte Verde tufa aboveit. The concretefoundations of the Rostraof Augustusrest in partupon the southwall, as can be seenin the illustration.The identificationof the monumentis not certain. Accordingto ancient writers,however, not far fromthis spot stood the Graecostasis, whichwas a locussubstructus above the Comitiumand adjoinedthe altar of Vulcan, in whose area it was originallybuilt. It is not improbable,therefore, that these scanty remainsrepresent the famousGraecostasis during the periodof the late Republic. In the area immediatelyabove the walls just describedexist the remainsof a rectangularstructure cut, in greatpart, from the cappellaccioof the hill above. From its positionand primitive character,it is held to belongto the ancientVolcanal. Thoughno suretraces of anyrestoration at thisperiod are found, the area round about has been verycarefully preserved. Along the same terrace,further to the southand oppositethe north-westcorner of the Basilica Julia,were foundin I9OI the remainsof a tufa monumentwhich had been destroyedby the erectionof the Basilica of I2 A.D. 2 The originalsize and planof this

I Richter,Beitr. wztrnm. Top. Taf. ii. 2, 11 abb. 7. 2 I'lan I and plate ii, no. z. The cut stone walls Cf. R6m. Mit. 1905, 223, fig.3. in the foreground.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 26 THE SULLAN FORUM. monumentcannot at presentbe determined.The portionof it whichis leftis about9-30 m. longand 7 to 8 m. wide,and forms a kind of platformor suggestus,which consists of two coursesof tufa59 and 6o cm. high with a portionof a thirdcourse. The top of the structure,which is about I4'50 m. a. s. 1.,is almoston a levelwith the pavementof the C]ivusCapitolinus on the northof it. Its general orientationis thatof the BasilicaJulia, except on the southwhere it divergesslightly towards the west. The materialis the red-brown tufaof the kind used normally in theAugustan period, the provenance of whichis the Anio Valley.1 The techniqueis less finishedthan thatof the monumentsso fardiscussed, resembling more nearly that of the Augustanbuildings. Anathyrosisis not present. Swallow- tailedclamps appear, according to Dr. Ashby.2 Whileno exactdate can be assignedto the monumentat present,it is clearthat it cannot be laterthan 42 B.C., sincethe concreteof the foundationsof the Temple of Saturnbuilt in thatyear rest upon it. For its identifica- tion, also, the evidenceis not conclusive. Accordingto ancient writers,at the close of the Republicanand duringthe earlypart of the Imperialperiod, the Lacus Serviliusstood not farfrom this site, at the cornerof the Basilicaand the beginningof the VicusJugarius. Very littleis knownof its history,except its connexionwith the brutalityof Sulla and its inclusionin the listof fountainserected or decoratedby Agrippa. Althoughthis fountain has been commonly locatedat the south-westcorner of the Basilica,it is possiblethat it should ratherbe identifiedwith these remains,so fittedby their nearnessto the Forumand theirlofty position for the crueldisplay by Sulla of the heads of his enemies. On thenorth side of the Temple of Julius Caesar, between I3 and i6-5o m. fromits frontsteps and exactlyupon the line of the street at theeast end ofthe Forum,lie thescanty remains of a late Republi- can monument.3 These remainsconsist of twelveor more blocks of greyish-yellowtufa laid in six or sevenrows. The blockswere 55 to 6o cm. wide and over a metrelong, if we mayjudge from those still preserved.The level of the top of the blocksis about I2-80 to i2-9o m. a. s. 1. Betweenfive and fiveand a halfmetres to the east a singleblock is also visible. A littlebelow thiscourse of brokentufa blocks, there were found in I888 moreextensive remains of the monumentalstructure4 of whichthe brokenremains above representeither the upperportion or, possibly, a laterreconstruction. The levelof the top of the former remains was, seemingly, according to Schulze,5I 175 to ii 8o m. a. s. 1. They extendedeastward along theouter line of the Temple, to makeroom for which the blocks were

I Frank,Af A. I918, 187. " Plan 1. Cf. Ant. Denk. i, I4-15 and Taf. 27-28. 2 C.R. I902, 97. 5 I.c. Taf. z8. The height above sea-level is not stated, but by comparison with other known 3 See plan I. walls it was sII75 to IIs80 m.

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in some instancescut away, for over 9 m., at which point they disappearunder a medievalbuilding. Though badly broken,five rowswere traceable about 5 cm.wide and i to I 40 cm.long. Their thicknesscannot be determined.The orientationof the structure differed8? 30' fromthat of the Templeof Julius Caesar, 1 but agreed withthat of the Templeof Castorand the southside of the Forum. The materialand typeof constructionare not reportedbut, so faras can be decidedfrom the plansdrawn in 1888,2 seemto be thoseof thelate Republic. Although,owing to the massivefoundations of the Porticus Julia,no correspondingremains have been foundon the opposite sideof the street, the size and shapeof the remainsand theirnearness to the SacraVia suggestclearly that they formed part of an archor Januswhich spannedthe streetat this level. From the ancient and medievalwriters, it is certainthat the famousFornix Fabianus was erectedin the secondcentury B.C. not farfrom this spot. The remainsof the upper portionsof an arch were found,during the modernexcavations, beyond the templeof Antoninusand Faustina alongthe Sacra Via, which have been commonly held to belongto the Fornix. Accordingto ancientwriters, however, it lay muchfurther to thewest, ' nearto theRegia on theSacra Via,' ' nearthe precinct of Vesta,'4' at the entranceto the Sacra Via betweenthe Temples ofFaustina and Vesta,' 5 ' at theentrance to theSacra Via beyondthe Temple of Castor,'6 or, moreexactly, ' near the Puteal Libonisin the PorticusJulia,' the locationof whichis now known.8 With like unanimitythe medievalwriters report 9 that the inscription connectedwith the Fornixand its remainswere foundon or near the samesite, (i) ' nearthe Temple of Vesta' or (2) ' of Antoninus and Faustina,'(3) ' betweenthe Temples of Faustinaand Vesta,' or (4) ' in theruins of the Basilica of Paulus.' The siteof the remains describedabove, while conformingto these more generalstate- ments,answers in a stillmore strikingmanner to the onlydetailed descriptionof the sitewhich has come downto us, that of Ligorio. The description,usually set asidebecause of the unreliablecharacter of the writer,is of primaryimportance in the identificationof the monumentin question. Aftera numberof statementsshowing accurateknowledge of the architectureof the architself and of the inscriptionsbelonging to it, and allusionsto it as a fixedpoint of referencefor less knownmonuments, Ligoiio writesas follows10 FabianusFornix fu . . . d' operadi sassoTiburtino in la via sacraper

I 'ahrb. d. Inst. 1899, 149* 8 Van Deman, A-7-.- 1913, 27. 2 Ant. Denk. i. Taf. 27, 28 c-c. 3 Ps.-Asconiusin Verre,n.i, x9. 9 Jor thlese references, see Lanciani, N.d.S. 1882, 222 Hiilen, Festschr. 0.0 Hirschfelds 4 Schol. Gronov. i, 393. ff.; P. sechzigsteenGeburtstag. 423 ff. 5 Pollio, J'ita Saloniini,i. 6 Schol. Gronov. i, p. 399. ' 0 Cod. Vat. Ottob. 3368, 4. ap. Lanciani l.c. 7 Schol. on Plersius4, 49. 323-4.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 28 THE SULLAN FORUM. lo qual luogosi passava per andare al (tempiodel divo Giulio) dove eranoscritti i fasti romnani. . . del qual arco havemoveduto cavare le rovinecol nomedel cutratorem. fabius m. f. maximusf., lo qual fornice fu dunquenella via sacra incontroalla strada che per fianco passava al tempio. . . dedicatoalla diva Faustina et al divo Antonino. Since, therefore,no traceshave been found,in the excavations,of any other remains in situ answeringto the descriptionsof the ancient and medieval writers,and since the site referredto by all of them, especiallyby Ligorio in the passage just quoted, is practicallythat of the foundationsin question, we must accept them as belonging to the Fornix Fabianus. This conclusion is confirmedby a bit of a monumentalinscription of travertinein lettersof the Republican type which was found in I899 at exactly this point and correctly assignedby Gatti to the Fornix. Concerningthe exact date of the upper portionsof the remainsthere is little doubt. It is clear that they are pre-Augustan,since they have been incorporatedin the temple of JuliusCaesar built by Augustus. Their level, orientation and type of constructionforbid their assignmentto any period earlierthan that under discussion. Whetherthe massivefoundations below them are to be accepted as belongingto the same period or to the originalmonument of I2I B.C. cannot,at present,be determined. The loftier monuments about the Forum sufferedmuch less from the changes in level and orientation. Especially is this true of the older Temples of Saturn and Castor, in neitherof which have any traces so far been found of a restorationat this time, although the streetsadjoining them were rebuiltat the higherlevel. With the raisingof the area on the east of the Forum, however, the monumentsbelonginig to the precinct of Vesta were at least in part restored. The full extent of these restorationshas not yet been determined. In the Regia some traceshave been found on the north and west (see plan I) of the foundationsfor an outer wall of the greyish-yellowtufa so commonthroughout the Forum at this period. The generaltechnique of the blocksis the same as elsewhere, and anathyrosisis traceable. The religiousorientation was retained. The hand of the restoreris to be clearlytraced, as in the Forum, in the well-preservedremains of the pavements,especially in that of the broad coutt extendingalong the whole frontof the building towards the Sacra Via. This pavement,which lies almost a metre (approximately3, Roman feet) below that of 36 B.c., as can be seen in the accompanyingillustration (plate v, no. 2), agreesin type with those of the Forum proper. Towards the Sacra Via is a curb about I5 cm. high,the slabs of which are 6o cm. wide and over a metrelong. The pavementitself is composed of broader slabs 70 to 75 cm. wide and go or morecm. long. Both the curb and the pavementitself are

1 N.d.S. I899, 489-90-

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SULLAN FORUM. 29 of Monte Verde tufa and show markedanathyrosis. The pavement of the inner room is not, however,of Monte Verde tufa but of tufa fromthe Anio Valley. The slabs are thickerthan usual, measuring 28 to 31 cm. They are 56 to 6o cm. wide and varyfrom 85 cm. tO II7 m. in length. Since theirsurface has been somewhatroughened, apparentlyto afforda better hold for the bed of a new pavement, it is possible that such a later pavement may be assumed previous to the restorationof Calvinus in 36 B.C. While the Temple of Vesta showsno trace of changesat this time, the Atrium was at least partiallyrestored. The most important of these restorationsis the finepavement with which the outer court is still in part coveredl (plate vi, no. i). It is composed of small rectangularpieces of white stone resemblingpalombino, in which are set irregularbits of vari-coloured marble. The rectangularpieces vary in size fromabout I' to 2V5 cm. by *5 to I5 cm. The largerpieces of marble are about Iv by 3 cm. square. Few other examplesof this type of pavement are at present known. In Rome itselfthey are found in one of the Republican houses on the Summa Sacra Via and underthe larariumof the Domus Flavia on the Palatine. In addition to the pavementof the vestibuleof the House of Livia at Prima Porta near the city, a few brokenpieces have just been found also on the site of an ancient villa in the districtof Monte Verde near the tufa quarries. A finespecimen, which is now in the Museo delle Terme, was brought to light recentlyin a Republican villa near Colonna. In the upper Temple of Fortune at Palestrina (Praeneste),which was built by Sulla, some fine examples are still preserved. Similar pavementsoccur also in the housesat Pompeii of the late Republican period. The pavementsfound in the Temple of Fortuneat Palestrina are of special interest,since they are structurallyunited with walls faced with quasi-reticulateof the Sullan period.2 This type of pavement was identifiedby Marucchi,3 in I909, as the lithostroton pavement introduced into Italy by Sulla, according to Pliny.4 Inasmuch as the pavement in the Atrium Vestae is identical with that in Palestrina, it may safely be assigned to the same period, sincethe use of thistype is veryrare later. While the greatermonuments of this period show the handiwork of the restorer,not the builder,the earlierBasilica Aemilia and the Tabernae adjoining it, though possiblyerected a little later, were built whollyat this level. The remainsof the Basilica lie, as is well known,at two distinctlevels and belong to two differentperiods.5 The upper structureor group of structuresforming the building so well knownto us lies at 14-03 to 1427 m. a. s. 1. From I to 1-25 m.

1 See Van Deman, The AtriumVestae, 12-13. 4 xxxvi,64. 2 Marucchi, Guida arch. della Citta di Palestrina 3 (19I2), '78. For the full discussion of this monument,see 3 B.C. I909, 66-74. Cf. R. Engelmann, BerI. AJ-.A. Xvii, 14-Z8. phil. Wochenschr.1907, i65i f.

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below this lie the earlierBasilica and the tabernae,which were structurallyunited to it. This earlierbuilding was madeto conform in orientation,as has been said,to the new Tabulariumto the west of the Forumwhich was of thisperiod. The extentof the earlier Basilicadiffered little from that of the laterperiod. The tabernae were much smallerin size but collectivelyoccupied almost the samespace as thelater rooms which took their place. 1 The construc- tion resemblesin generaltype that of the othermonuments at this level. The foundationsare of greyish-yellowtufa, as is also the base of the singlecolumn at thislevel now traceableinside the Basilica (plate VI no. 2). The walls above are, however,not of Monte Verdebut of the Aniotufa more commonly used in the nextperiod. Inside one of the Tabernae towardsthe east (plan I, B), a single slab of pavementhas been broughtto lightin recentyears, which, whileresembling in generalthe typicalpavement at thislevel, is of peperino and considerablythicker than usual. While it seems possiblethat the Basilica and Tabernae were built in 78 B.C., it seemsmore probable, as statedin a previouspaper,2 that theyare to be assignedto the year 54 B.C. The columnbase of greyish- yellowtufa mentionedabove, may, however,be referredto the earlierperiod, and mayvery well be the base of one of the columns mentionedby Cicero3 as retainedin the later structure.Of the shopson theopposite side of the street at theeast end ofthe Basilica, but two are now traceable. The walls are of greyish-yellowtufa andare 45 cm.wide. The generalperiod to whichthe new Forumis to be assignedis clear,as has been said, from(i) the relationto the Forumof the periodof Julius Caesar immediately above it, (2) theremains of certain monumentsforming an essentialpart of it, notablythe Rostra,the date ofwhich is certain,and (3) thetype of construction throughout, whichis thatof the earlypart of the firstcentury B.C. Concerning the master-builder,moreover, whose vision-or whose architect's vision-here took visible form,the evidenceis, fortunately,but littleless conclusive. For, amongthe greatleaders of the period, historyrecords but one to whomone mayattribute such far-reaching ambitionand thepower and resourcesrequisite for its gratification- CorneliusSulla. His greatworks outside of Rome are well known. Amongthem are the famousTemple of Fortuneat Palestrina,the memorialof his victoryover Marius,and the greatpublic monu- mentsfor his coloniesat -Pompeii, Cori and elsewhere,with the massivecity walls of Ostia, which have been more recently discovered. Concerninghis building activity in Romeitself, only meagre informa- tion has come downto us. Despite this,however, some fewfacts

1 I.c. plate I. See plan I. Cf. AJ.A. xvii, 3 ad. Att. iv, i6, 14. Cf 15, fig. I. and n. i. 2 A.JA. xvii,25.

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190T. Asbby. NO. 1. REMAINS OF THE STREET EAST OF THIE REPUBLICAN FORUM (pp. 57).

_~~~~~~~~~~~~7 -;-

4it

|s,~~~~~~~~~~~~~w

E.B.V.D. NO. 2. REPUBLICAN REMAINS IN FRONT OF THE TEMPLE OF JULIUS CAESAR (p. 5).

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F - -- ,,, A F- .&r

71

NO. 1. THE MARBLEw PAVEMENT OF TIE SUJLLAN FORUM (p. 8).

4 .-e>4~ t. -'

a -

1911 E.B.V.D. NO. 2. REMAINS OF THE CLIVUS CAPITOLINUS OF 174 B.C. AND OF THE SLLLAN PERIOD (. 4 and p. 25).

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1907 E.B.1. NO. I. CAPPELLACCIO DRAIN AT THE EAST END OF THE FORUM (p. I8).

NO. 2. THE LACUS CURTIUS AND THlE JULIAN CUNICUMI (p. zo).

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o' -

to94 E.B.V.D. NO. I. THE canialis UNDERNEATH THE PLATFORM OF THE ROSTRA VETERA (p. 22f.).

19I14E.B.V.D. NO. 2. THE ROSTRA VETERA OF THE SULLAN PERIOD (p. 25 f.).

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0 ,.

I9tIi E.B.V.D. NO. I. WALLS NEAR THE RsOSTRA OF AUGUSTUS (p. 25).

NO. 2. THE P'AVEMNENT OF THE REGIA OF THE SULLAN AND AUGUSTAN PERIODS (p. 28).

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43QW s

T. .4sb6y. NO. I. LITHOSTROTON PAVEMENT OF THE ATRIUM VESTAE (p. 29).

V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o

19T2 E.B.V.D. NO. 2. COLUMN BASE OF THE BASILICA AEMILIA (p. 30).

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.138 on Fri, 9 May 2014 13:11:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TIIE SULLAN FORUM. 31 are clear. Amongthese the mostimportant in theirbearing upon the historyof the buildingdevelopment of the city are the sale of the slopesof the Capitolinehill to privateindividuals and the throwingopen of the strip of ground along the line of the pomoerium forthe erectionof privatebuildings. Fromthe landsof the Far East withtheir great monuments and highlydeveloped art, Sulla brought,along with increasedknow- ledge,the ambitionto build a new capitalvying with those he had[ seen. The fireof 83 B.C. gave him as a fieldfor his activitythe verycentre of Rome's religious life, the Capitol, with its great Temple of Jupiter,upon the rebuildingof whichthe last energiesof his life were expended. With this plan was closelyunited that of linking togetherthe two summitsof the hill architecturallyby the huge massof the Tabularium. Extendinghis activityalso to the centre of the politicallife of the cityin the valleybelow, the Comitium, he built a new Curia,and, beforeit, the new Rostra. Concerning his widerplans for the inclusion.inhis new cityof the Forum,the SacraVia and,it maybe, thePalatine, history is silent. The remains still existingmake it clear,however, that at least the new Forurn and Sacra Via were not only plannedbut broughtto completion. For the Forum,moreover, we have the confirmationof a little- knownpassage of Festus, I which,as emendedby Jordan,2 reads thusv StataeMatris simulacrum in Forocolebatur. Postquam id Sullastravit, ne lapides igne corrumperentur,qui pluriumibi febat nocturnotempore, magnapars populi in suosquique vicos rettulerunt eius deae cultum. With the passingof time the monumentsof Sulla, like his name,. were forgotten. The splendid Temple of Jupiter,which had been his last great passion,and the Tabularium were finishedby Catulus, whose name they bore. The site of his Curia was dedicated to the ' happy fortune' of anotherand his Rostra perishedin flamesin less than three decades. Is it strange that his Forum also was swept away in the rise to power of the great master-buildersof the early empire, and that even its memorywas lost formany long centuries>

1 P 2 317. Top. i, I, 525.

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