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PRE Evaluation Report for Rhaphiolepis Indica Var. Umbellata

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PRE Evaluation Report for Rhaphiolepis Indica Var. Umbellata PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Plant Risk Evaluator -- PRE™ Evaluation Report Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata -- Texas 2017 Farm Bill PRE Project PRE Score: 6 -- Accept (low risk of invasiveness) Confidence: 63 / 100 Questions answered: 18 of 20 -- Valid (80% or more questions answered) Privacy: Public Status: Submitted Evaluation Date: September 30, 2017 This PDF was created on August 13, 2018 Page 1/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Plant Evaluated Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Image by KENPEI, Wikipedia user Page 2/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Evaluation Overview A PRE™ screener conducted a literature review for this plant (Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata) in an effort to understand the invasive history, reproductive strategies, and the impact, if any, on the region's native plants and animals. This research reflects the data available at the time this evaluation was conducted. Summary Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata is naturalized in one county in southern Alabama. The record for this occurence could not be located, and it is unclear how extensively the species has naturalized. It is noted as invasive in parts of the Norfolk Islands, Australia, and New Zealand but the impact on native plant communities is not clear. General Information Status: Submitted Screener: Kim Taylor Evaluation Date: September 30, 2017 Plant Information Plant: Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata If the plant is a cultivar, how does its behavior differs from its parent's? This evaluation is for the species, not a particular cultivar. Regional Information Region Name: Texas Page 3/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Climate Matching Map To answer four of the PRE questions for a regional evaluation, a climate map with three climate data layers (Precipitation, UN EcoZones, and Plant Hardiness) is needed. These maps were built using a toolkit created in collaboration with GreenInfo Network, USDA, PlantRight, California-Invasive Plant Council, and The Information Center for the Environment at UC Davis. Click here to see the generated climate matching map for this region. This climate match database is hosted by GreenInfo Network and publicly accessible. Page 4/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Evaluation Questions These questions are based in an original article published at the University of California, Davis, and can be found on the PLOS One website, here: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121053 Invasive History and Climate Matching (Questions 1 - 6) 1. Has the species (or cultivar or variety, if applicable; applies to subsequent "species" questions) become naturalized where it is not native? Answer: Yes, which contributes 1 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: Kartesz indicates Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata is naturalized in one county in Alabama. The source of this record could not be found. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk indicates the species is naturalized and invasive in the Norfolk Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Reference(s): Kartesz, J. T. (2015). The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata (PIER species info). 2. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) noted as being naturalized in the US or world in a similar climate? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a Low confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: Kartesz indicates Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata is naturalized in one county in Alabama. The source of this record could not be found. Page 5/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Reference(s): Kartesz, J. T. (2015). The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 3. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) noted as being invasive in the U.S. or world? Answer: Yes, which contributes 2 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: The Global Compendium of Weeds identifies the species as "environmental weed, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk indicates the species is invasive in the Norfolk Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Reference(s): Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata (PIER species info). Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata information from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW). 4. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) noted as being invasive in the US or world in a similar climate? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a Low confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk indicates the species is invasive in the Norfolk Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Portions of Australia and New Zealand share a similar climate to Texas, but I could not locate where the species was growing within these areas. Page 6/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Reference(s): Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata (PIER species info). 5. Are other species of the same genus (or closely related genera) invasive in a similar climate? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a Medium confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: No other members of the genus are naturalized in the U.S. or listed in the Global Compendium of Weeds. Reference(s): Global Compendium of Weeds (0). Global Compendium of Weeds: species index. Kartesz, J. T. (2015). The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 6. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) found predominately in a climate matching the region of concern? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: Less than half of the species range has a similar climate to Texas. Reference(s): GBIF (0). Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata (Thunb. ex Murray) H. Ohashi. Page 7/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Impact on Native Plants and Animals (Questions 7 - 10) 7. Does this plant displace native plants and dominate (overtop or smother) the plant community in areas where it has established? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a Medium confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: There are no reports of R. indica var. umbellata overtopping and smothering native plant communities. Reference(s): [Anonymous] . 8. Is the plant noted as promoting fire and/or changing fire regimes? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a Low confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: There is no evidence of this. Reference(s): [Anonymous] . 9. Is the plant a health risk to humans or animals/fish? Has the species been noted as impacting grazing systems? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Page 8/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Answer / Justification: The species is not known to be toxic. Reference(s): Plants For A Future (PFAF) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata Japanese Hawthorn PFAF Plant Database. 10. Does the plant produce impenetrable thickets, blocking or slowing movement of animals, livestock, or humans? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: It does not form thickets. Reference(s): Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata (PIER species info). Reproductive Strategies (Questions 11 - 17) 11. Does this species (or cultivar or variety) reproduce and spread vegetatively? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: The species does not spread vegetatively. Page 9/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Reference(s): Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata (PIER species info). 12. If naturally detached fragments from this plant are capable of producing new plants, is this a common method of reproduction for the plant? Answer: No, which contributes 0 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: There is no evidence of this. Reference(s): Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata (PIER species info). 13. Does the species (or cultivar or variety) commonly produce viable seed? Answer: Yes, which contributes 1 points to the total PRE score. The screener has a High confidence in this answer based on the available literature. Answer / Justification: Propagation is by seed. Reference(s): Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (0). Rhaphiolepis umbellata (PIER species info). Page 10/17 PRE Evaluation Report -- Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata 14. Does this plant produce copious viable
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