Hidden Diversity of Acoelomorpha Revealed Through
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View metadata, citation and similar papers atDownloaded core.ac.uk from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on June 20, 2017 brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC Evolutionary biology Hidden diversity of Acoelomorpha rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org revealed through metabarcoding Alicia S. Arroyo1, David Lo´pez-Escardo´1, Colomban de Vargas2,3 and In˜aki Ruiz-Trillo1,4,5 Research 1Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marı´tim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Cite this article: Arroyo AS, Lo´pez-Escardo´ D, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 2CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France de Vargas C, Ruiz-Trillo I. 2016 Hidden 3Sorbonne Universite´s, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de diversity of Acoelomorpha revealed through Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France metabarcoding. Biol. Lett. 12: 20160674. 4Departament de Gene`tica, Microbiologia i Estadı´stica, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0674 Barcelona, Spain 5ICREA, Pg. Lluı´s Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain IR-T, 0000-0001-6547-5304 Received: 16 August 2016 Animals with bilateral symmetry comprise the majority of the described Accepted: 6 September 2016 species within Metazoa. However, the nature of the first bilaterian animal remains unknown. As most recent molecular phylogenies point to Xenacoe- lomorpha as the sister group to the rest of Bilateria, understanding their biology, ecology and diversity is key to reconstructing the nature of the last common bilaterian ancestor (Urbilateria). To date, sampling efforts Subject Areas: have focused mainly on coastal areas, leaving potential gaps in our under- evolution, ecology standing of the full diversity of xenacoelomorphs. We therefore analysed 18S rDNA metabarcoding data from three marine projects covering benthic Keywords: and pelagic habitats worldwide. Our results show that acoels have a greater richness in planktonic environments than previously described. Interest- Xenoacoelomorpha, metabarcoding, molecular ingly, we also identified a putative novel clade of acoels in the deep diversity, origins of Bilateria, acoels benthos that branches as sister group to the rest of Acoela, thus representing the earliest-branching acoel clade. Our data highlight deep-sea environments as an ideal habitat to sample acoels with key phylogenetic positions, which Author for correspondence: might be useful for reconstructing the early evolution of Bilateria. In˜aki Ruiz-Trillo e-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction The vast majority of the described animal species are bilaterally symmetrical [1]. The establishment of two orthogonal body axes provided the basis for enormous structural complexity compared with radially symmetrical animals, which allowed a more diverse evolutionary outcome [2]. However, how bilaterians evolved and the nature of the first bilaterian animal remains elusive. Bilaterian animals are separated into four major groups: Acoelomorpha, Ecdy- sozoa, Lophotrochozoa (or Spiralia) and Deuterostomia [1,3,4]. Although there has been some disagreement, it now seems clear that Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to the rest of Bilateria (also known as Nephrozoa [5]) [6–8]. Thus, Xenacoelomorpha is a key taxon to compare with the rest of the bilaterians and reconstruct the nature of the last bilaterian common ancestor, namely Urbilateria. Members of Xenacoelomorpha, which is formed by Acoela, Nemertoderma- tida and Xenoturbella, are morphologically quite simple: the digestive system only has one opening, they lack circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems, Electronic supplementary material is available and also lack a body cavity between the gut and the epidermis [8,9]. Xenacoelo- online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.fig- morphs live in benthic habitats, and the majority of described species have come share.c.3469881. & 2016 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. Downloaded from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on June 20, 2017 2 rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org 60 50 50 latitude 0 latitude 40 −50 Biol. Lett. 30 −100 10203040 longitude 12 OTU richness depth −100 0 100 : 20160674 1–5 pelagos longitude 6–10 11–15 benthos (deep sea) 16–20 benthos (coast) 18S rDNA project NGS platform sampling site depth region worldwide TaraOceans v9 Illumina pelagos (open water and coast) pelagos, benthos BioMarks v4 Roche 454 Europe (coast) v1–v3 Atlantic and Pacific DeepSea Roche 454 benthos v7–v8 Ocean (deepsea) Figure 1. Worldwide distribution of Xenacoelomorpha OTUs. Top: distribution of Acoelomorpha across sampling sites and depth. Bottom: sequencing platforms and sampling information for the projects where the data were collected. from sediments, mainly in coastal areas [10–12]. This A final ML tree using both the RefTree sequences and our morphological simplicity of Xenacoelomorpha seems to sup- OTUs was inferred using RAxML [21], with the same con- port the planuloid–acoeloid hypothesis proposed by Von ditions as above. A Bayesian tree was built using MrBayes Graff [13] and Hyman [14], which envisaged Urbilateria v. 3.2.6 [23] using a GTR þ I þ G model of evolution. Pplacer to be a simple, benthic acoelomate organism exhibiting v. 1.1 [24] was used to perform a phylogenetic placement of the OTUs into the RefTree. Novelty blast percentages were direct development [2,15]. obtained running a blastn 2.2.31 [25] against our curated However, the full diversity and morphological disparity of Acoelomorpha-GenBank database. Xenacoelomorpha is not yet known, because it has never been A more detailed description of Materials and Methods can be approached in a systematic, high-throughput manner. It is found in the electronic supplementary material. therefore possible that there are unobserved or unsampled xenacoelomorph lineages with more complex morphologies or lifestyles, in different habitats, or occupying earlier phylo- genetic positions in the Xenacoelomorpha tree. For example, 3. Results and conclusion some studies have described acoel morphospecies in fresh- Here, we use a comprehensive metabarcoding approach with water [16,17], brackish water [18] and planktonic habitats 18S rDNA to assess xenacoelomorph diversity in marine [19]. Thus, any attempt to understand the nature and ecology environments. The aim was to search for potential novel of Urbilateria will require a more global and systematic lineages that may be of interest to understand the ancestral analyses of Xenacoelomorpha diversity. xenacoelomorph body plan, as well as to identify the environments in which it would be possible to find them. To this end, we analysed the most complete marine eukaryotic metabarcoding datasets to date, comprising both benthic and 2. Material and methods pelagic marine environments and from diverse global sampl- Clustered operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained ings. In particular, we analysed three major metabarcoding from public repositories or directly from the authors. The refer- projects (figure 1): (1) BioMarks, with benthic and pelagic ence tree was constructed from 255 acoelomorph 18S rDNA samples from European coastal areas (biomarks.eu), (2) Tara GenBank sequences (from herein RefTree). Alignment was car- Oceans, with pelagic samplings from all over the world ried out using the E-INS-I option from MAFFT v. 7.271 [20] (oceans.taraexpeditions.org) and (3) a deep-sea project (here- and manually trimmed. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree was built using RAxML v. 8.0.0 [21] considering a GTR- after DeepSea), with benthic samples from great depths GAMMA substitution model. Nodal support was obtained (more than 3000 m) in both North Pacific and North Atlantic through 1000 bootstrap replicates. We selected the OTUs through Oceans [26]. RAxML-EPA [22] and chose those whose abundance was greater We found a total of 101 Xenacoelomorpha environmental than 10 reads. OTUs (figure 1 and Material and Methods; see electronic Downloaded from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on June 20, 2017 (a)(b) 3 Nemertodermatida rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Acoela Diopisthoporidae non-bilateria, unicellular Holozoa Hallangiidae 96/1 Nephrozoa Nemertodermatida Hofsteniidae Deep-sea Acoela clade 1 99/1 Diopisthoporidae Acoela Proporidae 95/1 Paratomellidae Hofsteniidae 68/0.91 Hallangiidae Isodiametridae 47/0.52 86/0.99 Solenofilomorphidae 59/0.59 Deep-sea Acoela clade 2 Dakuidae 85/0.99 14/– Proporidae Mecynostomidae 92/1 Isodiametridae 46/0.61 Otocelis sandara Convolutidae Dakuidae 81/0.98 0 102030405060708090100 39/0.94 Mecynostomidae 13/0.80 Convolutidae richness (%) Biol. Lett. 0.3 blast identity (%) 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 <90 12 (c) Nephrozoa : 20160674 non-bilateria, unicellular Holozoa Nemertodermatida deep-sea Acoela clade 1 0.962 0.022 Convolutidae 0.015 0.329 Diopisthoporidae 0.382 Acoela 0.288 Paratomellidae deep-sea Hallangiidae Hofsteniidae Acoela clade 2 Solenofilomorphidae Proporidae Mecynostomidae Dakuidae Isodiametridae coastal sediments deep-sea benthos pelagic environments Figure 2. Molecular novelty in Acoelomorpha. (a) Blast identity of 101 acoelomorph OTUs against the Acoelomorpha 18S GenBank database in known well- described families [27]. Note the high percentage of richness with low sequence similarity