DOCSLIB.ORG

Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Crop Insect Pest Control

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Crop Insect Pest Control Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Crop Insect Pest Control A PACIFIC NORTHWEST EXTENSION PUBLICATION • PNW544 Washington State University • Oregon State University • University of Idaho Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Crop Insect Pest Control By Carol Miles, Caitlin Blethen, Randy Gaugler, David Shapiro-Ilan, and Todd Murray Introduction the region, the information in this publication can be successfully applied throughout the Pacific Northwest. Nematodes are non-segmented, elongated roundworms that are colorless, without appendages, and usually microscopic. There are non-beneficial and beneficial Life Cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes nematodes. Non-beneficial nematodes are also called The life cycle of most nematodes includes an egg stage, “plant parasitic nematodes” and cause damage to crops four juvenile stages, and an adult stage. The third juve- and other types of plants. Beneficial nematodes attack nile stage of entomopathogenic nematodes is referred soilborne insect pests, yet are not harmful to humans, to as the “infective juvenile” or “dauer” stage and is the animals, plants, or earthworms, and can therefore only free-living stage (Figure 2). The infective juvenile is be used as biological control organisms (Denno et al. capable of surviving in the soil, where it locates, attacks, 2008). Beneficial nematodes that cause disease within and infects a pest insect (Poinar 1990). Under optimal an insect are referred to as “entomopathogenic” and conditions, it takes 3–7 days for steinernematids and have the ability to kill insects (Figure 1). heterorhabditids to complete one life cycle inside a host from egg to egg. Emergence of infective juveniles from Entomopathogenic nematodes from the families Stein- the host requires about 6–11 days for steinernematids ernematidae and Heterorhabditidae have proven to be and 12–14 days for heterorhabditids (Kaya and Kop- the most effective as biological control organisms (Kaya penhöfer 1999). Figure 3 is a diagram of the life cycle of and Gaugler 1993). They are soil-inhabiting organisms entomopathogenic nematodes from host infection to and can be used effectively to control soilborne insect emergence from the host. pests, but are generally not effective when applied to control insects in the leaf canopy. When considered as a group of nearly 30 species, each with its own suite of preferred hosts, entomopathogenic nematodes can be used to control a wide range of insect pests, includ- ing a variety of caterpillars, cutworms, crown borers, grubs, corn root worm, cranefly, thrips, fungus gnat, and beetles. Entomopathogenic nematodes have been released extensively in crop fields with negligible effects on nontarget insects and are regarded as exceptionally safe to the environment. The keys to success with entomopathogenic nematodes are (1) understanding their life cycles and functions; (2) matching the correct nematode species with the pest spe- cies; (3) applying them during appropriate environmen- tal conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture, sunlight); and (5) applying them only with compatible pesticides. Figure 1. Tens of thousands of infective juveniles of the entomo- Because entomopathogenic nematodes are living organ- pathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae spilling out of a isms, they require careful handling to survive shipment Galleria wax moth larva in search of new hosts (photo provided by and storage as well as appropriate environmental condi- Randy Gaugler). tions to survive in the soil after application. How Entomopathogenic Nematodes Control Many species of entomopathogenic nematodes occur naturally in the Pacific Northwest, includingHeterorhab - Insect Pests ditis marelata, which has been shown to control some insect crop pests (Berry et al. 1997). However, most An understanding of host-finding strategies will help entomopathogenic nematodes used for pest management you properly match entomopathogenic nematode are not native to the region. It is unknown whether these species to pest insects to ensure infection and control introduced species will overwinter in the Pacific North- (Gaugler 1999). Only entomopathogenic nematodes west and successfully colonize insect hosts in subsequent in the infective juvenile stage will survive in the soil years. While much of the research regarding entomo- and find and penetrate insect pests. Infective juvenile pathogenic nematodes has been conducted outside of entomopathogenic nematodes locate their hosts in soil 1 Ambushing. Entomopathogenic nematodes that use the ambushing strategy tend to remain stationary at or near the soil surface and locate host insects by direct contact (Campbell et al. 1996). An ambusher searches by standing on its tail so that most of its body is in the air, referred to as “nictation.” The nictating nematode attaches to and attacks passing insect hosts. Ambusher entomopathogenic nematodes most effectively control insect pests that are highly mobile at the soil surface, Figure 2. An infective such as cutworms, armyworms, and mole crickets. juvenile entomopatho- genic nematode (photo Cruising. Entomopathogenic nematodes that use the provided by Randy cruising strategy are highly mobile and able to move Gaugler). throughout the soil profile. Cruisers locate their host by sensing carbon dioxide or other volatiles released by the host. Cruiser entomopathogenic nematodes are most effective against sedentary and slow-moving insect pests at various soil depths, such as white grubs and root weevils. Infection Generally, several entomopathogenic nematodes will by means of two strategies—ambushing and cruising infect a single insect host. Infective juvenile nematodes (Gaugler et al. 1989). Ambusher species include Stein- penetrate the insect’s body cavity either through natural ernema carpocapsae and S. scapterisici; cruisers include body openings (such as the mouth, anus, genital pore, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and S. glaseri. S. riobrave or breathing pore; Figure 4) or by breaking the outer and S. feltiae do a bit of both ambushing and cruising cuticle of the insect; heterorhabditids do this using a (Campbell and Gaugler 1997). dorsal “tooth” or hook. Once inside the body cavity of Figure 3. Diagram of the generalized life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes (image provided by David Shapiro-Ilan). 2 the host, the infective juveniles release bacteria that live particular pest more effectively than another species. symbiotically within the entomopathogenic nematode’s Therefore, the insect pest must be identified before gut but do not harm the nematode. The nematode-bac- choosing the entomopathogenic nematode species most terium relationship is highly specific: onlyXenorhabdus appropriate for biological control. Table 1 is a general spp. bacteria co-exist with steinernematids, and only guide of available entomopathogenic nematodes and Photorhabdus bacteria co-exist with heterorhabditids. the pests they have been shown to control. Table 2 Once released into the host, the bacteria multiply provides a description of each species of commercially quickly and under optimal conditions cause the host to available entomopathogenic nematode. die within 24 to 48 hours. Entomopathogenic nematodes feed on both bacteria Obtaining Entomopathogenic Nematodes they release and host insect tissue. After a few days in- side the host, entomopathogenic nematodes mature to Perhaps the biggest challenge to the use of entomo- the adult stage. These adult entomopathogenic nema- pathogenic nematodes as effective biological control todes produce hundreds of thousands of new juveniles organisms is the variable quantity and quality of nema- that may undergo several life cycles within a single host todes in commercial products (Gaugler et al. 2000). (Figure 5). When the host has been consumed, the in- Entomopathogenic nematodes are cultured on a large fective juveniles, armed with a fresh supply of bacteria, scale in laboratories and are available from many com- emerge from the empty shell of the host, move into the mercial suppliers in North America and Europe. In past assessments of cottage industry commercial products, soil, and begin the search for a new host. A protective exterior cuticle surrounds the infective juvenile, protect- most contained lower numbers of entomopathogenic ing it from the environment and predators. Under ideal nematodes than the suppliers claimed. In addition, in conditions, steinernematids emerge 6–11 days after ini- some cases the species of entomopathogenic nematodes tial infection and heterorhabditids emerge 12–14 days in the product were mixed and therefore inconsistent after initial infection (Kaya and Koppenhöfer 1999). The with the product label. The industry has made progress, duration of infective juvenile survival in soil is un- however, in increasing the quality of its products. See known because they can become prey to invertebrates Table 3 for lists of commercial suppliers compiled by and microorganisms. university and state government professionals. Entomo- pathogenic nematodes can also be purchased through gardening mail-order catalogs and at some local agricul- Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes tural and nursery supply stores. Worldwide, over 80 species of entomopathogenic nematodes have been identified and 11 commercialized Shelf Life (Kaya and Koppenhöfer 1999). The different species of entomopathogenic nematodes vary in the range of In general, entomopathogenic nematodes do not have a insects they attack, environmental needs, and stability long shelf life. Many microbial insecticides,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fuetal2021.Pdf
    Biological Control 160 (2021) 104662 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Using fine-scale relatedness to infer natural enemy movement Zhen Fu a, Michael S. Crossley b, Brendan Epstein c, Cassandra Bates a, David W. Crowder a, Axel A. Elling d, Paul A. Hohenlohe e, Randa Jabbour f, Ricardo A. Ramirez g, William E. Snyder b,* a Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA b Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA c Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA d Bayer Crop Science, Cary, NC 27513, USA e Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA f Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA g Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Restriction Site Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) revealed fine- scale genetic relationships among ento­ mopathogenic nematodes. • Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Stei­ nernema feltiae grew increasingly less related with greater distance between collection sites. • Yet, intraspecific genetic diversity at a site could be high and distant strains could be closely related. • RAD-seq provides a powerful approach to inferring natural enemy movement within agricultural landscapes. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Natural enemies often move among habitats to track prey and resources. Indeed, biocontrol often depends on Conservation biological control natural enemies dispersing into crops after disturbances such as tillage and pesticide applications. However, the Genetic biodiversity small size of many natural enemies makes it difficult to observe such movements.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects for Human Consumption
    Chapter 18 Insects for Human Consumption Marianne Shockley1 and Aaron T. Dossey2 1Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 2All Things Bugs, Gainesville, FL, USA 18.1. INTRODUCTION The utilization of insects as a sustainable and secure source of animal-based food for the human diet has continued to increase in popularity in recent years (Ash et al., 2010; Crabbe, 2012; Dossey, 2013; Dzamba, 2010; FAO, 2008; Gahukar, 2011; Katayama et al., 2008; Nonaka, 2009; Premalatha et al., 2011; Ramos- Elorduy, 2009; Smith, 2012; Srivastava et al., 2009; van Huis, 2013; van Huis et al., 2013; Vantomme et al., 2012; Vogel, 2010; Yen, 2009a, b). Throughout the world, a large portion of the human population consumes insects as a regular part of their diet (Fig. 18.1). Thousands of edible species have been identified (Bukkens, 1997; Bukkens and Paoletti, 2005; DeFoliart, 1999; Ramos-Elorduy, 2009). However, in regions of the world where Western cultures dominate, such as North America and Europe, and in developing countries heavily influenced by Western culture, mass media have negatively influenced the public’s percep- tion of insects by creating or reinforcing fears and phobias (Kellert, 1993; Looy and Wood, 2006). Nonetheless, the potentially substantial benefits of farming and utilizing insects as a primary dietary component, particularly to supplement or replace foods and food ingredients made from vertebrate livestock, are gain- ing increased attention even in Europe and the United States. Thus, we present this chapter to
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycles: Egg to Bee Free
    FREE LIFE CYCLES: EGG TO BEE PDF Camilla de La Bedoyere | 24 pages | 01 Mar 2012 | QED PUBLISHING | 9781848355859 | English | London, United Kingdom Tracking the Life Cycle of a Honey Bee - dummies As we remove the frames, glance over the thousands of busy bees, check for brood, check for capped honey, maybe spot the queen… then the frames go back in their slots and the hive is sealed up again. But in the hours spent away from our hives, thousands of tiny miracles are happening everyday. Within the hexagonal wax cells little lives are hatching out and joining the hive family. The whole process from egg to adult worker bee takes around 18 days. During the laying season late spring to summer the Queen bee is capable of laying over eggs per day. Her worker bees help direct her to the best prepared comb and she lays a single egg in each hexagon shaped cell. The size of the cell prepared determines the type of egg she lays. If the worker bees have prepared a worker size cell, she Life Cycles: Egg to Bee lay a fertilized egg. This egg will produce a female worker bee. If the worker bees have prepared a slightly larger cell, the queen will recognize this as a drone cell and lay an unfertilized egg. This will produce a male drone bee. It is the workers and not the queen that determine the ratio of workers to drones within the hive. In three days the egg hatches and a larva emerges. It looks very similar to a small maggot.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Methods for Wax Moth Research
    Journal of Apicultural Research 52(1): (2013) © IBRA 2013 DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.10 REVIEW ARTICLE Standard methods for wax moth research James D Ellis1*, Jason R Graham1 and Ashley Mortensen1 1Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, Natural Area Dr., P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. Received 7 July 2012, accepted subject to revision 16 July 2012, accepted for publication 14 November 2012. *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Summary Greater (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Galleria mellonella) and Lesser (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Achroia grisella) wax moths are ubiquitous pests of honey bee colonies globally. The economic importance of wax moths has led to a number of investigations on wax moth life history, biology, behaviour, ecology, molecular biology, physiology, and control. Despite the importance of wax moths to the apicultural industry, they are investigated considerably more as a model organism for studies in insect physiology, genomics, proteomics, etc. Those studying wax moths from an apicultural perspective typically use only a small number of the total available research methods outlined in the literature. Herein, we describe methods associated with wax moth research that we feel are important from an apicultural research perspective. Ultimately, we hope that this paper will revitalize research on wax moths, since they remain both an important honey bee colony pest and an interesting colony symbiont. Métodos estándar para la investigación de la polilla de la cera Resumen Las polillas de la cera grande (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Galleria mellonella) y pequeña (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Achroia grisella) son una plaga ubicua de las colonias de abejas al nivel mundial.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Insects As a Source of Food Allergens Lee Palmer University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Food Science and Technology Department Science and Technology 12-2016 Edible Insects as a Source of Food Allergens Lee Palmer University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/foodscidiss Part of the Food Chemistry Commons, and the Other Food Science Commons Palmer, Lee, "Edible Insects as a Source of Food Allergens" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Science and Technology. 78. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/foodscidiss/78 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Food Science and Technology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Science and Technology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. EDIBLE INSECTS AS A SOURCE OF FOOD ALLERGENS by Lee Palmer A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Food Science and Technology Under the Supervision of Professors Philip E. Johnson and Michael G. Zeece Lincoln, Nebraska December, 2016 EDIBLE INSECTS AS A SOURCE OF FOOD ALLERGENS Lee Palmer, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2016 Advisors: Philip E. Johnson and Michael G. Zeece Increasing global population increasingly limited by resources has spurred interest in novel food sources. Insects may be an alternative food source in the near future, but consideration of insects as a food requires scrutiny due to risk of allergens.
    [Show full text]
  • How Waxworms Eat Plastic by Harald Grove, M.Sc
    March 2021 – Issue 3(5) How waxworms eat plastic By Harald Grove, M.Sc. Student & Sachi Villanueva, M.Sc. Student What you need to know Waxworms are the caterpillars of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. These insects are common pests of apiaries and feed voraciously on honeycomb. Interestingly, they also voluntarily feed on polyethylene, a type of plastic commonly used in shopping bags. Because their natural diet of honeycomb is chemically similar to polyethylene, the waxworm may have evolved the necessary biochemical adaptations to degrade plastic wastes. Waxworm (Photo Credit: Rob Henderson) Why this research is important How the research was conducted Global plastic production continues to increase due to the We fed waxworms polyethylene instead of their demand for cheap, durable, and versatile materials. honeycomb diet for several days. As the larvae devoured However, these characteristics make plastic resist the plastic sheet, their excretions changed and became degradation leading to accumulation in landfills and more liquid, indicating the presence of a different chemical marine ecosystems, negatively affecting our environment. waste. As one potential biodegradative product is a glycol, As a solution, research has focused on identifying we biochemically tested its presence in the excreta. Next, microorganisms like bacteria and fungi capable of plastic we analyzed the microbiome by treating the caterpillars biodegradation. When isolated, these microorganisms can with antibiotics to reduce their intestinal bacteria and then biodegrade plastics, albeit very slowly. However, when a measured the amount of glycol excreted. Additionally, we waxworm with an intact intestinal microbial community harvested and grew bacteria from the waxworm gut while (microbiome) consumes plastic, the biodegradation selecting for species capable of using polyethylene as a sole process is expedited.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Nutrient Composition of Commercially Raised Invertebrates Used As Food for Insectivores
    Zoo Biology 21:269–285 (2002) Complete Nutrient Composition of Commercially Raised Invertebrates Used as Food for Insectivores Mark D. Finke* PETsMART Inc., Phoenix, Arizona A variety of invertebrates are commonly fed to insectivorous animals by both zoos and hobbyists, but information as to the nutrient composition of most com- mercially raised species is limited. Adult house crickets, house cricket nymphs (Acheta domesticus), superworms (Zophobas morio larvae), giant mealworm lar- vae, mealworm larvae and adult mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), waxworm lar- vae (Galleria mellonella), and silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Earth- worms (Lumbricus terresstris) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, ADF, NDF, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins A and D3. Proximate analyses were variable, with wide ranges found for moisture (57.9–83.6%), crude protein (9.3–23.7%), crude fat (1.6–24.9%), ADF (0.1–7.4%), NDF (0.0–11.5%), and ash (0.6–1.2%). Energy content ranged from a low of 674 kcal/kg for silk- worms to 2,741 kcal/kg for waxworms.Using an amino acid scoring pattern for rats, the first limiting amino acid for all invertebrates tested was the total sulfur amino acid methionine+cystine. Deficiencies by nutrient (% of samples defi- cient vs. NRC requirements for rats on a dry matter (DM) basis) were as fol- lows: calcium (100%), vitamin D3 (100%), vitamin A (89%), vitamin B12 (75%), thiamin (63%), vitamin E (50%), iodine (44%), manganese (22%), methionine- cystine (22%), and sodium (11%).
    [Show full text]
  • The Composition of Soil-Dwelling Pathogen Communities Mediates Effects on Wireworm Herbivores and Wheat Productivity T ⁎ Ivan Milosavljevića,B, Aaron D
    Biological Control 149 (2020) 104317 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon The composition of soil-dwelling pathogen communities mediates effects on wireworm herbivores and wheat productivity T ⁎ Ivan Milosavljevića,b, Aaron D. Esserc, Arash Rashedd, David W. Crowdera, a Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Bldg, Pullman, WA 99164, USA b Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA c Washington State University Extension, 210 W Broadway, Ritzville, WA 99169, USA d Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Greater natural enemy diversity generally increases prey mortality. Diversity can be beneficial when natural Biodiversity enemy species occupy distinct niches (complementarity effects) or when diverse communities contain the most Ecosystem functioning impactful species by chance (identity effects). Most research assessing effects of natural enemy diversity focuses Entomopathogenic fungi on aboveground predators, however, and few studies have assessed whether increased entomopathogen diversity Nematode in soil affects belowground herbivores. Here, we assessed effects of entomopathogen richness on herbivore Pathogen suppression and plant productivity in a system consisting of entomopathogens, wireworm herbivores, and wheat Wireworms plants. Specifically, in field experiments we varied the richness of four entomopathogen species (two nematodes, two fungi) that attack herbivorous Limonius californicus larvae belowground. We show that the presence of entomopathogens increased wireworm mortality and subsequently increased plant productivity, but a single entomopathogen species, Metarhizium brunneum, had stronger effects than other species (Beauveria bassiana, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Steinernema carpocapsae).
    [Show full text]
  • Larvae Used In: Insects Waxworm – Galleria Mellonella Background
    Larvae used in: Insects Waxworm – Galleria mellonella Background. The waxworm is the larva of the greater wax moth, a small nondescript flying insect that lays its eggs in beehives, where the growing larvae feed on honey and wax. A robust hive of honey bees can repel the onslaught of waxworms, keeping the damage to a minimum, but waxworms can overrun and destroy a stressed colony. Waxworms are white to tan, plump, clearly segmented, and moderately active. They are a little softer than mealworms, so they must be treated somewhat more gently, but they are still very easy for first and second graders to handle. The waxworm has 13 segments (head, three thoracic, nine abdominal) and the mandatory six legs. But unlike the mealworm (a beetle), the waxworm has four pairs of leglike structures called prolegs—one pair on abdominal segments three through six. These prolegs are equipped with muscular pads called claspers, which help the larvae hold onto surfaces, and the 13th segment (tail) also has a clasper. The waxworm has bristles (stiff hairs) on its body and a row of clearly visible openings called spiracles along each side. The larvae have no lungs—oxygen enters through these spiracles and is distributed through the fluids of the body. Waxworms, like all moths, make silk. Silk is used as a lifeline, as a webbing over which the larvae can walk, and as a material to build a protective cocoon. The silk is produced in a gland under the head and extruded through structures called spinnerets. Waxworm habitat. Like mealworms, waxworms apply themselves to a career of eating and growing.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Are Some Parasites Picky Eaters? ? !
    MARCH 2017 Why are some parasites picky eaters? ? ! Authors: Dihong Lu, Claudia Sepulveda, Adler R. Dillman Associate Editor: Elitsa Panayotova Abstract Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that live in soil, used as biological pest control in the United States. oceans, and lakes (Fig. 1). Scientists estimate that there Some parasites are generalists and can infect a wide variety could be a million species of nematodes and that many of hosts while others are specialists and only infect certain of them are parasites. Sometimes farmers use parasitic hosts. We wanted to determine if S. scapterisci really is nematodes as a natural enemy to kill some pests. This is a specialist parasite and why it is a picky eater (showing one type of biological pest control. a preference for one insect over another). To do this we We studied a particular parasitic nematode called studied how these nematodes behave when given different Steinernema scapterisci. It infects insects and has been insects as food. Introduction Many parasitic nematodes, including nematodes which infect activated when they infect a host? humans and insects, have a life cycle that includes several 2) Is the nematode parasite S. scapterisci a cricket different stages of development. The stage in which they specialist? If yes, why? infect a host is the infective juvenile (IJ) stage. When IJs are in the soil they are "on standby" – they do not eat or develop further until they find hosts to infect (their food). When they find a host, IJs crawl inside, eat the host tissues, and resume development. It is a big transition from “standby” to actively growing in a host.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads%2Fsb397901c&Usg=Aovvaw3bqvlzyo6ag Ltoexcrixz
    Catch The Buzz™ ® www.BeeCulture.com BiosecurityBiosecurity For BeekeepersBeekeepers AppreciationAppreciation ForFor PollenPollen $4.99 BC_October_2020.indd 1 9/17/2020 6:31:04 PM BC_October_2020.indd 2 9/17/2020 6:31:04 PM Healthy Bees. Healthy Planet. Available through beekeeping supply stores. 866-483-2929 | nodglobal.com | [email protected] @NODAPIARY BC_October_2020.indd 3 9/17/2020 6:31:07 PM BC_October_2020.indd 4 9/17/2020 6:31:09 PM Bee Culture October Features . HIVE MONITORING CONFERENCE 25 Fourth International Conference Goes Virtual. DO BEEKEEPERS LIKE Jerry Bromenshenk SAVING MONEY? 67 Wintering indoors. WHAT MAKES ME HAPPIEST 30 John Miller Besides my husband, dog and bees. Jennifer Berry A CASE FOR PERMANENT INSULATION 68 AMERICAN HONEY PRODUCERS 35 Warmer in Winter, cooler in Summer. Legislative report Bruce Moechnig Eric Silva FLOWERING STRIPS = REGENERON SCIENCE TALENT 38 Meet Raina Jain. INFECTION 71 Raina Jain Mick Kuikowski TELLING THE BEES 46 Keeping them informed of changes. SWARM TEAM CAPTAIN 72 Elsie Czyzowska Stephen Bishop VARROA RESISTANCE 76 BEE VET 50 Is it really possible? Biosecurity for beekeepers. Dr. Tracy Farone Terry Combs OVERWINTERING NUCS 80 PRESCRIBED FIRE 53 David MacFawn It might be just what the bees need. Richard Hines AGAINST THE GRAIN 83 Appreciation for pollen. ZOOMING 56 Dr. Christine Bertz To a bee meeting. Tina Sebestyen WE’LL MEET AGAIN - ONLINE! 84 Charlotte Ekker Wiggins MINDING YOUR BEES AND CUES 58 Part 1: Interpreting fruit scents. EBOLA, COVID-19 & BEEKEEPERS 86 Becky Masterman & Bridget Mendel Richard Godfrey HAVE A BUZZ 61 UP CLOSE WITH A NORTHERN Leah Smith CALIFORNIA BEEKEEPER 89 Ettamarie Peterson 800.289.7668 Executive Publisher – Brad Root Associate Publisher, Senior Editor – Jerry Hayes, [email protected], Ext.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf (771.64 K)
    Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 66 No. 166 July 2020, 31-50 Assiut University web-site: www.aun.edu.eg VARVOACIDAL EFFECT OF FLUMVAR AT CONTROL OF HONEY BEE VARROASIS SARA MOHAMMADIYANI 1 AND SHAPOUR REZA SHOJAEI 2 1 Department of Parasitology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Parasitology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Received: 19 June 2020; Accepted: 21 July 2020 ABSTRACT Aim: Preliminary evaluation of flumvar efficacy in control of varroasis in some Tehran province's apiaries, Varroasis is the most important parasitic disease of honey bees that in addition of direct damages due to perforation of honey body can provide transmission the kinds of viruses and bacterias. However, during recent decade were carried out the efforts in order to biological control of varroasis but the main solution against varroa is chemical control by pesticides yet. Methods: In this study 30 hives in 2 experimental group's induding negative control, and flumvar were surveyed. After determination of primary in festation in experimental group with flumvar was applicated according to theirs manafactere subsequently, 40 days after treatment the varroal in festation were determined again. Results: flumvar was decreased varroal infestation from 12 to 2 and 11 to 1% respectively. The efficacy of flumvar was 90.26% respectively. No side effects were seen after flumval application. According to the more than 90 percent of flumvar efficacy the varroacidal effects of this pesticide is suitable. Key words: flumvar, varroasis, efficacy, apiary, Tehran. INTRODUCTION In the last century, beekeepers in the world have been as extensive as other agricultural The life of a bee is one of the wonders of life activities and include hundreds of thousands and one of the secrets of creation.
    [Show full text]