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Závěrečné Práce JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra zpěvu Zpěv V. Bellini – I Capuleti e i Montecchi, zaměření na postavu Julie Bakalářská práce Autor práce: Anna Dubnová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. MgA. Monika Holá, Ph.D. Oponent práce: PhDr. Alena Borková Brno 2012 Bibliografický záznam DUBNOVÁ, Anna. V. Bellini - Capuleti e i Montecchi, zaměření na postavu Julie [V. Bellini – Capuleti e i Montecchi, aimed at the character of Juliet ]. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Hudební fakulta, Katedra zpěvu, 2012. 41 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce Mgr. MgA. Monika Holá, Ph.D. Anotace Bakalářská práce „V. Bellini – I Capuleti e i Montecchi, zaměření na postavu Julie“ se detailně věnuje postavě Julie v Belliniho opeře. Teoretická část práce se zabývá tématem Julie v jiných hudebních zpracováních, vznikem, dějem a předlohami Belliniho opery. Blíže také seznamuje s životopisem V. Belliniho a libretisty F. Romaniho. Analytická část obsahuje charakterový a hudební rozbor spolu s hudební analýzou Juliiny árie „Oh, quante volte“. Annotation Bachelor thesis “V. Bellini – I Capuleti e i Montecchi, aimed at Juliet´s character explores the character of Juliet in Bellini´s opera in detail. The theoretical part deals with the theme of Juliet treated in other pieces of music, with origin, literary inspiration and the plot of Bellini´s opera. It also introduces Bellini´s and Romani´s biography. The analytical part focuses on Juliet´s nature and contains musical analysis of Juliet´s character and aria “Oh, quante volte”. Klíčová slova Julie, Romeo, Bellini, Romani, opera, árie, Keywords Juliet, Romeo, Bellini, Romani, opera, aria Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jsem uvedené informační zdroje. V Brně, dne 30. dubna 2012 Anna Dubnová Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. MgA. Monice Holé, Ph.D. za cenné připomínky a rady při vypracovávání bakalářské práce. Obsah PŘEDMLUVA ...................................................................................................................................... 5 ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 TÉMA JULIE V HUDBĚ .......................................................................................................... 7 2 ŽIVOT A DÍLO VINCENZA BELLINIHO .......................................................................... 10 3 VZNIK OPERY ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.1 LITERÁRNÍ PŘEDLOHA OPERY ................................................................................................. 15 3.2 LIBRETISTA FELICE ROMANI .................................................................................................. 16 3.3 DĚJ OPERY .............................................................................................................................. 18 4 CHARAKTERISTIKA JULIE ................................................................................................ 22 4.1 NEURČITOST JULIINA VĚKU .................................................................................................... 22 4.2 JULIE JAKO SYMBOL ÚCTY K RODU ......................................................................................... 23 4.3 JULIE PODLÉHAJÍCÍ STRACHU .................................................................................................. 23 4.4 JULIE JAKO HYBATELKA DĚJE ................................................................................................. 23 4.5 JULIE JAKO SYMBOL ODHODLANOSTI ...................................................................................... 24 5 HUDEBNÍ ROZBOR POSTAVY JULIE ............................................................................... 25 6 ROZBOR RECITATIVU A ÁRIE „OH, QUANTE VOLTE“ ............................................. 29 ZÁVĚR ................................................................................................................................................ 35 POUŽITÉ INFORMAČNÍ ZDROJE ............................................................................................... 36 SEZNAM ILUSTRACÍ ..................................................................................................................... 39 SEZNAM TABULEK ........................................................................................................................ 40 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH ............................................................................................................................ 41 Předmluva Důvodů k výběru tématu postavy Julie v poměrně neznámé opeře I Capuleti e i Montecchi Vincenza Belliniho je mnoho. Můj obdiv k anglickému dramatikovi W. Shakespearovi, jehož hrdinku tragédie Romeo a Julie považuji za vzor statečnosti a ztělesnění lásky, mě přiměl detailně se zajímat také o operní zpracování tohoto tématu. Zde se nabízí otázka, proč jsem jako téma své bakalářské práce nezvolila slavnou operu Roméo et Juliette francouzského skladatele Charlese Gounoda. Vycházela jsem ze znalosti Gounodova libreta, které se striktně drží Shakespearovy literární předlohy. Charakterový vývoj obou hrdinek je tedy téměř identický. Belliniho libretista Felice Romani čerpal inspiraci z více zdrojů a hlavní představitelka v jeho opeře nabízí širší pole pro charakterovou a hudební analýzu, která je cílem mé práce. K Belliniho opeře mě také přivedla Juliina romance „Oh, quante volte“ z prvního dějství, kterou jsem nastudovala k přijímacím zkouškám na JAMU v roce 2009. Tato nádherná árie, jedna z nelíbeznějších Belliniho melodií, pro mne byla velikou výzvou po technické i interpretační stránce. S jistotou mohu říci, že význam mé práce spočívá především v bližším seznámení s poměrně originálním zpracováním nesmrtelného tématu Romea a Julie. - 5 - Úvod Cílem mé bakalářské práce je bližší seznámení s Belliniho operou I Capuleti e i Montecchi. Ve své teoretické části se chci nejdříve věnovat nejznámějším světovým hudebním zpracováním slavné veronské legendy. Téma Romea a Julie je nadčasové a bylo v hudbě (a v umění vůbec) mnohokráte zpracováno. Dále se hlouběji zabývám vznikem Belliniho opery a literární inspirací libretisty Romaniho, která překvapivě nekopíruje nejslavnější tragédii Williama Shakespeara. Děj opery s odchylkami od Shakespearova dramatu je popsán v samostatné kapitole. Důležitými faktory pro vznik Belliniho oper a Romaniho libret byly bez pochyby skladatelovy a libretistovy životní cesty. Nastiňuji tedy životy obou umělců a především jejich společnou dlouhotrvající úspěšnou spolupráci. Analytická část je věnována pouze hlavní hrdince, kde se snažím přiblížit její charakterové vlastnosti spolu s komplexním vývojem, který postava Julie v opeře podstupuje. Závěrečné části mé práce jsou věnovány hudebnímu rozboru Julie v Belliniho opeře spolu s hudebním a interpretačním rozborem její nejslavnější árie „Oh, quante volte“. Při sbírání podkladů jsem předpokládala, že bude velice těžké sehnat detailnější informace o Belliniho méně známé opeře. Díky moderním elektronickým knihám se mi však podařilo sehnat knihu Herberta Weinstocka, Vincenzo Bellini: His Life and his Operas, která byla mým hlavním zdrojem v teoretické části práce. Při praktické analýze jsem se opírala o DVD nahrávku opery z operního festivalu v Raveně. Představení režisérky Cristiny Mazzavillani Muti, v hudebním nastudování dirigenta Pietra Miantiho, mne okouzlilo dobovou atmosférou opery spolu s vynikajícími pěveckými výkony obou hlavních představitelek Valentiny Farcas jako Julie a Paoly Gardiny v roli Romea. - 6 - 1 Téma Julie v hudbě Nejen pro umělecky založené bytosti je téma života Julie nesmírně inspirující a nadčasové. Julie se z křehké nezkušené dívky přes obrovský příval emocí a lásky dostává k velkému životnímu moudru a poznání. Bohužel, legenda o mladých milencích z Verony končí tragicky. Je pravdou, že pokud bereme tragický konec legendy s uměleckou nadsázkou, život mladých milenců nezřídka také končí hlubokým poznáním, rozčarováním, ztrátou iluzí či ztrátou cti. V uměleckém provedení je život Romea a Julie zahnán do extrému, ke smrti. Není divu, že toto téma, jehož cílem je ukázat lidstvu hloubku lásky a nenávisti, zajímá umělce od nepaměti. Nejznámější zpracování pochází z pera Williama Shakespeara, ale je to velké téma i pro hudební, dramatické, malířské, sochařské umění a v neposlední řadě pro tvůrce filmů. Zaměříme-li se na hudební zpracování Romea a Julie, zjistíme, že se do dnešní doby stalo inspirací pro více než 24 oper. Jedním z prvních operních zpracování byl singspiel Romeo und Julie z roku 1776, napsaný Jiřím Antonínem Bendou, klasicistním skladatelem ze slavné rodiny Bendů. Výjimečnost tohoto díla je především ve šťastném konci příběhu. Julie se probouzí ještě před tím, než se Romeo stihne otrávit. Bendova opera se držela na repertoáru mnoha německých divadelních společností až do druhé poloviny 19. století a příležitostně se provádí i dnes. (Bauman, Thomas) Další operní zpracování, opera I Capuleti e i Montechi z roku 1830 tvůrců Vincenza Belliniho a Felice Romaniho, bude podrobně analyzováno v dalších kapitolách. Zajímavé je, že na téměř stejné libreto téhož libretisty zkomponoval operu o pět let dříve než Bellini i Nicola Vaccai pod názvem Giulietta e Romeo. Bezpochyby nejznámějším operním zpracováním je romantická opera Charlese Gounoda Roméo et Juliette z roku 1867. Libretisté Jules Bairbier a Michel
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