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Magistrsko Delo UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko Eva ZORE MAGISTRSKO DELO Maribor 2018 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko MASTER’S THESIS Operatic Adaptation of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet MAGISTRSKO DELO Operna adaptacija Shakespearove drame Romeo in Julija Mentor: Kandidatka: izr. prof. dr. Tomaž Onič Eva Zore Maribor 2018 Lektor povzetka v slovenščini: Andraž Gradišnik, mag. prof. angl. in slov. ZAHVALA It is only with the heart that one can see rightly. — Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Velika zahvala gre mojemu mentorju, izr. prof. dr. Tomažu Oniču, profesorju z veliko začetnico, za strokovne nasvete in vsestransko pomoč pri nastajanju tega magistrskega dela. Hvala red. prof. dr. Michelle Gadpaille za jezikovni pregled magistrskega dela. Hvala, mami in ati – brez vaju ta pot ne bi bila mogoča. IZVLEČEK To magistrsko delo analizira Gounodovo operno adaptacijo Shakespearove drame Romeo in Julija. Ljubezenska zgodba med Romeom in Julijo je postala arhetip ljubezni, zato lahko njuna lika zasledimo v različnih umetniških disciplinah. Na področju glasbe je bila Shakespearova zgodba prikazana v številnih žanrih, med drugim najvidneje v Bellinijevi operi I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830), Berliozovi simfoniji Roméo and Juliette (1839), Gounodovi romantični operi Roméo et Juliette (1867), baletu Sergeja Prokofjeva Ромео и Джульетта (1938) in v Bernsteinovem muzikalu West Side Story (1961). Gounodeva opera Roméo et Juliette je delo v petih dejanjih na francoski libreto Julesa Barbiera in Michela Carréja. Prvič je bila uprizorjena leta 1867 v pariškem gledališču Théâtre-Lyrique. Magistrsko delo analizira in primerja dve primarni besedili: Shakespearovo dramo Romeo and Juliet in libreto opere Charlesa Gounoda Roméo et Juliette. Osrednja ideja tega dela je predstaviti, kako je drama preoblikovana v operni libreto in kakšne so morebitne ovire pri tem procesu. Na podlagi te ideje so nastale tri raziskovalne hipoteze, in sicer: 1. Zaradi adaptacije iz drame v operni libreto je novonastalo besedilo opazno krajše od Shakespearovega dela; 2. Libretista z ljubezenskimi dueti med Romeom in Julijo v operi poudarita temo ljubezni iz Shakespearove drame; 3. Morebiten manko, ki nastane zaradi krčenja besedila, Gounod kompenzira z glasbo. Pri operni adaptaciji je ključno vprašanje, kako daljši tekst smotrno skrčiti na krajši obseg. Zaradi standardnih konvencij o primerni dolžini operne uprizoritve zahteva proces adaptacije drame v operni libreto krajšanje izvirnega besedila. V tem procesu se v libretu izgubi nekaj prizorov in skladno s tem tudi določeni sekundarni liki. Krčenje besedila pri libretu za opero Roméo et Juliette ni vidno le na makrostrukturni, temveč tudi na mikrostrukturni ravni. Gounod je izpostavil tiste Shakespearove teme, I ki so za operno uprizoritev najprimernejše. V operni adaptaciji sta vidnejši tema ljubezni in tema maščevanja. Tovrstna krajšanja in spremembe je Gounod nadomeščal z glasbo (z dinamiko, s tempom, z notnimi okraski, s poudarki, z vokalnimi linijami ipd.). V tej operi je opaziti pogosto situacijo, ko ima glasba vidnejšo funkcijo kot libreto. Teoretični del te naloge predstavlja tri načine adaptacije in odpre vprašanje plagiatorstva pri tem postopku. Največ teorij adaptacije pravi, da je skupni imenovalec adaptacijam fabula. Vsaka od adaptacij istega dela pa se z njo ukvarja na drugačen način. Vprašanje, ki se pojavlja na tem mestu in ki je v današnjem času postalo še posebej relevantno, je avtorstvo teh adaptacij. Praktični del prinaša makro- in mikrostrukturno analize. Prva se osredotoča na razliko med Shakespearjevo in Gounodovo fabulo. V makrostrukturni analizi je zgotovljeno, da je Gounod skrajšal ali izpustil dele, ki so za razvoj ljubezenske teme manj pomembni. Ljubezenski prizori z Romeom in Julijo so pri Gounodu bolj poudarjeni ali celo preurejeni tako, da poudarjajo ljubezensko tematiko (npr. finale, kjer Romeo oživi za zadnji duet). Mikrostrukturna analiza podrobneje obravnava tri dele, in sicer dva prizora, ki sta bolj ali manj neposredno prevzeta iz Shakespearove drame in njuni ustreznici iz Gounodove opere (prolog v začetku drame in dvogovor pod balkonom) ter arijo »Je Veux Vivre«, ki je sicer Shakespeare ni vključil v nobeno od različic omenjenega dramskega besedila. Pri analizi prologa se izkaže, da je njegova funkcija je poslušalcu že v začetku razkriti tok fabule in usodo mladostnikov. Zbor pri Shakespearu, ki ta prolog izvaja, je posrednik med poslušalcem in igro, zato ga je bilo zaradi dramske učinkovitosti najverjetneje dobro ohraniti tudi v operi. Operna adaptacija tega prologa nam najprej prinese pompozno uverturo, ki z žalostnim molom in inštrumenti v nizkih legah podpre napeto atmosfero dogajanja, nato pa preide v prolog, Arija »Je Veux Vivre« gotovo sodi med najpogosteje izvajane arije vseh časov. Gounod jo je dodal k Julijini vlogi in z uporabo retoričnih figur ujel njene karakterne značilnosti. Julijino mladost in nagajivost naznanja orkestralna spremljava, ki je za ta del napisana v hitrejšem tempu, z notnimi okraski in razgibano vokalno linijo. Med najbolj znane prizore Shakespearovega opusa gotovo sodi pogovor Julije in Romea pod balkonom. Shakespeare je tu predvidel dvogovor, poln retoričnih figur, ki opevajo ljubezen do Julije, Gounod pa je temu dodal še glasbo, ki ljubezensko temo dodatno poudari. V tem poglavju je poleg Shakespearove stopice analizirana tudi rima. Izkaže se, da Shakespearjevega verza in rime Gounod ni ohranil, kar ima najverjetneje opraviti z dejstvom, da je libreto podrejen glasbi, ki ima v operi načeloma pomembnejšo vlogo kot besedilo. Svoje mojstrstvo je Shakespeare kazal tudi s številnimi retoričnimi figurami, saj v drami skorajda ni figure, ki je ne bi uporabil. V delu je raziskano, kako sta libretista posamezne retorične figure ohranila, če so te sploh ohranjene. Rezultati kažejo, da sta sicer izključila večino retoričnih figur, a vedno ohranil ključne elemente fabule. V magistrskem delu za bil za jezikovno analizo uporabljen angleški prevod Josepha Allena iz leta 1969 in ne francoski izvirnik, zato se kakšna figura morebiti mikrobesedilni analizi izmakne že tukaj. Gounod je jezikovni primanjkljaj, ki nastane zaradi adaptacije drame v operni libreto, zapolnil z glasbo. Okoliščine dogajanja prikaže z različnimi tempi, tonalitetami in dinamikami. Roméo et Juliette je opera duetov, saj jih je Gounod za to opero predvidel kar deset. Le-ti so pri Shakespearju večinoma dvogovori med Romeom in Julijo, v operi pa so podkrepljeni z glasbenimi temami, ki jih kot variacije lahko zasledimo na več mestih v operi. Dueti poudarjajo ljubezensko temo, ki pri Gounodu prevlada. Glasba v poslušalcu prebudi drugačna čustva, zbuja asociacije in libreto obogati. Opus francoskih skladateljev je bogat. Zanimivo bi bilo raziskati še več Gounodevih del in morebiti uporabiti francoske izvirnike za še natančnejšo jezikovno analizo libretov. Ključne besede: drama, opera, libreto, glasba, adaptacija, mikrostrukturna analiza ABSTRACT This Master’s Thesis analyses Charles Gounod’s operatic adaptation of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. The theoretical part introduces the theory of adaptation with a particular focus on operatic adaptations; it then moves on to three modes of adaptations, and discusses the correlation between adaptation and plagiarism. In the second chapter, the thesis identifies and interprets the sources for Shakespeare’s and Gounod’s works, introduces the librettists Jules Barbier and Michael Carré and discusses the background of the period of the operatic production. The main purpose of this thesis is to identify and study stylistic correlation between Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and the libretto of Roméo et Juliette. The thesis further establishes whether the librettists make certain themes from the play more or less prominent. For this purpose, three passages were selected for the contrastive microstructural analysis of the play and its operatic adaptation in the final chapter of this thesis. The intent is to establish whether librettists managed to preserve Shakespeare’s most salient stylistic elements as well as other textual characteristics that have an impact on the interpretative potential of the adaptation. Key words: play, opera, libretto, music, adaptation, microstructural analysis Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1 Adaptation .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Modes of adaptation ............................................................................................ 4 1.2 Adaptation as plagiarism ................................................................................ 6 1.3 Operatic adaptation ........................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 From Shakespeare to Gounod .................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Setting libretto to music .............................................................................. 13 2 Analysis of the selected works ................................................................................. 16 2.1 Hypotheses and methodology ........................................................................... 16 2.2 Macrostructural analysis ................................................................................... 17 3 Microstructural analysis ..........................................................................................
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