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Between Warfare and Welfare: Veterans' Associations and Social Security in Serbia 28 February 2015

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Between Warfare and Welfare: Veterans' Associations and Social Security in Serbia 28 February 2015 BETWEEN WARFARE AND WELFARE: VETERANS’ ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN SERBIA A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of PhD in Social Anthropology in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 GORAN DOKIĆ SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Table of contents Note on translation and pronunciation 3 List of abbreviations and acronyms 4 List of figures 7 Short abstract 8 Loose abstract 9 Acknowledgments 10 Copyright statement 11 Introduction: Ethnography between warfare and welfare 14 Chapter 1 Locating the fieldsite(s) and placing the researcher 50 Chapter 2 Veterans without legitimacy: Serbia’ legacy of unsolved contradictions 70 Chapter 3 Social care and states of injury: litanies of multiple lacks and irreparable losses 101 Chapter 4 Veterans (dis)associations: sites of alliances, competition and conflict 126 Chapter 5 Interventions in veteran politics: flirting with the ‘Other Serbia’ 153 Conclusion 183 Bibliography 186 Word count: 72216 2 Note on translation and pronunciation I have translated all the terms, phrases, institutional names, and excerpts from interviews from Serbian into English myself. All italic words in parenthesis are in the Serbian language unless otherwise indicated. Below is a short list of some of the letters and sounds that are specific to the Serbian language and their approximate equivalents in English.1 The spelling is phonetic and each sound has its own corresponding letter. a as in father c ts as in cats č ch as in cherry ć ch as in chile (only softer) đ soft j as in the British duke dž j as in jam e as in get h as in hot i long e as in he j y as in yellow lj ly as in milieu nj ny as in Sonya o o as in not r hard r rolled with one flip of the tongue š sh as in she u u as in school z z as in zebra ž zh as in measure 1 I borrowed parts of this list from the Pronunciation Guide in Bougarel, Helms and Duijzings (2007). 3 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms BiH Bosna i Hercegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) CRT Centar za ratnu trauma (War Trauma Centre) CSR Centar za socijalni rad (Centre for Social Work) CZKD Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju (Centre for Cultural Decontamination) DEMOS Demokratična opozicija Slovenije (Democratic Opposition of Slovenia) DOS Demokratska opozicija Srbije (Democratic Opposition of Serbia) DS Demokratska stranka (Democratic Party) DSS Demokratska stranka Srbije (Democratic Party of Serbia) ECHR European Court of Human Rights EU European Union HDZ Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (Croatian Democratic Union) HO Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji (Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia) HV Hrvatska vojska (Croatian Army) ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia IMF International Monetary Fund JNA Jugoslovenska narodna armija (Yugoslav People’s Army) JSO Jedinica za specijalne operacije (Unit for Special Operations) KPJ Komunistička partija Jugoslavije (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) SKJ Savez komunista Jugoslavije (League of Communists of Yugoslavia) SK-PJ Savez komunista – Pokret za Jugoslaviju (League of Communists–Movement for Yugoslavia) 4 VBS Voli bližnjega svoga (Love Thy Neighbor) MoD Ministarstvo odbrane (Ministry of Defense) MoLSP Ministarstvo rada i socijalne politike (Ministry of Labor and Social Policy) NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NOR Narodnooslobodilački rat (National Liberation War) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ONO Opštenarodna odbrana (Total National Defense) OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe PIO Fond za penzijsko i invalidsko osiguranje (Pension and Disability Insurance Fund) PVS Pokret veterana Srbije (Veterans’ Movement of Serbia) PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder SDB Služba državne bezbednosti (State Security Service) SFRJ Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) SIV Savezno izvršno veće (Federal Executive Council) SPC Srpska pravoslavna crkva (Serbian Orthodox Church) SPO Srpski pokret obnove (Serbian Renewal Movement) SPS Socijalistička partija Srbije (Serbian Socialist Party) SRS Srpska radikalna stranka (Serbian Radical Party) SRVIJ Savez ratnih vojnih invalida Jugoslavije (Association of Disabled War Veterans of Yugoslavia) SUBNOR League of Associations of Veterans of the National Liberation War (Savez udruženja boraca Narodnooslobodilačkog rata) TO Territorial Defense Forces (Teritorijalna odbrana) 5 UBR90 Udruženje boraca rata od 1990-te (Association of Combatants of the Wars of 1990s) UPPB Udruženje porodica palih boraca (Association of Families of Killed and Missing Soldiers) UROR Udruženje rezervnih oficira i ratnika (Association of Reserve Officers and Fighters) URMVIS Udruženje ratnih i mirnodopskih vojnih invalida Srbije (Association of Disabled War and Peacetime Veterans of Serbia) URVIS Udruženje ratnih vojnih invalida Srbije (Association of Disabled War Veterans of Serbia) VS Vojska Srbije (Army of Serbia) WHO World Health Organisation WVF World Veterans’ Foundation 6 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of former Yugoslavia Figure 2: Map of Serbia 7 The University of Manchester Goran Dokić PhD Between Warfare and Welfare: Veterans' Associations and Social Security in Serbia 28 February 2015 Short Abstract This dissertation focuses on Serbian veterans of the post-Yugoslav wars and their attempts to secure symbolic and material recognition from the state after losing a series of wars. My main goal is to examine some of the main features of Serbia’s welfare system and to explore the ways in which war veterans negotiated their entitlements and secured access to social care. On a different level, I analyse Serbia’s transformation from a socialist society to a free market economy – a process in which a large part of the veteran population seems to have been caught in the middle, between warfare and welfare. Therefore, this study is an analysis of the predicaments of Serbian veterans of the post-Yugoslav wars and of the ways in which they were constructed, articulated and mobilised as a discourse and tool to differentiate and bestow a particular social group with particular rights to material and symbolic resources. The analysis here is two-fold: it tracks the practices through which war veterans consolidated and communicated their demands for recognition as well as problematises the responses by the Serbian state and society to those demands while, following Foucault, treating both acts as techniques of government and exercises in governmentality 8 The University of Manchester Goran Dokić PhD Between Warfare and Welfare: Veterans' Associations and Social Security in Serbia 28 February 2015 Loose Abstract This dissertation focuses on Serbian veterans of the post-Yugoslav wars and their attempts to secure symbolic and material recognition from the state after losing a series of wars. My main goal is to examine some of the main features of Serbia’s welfare system and to explore the ways in which war veterans negotiated their entitlements and secured access to social care. On a different level, I analyse Serbia’s transformation from a socialist society to a free market economy – a process in which a large part of the veteran population seems to have been caught in the middle, between warfare and welfare. I raised the following questions: (1) in what ways did the Serbian state provide for the population of war veterans, (2) what was the role of VAs in this process, (3) how did the interplay between actors and their position within the local political and economic landscape influence veterans’ prospects for social recognition and access to care, and (4) how did war veterans justify their demands and in what ways did they reproduce or transform the official rhetoric that validated or challenged their privileged position? Therefore, this study is an analysis of the predicaments of Serbian veterans of the post-Yugoslav wars and the ways in which they were constructed, articulated and mobilised as a discourse and tool to differentiate and bestow a particular social group with particular rights to state resources. This was occurring in what I described as zones of ambiguities and unsolved contradictions due to the fact that two decades after post-Yugoslav wars, Serbia still had no official records about the exact number of killed and missing persons, or about the size of its veteran population. This also means that the state officialdom had no information about postwar living conditions of a large portion of its population, which impacted veterans’ and other people’s ideas about nationality, the state and their rights as Serbian citizens. Veterans voiced their discontent with the state and wider society through what I have observed as narratives of multiple lacks and losses that pointed to particular sites of ‘injury’ that affected their sense of dignity. In the process of making their claims for status recognition they competed with other groups in Serbian civil society over their respective positions in a hierarchy of victims in need of state protection. This could be described as a paradoxical process in which subjects seem to oppose the state while replicating forms of state power to gain recognition. I analyse the practices through which war veterans consolidated and communicated their demands for recognition as well as the responses by the Serbian state and society to those demands while, following Foucault, treating both acts as techniques of government and exercises in governmentality. 9 Acknowledgments The completion of this thesis would not be possible
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