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Guidelines on the Protection of the Natural Environment in Armed Conflict

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Guidelines on the Protection of the Natural Environment in Armed Conflict GUIDELINES ON THE PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN ARMED CONFLICT RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, WITH COMMENTARY REFERENCE GUIDELINES ON THE PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN ARMED CONFLICT RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, WITH COMMENTARY TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................5 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 6 SUMMARY OF RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 12 International law and the protection of the natural environment in armed conflict ............................. 12 The 2020 ICRC Guidelines ............................................................................................................................. 15 Key recommendations for implementation of the Guidelines................................................................... 16 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW .................................................................................... 17 The notion of the natural environment ....................................................................................................... 17 The civilian character of the natural environment ..................................................................................... 19 Existing obligations under IHL ..................................................................................................................... 21 The protection of the natural environment by bodies of international law other than IHL ..................22 PART I: SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ............................................................................................................................29 Rule 1 – Due regard for the natural environment in military operations .......................................... 29 Rule 2 – Prohibition of widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment ..... 31 Rule 3 – Prohibition of using the destruction of the natural environment as a weapon ................. 42 Rule 4 – Prohibition of attacking the natural environment by way of reprisal ................................ 46 PART II: GENERAL PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ........................................................................................................................... 48 Section 1. Protection afforded to the natural environment as civilian in character by the principles of distinction, proportionality and precautions ........................................................... 48 Rule 5 – Principle of distinction between civilian objects and military objectives .......................... 49 Rule 6 – Prohibition of indiscriminate attacks .....................................................................................52 Rule 7 – Proportionality in attack ...........................................................................................................55 Rule 8 – Precautions ................................................................................................................................58 Rule 9 – Passive precautions .................................................................................................................. 62 Section 2. Protection afforded to the natural environment by the rules on specially protected objects other than the natural environment ..............................................................................65 Rule 10 – Prohibitions regarding objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population ... 65 Rule 11 – Prohibitions regarding works and installations containing dangerous forces ................. 68 Rule 12 – Prohibitions regarding cultural property .............................................................................. 71 Section 3. Protection afforded to the natural environment as a civilian object by the rules on enemy property .........................................................................................................................................74 Rule 13 – Prohibition of the destruction of the natural environment not justified by imperative military necessity .............................................................................................................74 Rule 14 – Prohibition of pillage ...............................................................................................................76 Rule 15 – Rules concerning private and public property, including the natural environment, in case of occupation ................................................................................................................................78 Section 4. Additional protections for the natural environment under international humanitarian law ...........................................................................................................................................80 Rule 16 – The Martens Clause with respect to the protection of the natural environment ............ 80 Recommendation 17 – Conclusion of agreements to provide additional protection to the natural environment .....................................................................................................................82 Recommendation 18 – Application to non-international armed conflicts of international humanitarian law rules protecting the natural environment in international armed conflicts ......85 PART III: PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AFFORDED BY RULES ON SPECIFIC WEAPONS ......................................................................................................................... 86 Rule 19 – Prohibition of using poison or poisoned weapons .............................................................. 86 Rule 20 – Prohibition of using biological weapons .............................................................................. 88 Rule 21 – Prohibition of using chemical weapons................................................................................ 90 Rule 22 – Prohibition of using herbicides as a method of warfare .................................................... 92 Rule 23 – Incendiary weapons ............................................................................................................... 95 Rule 24 – Landmines ...............................................................................................................................97 Rule 25 – Minimizing the impact of explosive remnants of war, including unexploded cluster munitions .....................................................................................................................................101 PART IV: RESPECT FOR, IMPLEMENTATION AND DISSEMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW RULES PROTECTING THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................ 105 Rule 26 – Obligation to respect and ensure respect for international humanitarian law, including the rules protecting the natural environment ....................................................................105 Rule 27 – National implementation of international humanitarian law rules protecting the natural environment ........................................................................................................................ 107 Rule 28 – Repression of war crimes that concern the natural environment ...................................109 Rule 29 – Instruction in international humanitarian law within armed forces, including in the rules protecting the natural environment.................................................................................. 111 Rule 30 – Dissemination of international humanitarian law, including of the rules protecting the natural environment, to the civilian population .........................................................113 Rule 31 – Legal advice to the armed forces on international humanitarian law, including on the rules protecting the natural environment .................................................................................114 Rule 32 – Evaluation of whether new weapons, means or methods of warfare would be prohibited by international humanitarian law, including by the rules protecting the natural environment .........................................................................................................................115 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 117 ANNEX: LIST OF PEER REVIEWERS ...................................................................................................... 130 4 GUIDELINES ON THE PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN ARMED CONFLICT FOREWORD When the ICRC released
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