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Hasan Ibn Ali Hasan ibn Ali 670–624 , اﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ طﺎﻟﺐ :Al-Ḥasan ibn Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic Al-Hasan ibn Ali CE), commonly known as Hasan or Hassan, is the eldest son of Caliph in Kufa Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and of Ali, and the older brother to Husayn. [1] Muslims respect him as a grandson of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. al-Mujtaba Among Shia Muslims, Hasan is revered as the 2nd Imam by Twelvers and Zaydis, and as the 1st Imam by Musta'li Isma'ilis. Hasan claimed the caliphate after his father's death, but abdicated after six or seven months to Muawiyah I, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty.[6][7] Al-Hasan was known for donating to the poor, his kindness to the poor and bondmen, and for his knowledge, tolerance and bravery.[8] For the rest of his life, Hasan lived in Medina, until he died at the age of 45 and was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery in Medina. His wife, Ja'da bint al-Ash'at, is commonly accused of having poisoned him.[13] Calligraphic representation of Hasan ibn Ali Contents Reign 661-661 Birth and early life Predecessor Ali The incident of the Mubahalah 2nd Imam of Shia Islam Life under the first four Caliphs Ali's justification for the succession of Hasan (Twelver and Zaydi view) Reign Predecessor Ali ibn Abu Talib Hasan and Muawiyah Successor Husayn ibn Ali Facing the Troops Hasan's Sermon and its Aftermath 1st Imam of Shia Islam Hasan's Vanguard at Al-Maskin (Musta'li Ismaili view) Treaty with Muawiyah Successor Husayn ibn Ali Abdication and retirement Born 1 December 624 CE Family life (15 Ramadhan AH 3 in Marriages the ancient During the lifetime of Ali (intercalated) Arabic After the lifetime of Ali calendar)[2][3] Death and aftermath Medina, Hijaz See also Died 1 April 670 (aged 45) Footnotes (5 Rabi' al-awwal AH References 50)[4][5] Literature Medina, Umayyad External links Caliphate Burial Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia Birth and early life When Al-Hasan was born in the year 624 CE, Muhammad slaughtered a ram Spouses List for the poor on the occasion of his birth, and chose the name "Al-Ḥasan" for Issue List him. Fatimah shaved his head and gave the weight of his hair in silver as Full name alms.[6][14] According to Shi'ite belief, theirs was the only house that archangel Gabriel allowed to have a door to the courtyard of al-Masjid an- Al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib the Mosque of the Prophet").[6] Both Shi‘ite and" ,اﻟـﻤـﺴـﺠـﺪ اﻟـﻨّـﺒـﻮي) Nabawi اﻟﺣﺳن اﺑن ﻋﻠﻲ اﺑن أﺑﻲ طﺎﻟب :Arabic , ﺑـﯿـﺖ :Sunni Muslims consider Al-Hasan to belong to the Bayt (Arabic People of the Cloak"), Tribe Quraysh (Banu" ,أھـﻞ اﻟـﻜـﺴـﺎء) ’Household') of Muhammad, Ahl al-Kisa' and participants of the Event of Mubahalah.[12] Hashim) There are many narrations showing the respect of Muhammad toward his Father Ali grandsons, including the statements that his two grandsons would be Mother Fatimah "sayyedā šabāb (masters of youth) of Paradise", and that they were Imams Religion Islam "whether they stand up or sit down".[a][15][14][12][15] He also reportedly predicted that Hasan would make peace between two factions of Muslims.[6] The incident of the Mubahalah In the year AH 10 (631/32 CE) a Christian envoy from Najran (now in northern Yemen) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning [Jesus). After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation,[b , ﻋـﯿـﺴﻰ :Isa (Arabic‘ —who was born to neither a mother nor a father — and when the Christians did not accept the Islamic doctrine about Jesus, Muhammad was instructed to call them to Mubahalah where each party should ask God to destroy the false party and their families.[12][16] "If anyone dispute with you in this matter (concerning Jesus) after the knowledge which has come to you, say: Come let us call our sons and your sons, our Calligraphic representation women and your women, ourselves and yourselves, then let us swear an oath and place of Ḥasan ibn Ali in Hagia the curse of God on those who lie."[c][12][17] Except for al-Tabari, who did not name the Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey participants, Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatimah, Al-Hasan and Al-Husayn as having participated in the Mubahalah, and some agree with the Shi'ite tradition that ‘Ali was among them. Accordingly, in the Shi'ite perspective, in the verse of Mubahalah, the phrase "our sons" would refer to Al-Hasan and Al-Husayn, "our women" refers to Fatimah, and "ourselves" refers to ‘Ali.[12][17] It is said that one day, the ‘Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid questioned the seventh Twelver Shi‘ite Imam, Musa al- Kadhim, saying why he had permitted people to call him "Son of the Apostle of Allah", while he and his forefathers were Muhammad's daughter's children, and that "the progeny belongs to the male (‘Ali) and not to the female (Fatimah)".[18] In response al-Kadhim recited the verses Quran, 6:84 (http://tanzil.net/#6:84) and Quran, 6:85 (http://tanzil.net/#6:85) and then asked "Who is Jesus' father, O Commander of the faithful?". "Jesus had no father", said Harun. Al-Kadhim argued that God, in these verses, had ascribed Jesus to descendants of Prophets, through Mary, saying "similarly, we have been ascribed to the descendants of the Prophet through our mother Fatimah".[18] It is related that Harun asked Musa to give him more evidence and proof. Al-Kadhim thus recited the verse of Mubahalah, and argued "None claims that the Prophet made someone enter under the cloak when he challenged the Christians to a contest of prayer to God (the Mubahalah), except ‘Ali, Fatimah, Al-Hasan, and Al-Husayn. So in the verse, "Our sons" refers to Al-Hasan and Al- Husayn.[18] Life under the first four Caliphs Al-Hasan was one of the guards defending ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan when the attackers went round the latter and killed him. During the reign of ‘Ali, he was a participant in the Battles of Siffin, Nahrawan and Jamal.[6][14][19] Ali's justification for the succession of Hasan According to Donaldson[6] there was not a significant difference between the idea of Imamate, or divine right, expressed by each Imam designating his successor and other ideas of succession at first.[6] ‘Ali had apparently failed to nominate a successor before he died, however, on several occasions, reportedly expressed his idea that "only the Prophet's Bayt were entitled to rule the Community", and Hasan, whom he had appointed his inheritor, must have been the obvious choice, as he would eventually be chosen by people to be the next caliph.[12][20] Sunnis, on the other hand, reject Imamate on the basis of their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an[d] which says that Seal of" , ﺧـﺎﺗـﻢ اﻟـﻨّـﺒـﯿّـﯿـﻦ :Muhammad, as the Khatam an-Nabiyyin (Arabic the Prophets"), "is not the father of any of your men"; and that is why God let Muhammad's sons die in infancy.[e] This is why Muhammad did The Battle of Siffin, in which followers of Caliph ‘Ali, including Al-Hasan, fought the not nominate a successor, as he wanted to leave the succession to be party of Mu‘awiyah. resolved "by the Muslim Community on the basis of the Qur’anic principle of consultation (Shura)".[21] The question Madelung proposes here is why the family members of Muhammad should not inherit other (other than prophethood) aspects of , إﻣـﺎﻣـﺔ :Wisdom), and Imamah (Arabic , ِﺣـﻜـﻤـﺔ :Rule), Hikmah (Arabic , ُﺣـﻜـﻢ :Muhammad's character such as Hukm (Arabic Leadership). Since the Sunni concept of the "true caliphate" itself defines it as a "succession of the Prophet in every respect except his prophethood", Madelung further asks "If God really wanted to indicate that he should not be succeeded by any of his family, why did He not let his grandsons and other kin die like his sons?"[21] Reign After ‘Ali was assassinated, Al-Hasan became the caliph of the Ummah, in a manner which followed the custom the Great" , اﻟـﻤـﺴـﺠـﺪ اﻟـﻤـﻌـﻈّـﻢ ﺑِـﺎﻟـﻜـﻮﻓـﺔ :established by Abu Bakr. He made a speech at al-Masjid al-Mu‘azzam bil-Kufah (Arabic Mosque in Al-Kufah") in which he praised the merits of his family, quoting verses of the Qur'an on the matter: "I am of the family of the Prophet from whom Allah has removed filth and whom He has purified, whose love He has made obligatory in Hً is Book when He said: "Whosoever performs a good act, We shall increase the good in it."[f] Performing a good act is love for us, the family of the Prophet."[7][22] Qays ibn Sa'd was the first to give allegiance to him. Qays then stipulated the , ُﺳـﻨﱠـﺔ :Pledge of Allegiance) should be based on: on the Qur’an, the Sunnah (Arabic , ﺑَ ْـﯿـ َﻌـﺔ :condition that the Bay'ah (Arabic Struggle) against those who declared , ِﺟـﮭَـﺎد :Deeds, Sayings, etc.) of Muhammad, and on the condition of a Jihad (Arabic Unlawful). Hasan, however, tried to avoid the last , َﺣـ َﺮام :Lawful) that which was Haram (Arabic , َﺣـ َﻼل :Halal (Arabic condition by saying that it was implicitly included in the first two, as if he knew, as Jafri put it, from the very beginning, the Iraqis' lack of resolution in time of trials, and thus Hasan wanted to "avoid commitment to an extreme stand which might lead to complete disaster."[7] Hasan and Muawiyah As soon as the news of Hasan's selection reached Muawiyah, who had been fighting ‘Ali for the caliphate, he condemned the selection, and declared his decision not to recognise him.
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